Problem-solving methods: Making assumptions for efficiency reasons International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management EKAW 1996: Advances in Knowledge Acquisition pp 17-32 | Cite as Dieter Fensel (1) Remco Straatman (1) 1. Department of Social Science Informatics (SWI), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Theoretical and General Issues First Online: 01 June 2005 2 Citations 2 Readers 119 Downloads Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNCS, volume 1076)
Abstract In this paper we present the following view on problem-solving methods for knowledge-based systems: Problem-solving methods describe an efficient reasoning strategy to achieve a goal by introducing assumptions about the available domain knowledge and the required functionality. Assumptions, dynamic reasoning behavior, and functionality are the three elements necessary to characterize a problem-solving method.
Keywords Domain Knowledge Reasoning Process Problem Space Constraint Violation Generation Step These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Supported by the Netherlands Computer Science Research Foundation with financial support from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access
Preview Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References [Ak k e rma J. M. Akkermans, B. Wielinga, and A. TH. Schreiber: Steps in Constructing Problem-Solving Methods. In N. Aussenac et al. (eds.): Knowledgens e t a l ., Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems, Lecture Notes in AI, no 723, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993. 1 9 9 3 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Steps%20in%20Constructing%20ProblemSolving%20Methods&author=J.%20M..%20Akkermans&author=B..%20Wielinga&author=A.%20T..%20Schreiber&publication_year=1993) [B e n j aV. R. Benjamins: Problem Solving Methods for Diagnosis, PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June 1993. mi n s, 1 9 9 3 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Problem%20Solving%20Methods%20for%20Diagnosis&author=V.%20R..%20Benjamins&publication_year=1993) [B re d eB. Bredeweg: Model-based diagnosis and prediction of behaviour. In [Breuker & Van de Velde, 1994], pp. 121–153. we g , 1 9 9 4 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Modelbased%20diagnosis%20and%20prediction%20of%20behaviour&author=B..%20Bredeweg&pages=121-153&publication_year=1994) [B re u kJ. Breuker and W. Van de Velde (eds.): The CommonKADS Library for Expertise Modelling, IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1994. er & Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? Va n title=The%20CommonKADS%20Library%20for%20Expertise%20Modelling&publication_year=1994) de [B y l a nT. Bylander: Complexity Results for Planning. In Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence d e r, Ve l d e ,1 9 9 1 ] (IJCAI-91), Sydney, Australia, August 1991. 1994] Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=T.%20Bylander%3A%20Complexity%20Results%20for%20Planning.%20In%20Proceedings%20of%20the%2012th%20Internati onal%20Joint%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20%28IJCAI91%29%2C%20Sydney%2C%20Australia%2C%20August%201991.) [B y l a nT. Bylander and B. Chandrasekaran: Generic Tasks in Knowledge-Based Reasoning. The Right Level of Abstraction for Knowledge der & Acquisition. In B. Gaines et al. (eds.): Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems, vol I, pp. 65–77, Academic Press, London, 1988. C h a n dGoogle Scholar ra se k a ra n , (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Generic%20Tasks%20in%20Knowledge1 9 8 8 ] Based%20Reasoning.%20The%20Right%20Level%20of%20Abstraction%20for%20Knowledge%20Acquisition&author=T..%20Bylander& author=B..%20Chandrasekaran&pages=65-77&publication_year=1988) [B y l a nT. Bylander, D. Allemang, M. C. Tanner, and J. R. Josephson: The Computational Complexity of Abduction, Artificial Intelligence, 49, pages der e t a l ., 25–60, 1991. 1 9 9 1 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=The%20Computational%20Complexity%20of%20Abduction&author=T..%20Bylander&author=D..%20Allemang&author=M.%20C..% 20Tanner&author=J.%20R..%20Josephson&journal=Artificial%20Intelligence&volume=49&pages=25-60&publication_year=1991) [C h a n dB. Chandrasekaran, T.R. Johnson, and J. W. Smith: Task Structure Analysis for Knowledge Modeling, Communications of the ACM, 35(9): ra se k a ra n e t a l ., 124–137, 1992. 1 9 9 2 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Task%20Structure%20Analysis%20for%20Knowledge%20Modeling&author=B..%20Chandrasekaran&author=T.R..%20Johnson&auth or=J.%20W..%20Smith&journal=Communications%20of%20the%20ACM&volume=35&issue=9&pages=124-137&publication_year=1992) [Da v i dJ.-M. David, J.-P. Krivine, and R. Simmons (eds.): Second Generation Expert Systems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993. e t a l , Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Second%20Generation%20Expert%20Systems&publication_year=1993) 1 9 9 3 ] [d e J. H. de Kleer and B. C. Williams: Diagnosing Multiple Faults, Artificial Intelligence, 32():97–130, 1987. Kl e e r Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? & title=Diagnosing%20Multiple%20Faults&author=J.%20H..%20Kleer&author=B.%20C..%20Williams&journal=Artificial%20Intellig Wi l l i a ence&volume=32&pages=97-130&publication_year=1987) ms, 1987] [Fe n seD. Fensel: Assumptions and Limitations of a Problem-Solving Method: A Case Study. In Proceedings of the 9th Banff l, 1 9 9 5 a ]Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based System Workshop (KAW'95), Banff, Canada, February 26th–February 3th, 1995. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=D.%20Fensel%3A%20Assumptions%20and%20Limitations%20of%20a%20ProblemSolving%20Method%3A%20A%20Case%20Study.%20In%20Proceedings%20of%20the%209th%20Banff%20Knowledge% 20Acquisition%20for%20KnowledgeBased%20System%20Workshop%20%28KAW%2795%29%2C%20Banff%2C%20Canada%2C%20February%2026th%E2% 80%93February%203th%2C%201995.) [Fe n seD. Fensel: Formal Specification Languages in Knowledge and Software Engineering, The Knowledge Engineering Review, 10(4), 1995. l, 1 9 9 5 b Google Scholar ] (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=D.%20Fensel%3A%20Formal%20Specification%20Languages%20in%20Knowledge%20and%20Software%20Engineering%2C%20The %20Knowledge%20Engineering%20Review%2C%2010%284%29%2C%201995.) [Fe n seD. Fensel and R. Groenboom: A Formal Semantics for Specifying the Dynamic Reasoning of Knowledge-based Systems. In Proceedings of the l & Knowledge Engineering: Methods and Languages Workshop (KEML'96), January 15–16, 1996. Gro e n bGoogle Scholar o o m, (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? 1 9 9 5 ] q=D.%20Fensel%20and%20R.%20Groenboom%3A%20A%20Formal%20Semantics%20for%20Specifying%20the%20Dynamic%20Reasoni ng%20of%20Knowledgebased%20Systems.%20In%20Proceedings%20of%20the%20Knowledge%20Engineering%3A%20Methods%20and%20Languages%20Wor kshop%20%28KEML%2796%29%2C%20January%2015%E2%80%9316%2C%201996.) [Fe n seD. Fensel and F. van Harmelen: A Comparison of Languages which Operationalize and Formalize KADS Models of Expertise, The Knowledge l & v a n Engineering Review, 9(2), 1994. Ha rme Google Scholar len, (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? 1 9 9 4 ] q=D.%20Fensel%20and%20F.%20van%20Harmelen%3A%20A%20Comparison%20of%20Languages%20which%20Operationalize%20and %20Formalize%20KADS%20Models%20of%20Expertise%2C%20The%20Knowledge%20Engineering%20Review%2C%209%282%29%2 C%201994.) [Go e l A. Goel, N. Soundararajan, and B. Chandrasekaran: Complexity in Classificatory Reasoning. In 6th National Conference on Artificial e t a l ., Intelligence (AAAI'87), Seattle, Washington, July 13–17, 1987, pages 421–425. 1 9 8 7 ] Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=A.%20Goel%2C%20N.%20Soundararajan%2C%20and%20B.%20Chandrasekaran%3A%20Complexity%20in%20Classificatory%20Reas oning.%20In%206th%20National%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20%28AAAI%2787%29%2C%20Seattle%2C%20 Washington%2C%20July%2013%E2%80%9317%2C%201987%2C%20pages%20421%E2%80%93425.) [Ki fe r M. Kifer, G. Lausen, and J. Wu: Logical Foundations of Object-Oriented and Frame-Based Languages, Journal of the ACM, 42:741–843, 1995. e t a l ., Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Logical%20Foundations%20of%20Object-Oriented%20and%20Frame1 9 9 5 ] Based%20Languages&author=M..%20Kifer&author=G..%20Lausen&author=J..%20Wu&journal=Journal%20of%20the%20ACM&volume= 42&pages=741-843&publication_year=1995) [Ko z e nD: Kozen: Logics of Programs. In J. v. Leeuwen (ed.), Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, Elsevier Science Publ., B. V., Amsterdam, , 1 9 9 0 ] 1990. Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Logics%20of%20Programs&author=D.%20Kozen&publication_year=1990) [La n d eD. Landes and R. Studer: The Treatment of Non-Functional Requirements in MIKE. In Proceedings of the 5th European Software Engineering s & Conference ESEC'95, Barcelona, Spain, September 25–28, 1995. St u d e r,Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=D.%20Landes%20and%20R.%20Studer%3A%20The%20Treatment%20of%20Non1 9 9 5 ] Functional%20Requirements%20in%20MIKE.%20In%20Proceedings%20of%20the%205th%20European%20Software%20Engineering%20 Conference%20ESEC%2795%2C%20Barcelona%2C%20Spain%2C%20September%2025%E2%80%9328%2C%201995.) [Le v e sq H. J. Levesque: Foundations of a functional approach to knowledge representation, Artificial Intelligence, 23(2):155–212, 1984. ue, 1 9 8 4 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Foundations%20of%20a%20functional%20approach%20to%20knowledge%20representation&author=H.%20J..%20Levesque&journal =Artificial%20Intelligence&volume=23&issue=2&pages=155-212&publication_year=1984) [M a rc uS. Marcus (ed.). Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Experts Systems, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston, 1988. s, 1 9 8 8 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Automating%20Knowledge%20Acquisition%20for%20Experts%20Systems&publication_year=1988) [M a rc uS. Marcus, J. Stout, and J. McDermott VT: An Expert Elevator Designer That Uses Knowledge-based Backtracking, AI Magazine, 9(1):95–111, s e t a l ., 1988. 1 9 8 8 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=An%20Expert%20Elevator%20Designer%20That%20Uses%20Knowledgebased%20Backtracking&author=S..%20Marcus&author=J..%20Stout&author=J..%20McDermott%20VT&journal=AI%20Magazine&volume =9&issue=1&pages=95-111&publication_year=1988) [M u se nM. A. Musen: Overcoming the Limitations of Role-Limiting Methods, Knowledge Acquisition, 4 (2): 165–170, 1992. , 1 9 9 2 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Overcoming%20the%20Limitations%20of%20RoleLimiting%20Methods&author=M.%20A..%20Musen&journal=Knowledge%20Acquisition&volume=4&issue=2&pages=165170&publication_year=1992) [Ne b e lB. Nebel: Artificial intelligence: A Computational Perspective. To appear in G. Brewka (ed.), Essentials in Knowledge Representation. , 1 9 9 5 ] Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=B.%20Nebel%3A%20Artificial%20intelligence%3A%20A%20Computational%20Perspective.%20To%20appear%20in%20G.%20Brewk a%20%28ed.%29%2C%20Essentials%20in%20Knowledge%20Representation.) [Po e c kK. Poeck, D. Fensel, D. Landes, and J. Angele: Combining KARL And CRLM For Designing Vertical Transportation Systems. In [Schreiber & e t a l ., Birmingham, 1996]. 1 9 9 6 ] Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=K.%20Poeck%2C%20D.%20Fensel%2C%20D.%20Landes%2C%20and%20J.%20Angele%3A%20Combining%20KARL%20And%20CR LM%20For%20Designing%20Vertical%20Transportation%20Systems.%20In%20%5BSchreiber%20%26%20Birmingham%2C%201996%5 D.) [Pu p p eF. Puppe: Systematic Introduction to Expert Systems: Knowledge Representation and Problem-Solving Methods, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, , 1 9 9 3 ] 1993. Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Systematic%20Introduction%20to%20Expert%20Systems%3A%20Knowledge%20Representation%20and%20ProblemSolving%20Methods&author=F..%20Puppe&publication_year=1993) [R e i f, W. Reif: The KIV Approach to Software Engineering. In M. Broy and S. Jähnichen (eds.): Methods, Languages, and Tools for the Construction 1 9 9 5 ] of Correct Software, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), no 1009, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995. Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=The%20KIV%20Approach%20to%20Software%20Engineering&author=W..%20Reif&publication_year=1995) [R i c h E. Rich and K. Knight: Artificial Intelligence, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2nd edition, 1991. & Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? Kn i g h ttitle=Artificial%20Intelligence&author=E..%20Rich&author=K..%20Knight&publication_year=1991) , 1 9 9 1 ] [R o u v eC. Rouveirol and P. Albert: Knowledge level model of a configurable learning system. In Lecture Notes in Aritificial Intelligence i ro l & (LNAI), no 867 Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994. Al b e rt Google Scholar , (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? 1 9 9 4 ] title=Knowledge%20level%20model%20of%20a%20configurable%20learning%20system&author=C..%20Rouveirol&author=P..%2 0Albert&publication_year=1994) [Sc h re A. Th. Schreiber and B. Birmingham (eds.): Special Issue on Sisyphus, The International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, to appear, iber & 1996. B i rmi nGoogle Scholar g h a m, (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? 1 9 9 6 ] q=A.%20Th.%20Schreiber%20and%20B.%20Birmingham%20%28eds.%29%3A%20Special%20Issue%20on%20Sisyphus%2C%20The%2 0International%20Journal%20of%20Human-Computer%20Studies%2C%20to%20appear%2C%201996.) [Sc h re A. Th. Schreiber, B. J. Wielinga, and J. A. Breuker (eds.): KADS: A Principled Approach to Knowledge-Based System Development, vol 11 of iber e t a l ., Knowledge-Based Systems Book Series, Academic Press, London, 1993. 1 9 9 3 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=KADS%3A%20A%20Principled%20Approach%20to%20KnowledgeBased%20System%20Development%2C%20vol%2011%20of%20KnowledgeBased%20Systems%20Book%20Series&publication_year=1993) [Sc h re A. TH. Schreiber, B. Wielinga, J. M. Akkermans, W. Van De Velde, and R. de Hoog: CommonKADS. A Comprehensive Methodology for KBS iber e t a l ., Development, IEEE Expert, 9(6):28–37, 1994. 1 9 9 4 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=CommonKADS.%20A%20Comprehensive%20Methodology%20for%20KBS%20Development&author=A.%20T..%20Schreiber&autho r=B..%20Wielinga&author=J.%20M..%20Akkermans&author=W..%20Velde&author=R..%20Hoog&journal=IEEE%20Expert&volume=9&is sue=6&pages=28-37&publication_year=1994) [St e e l s, L. Steels: Components of Expertise, AI Magazine, 11(2), 1990. 1 9 9 0 ] Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=L.%20Steels%3A%20Components%20of%20Expertise%2C%20AI%20Magazine%2C%2011%282%29%2C%201990.) [St ra a tR. Straatman and P. Beys: A Performance Model for Knowledge-based Systems. In M. Ayel and M. C. Rousset (eds.): EUROVAV-95 European ma n & Symposium on the Validation and Verification of Knowledge Based Systems, pages 253–263. ADEIRAS, Universite de Sovoie, Chambery, B e y s, 26–28 June 1995. 1 9 9 5 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&author=R..%20Straatman&author=P..%20Beys&pages=253263&publication_year=1995) [Ta n k ,W. Tank: Modellierung von Expertise über Konfigurationsaufgaben, Infix, Sankt Augustin, Germany, 1992. 1 9 9 2 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Modellierung%20von%20Expertise%20%C3%BCber%20Konfigurationsaufgaben&author=W..%20Tank&publication_year=1992) [t e n A. ten Teije and F. van Harmelen: An Extended Spectrum of Logical Definitions for Diagnostic Systems. In Proceedings of DX-94 Fifth Te i j e International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis, 1994. & v a n Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? Ha rme q=A.%20ten%20Teije%20and%20F.%20van%20Harmelen%3A%20An%20Extended%20Spectrum%20of%20Logical%20Definitions%20fo len, 1 9 9 4 ] r%20Diagnostic%20Systems.%20In%20Proceedings%20of%20DX94%20Fifth%20International%20Workshop%20on%20Principles%20of%20Diagnosis%2C%201994.) [Te rp stP. Terpstra, G. van Heijst, B. Wielinga, and N. Shadtbolt: Knowledge Acquisition Support Through Generalised Directive Models. In [David et ra e t a l ., al., 1993], pp. 428–455. 1 9 9 3 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Knowledge%20Acquisition%20Support%20Through%20Generalised%20Directive%20Models&author=P..%20Terpstra&author=G..%2 0Heijst&author=B..%20Wielinga&author=N..%20Shadtbolt&pages=428-455&publication_year=1993) [To p J. Top and H. Akkermans: Tasks and Ontologies in Engineering Modeling, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 41():585–617, & 1994. Ak k e rma Google Scholar n s, (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? 1 9 9 4 ] title=Tasks%20and%20Ontologies%20in%20Engineering%20Modeling&author=J..%20Top&author=H..%20Akkermans&journal=Internatio nal%20Journal%20of%20Human-Computer%20Studies&volume=41&pages=585-617&publication_year=1994) [v a n F. van Harmelen and A. ten Teije: Approximations in Diagnosis: Motivations and Techniques. In C. Bioch and Y.H. Tan (eds.), Proceedings of Ha rme the Dutch Conference on AI(NAIC'95), Rotterdam, June 1995. len & t e n Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? Te i j e , q=F.%20van%20Harmelen%20and%20A.%20ten%20Teije%3A%20Approximations%20in%20Diagnosis%3A%20Motivations%20and%20 1 9 9 5 ] Techniques.%20In%20C.%20Bioch%20and%20Y.H.%20Tan%20%28eds.%29%2C%20Proceedings%20of%20the%20Dutch%20Conferenc e%20on%20AI%28NAIC%2795%29%2C%20Rotterdam%2C%20June%201995.) [Va n W. Van de Velde: A Constructivist View on Knowledge Engineering. In Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Artificial de Intelligence (ECAI'94), Amsterdam, August 1994. Ve l d e ,Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? 1 9 9 4 ] q=W.%20Van%20de%20Velde%3A%20A%20Constructivist%20View%20on%20Knowledge%20Engineering.%20In%20Proceedings%20o f%20the%2011th%20European%20Conference%20on%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20%28ECAI%2794%29%2C%20Amsterdam%2C%2 0August%201994.) [Wi e l i B. J. Wielinga and A. Th. Schreiber: Conceptual Modelling of Large Reusable Knowledge Bases. In K. von Luck and H. Marburger (eds.): nga & Management and Processing of Complex Data Structures, Springer-Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, no 777, pages 181–200, Sc h re i Berlin, Germany, 1994. b e r, 1 9 9 4 ] Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Conceptual%20Modelling%20of%20Large%20Reusable%20Knowledge%20Bases&author=B.%20J..%20Wielinga&author=A.%20T.. %20Schreiber&pages=181-200&publication_year=1994) [Wi e l i B. Wielinga, J. M. Akkermans, and A. TH. Schreiber: A Formal Analysis of Parametric Design Problem Solving. In B. R. Gaines and M. A. nga e t a l ., Musen (eds.): Proceedings of the 8th Banff Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop (KAW-95), vol II, pp. 31/1– 1 9 9 5 ] 37/15, Alberta, Canada, 1995. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=B.%20Wielinga%2C%20J.%20M.%20Akkermans%2C%20and%20A.%20TH.%20Schreiber%3A%20A%20Formal%20Analysis%20of%2 0Parametric%20Design%20Problem%20Solving.%20In%20B.%20R.%20Gaines%20and%20M.%20A.%20Musen%20%28eds.%29%3A%2 0Proceedings%20of%20the%208th%20Banff%20Knowledge%20Acquisition%20for%20KnowledgeBased%20Systems%20Workshop%20%28KAW95%29%2C%20vol%20II%2C%20pp.%2031%2F1%E2%80%9337%2F15%2C%20Alberta%2C%20Canada%2C%201995.)
Copyright information © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1996
About this paper Cite this paper as: Fensel D., Straatman R. (1996) Problem-solving methods: Making assumptions for efficiency reasons. In: Shadbolt N., O'Hara K., Schreiber G. (eds) Advances in Knowledge Acquisition. EKAW 1996. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence), vol 1076. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg DOI (Digital Object Identifier) https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61273-4_2 Publisher Name Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Print ISBN 978-3-540-61273-5 Online ISBN 978-3-540-68391-9 eBook Packages Springer Book Archive About this book Reprints and Permissions
Personalised recommendations
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG. Part of Springer Nature. Not logged in Not affiliated 185.191.228.245