The Runge Group
Getting Started Guide FracSIS Professional Version 5.1
www.runge.com
Published: 31 March, 2008
i
Contents About this Manual
1
Audience and Prior Knowledge ..................................................................................................... 1 Typographic Conventions.............................................................................................................. 2 Copyright ....................................................................................................................................... 3
FracSIS Professional Tutorial
5
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5 Prerequisites.................................................................................................................................. 6 More Information ........................................................................................................................... 6 Support .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Lesson 1
7
Lesson 1: Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 7 Starting FracSIS Professional ....................................................................................................... 7 Creating a FracSIS Database........................................................................................................ 8 Importing Data ............................................................................................................................... 8 Importing Generic File Types ...................................................................................................... 10 Georeferencing Images on Import............................................................................................... 12 Creating Tasks ............................................................................................................................ 12 Renaming Objects ....................................................................................................................... 13 Working with Coordinate Systems .............................................................................................. 14 Creating Folders and Moving Objects ......................................................................................... 15 Exporting Data ............................................................................................................................. 16 Creating a Subset........................................................................................................................ 17
Lesson 2
19
Lesson 2: Objectives ................................................................................................................... 19 Starting FracSIS Professional ..................................................................................................... 19 Creating Scenes .......................................................................................................................... 20 Adding Models ............................................................................................................................. 21 Working with the Camera ............................................................................................................ 22 Zooming, Rotating, and Panning ................................................................................................. 22 Working with Viewpoints.............................................................................................................. 23 Editing Model Size....................................................................................................................... 24 Adding Coordinate Grids ............................................................................................................. 26 Saving and Closing Scenes......................................................................................................... 27
Lesson 3
29
Lesson 3: Objectives ................................................................................................................... 29 Starting FracSIS Professional ..................................................................................................... 30 Creating Scenes .......................................................................................................................... 30 Manipulating the Camera ............................................................................................................ 30 Working with Lenses ................................................................................................................... 31 Working with Draw Styles............................................................................................................ 32 Editing Model Size....................................................................................................................... 32 Editing Model Colour ................................................................................................................... 33 Adding Material to Models ........................................................................................................... 35 Labelling Models.......................................................................................................................... 36
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Contents Working with Markers .................................................................................................................. 37 Working with Cutting Planes........................................................................................................ 38 Image Output............................................................................................................................... 39 Saving and Closing Scenes......................................................................................................... 40
Lesson 4
41
Lesson 4: Objectives ................................................................................................................... 41 Starting FracSIS Professional ..................................................................................................... 41 Creating Scenes .......................................................................................................................... 42 Editing Model Representation ..................................................................................................... 42 Editing Model Colour ................................................................................................................... 43 Saving and Loading Model Properties ........................................................................................ 44 Applying Texture to Models ......................................................................................................... 44 Working with Sections ................................................................................................................. 45 Scaled Image Output................................................................................................................... 46 Working with Coordinate Systems .............................................................................................. 47 Working with Sessions ................................................................................................................ 48 The End ....................................................................................................................................... 49
Data Imports
51
Reference: Importing Data .......................................................................................................... 51 ASCII Line String: Blank Line Separated .......................................................................... 52 ASCII Line String: String ID............................................................................................... 53 ASCII Point Sets................................................................................................................ 54 Delimited Drill Hole Sets.................................................................................................... 55 acQuire .............................................................................................................................. 57 Access Databases............................................................................................................. 59 AutoCAD ........................................................................................................................... 60 Datamine ........................................................................................................................... 60 DataShed .......................................................................................................................... 62 Documents and Files......................................................................................................... 63 EarthVision ........................................................................................................................ 64 ER Mapper ........................................................................................................................ 65 ESRI .................................................................................................................................. 66 Explorer ............................................................................................................................. 67 Gemcom ............................................................................................................................ 68 GeoDiscovery.................................................................................................................... 69 GeoSoft ............................................................................................................................. 70 GoCAD .............................................................................................................................. 70 Images............................................................................................................................... 71 Inventor.............................................................................................................................. 73 Leapfrog ............................................................................................................................ 73 MapInfo.............................................................................................................................. 73 Micromine.......................................................................................................................... 74 Microsoft Excel .................................................................................................................. 76 Minescape ......................................................................................................................... 77 MineSight .......................................................................................................................... 77 Oracle ................................................................................................................................ 77 SEG-Y ............................................................................................................................... 78 SQL ................................................................................................................................... 79 Surfer................................................................................................................................. 79 Surpac ............................................................................................................................... 79 UBC ................................................................................................................................... 80 USGS ................................................................................................................................ 80 Vulcan................................................................................................................................ 80 Whittle................................................................................................................................ 83 XMML ................................................................................................................................ 83
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Contents
Index
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© The Runge Group
1
SECTION 1
About this Manual In This Section Audience and Prior Knowledge ......................................................... 1 Typographic Conventions.................................................................. 2 Copyright ........................................................................................... 3
Audience and Prior Knowledge Who is this Manual for? This manual is for anyone who uses FracSIS. Examples shown in this manual use a sample database, so elements such as names will differ from the data used in your organisation. The aim of the examples is to show you the process so you can apply it to your situation. Some software functions described in this manual may not be available to you if those functions need special licences or types of data that you do not have.
What you should already know We assume that you are familiar with working in the Windows environment and with Windows applications. Often, there is more than one way to perform a function. For example, you could use the menu, use a toolbar or toolbox button, right-click on an item and select from the shortcut menu that pops up, click on a unique button, or use a combination of keystrokes. Throughout this manual we have tried to show only one way of performing the function - usually the quickest way. However, you can use any one of the other methods. We have not documented all methods that you can use for a single function—this is to prevent confusion and 'information overload'.
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2
Getting Started Guide
Typographic Conventions Text
Menu paths and menu items are separated by > (for example, File > Open).
Command buttons (for example, OK, Cancel) have a border.
Field names are in bold.
Information you have to type is in monospace Courier.
Key presses are in SMALL CAPS. If you have to press more than one key at a time, a plus (+) sign shows this. For example, SHIFT+TAB. Rarely would you press both keys at exactly together - usually, you would press the first key and hold it down as you press the second key.
"Click" means that you should press the primary mouse button (the button used for most operations). For right-handed users, this is the left mouse button.
"Double-click" means that you should press the primary mouse button twice, in quick succession.
"Right-click" means that you should press the secondary mouse button (the button used for auxiliary operations). For right-handed users, this is the right mouse button.
Graphics Note: Take particular note of this information. It may be of special interest, contain further or related information, or provide information that doesn't fit well into the flow of the main text. Warning or caution: Take care when performing this operation or procedure. If you don't follow the information correctly, it may result in damage to people, goods, or data. Alternatively, the information may be complex, or only certain people can do it. Hint or Tip: Information that can make you more efficient or save you time. It may contain ideas for shortcuts or alternative ways of doing tasks, or discuss techniques that are not immediately obvious.
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About this Manual
3
Copyright The software described in this document is the property of Fractal Technologies Pty Ltd and is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of this agreement. Except as permitted by such license, no part of this document may be edited, copied or reproduced without the written permission of Fractal Technologies. Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Fractal Technologies will not accept any liability arising from the use of the software or any other software product mentioned in this document, nor for any technical or editorial errors or omissions made in this document. FracSIS is a trademark of Fractal Technologies. Other brands and their products are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders and should be noted as such. Trademarked names are used editorially, to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intent to infringe on the trademark. The mention of any other computer software product in this document does not imply endorsement of such product by Fractal Technologies. The FracSIS product includes software developed by the Apache Software Foundation (http://www.apache.org). Portions of FracSIS were developed in cooperation with the CSIRO Glass Earth Project (http://www.glassearth.com).
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5
SECTION 2
FracSIS Professional Tutorial In This Section Introduction........................................................................................ 5 Prerequisites...................................................................................... 6 More Information ............................................................................... 6 Support .............................................................................................. 6
Introduction Welcome to the FracSIS Professional tutorial. This tutorial will guide you through the many powerful and useful visualisation features of FracSIS Professional. We will take a stepby-step, practical approach using real data to provide you with realworld examples of what FracSIS' 3D visualisation can do. By following the tutorial instructions, you should be able to begin visualising your data in FracSIS Professional. At the end of this tutorial, you will be ready to begin visualising your own data equipped with a good understanding of FracSIS Professional's tools and features. In addition, this guide contains information on the supported file formats for importing, enabling you to create FracSIS databases. You will learn how to import data, and create and manage a FracSIS database. We have divided this tutorial into several lessons. Each lesson should take about 20 minutes; however, this is only a guideline. Take your time and repeat a section or an entire lesson if you feel you need more time to experiment. You do not have to complete all the lessons at the same time, but we strongly recommend that you complete them in order as the topics become more advanced with each lesson.
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Getting Started Guide
Prerequisites Before you begin the tutorial, you must have:
installed FracSIS Professional 5.1 on your computer
a valid licence file or licence server.
Please see the installation instructions that came with your FracSIS Professional 5.1 Installation CD for installation and licensing information.
More Information For more information on visualising data in FracSIS Professional, see the online help or the printable PDF manual. You can find these documents:
On your computer: Select Start > All Programs > Fractal Technologies > Documentation.
From within the FracSIS program: From the menu, select Help.
Support For licensing and technical support queries, please contact Technical Support:
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Email
[email protected]
Phone
Australia: (07) 3100 7200 International: +61 7 3100 7200
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SECTION 3
Lesson 1 In This Section Lesson 1: Objectives ......................................................................... 7 Starting FracSIS Professional ........................................................... 7 Creating a FracSIS Database ........................................................... 8 Importing Data ................................................................................... 8 Importing Generic File Types ............................................................ 10 Georeferencing Images on Import..................................................... 12 Creating Tasks .................................................................................. 12 Renaming Objects ............................................................................. 13 Working with Coordinate Systems .................................................... 14 Creating Folders and Moving Objects ............................................... 15 Exporting Data................................................................................... 16 Creating a Subset.............................................................................. 17
Lesson 1: Objectives In this lesson, you will cover:
starting FracSIS Professional
creating a FracSIS database
importing data
importing generic file types
georeferencing images on import
importing multiple files
renaming objects
working with coordinate systems
creating folders and moving objects
exporting data
creating a database subset
Starting FracSIS Professional TASK
If you have not already done so, start FracSIS Professional.
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Click Start > All Programs > Fractal Technologies > FracSIS Professional 5.1.
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Getting Started Guide
Creating a FracSIS Database TASK
Your first step is to create a new FracSIS database to store your data. 1
In the FracSIS Quick Start window, click Create a new database.
2
Navigate to the tutorial directory in the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\.
3
Type tutorial in the File name field, then click Save.
4
The Create Database Template window displays, which allows you to create a folder structure from a pre-existing template. For this lesson, you don't want to use a template, so click Cancel to continue. If the Tip of the Day window displays, click Close.
Importing Data You will see the FracSIS Database Manager window. The screenshot below shows an example database with some data already imported:
The Database Manager shows you the structure and contents of the FracSIS database that stores your data. The Database Manager contains three panes: Left
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Navigator pane. Contains the folder hierarchy.
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Section 3 Lesson 1
Right
Object Browser pane. Lists the objects contained within the selected folder and their properties.
Bottom
Contains the Log and Tasks tabs:
The Log tab displays progress, information, warning and error messages.
The Tasks tab allows you to save tasks for running at a later time, such as importing large datasets.
9
Each item in the database is called an object. This is an important term to remember, as the object contains the data that you visualise. An object doesn't change—just the way you visualise it. We will come back to this in the next lesson when we discuss visualising objects. You bring data into a FracSIS database by importing it. For each file type that FracSIS can import, an associated Wizard guides you step-by-step through the import process.
TASK 1
Using the Import Wizard, import the Surpac string file: Pit Strings.str. 1
From the menu, select Import > Surpac > String. The Import Wizard's first screen displays.
2
Click the Add button to find the file. Navigate to the tutorial data in the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\data_for_import.
3
Select the Pit Strings.str file, then click Open.
4
Click Next.
5
From the Coordinate System drop-down list, select AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351]. This is the coordinate system the data was captured in.
6
Click Finish. FracSIS will import the file into the database and convert it into one or more objects.
TASK 2
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Next, import the block model data. In the Import Wizard, you can use the Vulcan ASCII block model importer to import most tabular block model data. 1
From the menu, select Import > Vulcan > Block Model (ASCII).
2
Click Add to find the file.
3
Select the Block Model.bdf file, then click Open.
4
Click Next.
5
From the Coordinate System drop-down list, select AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351]. © The Runge Group
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Getting Started Guide
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TASK 3
Click Finish.
Now use the Import Wizard on your own to import the following files, selecting the coordinate systems listed below. Type
Format
File name
Coordinate System
Vulcan
Grid Mesh
Topo.sfg
AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351]
MapInfo
MIF (MapInfo Interchange Format
Polygons.mif
AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351]
Importing Generic File Types Take care when importing generic file types, such as ASCII points, ASCII lines, and tabular drill hole data. You must import this data in the correct sequence. The Import Wizard will guide you step-bystep through the import process.
TASK 1
1
From the menu, select Import > ASCII Datasets > ASCII Point Set.
2
Click the Browse button to find the file. Navigate to the tutorial data in the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\data_for_import.
3
Select the Block Model Points.txt file, then click Open.
4
Click Next.
5
From the Coordinate System drop-down list, select AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351].
6
Click Next. A preview of the data displays, formatted into columns with any header and file delimiter options shown. This tutorial file has six header lines.
7
In the Header area, type 6 in the Header block size field.
8
Select the Headings in first line check box to enable it. Notice the column headings are now in blue text.
9
Click Next. FracSIS assigns a column type to each column of data, and allows you to specify if the data is numeric or text. In this file, the Sample columns show as Text when the actual data is numeric.
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Section 3 Lesson 1
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10 To change the first Sample column, right-click on Text then select Numeric from the pop-up menu. 11 Repeat for the second Sample column.
TASK 2
12 Click Finish. Next, use the Import Wizard to import tabular drill holes. 1
From the menu, select Import > ASCII Datasets > Delimited Drill Hole Data.
2
Click the Browse
3
Select the collars.csv file, then click Open.
4
Click the Browse button next to the Surveys File field.
5
Select the surveys.csv file, then click Open.
6
Click Add next to the Sample Files field.
7
Select the assays.csv file, then click Open.
8
Click Next.
9
From the Coordinate System drop-down list, select AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351].
button next to the Collars File field.
10 Click Next. A preview of the data displays, formatted into columns with any header and file delimiter options shown. 11 Make sure the Headings in first line check box is selected, then click Next. FracSIS assigns a column type to each column of data, and decides if it contains numeric or text data. 12 Click the surveys.csv tab. The third column shows as the Survey Azimuth and the fourth column shows as the Survey Inclination. The header information (in blue text) in the preview window tells you that this is wrong. 13 Right-click Survey Azimuth and select Survey Inclination from the pop-up menu to edit the column type. Repeat to change the fourth column to Survey Azimuth. 14 Click the assays.csv tab. The Section Sample column shows as Text when the data is numeric. Right-click Text and select Numeric from the pop-up menu. 15 Click Finish.
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Getting Started Guide
Georeferencing Images on Import TASK
If you want to import an image file with coordinate information, you can georeference it when you import it. 1
From the menu, select Import > Georeferenced Image > TIFF.
2
Click the browse then click Open.
3
Click Next.
4
From the Coordinate System drop-down list, select AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351].
5
In the Georeference Plane Definition area, type the following, then click Finish when you're done:
button, select the Geology Map.tif file,
X
Y
Z
Top Left
3310
6400
0
Top Right
4310
6400
0
Bottom Left
3310
5800
0
Bottom Right
4310
5800
0
Creating Tasks Another method of importing data into a FracSIS database is to create a task. This allows you to create processes (such as importing and exporting data) that you can group, save, and run at a later time. This is useful when importing large amounts of data.
TASK 1
In this exercise, you will create some tasks and then run them to import multiple files simultaneously. First, import a Vulcan binary triangulated surface:
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1
Click the Tasks tab in the lower section of the Database Manager window.
2
Expand the Import list, scroll down, then expand the Vulcan list.
3
Select Wireframe, then click Add Task. The Import Wizard displays.
4
Click Add to find the file. Navigate to the tutorial data in the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\data_for_import.
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Section 3 Lesson 1
13
5
Select the Pit Shell.00t file, then click Open.
6
Click Next.
7
From the Coordinate System drop-down list, select AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351].
8
Click Finish.
Notice the new task is added to the Tasks Pending Execution pane in the lower right.
TASK 2
On your own, create tasks to import the following files, applying these coordinate systems: Type
Format
File name
Coordinate System
Datamine
Wireframe
Ore_tr.dm
AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351]
DXF (AutoCAD...)
(none)
Fault.dxf
AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351]
You now have three tasks in the Tasks Pending Execution pane.
TASK 3
To import all three files at the same time, you must run the tasks.
In the Tasks tab, click Run All.
Renaming Objects Once you have imported all the data, you can organise and manage it to suit your needs and how you like to work.
TASK
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Rename the Collars object to Drill Holes so you know what type of data it contains: 1
In the top section, right-click Collars then select Rename.
2
Type Drill holes.
3
On your own, rename Ore_ to Ore.
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Getting Started Guide
Working with Coordinate Systems FracSIS supports and installs many standard coordinate systems, and you can create new coordinate systems. Create a local grid for some of the data you just imported:
TASK 1
1
From the menu, select Database > Manage Coordinate Systems.
2
In the Coordinate System Manager window, click New.
3
Select Local for the coordinate system type, then click Create. The New Coordinate System window displays.
4
In the Code field, type My Local Grid.
5
In the Description field, type Grid used for FracSIS tutorial.
6
From the Target Projected Coordinate System drop-down menu, select AGD84 / AMG zone 51 [EPSG:20351]. This is the coordinate system that you'll base your local grid on.
7
In the To Projected Point area, type the following coordinates:
Easting: 588000
Northing: 7402000
Height: 0
This sets the coordinate point (0,0,0) in your local grid to match the coordinate point (588000,7402000,0) in the AMG grid. 8
From the Easting Units drop-down list, select metres (m). Make the same selection for the Northing and Height units.
9
Click Update. Don't close the Coordinate System Manager window yet, as you have one more task to perform with coordinate systems.
TASK 2
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Once you have created your own grid, you can export it to a *.csd file (a *.csd file contains coordinate system definitions). Then you can import it into other FracSIS databases. 1
In the Coordinate Systems Manager window, click Import from XML.
2
Navigate to the tutorial data in the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\data_for_import.
3
Select the truncated_grid.csd file, then click Open. Notice that the truncated grid is in the list of coordinate systems (scroll down to see it).
4
Click Close.
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Section 3 Lesson 1
TASK 3
15
You can edit an object's coordinate system after you have imported it; for example, if you discover that someone specified the wrong coordinate system when they imported the object. 1
Select Topo in the top section, then select Edit > Change Coordinate System from the menu.
2
Select Grid used for FracSIS tutorial [My Local Grid] from the Coordinate System drop-down list, then click OK. Topo is now in the Grid used for FracSIS tutorial [My Local Grid] coordinate system.
3
TASK 4
Now, change the coordinate system for Fault to Truncated AMG grid for FracViewer tutorial, then click OK.
If other objects in the database use the "My Local Grid" coordinate system too, you can apply it to them all at once: 1
Hold down CTRL as you click on each of the following:
Block Model
Block Model Points
Drill Holes
Geology Map
Pit Shell
Pit Strings
2
From the menu, select Edit > Change Coordinate System.
3
Select Grid used for FracSIS tutorial [My Local Grid] from the Coordinate System drop-down list, then click OK.
Creating Folders and Moving Objects TASK 1
To organise your view of the database, you can create folders and move objects into them. 1
In the top left section, right-click the root folder (tutorial.fsd), then select New Folder.
2
In the New Folder window, type Drilling, thenclick OK.
3
Repeat steps 1 and 2 to add three more folders called Solids, and Block model.
Geology map,
TASK 2
Next, move objects into the new folders: 1
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In the tutorial.fsd folder, click Pit Shell and drag and drop it to the Solids folder.
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Getting Started Guide
2
On your own, move the following objects into these folders (to select more than one at a time, hold down CTRL as you click): Object
Folder
Block Model
Block model
Block Model Points
Block model
Drillholes
Drilling
Fault
Solids
Geology Map
Geology map
Ore
Solids
Pit Strings
Solids
Only Polygon and Topo should remain in the tutorial.fsd root folder.
Exporting Data You can export most object types to common file formats for viewing in other software programs. The Export Wizard guides you step-by-step through the export process.
TASK
Use the Export Wizard to export Pit Shell to DXF: 1
In Database Manager, select the Solids folder beneath the tutorial.fsd folder.
2
In the right pane, click Pit Shell, then select Export > DXF (AutoCAD...) from the menu. The Export Wizard window displays.
3
Click the Browse
4
Navigate to the tutorial directory in the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\, then click OK.
5
Type Pit in the File Naming Scheme field (overwriting
).
6
Click Finish.
button next to the Export Directory field.
Once exported, you can view Pit.dxf in many common geological packages, including AutoCAD, Vulcan, and Micromine. For a full list of file types you can export from FracSIS, see the FracSIS online help.
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Section 3 Lesson 1
17
Creating a Subset FracSIS databases are designed to be centrally located and shared; they can also be very large. If you need to distribute or archive part of the database, or want to use a small part of it for a presentation, you can create a subset of the main database. Subsetting creates a new database. Object information such as coordinate systems or unit definitions in the original database is copied to the subset. Subsetting occurs at the folder level, not at the individual object level, so you may need to organise the data you want to subset into special folders. The Subset Database window works by selecting the folders you DON'T want subset and removing them. The remaining folders will be subset; you do not have to select the folders you want subset.
TASK
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1
From the menu, select Database > Subset Into New Database.
2
In the Subset Database window, hold down CTRL and select the Drilling and Geology map folders—you do not want the objects in these folders to be subset.
3
Click Remove Selection.
4
Click OK.
5
Navigate to the tutorial directory in the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\.
6
Type subset in the File name field, then click Save.
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SECTION 4
Lesson 2 In This Section Lesson 2: Objectives ......................................................................... 19 Starting FracSIS Professional ........................................................... 19 Creating Scenes ................................................................................ 20 Adding Models................................................................................... 21 Working with the Camera .................................................................. 22 Zooming, Rotating, and Panning....................................................... 22 Working with Viewpoints.................................................................... 23 Editing Model Size............................................................................. 24 Adding Coordinate Grids ................................................................... 26 Saving and Closing Scenes .............................................................. 27
Lesson 2: Objectives In this lesson, you will cover:
starting FracSIS Professional
the Scene Viewer window, and creating scenes
adding models
working with the camera
zooming, rotating and panning
working with viewpoints
editing model size
adding coordinate grids
saving and closing scenes
Starting FracSIS Professional If you are continuing from Lesson 1, skip this topic and go to the next topic: Creating Scenes.
TASK
If you have not already done so, start FracSIS Professional.
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Click Start > All Programs > Fractal Technologies > FracSIS Professional 5.1.
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Getting Started Guide
Connect to the tutorial database to open it: 1
In the FracSIS Quick Start window, you should see tutorial.fsd in the Recent databases list.
2
Click tutorial.fsd to open it. If the Tip of the Day window displays, click Close.
Creating Scenes To view objects, you must create a new scene—a scene is a FracSIS 'document'.
TASK
From the menu, select Scenes > New Scene. You will see the Scene Viewer, which is the visualisation window. Until you save the new scene, it is displays as Scene 1 in the window's title bar.
The following is an example of the Scene Viewer with a model in the Viewer.
The Scene Viewer contains the Viewer, the left pane (Scene Browser), the bottom pane as well as the toolbox and toolbar.
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Viewer
The 3D visualisation area.
Left pane
Contains the Scene Browser, the Info tab, the Section Tool tab and the Thumbnail Viewer. The Scene Browser displays the models, props and viewpoints in a hierarchical structure to organise the scene contents.
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Section 4 Lesson 2
Bottom pane
21
Contains the Database Explorer, the Table tab and the Animation Controls tab. The Database Explorer allows you to view the database where your data is stored. It is similar to the Database Manager in that it shows you the folders and objects in your database, but you cannot import and export data. It allows you to add objects to a scene quickly and easily without working between two windows.
The Scene Viewer also contains the Toolbox and the Toolbar:
Toolbox: Contains tools that let you manipulate your view of the scene, such as rotating and panning the camera, or labelling models.
Toolbar: Contains buttons that allow you to perform common commands, such as save or undo.
Adding Models Now you can begin to visualise the data from an object in the database.
TASK 1
In the Database Explorer in the bottom section, click the object called Topo and drag it into the Viewer.
This object name displays in the Models area of the Scene Browser. A model is a visual representation of an object. As mentioned previously, the object in the database doesn't change— the data stays the same. However, in FracSIS, you can view this data in many different ways; while there is only one object, you can create many different models from it. Therefore it is important to distinguish between the object in the database and the model you see in the Viewer.
TASK 2
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You can add multiple models to the Scene Viewer at the same time: 1
In the Database Explorer, click the Solids folder to open it.
2
Next, hold down CTRL as you click on Pit Strings and Ore, then drag both objects into the Viewer.
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Getting Started Guide
Working with the Camera TASK 1
You view all scenes as though you are looking through either a perspective or an orthographic camera. A perspective camera mimics real life; that is, models that are further away appear smaller, and those that are closer appear larger.
From the menu, select Viewer > Camera > Perspective. OR
TASK 2
Click the Perspective Camera
button on the toolbar.
An orthographic camera preserves the relative size of models in the Viewer. Use this camera to visualise sections or plans.
From the menu, select Viewer > Camera > Orthographic. OR
Click the Orthographic Camera
button on the toolbar.
Zooming, Rotating, and Panning TASK 1
You can zoom, rotate, or pan the camera to change your view of a scene. Zooming moves the camera closer to or further away from the scene. Zoom in on Topo to get a closer look:
Click the Zoom tool Viewer.
in the Toolbox then click Topo in the
The view centres on the point you clicked. Click other parts of Topo to see the effect. You also can zoom in a continuous motion to view something close up without clicking multiple times:
With the Zoom tool, click and drag down towards the bottom of the Viewer.
Now zoom back out to view more of the scene:
With the Zoom tool, right-click in the Viewer. Again, notice the view centres on the point you clicked.
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Section 4 Lesson 2
23
As with zooming in, you can zoom out in a continuous motion:
With the Zoom tool, click and drag up towards the top of the Viewer.
You can also zoom directly to a model: 1
Select Topo in the Scene Browser. Notice that a yellow border (bounding box) surrounds the selected model in the Viewer.
2
From the menu, select Viewpoint > View Selection.
Now go back to the original view with the entire scene in the Viewer:
TASK 2
From the menu, select Viewpoint > View All.
Rotating moves the camera in an arc around a model or scene. Rotate the camera around to view the bottom of the scene:
TASK 3
Click the Trackball tool in the Viewer.
in the Toolbox and click and drag
Panning moves the camera vertically or horizontally:
Click the Pan tool Viewer.
in the Toolbox and click and drag in the
There are many ways to adjust the camera's position. On your own, use the Zoom, Trackball and Pan tools to view the scene in different ways.
Working with Viewpoints TASK 1
A viewpoint is a position from which you view the scene as determined by the camera's location and zoom setting. There are several predefined viewpoints that point the camera in a given direction, such as north, south, east, west, up, or down.
TASK 2
From the menu, select Viewpoint > Look Towards > North.
Try the other directions to experiment with different views of the scene. You can also save a viewpoint of a scene from a specific angle, direction, or zoom setting so you can return to it at a later time. Use the Zoom, Trackball and/or Pan tools to get the view you want, then save the viewpoint. 1
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From the menu, select Viewpoint > Save Viewpoint. © The Runge Group
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Getting Started Guide
2
Type a viewpoint name in the Viewpoint Name field, then click OK. This name displays under the Viewpoints folder in the Scene Browser.
TASK 3
Now create two or three more viewpoints of your choice. Once you have created a few viewpoints, you can return to them without having to readjust the camera.
From the menu, select Viewpoint > Viewpoints > then select the name of one of your viewpoints.
Another way of choosing a viewpoint is to double-click its name under the Viewpoints folder in the Scene Browser.
Editing Model Size Now that you have learned about the different types of cameras and how to manipulate them, you can learn how to edit the models themselves. Remember: you are not editing the object in the database, just the model, or the way it is represented. There are many different types of models, each of which you can edit in various ways. You will work with several types of models in this tutorial.
TASK 1
The Pit Strings model is a line set. One of the properties you can edit is the width of the lines: 1
Manipulate the camera to view the underside of the scene to get a better view of Pit Strings.
2
Select the Pit Strings model by clicking its name in the Scene Browser.
3
From the menu, select Edit > Properties. The Visual Properties window displays.
4
In the left pane, select Line Width.
5
In the field in the right pane, type 4, then press ENTER. This is the new width of the line, in pixels.
6
Click Apply.
7
Click Close.
That was easy, so now you'll move on to something a little more advanced...
TASK 2
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Topo is a 2D grid. You can edit its height in several ways. First, make the grid flat at a specific elevation:
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Section 4 Lesson 2
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1
Use the Trackball tool to get a better view of Topo.
2
On the left, select Topo, then select Edit > Properties from the menu. The Visual Properties window displays.
3
In the left pane, select Height.
4
From the Type drop-down list, select Uniform Height.
5
Type 500 in the field below Type to set the height to 500 metres.
6
Click Apply.
Do not close the window yet, as there are other ways to set height. When the object in the database contains appropriate data, you can also use its properties to set the height of the grid. For example, you can map the model's height to the grid's attributes.
TASK 3
One way to map height is by using a Height Legend, which creates steps or blocks at each height. 1
From the Type drop-down list, select Height Legend.
2
Select Numeric Grid Dataset from the From drop-down list.
3
In the Number of Steps field, type 5, then press ENTER. This will create 5 distinct blocks at different heights.
4 5
Type 1 in the Alignment field to round the height values to the nearest digit. In the Steps area, type 425 in the first From cell, then press ENTER.
6
Type 450 in the first To cell to create the first height range, then press ENTER.
7
Type 450 in the first Value cell to set the height of the first block, then press ENTER.
8
Repeat steps 5 to 7 to create the four remaining steps with the following values. Press ENTER after each entry. To
From
Value
450
475
475
475
500
500
500
525
525
525
550
550
9
Click Apply.
Again, don't close this window, as you'll now create a Height Map.
TASK 4
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A height map maps height in a gradient, or gradual fashion. 1
From the Type drop-down list, select Height Map.
2
Click Apply. © The Runge Group
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Getting Started Guide
3
The 'map' is the central area of the Visual Properties window. Notice the height map is linear. You can edit the height map to create a non-linear curve by clicking and dragging a node on the map. Try that, remembering to click Apply to see the effect in the Viewer.
4
To reset the map to a linear style, select Linear Height Map from the Type drop-down list, then click Apply.
5
Click Close.
Adding Coordinate Grids FracSIS has several props to help you visualise the models in the scene. One type of prop is a coordinate grid, which creates a three-dimensional grid around models in a scene to help you identify their location. Labels mark the coordinate points along the grid.
TASK 1
Add a coordinate grid to see where the model is in coordinate space: 1
From the menu, select Viewpoint > View All.
2
Make sure nothing is selected by clicking the Select tool then clicking the Viewer background.
3
From the menu, select Insert > Coordinate Grid. The coordinate grid appears in the Props area of the Scene Browser, and surrounds the model in the Scene Viewer.
TASK 2
Next, edit the grid: 1
In the Scene Browser, right-click the coordinate grid name, then select Properties.
2
In the Extents area, type the following coordinates in the Maximum and Minimum fields to edit the boundaries of the coordinate grid. Press ENTER after each entry. Easting
Height
Minimum
3500
5900
400
Maximum
4300
6400
550
3
In the Grid Lines area, type the following values in the cells to set the grid line spacing. Press ENTER after each entry. Easting
Spacing 4
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Northing
100
Northing 100
Height 50
Click the Edit Line Colour button, select another colour for the coordinate grid lines, then click OK.
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Section 4 Lesson 2
TASK 3
27
5
Click the Edit Text Colour button, select another colour for the coordinate text, then click OK.
6
Click Apply to see the effect.
7
Click Close.
You may have noticed the coordinate grid was drawn around all models in the scene. Now, delete this coordinate grid and create one around Pit Strings only: 1
In the Scene Browser, right-click the coordinate grid name, then select Delete.
2
Select Pit Strings, then select Insert > Coordinate Grid from the menu.
Saving and Closing Scenes You have almost finished this lesson. To keep your work, you need to save the scene before closing it. A FracSIS scene saves with the .fvs extension.
TASK
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1
From the menu, select Scene > Save.
2
Navigate to the tutorial directory in the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\.
3
Type the name of this lesson in the File name field. For example, Lesson1, Lesson2, etc.
4
Click Save.
5
When you have finished editing this scene, you can close it. From the menu, select Scene > Close.
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SECTION 5
Lesson 3 In This Section Lesson 3: Objectives ......................................................................... 29 Starting FracSIS Professional ........................................................... 30 Creating Scenes ................................................................................ 30 Manipulating the Camera .................................................................. 30 Working with Lenses ......................................................................... 31 Working with Draw Styles.................................................................. 32 Editing Model Size............................................................................. 32 Editing Model Colour ......................................................................... 33 Adding Material to Models................................................................. 35 Labelling Models................................................................................ 36 Working with Markers ........................................................................ 37 Working with Cutting Planes ............................................................. 38 Image Output..................................................................................... 39 Saving and Closing Scenes .............................................................. 40
Lesson 3: Objectives In this lesson, you will cover:
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starting FracSIS Professional
creating scenes
manipulating the camera
working with lenses
working with Draw Styles
editing model size
editing model colour
adding material to models
labelling models
working with markers
working with cutting planes
image output
saving and closing scenes
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Getting Started Guide
Starting FracSIS Professional If you are continuing from Lesson 2, skip this topic and go to the next topic: Creating Scenes. If you have not already done so, start FracSIS Professional.
TASK
Click Start > All Programs > Fractal Technologies > FracSIS Professional 5.1.
Connect to the tutorial database to open it: 1
In the FracSIS Quick Start window, you should see tutorial.fsd in the Recent databases list.
2
Click tutorial.fsd to open it. If the Tip of the Day window displays, click Close.
Creating Scenes Create a new scene for this lesson. This time, you will select models and send them to a new scene:
TASK
1
In Database Manager, click the root folder (tutorial.fsd).
2
Hold down CTRL as you click on Topo and Polygons in the top right pane.
3
Right-click and select Send To > New Scene. This adds the selected models to a new scene.
4
In the Scene Viewer, click the Solids folder in the Database Explorer.
5
Hold down CTRL as you click on Fault, Ore, and Pit Shell then drag them into the Viewer to finish populating the scene.
Manipulating the Camera In the previous lesson, you learned how to zoom, pan, and rotate the camera using the Zoom, Pan, and Trackball tools. For faster camera manipulation, use the extra functions of the Trackball tool to zoom and pan the camera without using those specific toolbar buttons.
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© The Runge Group
Section 5 Lesson 3
TASK 1
31
Zoom using the Trackball tool: 1
Click the Trackball tool
2
In the Scene Viewer window, right-click and drag towards the bottom of the Viewer to zoom in.
3
Right-click and drag towards the top of the Viewer to zoom out.
.
Notice the Trackball tool turns in to the Zoom tool you right-click.
TASK 2
when
Now try panning with the Trackball tool:
With the Trackball tool, click the mouse wheel (or middle mouse button) and drag in the Viewer.
Working with Lenses
TASKS
The previous lesson showed you different types of cameras and different ways to manipulate them. Another option is to use lenses to view the scene in different ways. Just like lenses on a real camera, lenses in FracSIS allow you to view close ups or wide angles without having to move the camera. First, zoom to fit the entire scene in the Viewer:
In the Scene Viewer, select Viewpoint > View All from the menu.
Now, without moving the camera, try a close up lens:
From the menu, select Viewer > Lens > Close Up.
To get a wider perspective on the scene, choose a wide angle lens:
From the menu, select Viewer > Lens > Wide Angle.
You can also view a full 180 degrees with the Fish Eye lens. Notice the distortion effect when using a perspective camera (you may need to zoom closer to see the effect):
From the menu, select Viewer > Lens > Fish Eye.
Try a few different lenses with each camera type to see the variety of views you can create.
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Getting Started Guide
Working with Draw Styles As you can change the properties of the camera, you can also change the properties of the Viewer to draw, or render, your data in different ways. This is called the Draw Style. By default, FracSIS draws models in full detail. However, by removing the surface details, you can view models in less detail and so get a broad, general view of their location in relation to one another. Set the Draw Style to render each model as a set of points:
TASKS
From the menu, select Viewer > Draw Style > Points.
You can also choose a Draw Style that draws the outline shape - a wireframe - of each model.
From the menu, select Viewer > Draw Style > Wireframe.
You may need to zoom in to see the full effect. Choosing a Draw Style that renders models in less detail improves FracSIS's performance on computers with less powerful graphics cards. Experiment with the different Draw Styles to see the different effects they create. When you have finished, return to the normal Draw Style:
From the menu, select Viewer > Draw Style > Normal.
Editing Model Size In the previous lesson, you edited the size of a point set and the height of a 2D grid. Another model type is a triangulated surface, such as Fault. You can edit the Feature Angle of a triangulated surface to change the smoothness of its surface. All angles greater than the selected angle render as a smooth surface, while those less than the selected angle render as edges.
TASK 1
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1
Manipulate the camera to view the underside of the scene to get a better view of Fault.
2
In the Scene Browser, select Fault, then select Edit > Properties from the menu.
3
In the Visual Properties window, select Feature Angle on the left.
4
Type 0 in the field.
5
Click Apply.
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Section 5 Lesson 3
TASK 2
33
Notice the triangulated surface appears jagged—this is because everything renders as an angle. For a smoother appearance, enter a higher value: 1
Type 60 in the field.
2
Click Apply.
The maximum value is 180—this renders the model as a smooth surface: 1
Type 180 in the field.
2
Click Apply.
3
Click Close.
There are many more ways to set the size and shape of models. For more information, see the FracSIS online Help.
Editing Model Colour
TASK 1
Just as there are many ways to edit the size and shape of models, there are also many ways to edit their colour. The simplest is to apply a single, uniform colour. Change Pit Shell to red: 1
To get a better view of Pit Shell, hide Topo from view by rightclicking its name in the Scene Browser then selecting Visible.
2
Repeat to hide Fault.
3
Select Pit Shell, then select Viewpoint > View Selection from the menu.
4
From the menu, select Edit > Properties.
5
In the Visual Properties window, select Colour on the left.
6
From the Type drop-down list, select Uniform Colour.
7
Select one of the reds from the colour palette.
8
Click Apply.
9
Click Close.
In the previous lesson, you used the model's object properties to set its height. You can do the same with model colour. You cannot do this with all models, as the object in the database must contain the appropriate type of data. That is, you cannot set model colour from an object property if applicable data does not exist in the database.
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Getting Started Guide
The first colour map type you'll use is Colour Legend from Numeric Attribute. This is similar to the Height Legend in the last lesson, as it maps a numeric property of an object to a colour.
TASK 2
Apply a Colour Legend to Topo: 1
Show Topo again by right-clicking its name in the Scene Browser then selecting Visible.
2
Select Topo, then select Edit > Properties from the menu.
3
From the Type drop-down list, select Colour by Numeric Attribute (Legend Editor).
4
Select Numeric Grid Data from the From drop-down list.
5
In the Number of Steps field, type 6, then press ENTER to add an extra row to the Steps table.
6
Type 1 in the Alignment field to round the range values to the nearest digit.
7
In the Steps area, type 429 in the first From cell, then press ENTER.
8
Type 450 in the first To cell, then press ENTER. These values define the range you want to set to the same colour.
9
Click Edit Colour to the right of the first row.
10 Select a colour from the colour palette and click OK. 11 Type the following values into the remaining cells; press ENTER after each entry: To
From
450
470
470
490
490
510
510
530
530
550
12 Map these steps to the colours of your choice by clicking the Edit Colour buttons. 13 Click Apply to see the effect.
TASK 3
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Now, create a Colour Map to map colour in a gradient, or gradual fashion. If this sounds familiar, it is; it is similar to the Height Map you created in the last lesson. 1
From the Type drop-down list, select Colour by Numeric Attribute (Map Editor).
2
From the Apply a preset style drop-down list, select a colour style of your choice.
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Section 5 Lesson 3
35
3
Click Apply.
4
The 'map' is the central area of the Visual Properties window. Edit the colour map by clicking and dragging a node on the tone curve. Click on the curve to add a node or right-click a node to delete it.
5
To see the colour map change in the Viewer as you edit it, select the Auto Apply check box in the bottom left corner of the Visual Properties window. Click and drag a node on the colour map to see your changes applied automatically in the Viewer.
6
Once you have finished editing the colour map, reset it by selecting Rainbow from the Apply a preset style drop-down list. If you were using auto apply, select the Auto Apply check box again to clear it before continuing.
7
Click Apply.
8
Click Close.
Adding Material to Models Another way to change a model's appearance is to apply a material. Applying a material lets you control how the model's colour appears in different types of light. You can also set the material to be shiny or matte.
TASK
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Apply a material to Ore: 1
Select Ore, then select Viewpoint > View Selection from the menu.
2
From the menu, select Edit > Properties.
3
In the Visual Properties window, select Colour on the left.
4
From the Type drop-down list, select Material.
5
Click the Ambient Colour button. This sets the colour to how it would appear in normal light.
6
In the Colour Chooser window, select a colour, then click OK.
7
Repeat steps 5 and 6 for diffuse, specular, and emissive colours.
Diffuse sets the model colour as it would appear in shadow, or reduced light.
Specular sets the colour that the model reflects when light shines on it.
Emissive is the colour that the model emits, or gives off. A light emissive colour makes the model appear to glow. © The Runge Group
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Getting Started Guide
8
Adjust the Shininess slider. Set the slider to 0 for a shiny effect and 1 for a matte effect.
9
Adjust the Transparency slide. Set the slider to 0 for an opaque effect and 1 to make the model transparent.
10 Click Apply. 11 Click Close.
Labelling Models You can label a model to display a database property of the object. For example, you can label a model with the name of a geographical location, sample information, or a region's population. As with height and colour maps, you cannot label a model whose object does not contain applicable data.
TASK 1
TASK 2
Find out the rock codes of Polygons by labelling it: 1
Make sure Polygons is visible in the Viewer.
2
Click the Label tool Polygons.
3
Continue clicking on different coloured areas to display several labels.
and click on a coloured area of
As the model is large, it is easier to show all the labels at once: 1
Select Polygons from the left pane, then select Edit > Properties from the menu.
2
In the Visual Properties window, select Labels.
3
Click the Show All button.
4
Click Apply.
Label properties apply for each model. Therefore, you can select the object property used to label a model, or the labels' size and colour. This allows you to label one model with drill hole survey information and another model with location names, or label overlapping models in different colours to distinguish between them.
TASK 3
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Make the labels red, with a 12pt font: 1
In the Labels area of the Visual Properties window, click the Colour button.
2
Select red from the colour palette then click OK.
3
Adjust the Point Size slider to 12, or type 12 as the value.
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Section 5 Lesson 3
TASK 4
4
37
Click Apply.
If the labels are too cluttered, you can delete them individually:
Click the Label tool
and click a labelled model area.
Or you can remove all labels at once: 1
Click Clear All.
2
Click Apply.
3
Click Close.
Working with Markers Another way of adding information to a scene is to add a marker. Instead of displaying a model's data, markers allow you to add your own notes to the scene or mark a point on a model—this is useful if you are sharing your scenes with others.
TASK 1
TASK 2
Add a marker to Topo: 1
Make sure Topo is visible in the Viewer.
2
Click the Marker tool
3
Click the highest point on Topo. "New Marker" displays on the model.
.
Once you have added a marker, you can edit the colour, size and shape of the arrow, and edit the label. Edit the marker so it points to the highest point on Topo:
TASK 3
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1
In the Scene Browser, right-click Marker 1, then select Properties.
2
In the Visual Properties window, type the following coordinates in the Point area. Press ENTER after each entry, then click Apply when you've finished:
Easting
3826
Northing
6216
Height
546
Now, edit the marker's label to something more meaningful: 1
In the Text field, type Highest Point.
2
In the Label area, click Edit Colour. © The Runge Group
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Getting Started Guide
3
In the Colour Chooser window, select a colour, then click OK.
4
Click Apply.
5
Click Close.
Working with Cutting Planes A cutting plane is a two-dimensional plane that clips everything in the scene that lies on one side of it. This is useful for displaying a cutaway view of a model, or for temporarily removing models from a scene.
TASK 1
TASK 2
First, you'll add a cutting plane, then resize and position it to cut the pit in half to view inside: 1
From the menu, select Viewpoint > View All.
2
Make sure nothing is selected by clicking the Select tool and clicking in the Viewer background.
3
From the menu, select Insert > Cutting Plane.
Now position the cutting plane near Pit Shell. You'll use the cutting plane's manipulator to move and rotate it to the precise location you want: 1
Use the Zoom, Pan and Rotate tools to position the camera to get the best vantage point on the cutting plane manipulator.
2
Click the Select tool.
3
Click and drag the cutting plane manipulator to move it.
Click and drag the square at the centre of a cutting plane manipulator to move it vertically. This is where the handle meets the plane. The square appears when you place the cursor over it.
To move the cutting plane horizontally, click and drag the body of the manipulator.
You may have to make several camera and manipulator adjustments to get the position you want.
TASK 3
TASK 4 www.fractaltechnologies.com
Now the cutting plane is roughly in the position you want, rotate it to reveal the cutaway view: 1
Click the Select tool.
2
Click and drag a sphere at the end of the cutting plane manipulator. Again, it may take several adjustments to get the exact position you want.
Finally, adjust the size of the cutting plane to the size of the model:
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Section 5 Lesson 3
TASK 5
1
Click the Select tool.
2
Click and drag a square on a corner of the cutting plane manipulator.
39
To see the cutaway view you created without the cutting plane manipulator, hide it from view:
In the Scene Browser, right-click the cutting plane prop and select Manipulator.
To view the cutaway without the cutting plane, hide it from view:
TASK 6
In the Scene Browser, right-click the cutting plane prop and select Visible.
To return the scene to normal, delete the cutting plane:
In the Scene Browser, right-click the cutting plane prop and select Delete.
Image Output Now that you have set up the scene how you want it, you can export a viewpoint to a Windows bitmap (*.bmp), JPEG, or Tagged Image File Format (*.tiff) file to edit or print from another software package.
TASK
1
From the menu, select Scene > Image Output.
2
From the Type drop-down list, select Basic Image Output.
3
In the preview window, zoom, rotate, and pan the camera as if using the Trackball tool to adjust the image you want to export.
4
Select Windows Bitmap (BMP) from the Format drop-down list.
5
button. Navigate to the tutorial directory in Click the Browse the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\.
6
Type Lesson2 in the File name field, then click Save.
7
Select Medium from the Smoothing drop-down list to smooth the colour, texture, and edges of models. Using a higher smoothing level produces a better image, but it takes longer to generate the file.
8
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Click OK.
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Getting Started Guide
Saving and Closing Scenes
TASK
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You have almost finished this lesson. To keep your work, you need to save the scene before closing it. A FracSIS scene saves with the .fvs extension. 1
From the menu, select Scene > Save.
2
Navigate to the tutorial directory in the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\.
3
Type the name of this lesson in the File name field. For example, Lesson1, Lesson2, etc.
4
Click Save.
5
When you have finished editing this scene, you can close it. From the menu, select Scene > Close.
© The Runge Group
41
SECTION 6
Lesson 4 In This Section Lesson 4: Objectives ......................................................................... 41 Starting FracSIS Professional ........................................................... 41 Creating Scenes ................................................................................ 42 Editing Model Representation ........................................................... 42 Editing Model Colour ......................................................................... 43 Saving and Loading Model Properties .............................................. 44 Applying Texture to Models............................................................... 44 Working with Sections ....................................................................... 45 Scaled Image Output......................................................................... 46 Working with Coordinate Systems .................................................... 47 Working with Sessions ...................................................................... 48 The End ............................................................................................. 49
Lesson 4: Objectives In this lesson, you will cover:
starting FracSIS Professional
creating scenes
adding representations
editing model colour
saving and loading model properties
applying texture to models
working with sections
scaled image output
working with coordinate systems
saving and restoring sessions
exiting FracSIS Professional
Starting FracSIS Professional If you are continuing from Lesson 3, skip this topic and go to the next topic: Creating Scenes.
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© The Runge Group
42
Getting Started Guide
TASK
If you have not already done so, start FracSIS Professional.
Click Start > All Programs > Fractal Technologies > FracSIS Professional 5.1.
Connect to the tutorial database to open it: 1
In the FracSIS Quick Start window, you should see tutorial.fsd in the Recent databases list.
2
Click tutorial.fsd to open it. If the Tip of the Day window displays, click Close.
Creating Scenes Create a new scene for this lesson.
TASK
1
In Database Manager, select Scenes > New Scene from the menu.
2
Still in Database Manager, select Topo from the root folder (tutorial.fsd), then drag and drop it into the Scene Viewer. This is another way of adding models to a scene.
3
In the Scene Viewer, click the Block model folder in Database Explorer and add Block Model to the Viewer.
4
Hold down CTRL as you click on the folders for Solids and Drilling then drag them into the Viewer.
The contents of the folders display in the Viewer and the folder structure displays in the Scene Browser.
Editing Model Representation In FracSIS, you can view your data in many different ways. As you have already seen, you can change model height and colour to suit your needs. And you can view—or represent—most objects as different model types to show data in ways best suited to your task. You can view an object as one model type or multiple model types, depending on your needs. For example, you can also represent the block model in the scene as a point set.
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© The Runge Group
Section 6 Lesson 4
43
TASK 1 View the block model as a point set: 1
In the Scene Browser, right-click Block Model, then select Add Representation.
2
In the Add Representations window, select the Point set check box, then click OK.
TASK 2
To make it easier to visualise the point set, hide the block model.
In the Scene Browser, right-click Block Model, then select Visible.
Now, hide Fault to view the rest of scene without it:
Right-click Fault in the Scene Browser, then select Visible.
Editing Model Colour
TASK 1
In the previous lesson, you mapped object properties to colour using a Colour Legend from Numeric Attribute and a colour map. You can also choose a Colour Legend from Text Attribute. This maps an object's textual properties to a colour. Map a drill hole ID to colour:
TASK 2
1
Select Strings (Drill Holes), then select Edit > Properties from the menu.
2
In the Visual Properties window, select Coluor.
3
From the Type drop-down list, select Colour by Text Attribute.
4
Click Add All .
5
Click Apply.
Notice that each drill hole maps to its own colour in the Viewer. If you want to make a drill hole string a particular colour, edit the colour map: 1
Select a code from the Legend area and double-click its colour swatch to edit it.
2
In the Colour Chooser window, select a colour, then click OK.
3
Click Apply.
Don't close the Visual Properties window yet...
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Saving and Loading Model Properties You have created a reasonably complex Colour Legend, so save it to a file so you can use it again on another model. You do this by exporting a model's properties to an *.fvp file. An *.fvp saves the parameters of a particular model property. This is useful if your organisation uses a standard set of rock codes, or if you want to preserve visual consistency across all scenes you create.
TASK 1
TASK 2
Save this map for later reuse: 1
Click Export at the bottom of the Visual Properties window.
2
Browse to the tutorial directory, type text in the File name field, then click Save.
3
Click Close.
When you want to apply this same Colour Legend from Text Attribute to another model, simply load it: 1
Select Collars (Drill Holes), then select Edit > Properties from the menu.
2
In the Visual Properties window, select Colour.
3
From the Type drop-down list, select Colour by Text Attribute.
4
Click Import.
5
Browse to the tutorial directory, select text.fvp, then click Open.
6
Click Close. You can only load an *.fvp file that changes the same visual property and type that you are editing. That is, if you are editing a Colour Legend from Text Attribute, you must load an *.fvp file created with another Colour Legend from Text Attribute.
Applying Texture to Models In the previous lesson, you applied material to a triangulated surface. Another option is to apply a texture. You can use images in the database, such as aerial photography, to drape over a model's surface. www.fractaltechnologies.com
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TASK Drape a geology map on to Topo: 1
Select Topo, then select Edit > Properties from the menu.
2
In the Visual Properties window, select Colour.
3
From the Type drop-down list, select Image Drape.
4
In the Database Explorer, click the Geology map folder.
5
Click the object called Geology Map and drag it on to the .
Texture Source target icon 6
From the Drape From drop-down list, select Above.
7
Click Apply.
8
Click Close.
Before you move on to the next section, show Fault again:
Right-click Fault in the Scene Browser, then select Visible.
Working with Sections TASK 1 Use a section to view part of a scene or model in isolation: 1
Click the Enable Section
2
From the menu, select Section > East/West Section.
button.
This creates a section that clips along the Northing axis.
TASK 2
Now, change this section to get a better view: 1
Click the Section Tool tab on the left.
2
Type the following values into the cells. Press ENTER after each entry: Width
Height
Depth
Size
150
700
525
Step
20
50
50
Size values specify the size of the section in each direction; Step values specify the distance the section moves in each direction when navigating.
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3
Click Grid Colour, select a colour from the Colour Chooser window, then click OK.
4
Click Coord Colour, select a colour from the Colour Chooser window, then click OK. © The Runge Group
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TASK 3
TASK 4
You can move the section along an axis to step through a model or scene. This is called navigating: 1
Click the Step North direction button on the toolbar to move the section along the Northing axis.
2
Repeat several times to navigate across the entire model.
3
Experiment with the other direction buttons on the toolbar to see the gradual changes across the model.
When you have finished working with sections, turn off the section:
Click the Enable Section button
.
Scaled Image Output You can export a viewpoint to a GEOTIFF file. This saves the coordinate information in the image file so you can use it in other software applications such as MapInfo.
TASK
Export this viewpoint to a GEOTIFF file to save coordinate or scalar data with the image: 1
From the menu, select Scene > Image Output.
2
In the Image Output window, select Scaled Plot Image Output from the Type drop-down list.
3
Select Georeferenced TIFF from the Format drop-down list.
4
button. Navigate to the tutorial directory in Click the Browse the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\.
5
Type Scaled Image.tiff in the File name field, then click Save.
6
Select Medium from the Smoothing drop-down list.
7
In the Edit Mode area, select one of these options:
Fixed View: This keeps the dimensions of the exported image constant; when adjusting the image, the map scale changes. OR
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Fixed Scale: This keeps the scale of the exported image constant; when adjusting the image, the image dimensions change.
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In the Preview window, zoom and pan the camera as if using the Pan tool to adjust the image to export. Notice that either the map scale adjusts to the image, or the dimensions in the Size boxes adjust to the image, depending on which option you selected. 8
In the Scale field, type 10000 as the map scale.
9
In the Output Resolution field, type 150. This is the exported image's resolution in dots per inch (dpi). The dimensions of the printed image display at the bottom of the Scaling area.
10 Click OK.
Working with Coordinate Systems You may have noticed that many elements in a FracSIS scene reference a coordinate system in some way; for example, the coordinate grid you created or the units of measure used by the cutting plane and some model properties. Each model uses the coordinate system of the object in the database. Some objects in your database use different coordinate systems, yet you are visualising and manipulating them all at the same time. FracSIS seamlessly integrates coordinate systems, allowing you to visualise models that use disparate coordinate systems without having to copy files or perform complex mathematical calculations. You can add models to a scene without worrying about which coordinate system they use. Each scene uses a default coordinate system for props such as coordinate grids and cutting planes. The first model you add to the scene sets the coordinate grid for it; you can also set it manually.
TASK
Change the default coordinate system of this scene: 1
From the menu, select Scene > Set Coordinate System.
2
In the Scene Properties window, select Grid used for FracSIS Tutorial [My Local Grid] from the drop-down list.
3
Click Apply.
4
Click Close.
The scene's coordinate system displays in the right corner of the status bar. You can also find out the coordinates of a particular point on a model without having to calculate it from a coordinate grid:
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Hover the cursor over a model. Its coordinates display in the left area of the status bar.
If the model's coordinate system is different from the scene's, the coordinates are displayed in the scene's coordinate system first and the model's coordinate system second. When you visualise your own data, we recommended that you set the scene's coordinate system to the one used by most models. Visualising models in many coordinate systems can affect processing and visualisation speed. Please note that although you can visualise models that use different coordinate systems, some coordinate systems are incompatible. See the FracSIS online help for more information.
Working with Sessions Instead of saving a scene file, you can save the state of the entire FracSIS workspace, including all open scenes and Viewers, as well as the current viewpoint. Such a 'state' is called a Session. Session files save with the *.fvn extension. Sessions are useful for saving and restoring your work when you are working with multiple scenes, or if you wish to return to the same point in your workflow later. Other users who have access to the database referenced by the session file can open the session to view all the scenes and Viewers contained within it – like a Vulcan screen dump file.
TASK 1
TASK 2
TASK 3
1
In Database Manager, select Scenes > Save Session As from the menu.
2
Navigate to the tutorial directory in the FracSIS installation directory; usually, this is C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\tutorial\.
3
Type Lesson4 in the File name field, then click Save.
Now, to see sessions in action, close the Scene Viewer so you can restore the session: 1
In the Scene Viewer, select Scene > Close from the menu.
2
When asked to save the scene, click No.
3
Repeat for any other open scenes.
Now, restore the session to bring the Viewer and viewpoints back exactly as they were: 1
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In Database Manager, select Scenes > Open Session from the menu.
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49
Browse to the Tutorial directory, select Lesson4.fvn, then click Open.
The End Congratulations! You have completed the FracSIS Professional tutorial. We hope that you have enjoyed learning about some of the exciting things 3D visualisation can show you. Although it is not possible to discuss every feature of FracSIS in these lessons, we hope that what we have shown you gives you the confidence to start working with your own data. For more information on any feature described in this tutorial, see the FracSIS online Help. You can repeat any part of this lesson, or a previous lesson of this tutorial. When you have finished, exit FracSIS.
TASK
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In the Database Manager, select Database > Exit from the menu.
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SECTION 7
Data Imports In This Section Reference: Importing Data ................................................................ 51
Reference: Importing Data The file types you can import into a FracSIS database are:
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ASCII Point Sets (page 54)
ASCII Line String - Blank Line Separated (page 52)
ASCII Line String - String ID (page 53)
Delimited Drill Hole Sets (page 55)
acQuire (page 57)
ArcInfo and ArcView (page 66) (ESRI)
AutoCAD (page 60)
Datamine (page 60)
DataShed (page 62)
Documents and Files (page 63)
EarthVision (page 64)
ER Mapper (page 65)
Explorer (page 67)
Gemcom (page 68)
GeoDiscovery (page 69)
GeoSoft (page 70)
GoCAD (page 70)
Images (page 71)
Inventor (page 73)
Leapfrog (page 73)
MapInfo (page 73)
Micromine (page 74)
Microsoft Access (page 59)
Microsoft Excel (page 76)
Minescape (page 77)
Mintec MineSight (page 77) © The Runge Group
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Oracle (page 77)
SEG-Y (page 78)
SQL (page 79)
Surfer (page 79)
Surpac (page 79)
UBC (page 80)
USGS (page 80)
Vulcan (page 80)
Whittle (page 83)
XMML (page 83)
ASCII Line String: Blank Line Separated A blank line separated ASCII string file is a non-proprietary, standard format for storing string data. The blank line separates the data in one string from another. Most databases and software packages for managing point data, such as Microsoft Access, can export to this format. As it is an ASCII file format, you can open and edit it in any text editor, such as Notepad. Type
ASCII Datasets
Format
ASCII Line String (Blank Line Separated)
File extension
*.csv
*.dat
*.txt
The following table displays the expected order of columns for a blank line separated ASCII line set file. It also lists the type of data (either numeric or text) the column can contain. When more than one data type is supported, the default has an asterisk ( * ) next to it. Col. No.
Column Name
Data Type
1
Point X
Numeric
2
Point Y
Numeric
3
Point Z
Numeric
4
Sample
*Text OR Numeric
Extra columns are assumed to be additional sample information.
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This is not a mandatory format; however, if the columns are in a different order or if they contain a different data type, you must manually edit the column in the Import Wizard when you import the file. To edit a column name or data type, select the column name or data type field, right-click and select the appropriate option from the shortcut menu.
ASCII Line String: String ID A tagged ASCII point set file is a non-proprietary, standard format for storing point data. It uses a string ID to differentiate between the data from different strings. Most databases and software packages for managing point data, such as Microsoft Access, can export to this format. As it is an ASCII file format, you can open and edit it in any text editor, such as Notepad. Type
ASCII Datasets
Format
ASCII Line String (String ID)
File extension
*.csv
*.dat
*.txt
The following table displays the expected order of columns for a tagged ASCII line set file. It also lists the type of data (either numeric or text) the column can contain. When more than one data type is supported, the default has an asterisk ( * ) next to it. Col. No.
Column Name
Data Type
1
String ID
*Text OR Numeric
2
Point X
Numeric
3
Point Y
Numeric
4
Point Z
Numeric
5
Sample
*Text OR Numeric
Extra columns are assumed to be additional sample information.
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This is not a mandatory format; however, if the columns are in a different order or if they contain a different data type, you must manually edit the column in the Import Wizard when you import the file. To edit a column name or data type, select the column name or data type field, right-click and select the appropriate option from the shortcut menu.
ASCII Point Sets An ASCII point set file is a non-proprietary, standard format for storing point data. Most databases and software packages for managing point data, such as Microsoft Access, can export to this format. As it is an ASCII file format, you can open and edit it in any text editor, such as Notepad. An ASCII point set file can also store vector data. See "ASCII Vector Sets" below for more information on this format. Type
ASCII Datasets
Format
ASCII Point Set
File extension
*.csv
*.dat
*.txt
The following table displays the expected order of columns for an ASCII point set file. It also lists the type of data (either numeric or text) the column can contain. When more than one data type is supported, the default has an asterisk ( * ) next to it. Col. No. Column Name
Data Type
1
Point X
Numeric
2
Point Y
Numeric
3
Point Z
Numeric
4
Sample
*Text OR Numeric
Extra columns are assumed to be additional sample information. This is not a mandatory format; however, if the columns are in a different order or if they contain a different data type, you must manually edit the column in the Import Wizard when you import the file. To edit a column name or data type, select the column name or data type field, right-click and select the appropriate option from the shortcut menu.
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ASCII Vector Sets When importing vector sets, use the ASCII point importer as above, with the following column order. You must manually edit the column headings in the Import Wizard to import vectors in the proper order. Column 4 is the start of the vector and column 5 is the vector end. If your file contains three or more sample columns for each vector, we recommend that you skip the middle column(s) so only the beginning and end values are imported. To skip a column, select one or more column headings, right-click and select Skip Column. Col. No. Column Name
Data Type
1
Point X
Numeric
2
Point Y
Numeric
3
Point Z
Numeric
4
Sample
Vector Start
5
Sample
Vector End
Extra columns are assumed to be additional sample information.
Delimited Drill Hole Sets A delimited ASCII drill hole set is a non-proprietary, standard format for storing drill hole data. It uses a delimiter such as a comma or tab character to differentiate between columns. Most databases and software packages for managing drill hole data, such as Microsoft Access, can export to this format. As it is an ASCII file format, you can open and edit it in any text editor, such as Notepad.
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Type
ASCII Datasets
Format
Delimited Drill Hole Set
File extension
*.csv
*.dat
*.dhc + *.dhs + *.dha
*.txt
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The *.dhc (drill hole collar), *.dhs (drill hole survey) and *.dha (drill hole assay) extensions are tabular ASCII file formats used to differentiate between assay, survey and collar data files. Export drill hole data to these formats from another software package, or rename the file extension to the applicable format. Typically, tabular ASCII drill hole data is stored in three separate files: collars, surveys, and samples; however, it is also possible to store all drill hole information in one file. In this case, select the same file for each data type, taking care to ensure you assign the correct column names and data types in the Import Wizard. The following table displays the expected order of columns for each file type. It also lists the type of data (either numeric or text) the column can contain. When more than one data type is supported, the default has an asterisk ( * ) next to it.
Collars File This file gives the name and location of drill hole collars and the drill hole depth; this file is mandatory. Col. No. Column Name
Data Type
1
Drill Hole Name
Text
2
Collar X
Numeric
3
Collar Y
Numeric
4
Collar Z
Numeric
5
Total Hole Depth
Numeric
Extra columns are skipped.
Surveys File A surveys file provides drill hole path information. This file is optional; however, drill holes imported without this file will appear as straight lines when visualised in FracSIS. Col. No.
Column Name
Data Type
1
Drill Hole Name
Text
2
Survey Depth
Numeric
3
Survey Azimuth
Numeric
4
*Survey Inclination
Numeric
OR Survey Declination Extra columns are skipped.
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In FracSIS, a negative dip is an Inclination, and a positive dip is a Declination.
Sample Files This provides information at specific points along a drill hole, such as lithography, assay, or geology data. This file is optional; however, you can also have more than one sample file for each drill hole. Col. No.
Column Name
Data Type
1
Drill Hole Name
Text
2
Interval From
Numeric
3
Interval To
Numeric
4
Sample
* Text OR Numeric
Extra columns are assumed to be additional sample information. This is not a mandatory format; however, if the columns are in a different order or if they contain a different data type, you must manually edit the column in the Import Wizard when you import the file. To edit a column name or data type, select the column name or data type field, right-click and select the appropriate option from the shortcut menu. The Log window only reports the first 100 missing or corrupt values. After the import finishes, the Log window lists the total number of missing values.
acQuire acQuire is an exploration data management system. FracSIS supports acQuire version 3.5. You can import pre-existing selection files (*.sel) or connect to an acQuire database to create a new selection interactively. This will connect you to the acQuire interface so you can create a new selection. acQuire-generated survey geometry is not supported. FracSIS will create geometry automatically.
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Selection Files Type
acQuire
Format
Drill hole selection
File extension
*.sel
Parameters
None
Linking to acQuire Databases Type
acQuire
Format
Drill hole selection
File extension
On the Drillhole Selection page, click New Selection. This will connect you to the acQuire interface so you can create a new selection.
Parameters
None
To access an acQuire database from FracSIS, you must have a valid acQuire licence or create an ODBC connection to the database. See below for more information on creating an ODBC connection to an SQL acQuire database.
To Create an ODBC Connection
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1
Click Start > Control Panel.
2
Double-click Administrative Tools.
3
Double-click Data Sources (ODBC).
4
In the ODBC Data Source Administrator window, select the System DSN tab and click Add.
5
Click SQL Server and follow the Create a New Data Source to SQL Server Wizard instructions.
If your acQuire database uses another RDBMS (Relational Database Management System), such as Oracle, please consult your Database Administrator for information on creating ODBC connections.
For more information, see the acQuire tutorial on how to create an ODBC connection within acQuire.
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Access Databases You can link to a Microsoft Access database directly to import point and drill hole data. For line data, you must export the tables from the Access database to delimited text files and then import them into FracSIS with the blank line separated ASCII String importer. For more information, see ASCII Line String: Blank Line Separated (page 52).
Point and Drill Hole Data Type
Microsoft Access Database
Format
If importing point data, select Point Sample Data.
If importing drill hole data, select Drillholes.
File extension
*.mdb
Parameters
Include Queries as Tables: Enable this option to save database queries as tables.
Point and Drill Hole Data From Template Once you have linked to a database, you can save the import parameters as a template to use later, for example, if the database changes or when databases share table and attribute names. Template files save with the *.application_datatype_template extension; for example, mydata.access_points_template. Type
Microsoft Access Database
Format
Point Sample Data Using Template
Drillholes Using Template
*.access_points_template
*.access_drillholes_template
File extension Parameters
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Note: To select one of the template options, you must have previously linked to a database and saved the import parameters as a template. The template must be for the same data type, such as drill holes, and must link to a database containing the same table and attribute names for it to import data correctly.
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AutoCAD FracSIS cannot import DWG files; however, you can export information from AutoCAD to DXF (Drawing Interchange File). The DXF format is a native file format of AutoCAD. It has become a standard for exchanging CAD drawings and many CAD and modelling applications support it. FracSIS supports version 12 of the DXF format and these entity types:
3D faces
solids
points
lines
polylines
text (text entities import as points with labels)
Type
AutoCAD
Format
DXF
File extension
*.dxf
Parameters
Import 3D Faces and Solid Entities as Triangulated Surfaces: Enable this option to import 3D faces and solids as triangulated surfaces. Disable this option to import these entities as polygons.
We recommend that you export each layer as separate DXF file to give you more control on how to view your data in FracSIS. If you do not have an AutoCAD licence, you can download the amethyst CADwizz converter from http://www.cadwizz.com.
Datamine Datamine Studio is a geological modelling and mine planning package by the Datamine Group. FracSIS supports Datamine ASCII and binary strings, ASCII and binary block models, ASCII and binary wireframes, and drill hole data.
ASCII Strings Type
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Datamine
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Section 7 Data Imports
Format
String (ASCII)
File extension
*.asc
Parameters
None
Strings Type
Datamine
Format
String
File extension
*.dm
Parameters
None
ASCII Block Models Type
Datamine
Format
Block model (ASCII)
File extension
*.dmb
Parameters
None
Block Models Type
Datamine
Format
Block model
File extension
*.dm
Parameters
None
ASCII Wireframes To import a *tr.asc file, the matching *pt.asc file must be in the same directory. Type
Datamine
Format
Wireframe (ASCII)
File extension
*tr.asc + *pt.asc
Parameters
None
Wireframes To import a *tr.dm file, the matching *pt.dm file must be in the same directory.
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Type
Datamine
Format
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File extension
*tr.dm + *pt.dm
Parameters
None
Drill Holes Type
Datamine
Format
Drill Holes
File extension
*.dm
Parameters
None
DataShed DataShed is a database package for drill hole and point data management. You can link directly to your DataShed databases from FracSIS to import point and drill hole data. When you link to a DataShed database, FracSIS will automatically map the DataShed coordinate system to an appropriate FracSIS coordinate system. If the appropriate coordinate system cannot be found, create the coordinate system in FracSIS. For more information, see Working with Coordinate Systems . Then, using a text editor, open the datashed_to_FracSIS_cs_map.py file (in C:\Program Files\Fractal Technologies\FracSIS5.x\plugins\python directory) and add the names of the coordinate systems to this file.
Point and Drill Hole Data Type
DataShed
Format
If importing point data, select Point Sample Data
If importing drill hole data, select Drillholes
File extension
*.dsa Note: This is the local filter file stored on your machine where DataShed is installed, usually C:\Program Files\DataShed\DataShed 3.5.0. This file is not located on the network or where your databases are stored.
Parameters
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None
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Point and Drill Hole Data From Template Once you have linked to a database, you can save the import parameters as a template to use later, for example, if the database changes or when databases share table and attribute names. Template files save with the *.application_datatype_template extension; for example, mydata.datashed_points_template. Type
DataShed
Format
Point Sample Data Using Template
Drillholes Using Template
*.datashed_points_template
*.datashed_drillholes_template
File extension
Note: To select one of the template options, you must have previously linked to a database and saved the import parameters as a template. The template must be for the same data type, such as drill holes, and must link to a database containing the same table and attribute names for it to import data correctly.
Parameters
Documents and Files FracSIS can store non-spatial files such as Microsoft Word documents (*.doc), Excel spreadsheets (*.xls), PointPoint presentations (*.pps), Acrobat PDFs, MPEG movies, and WAV sound files. You can also store other files of your choice in FracSIS. Documents and files are not visualised in FracSIS, but they will open in their associated application. You must have the associated application installed to open and edit a document or file. You cannot edit the contents of these files within FracSIS; therefore if you make any changes to these documents, you must reimport the changed file into FracSIS.
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Type
Document
Format
File
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File extension
*.doc
*.mpg/*.mpeg
*.pdf
*.pps
*.wav
*.xls
*.wrl
Note: You can also import other file types by choosing the All files (*.*) from the Files of Type drop-down list when selecting files. None
Parameters
EarthVision EarthVision is a 3D modelling and visualisation package from Dynamic Graphics. FracSIS can import EarthVision grids, ASCII strings, and polygons.
Grids Type
EarthVision
Format
Grid
File extension
*.2grd
Parameters
Z values are depths: Enable this option if the Z value indicates depth; leave this option disabled if Z values indicate height.
ASCII Strings Type
EarthVision
Format
String
File extension
*.dat
Parameters
None
Polygons
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Type
EarthVision
Format
Polygons
File extension
*.nvflt
Parameters
None © The Runge Group
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ER Mapper ER Mapper is a geographic image processing application, and the company that produces it. FracSIS supports ER Mapper algorithm files (*.alg), raster images (*.ers) and ECW images (*.ecw). FracSIS does not recognise *.bil and *.hdr files—convert them to GeoTIFF images or raster datasets. If you do not have an ER Mapper licence, you can download the free ERViewer from the ER Mapper website (http://www.ermapper.com) to convert these files.
Algorithm To import *.alg files, the files it references (such as *.ecw, *.tiff, or raw data files), must be in the same directory. Type
ER Mapper
Format
Algorithm File
File extension
*.alg
Parameters
None
ECW Image If an *.ecw file references a *.jpg or *.bmp file, use the corresponding image translator to import the image. Type
ER Mapper
Format
ECW Image
File extension
*.ecw
Parameters
Auto resample image for best performance (optional): Enable this option to automatically resize the image to the appropriate resolution for visualisation in FracSIS.
Raster Dataset To import *.ers files, the files it references (such as *.ecw, *.tiff, or raw data files), must be in the same directory.
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Type
ER Mapper
Format
Raster Dataset
File extension
*.ers
Parameters
None
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ESRI ArcInfo and ArcView are GIS software programs developed by ESRI. FracSIS supports the ArcView shape (*.shp) file and ArcInfo grid file (*.grd). ArcInfo and ArcView GIS data is 2D with height attributes; it may appear 3D when visualised in GIS packages, however, the underlying geometry is 2D. Subsequently, when imported and visualised in FracSIS, this data will appear 2D.
ArcView Shape FracSIS supports the ArcView version 3 shape (*.shp) file; version 8.x is not supported. To import a *.shp file, the matching *.dbf and *.shx files must be in the same directory. ArcView shapes become polygons in FracSIS. Type
ArcView
Format
Shape
File extension
*.shp
Parameters
Parameters Legend file (optional) – the legend file (*.avl) contains colour and display information.
Default Height for Features – the value to use for the height of the image. This is the ellipsoid height in the unit of measure as set by the object's coordinate system.
Tessellate Polygons – enable this option to store a regularised version of the polygon shape in the database for faster visualisation speed.
ArcInfo Grid Type
ArcInfo
Format
ASCII grid
File extension
*.asc
*.grd
Parameters
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None
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Explorer Explorer is a 3D visualisation software package originally developed by Silicon Graphics. It is now developed and distributed by NAG. FracSIS supports the Explorer ASCII lattice, ASCII point set, and multivalued grid file formats.
ASCII Lattices The Explorer ASCII lattice format is for regularised 3D grids or block models. You should use this importer if you wish to visualise your block model data as a volume or isosurface in FracSIS. You can also export block model data to this format if FracSIS does not support the modelling software application you use. Before importing your data, make sure it is in the expected format, as listed below. Type
Explorer
Format
Lattice (ASCII)
File extension
*.exp
Parameters
None
The following is the expected format for an Explorer ASCII lattice. The file must be space-delimited and headers are not recognised. Only one attribute is supported and missing blocks are not allowed.
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Line No.
Data Type
1
The number of points in each dimension in x y z order.
2
The minimum and maximum extents in each dimension in x y z order.
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Line No.
Data Type
3 and subsequent
x1y1z1 x2y1z1 x3y1z1 ... xny1z1 x1y2z1 x2y2z1 x3y2z1 ... xny2z1 etc. x1ynz1 x2ynz1 x3ynz1 ... xnynz1 x1y1z2 x2y1z2 x3y1z2 ... xny1z2 x1y2z2 x2y2z2 x3y2z2 ... xny2z2 etc. x1ynz2 x2ynz2 x3ynz2 ... xnynz2 x1y1zn x2y1zn x3y1zn ... xny1zn x1y2zn x2y2zn x3y2zn ... xny2zn etc. x1ynzn x2ynzn x3ynzn ... xnynzn
If a block has irregular dimensions, FracSIS uses largest dimension to generate a regular block size.
ASCII Point Set Type
Explorer
Format
Point Set (ASCII)
File extension
*.explorerdat
Parameters
None
Multi Valued Grid Type
Explorer
Format
Multi Valued Grid
File extension
*.image
Parameters
None
Gemcom Gemcom produces the mine planning software GEMS.
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FracSIS supports Gemcom string, ASCII wireframes, and binary wireframes. You can export Gemcom drill hole information to an ASCII delimited drill hole set, then import that data into FracSIS. For more information, see Delimited Drill Hole Sets (page 55).
Strings Type
Gemcom
Format
String
File extension
*.3dr
Parameters
None
ASCII Wireframes Type
Gemcom
Format
Wireframe (ASCII)
File extension
*.tri
Parameters
None
Wireframes Type
Gemcom
Format
Wireframe
File extension
*.bt2
Parameters
None
GeoDiscovery Res2Dinv files are resistivity 2D inversion models used by the GeoDiscovery Group.
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Type
Geodiscovery
Format
Resistivity 2D inversion
File extension
*.xyz
Parameters
Section direction: Enter E for E-W, or N for N-S
Coordinate of the section line: The value for the section line coordinate.
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GeoSoft You cannot import GeoSoft zone (*.zon) files directly into FracSIS; however, you can export them as GXF files, which you can then import into FracSIS.
Grids Type
Geosoft
Format
Grid
File extension
*.grd
Parameters
None
GXF A GXF (Grid Exchange Format) file is an interchange format for gridded data. FracSIS supports version 3 of the GXF format. Type
Grid Exchange File
Format
GXF
File extension
*.gxf
Parameters
None
GoCAD GoCAD is a geological modelling and visualisation package developed by T-Surf Corporation and distributed by Mira Geoscience. FracSIS supports ASCII object files (also known as External ASCII Format files). GoCAD object files must be in ASCII format; FracSIS does not support standard binary format. See the GoCAD documentation for information on exporting your data to this format. FracSIS can import the following object types; there can be any number of GoCAD objects in each file:
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Vertex sets (point sets)
Polylines
Tsurfs (triangulated surfaces)
Stratigraphic grids (SGrids)
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FracSIS does not support pre-vertex properties and regions. Type
GoCAD
Format
Object (ASCII)
File extension
*.pl
*.sg
*.ts
*.vs
None
Parameters
Images FracSIS supports many standard image formats including BMP, GEOTIFF, TIFF, ECW, and JPEG. Note that both GEOTIFF and TIFF images use the same file extension. GEOTIFF images contain spatial information so they import automatically with the proper coordinates. TIFF images contain no coordinate information. When you import these files, you must check which format they use. When you import BMP and TIFF files you can add coordinate information to reference them spatially. This automatically places the images in the correct coordinate space when they are visualised or used as textures when draping an image on to a model.
BMP Type
For non-georeferenced images, select Import > Image from the menu.
For georeferenced images, select Import > Georeferenced Image from the menu.
Format
BMP
File extension
*.bmp
Parameters
For georeferenced images, specify the coordinate values of the four image corners in the Georeference Plane Definition area.
JPEG Type
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For non-georeferenced images, select Import > Image from the menu.
For georeferenced images, select Import > Georeferenced Image from the menu.
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Format
JPEG
File extension
*.jpg
Parameters
Auto resample image for best performance (optional): Enable this option to automatically resize the image to the appropriate resolution for visualisation in FracSIS.
ECW Type
For non-georeferenced images, select Import > Image from the menu.
For georeferenced images, select Import > Georeferenced Image from the menu.
Format
ECW
File extension
*.ecw
Parameters
For georeferenced images, specify the coordinate values of the four image corners in the Georeference Plane Definition area.
TIFF Type
For non-georeferenced images, select Import > Image from the menu.
For georeferenced images, select Import > Georeferenced Image from the menu.
Format
TIFF
File extension
*.tif
*.tiff
For georeferenced images, specify the coordinate values of the four image corners in the Georeference Plane Definition area.
Parameters
GEOTIFF Type
Georeferenced Image
Format
GEOTIFF
File extension
*.tif
*.tiff
Parameters
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Height: The value to use for the height of the image. The object's coordinate system sets the unit of measure.
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Inventor Inventor is an open source 3D modelling program. Some geological applications, such as Micromine, can export 3D models to this format. Type
Inventor
Format
3D model
File extension
*.iv
Parameters
None
Leapfrog Leapfrog 3D is a geological modelling software package developed by Leapfrog. FracSIS supports the attributed mesh format, which are wireframes with attributes attached to vertices. Type
Leapfrog
Format
Attributed Mesh
File extension
*.msh
Parameters
None
MapInfo MapInfo is a GIS software package developed by MapInfo Corporation. FracSIS supports MapInfo table (*.tab) and Interchange files (*.mif).
Interchange File To import a *.mif file, the files it references (such as *.mid and *.map files) must be in the same directory.
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Type
MapInfo
Format
Interchange File
File extension
*.mif
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Parameters
Default Height for Features: The value to use for the height of the image. The unit of measure is set by the object's coordinate system.
Tessellate Polygons: Enable this option to regularise the polygon shape for faster visualisation speed.
Table To import a *.tab file, the matching *.ecw, *.ers, *.tiff or *.jpg must be in the same directory. Type
MapInfo
Format
Table File
File extension
*.tab
Parameters
Default Height for Features: The value to use for the height of the image. The object's coordinate system sets the unit of measure.
Tessellate Polygons: Enable this option to regularise the polygon shape for faster visualisation speed.
Micromine FracSIS supports Micromine block models, geological models, drill holes, grid meshes, outlines, strings, and triangulations. As both Block Model and Drill Hole data can be stored in *.dat files, make sure you know what type of data is stored in your files before selecting a Micromine data type. FracSIS can import Point data stored in *.dat files using the ASCII importer. For more information, see ASCII Point Sets (page 54).
Block Models
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Type
Micromine
Format
Block model
File extension
*.dat
Parameters
None
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Drill Holes Drill hole data is stored in three separate files: collars (mandatory), surveys, and samples (both optional). Type
Micromine
Format
Drill hole sets
File extension
Collars: *collar.dat, *.dat
Surveys: *survey.dat, *.dat
Samples: *assay.dat, *geology.dat, *.dat
Collar data: Select the Project, X, Y, Z, and Total Depth values from the dropdown lists; select the check boxes of the other data required.
Survey data: Select the Name, Depth, Azimuth, and Dip values from the dropdown lists.
Sample data: Select the Name, From, and To values from the drop-down lists; select the check boxes of the other data required.
Parameters
Geological Models To import a geological model, the associated *.out files must be in the same directory. Importing a geological model creates a new folder of the same name as the geol*.par file. Type
Micromine
Format
Geological model
File extension
geol*.par
Parameters
Tessellate Polygons: Enable this option to regularise the polygon shape for faster visualisation speed.
Grid Meshes Type
Micromine
Format
Grid mesh
File extension
*.grd
Parameters
None
Outlines FracSIS does not support textured fills. It imports outlines as solid polygons.
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Type
Micromine
Format
Outlines
File extension
*.out
Parameters
Orientation: The plane or orientation of the outlines. Select from Plan Section, Easting Section or Northing Section.
Tessellate Polygons: Enable this option to regularise the polygon shape for faster visualisation speed.
Strings Type
Micromine
Format
String
File extension
*.dat
*.sec
*.stp
*.str
*.svy
None
Parameters
Triangulations Type
Micromine
Format
Triangulations
File extension
*.tdb
Parameters
None
Microsoft Excel Export point, line string, and drill hole data stored in Excel spreadsheets to an ASCII format, and then import it into FracSIS. For more information, see:
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ASCII Point Sets (page 54)
ASCII Line String: Blank Line Separated (page 52)
ASCII Line String: String ID (page 53)
Delimited Drill Hole Sets (page 55).
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Minescape Minescape is a geological modelling and CAD package, developed by Mincom. FracSIS supports the grid mesh format. Type
Minescape
Format
Grid mesh
File extension
*.dmp
Parameters
None
MineSight MineSight is a geological modelling package from Mintec. FracSIS supports MineSight wireframes. Type
Mintec MineSight
Format
Wireframes
File extension
*.msr
Parameters
None
Export MineSight drill hole data that is not stored in acQuire to a delimited ASCII file, and then import it into FracSIS. For more information, see Delimited Drill Hole Sets (page 55). Export MineSight block models to ASCII files, and then import them into FracSIS. For more information, see Explorer (page 67).
Oracle Export point, line string, and drill hole data stored in Oracle databases to ASCII formats, and then import them into FracSIS. For more information, see:
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ASCII Point Sets (page 54)
ASCII Line String: Blank Line Separated (page 52)
ASCII Line String: String ID (page 53)
Delimited Drill Hole Sets (page 55).
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SEG-Y SEG-Y is a standard format for seismic data, commonly used in exploration and mining. It was developed by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG).
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Type
SEG-Y
Format
Seismic
File extension
*.sgy
Parameters
Seismic Line Coordinates CSV file (optional): The CSV file containing coordinates of surveyed data. Import this file if the *.sgy file does not contain coordinate data.
Estimated Seismic Velocity in km/sec: The estimated speed of seismic waves, measured in kilometers per second.
Horizontal Sub-sampling Stepping Stride: Reduces the number of horizontal samples to import by the given factor, for example, a value of 2 will import every other sample. Set this value to 1 to import all samples in the file.
Vertical Sub-sampling Stepping Stride: Reduces the number of vertical samples to import by the given factor, for example, a value of 3 will import every third sample. Set this value to 1 to import all samples in the file.
Minimum Depth of Interest: The beginning value of the data range you want to import, measured in kilometers. Data at depths above this value will not be imported. Set this value to 0 to import all data in the file.
Maximum Depth of Interest: The end value of the data range you want to import, measured in kilometers. Data at depths below this value will not be imported. Set this value to 0 to import all data in the file.
Filter: Number of Standard Deviations From the Mean to Cull: The number of standard deviations above and below the mean value to exclude from the import. Set this value to 0 to import all data in the file.
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SQL Export point, line string, and drill hole data stored in SQL databases to ASCII formats, and then import them into FracSIS. For more information, see:
ASCII Point Sets (page 54)
ASCII Line String: Blank Line Separated (page 52)
ASCII Line String: String ID (page 53)
Delimited Drill Hole Sets (page 55).
Surfer Export Surfer grid meshes as GXF files, and then import these into FracSIS. For more information, see GeoSoft (page 70).
Surpac Surpac Vision is a mine planning package developed by Surpac. FracSIS supports Surpac block models, strings, and wireframes.
Block Models Type
Surpac
Format
Block model
File extension
*.mdl
Parameters
None
Strings
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Type
Surpac
Format
String
File extension
*.str
Parameters
None
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Wireframes Type
Surpac
Format
Wireframe
File extension
*.dtm
Parameters
None
UBC UBC Inversion is a 3D mesh file format developed by the UBC-GIF research unit at the University of British Columbia (UBC). FracSIS imports this format as 3D Lattice objects. Type
UBC
Format
3D lattice
File extension
*.msg, *.*
Parameters
Null Value: Attributes with this value are imported as null values.
USGS USGS DEM files are digital elevation model files developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). FracSIS imports this format as 2D Grid objects. Type
USGS DEM
Format
2D Grid
File extension
*.dem
Parameters
None
Vulcan Vulcan is a 3D geological modelling package from MapTek.
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© The Runge Group
Section 7 Data Imports
FracSIS supports the ASCII block model, design database, grid mesh, screen save, string, wireframe, and ASCII wireframe formats.
ASCII Block Models To import an ASCII block model, the associated *.bmf_asc file must be in the same directory. Type
Vulcan
Format
Block Model (ASCII)
File extension
*.bdf
Parameters
None
The following table displays the expected order of columns for a Vulcan ASCII block model. The file must be space-delimited and headers are not recognised. Only one attribute is supported and missing blocks are not allowed. Col. No. Data Type 1
X_centroid
2
Y_centroid
3
Z_centroid
4
X_block_dimension
5
Y_block_dimension
6
Z_block_dimension
7
Attribute If a block has irregular dimensions, FracSIS uses the largest dimension to generate a regular block size.
Design Databases
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Type
Vulcan
Format
Design database
File extension
*.dgd + *.scd
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Parameters
Colour Table Name: The name of the colour map from the colour scheme file (*.scd).
Layer filter: Specifies the layer or range of layers to import into the database. You can use wild cards to specify the range of layers to import.
Note: Importing a design database creates a new folder of the same name as the *.dgd file. Each layer imports into that folder as a separate object.
Grid Meshes Type
Vulcan
Format
Grid mesh
File extension
*.sfg
Parameters
None
Screen Saves Type
Vulcan
Format
Screen save
File extension
*.dg_spec + *.scd
Parameters
Colour Table Name: The name of the colour map from the colour scheme file (*.scd).
ASCII Strings Type
Vulcan
Format
ASCII strings
File extension
*_dgd1.dbl + *.scd
Parameters
Colour Table Name: The name of the colour map from the colour scheme file (*.scd).
Wireframes
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Type
Vulcan
Format
Wireframes
File extension
*.00t
Parameters
None
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ASCII Wireframes Type
Vulcan
Format
Wireframes (ASCII)
File extension
*.00t_asc
Parameters
None
Whittle Whittle is a pit optimisation package developed by Whittle Pty Ltd. FracSIS supports the Whittle models (*.mod). When you import a model file, the matching parameter file (*.par) must have the same name and be in the same directory. Type
Whittle
Format
Model
File extension
*.mod + *.par
Parameters
None
XMML XMML (Exploration and Mining Markup Language) is an open standard file format developed by the OpenGIS Consortium for the exchange of exploration and mining data. An XMML file can contain any number of objects of different types.
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Type
XMML
Format
XMML interchange file
File extension
*.xmml
Parameters
None
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00T files .........................................................80 00T_ASC files ................................................80
coordinate systems ..................................14, 47 creating database subsets......................................17 databases ...................................................8 folders .......................................................15 scenes ................................................30, 42 tasks..........................................................12 CSV files importing .................................52, 53, 54, 55 cutting planes.................................................38
2
D
2GRD files......................................................64
DAT files importing .................... 52, 53, 54, 55, 64, 74 data exporting ...................................................16 importing ...............................................8, 51 databases creating .......................................................8 subsetting .................................................17 Datamine........................................................60 DataShed .......................................................62 DBF files ........................................................66 delimited drill hole sets ..................................55 DEM ...............................................................80 Design Databases..........................................80 DG_SPEC files ..............................................80 DGD files........................................................80 DGD1.DBL files..............................................80 DHA files ........................................................55 DHC files........................................................55 DHS files ........................................................55 digital elevation model ...................... See DEM DM files ..........................................................60 DMB files........................................................60 DMP files........................................................77 DOC files........................................................63 Documents importing ...................................................63 draping points onto triangulated surfaces ................................70 Draw Style......................................................32 drill hole collars ..............................................55 drill hole sets ......................................55, 59, 62 DSA files ........................................................62 DTM files........................................................79 DWG files.......................................................60 DXF files ........................................................60
Index 0
3 3D grids....................................................26, 67 3DR files ........................................................68
A Access ........................... See Microsoft Access acQuire ..........................................................57 adding coordinate grids ........................................26 material .....................................................35 models ......................................................21 texture .......................................................44 ALG files ........................................................65 ArcInfo............................................................66 ArcView..........................................................66 ASC files ..................................................60, 66 ASCII files .... 52, 53, 54, 55, 59, 60, 64, 67, 68, 70, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80 AutoCAD ........................................................60 AVL files.........................................................66
B BDF files ........................................................80 bitmap files................................. See BMP files block models ..................................................42 BMF_ASC files...............................................80 BMP files..................................................65, 71 BT2 files .........................................................68
C CAD ........................................... See AutoCAD cameras .............................................22, 23, 30 lenses........................................................31 panning .....................................................22 rotating ......................................................22 zooming ....................................................22 closing FracSIS ........................ See exiting FracSIS scenes.......................................................27 collars............................... See drill hole collars colour models ..........................................33, 35, 43 coordinate grids adding .......................................................26
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E EarthVision.....................................................64 ECW files ...........................................65, 71, 73 editing colour ..................................................33, 43 model colour .......................................33, 43 model size...........................................24, 32 size......................................................24, 32 email support ................................ See support ER Mapper.....................................................65
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ERS files ..................................................65, 73 exiting FracSIS...............................................49 EXP files ........................................................67 Explorer..........................................................67 EXPLORERDAT files.....................................67 exporting data ...........................................................16 images ................................................39, 46
F fax support .................................... See support file formats supported ..............................10, 51 files.................................................................63 folders creating .....................................................15 Fractal Technologies, contacting .. See support
G Gemcom ........................................................68 GeoDiscovery ................................................69 geological models ..........................................74 georeferenced images, exporting ............12, 70 GeoSoft....................................................70, 79 GEOTIFF files ....................................65, 70, 71 GoCAD...........................................................70 GRD files............................................66, 70, 74 Grid Exchange Format files ....... See GXF files grids 3D ........................................... See 3D grids GXF files ..................................................70, 79
I IMAGE files ....................................................67 images exporting .............................................39, 46 importing .............................................12, 71 importing ........................................................12 data .................................................8, 10, 51 documents ................................................63 files......................................................10, 63 images ................................................12, 71 Interchange files.......................................73, 83 Inventor ..........................................................73 IV files ............................................................73
J JPEG files importing .......................................65, 71, 73
L labels model ........................................................36 Lattice files .....................................................67 Leapfrog.........................................................73 lenses.............................................................31 lessons...........................................7, 19, 29, 41 line strings .................................................52, 53
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M maintenance ................................. See support manipulators ..................................................30 MAP files........................................................73 MapInfo ..........................................................73 markers ..........................................................37 material ..........................................................35 MDB files........................................................59 MDL files ........................................................79 meshes ..........................................................67 Micromine ................................................73, 74 Microsoft Access....................52, 53, 54, 55, 59 Microsoft Excel...............................................76 MID files .........................................................73 MIF files .........................................................73 Minescape......................................................77 Minesight........................................................77 MOD files .......................................................83 models adding .......................................................21 colour ..................................................33, 43 labeling .....................................................36 material .....................................................35 properties..................................................44 representing..............................................42 size......................................................24, 32 texture .......................................................44 moving objects ......................................................15 MPG files .......................................................63 MSH files........................................................73 MSR files........................................................77
N NVFLT files ....................................................64
O objectives .................................................29, 41 objects moving ......................................................15 renaming...................................................13 ODBC.............................................................57 Oracle ............................................................77 OUT files ........................................................74
P panning ....................................................22, 30 PAR files ..................................................74, 83 PDF files ........................................................63 phone support ............................... See support PL files ...........................................................70 planes, cutting..................... See cutting planes point sets..................................................42, 62 ASCII.........................................................54 importing .......................................54, 59, 67 polygons.........................................................64 tessellate.............................................73, 74
© The Runge Group
Index PPS files ........................................................63 properties .......................................................44 PT.ASC files...................................................60 PT.DM files ....................................................60
R raster dataset files..........................................65 renaming objects.......................................................13 representing models ......................................42 rotating cameras ....................................................22
S saving.............................................................44 scenes.......................................................27 scaling images ......................................................46 SCD files ........................................................80 scenes closing.......................................................27 creating ...............................................30, 42 saving........................................................27 SEC files ........................................................74 sections..........................................................45 SEG-Y............................................................78 seismic data files............................................78 SEL files.........................................................57 sessions .........................................................48 sets drill hole .......................... See drill hole sets point ...................................... See point sets SFG files ........................................................80 SG files ..........................................................70 SGY files ........................................................78 SHP files ........................................................66 SHX files ........................................................66 size model ..................................................24, 32 SQL ................................................................79 starting FracSIS .......................................30, 41 STP files.........................................................74 STR files ..................................................74, 79 strings ASCII................................... See ASCII files Gemcom ................................ See Gemcom line ............................................. See strings Surpac....................................... See Surpac styles..............................................................32 subsetting databases .....................................17 support .............................................................6 supported file formats ............. See file formats supported Surfer .......................................................70, 79 Surpac............................................................79 survey data ....................................................55 SVY files ........................................................74 systems, coordinate ... See coordinate systems
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T TAB files.........................................................73 tasks creating .....................................................12 TDB files ........................................................74 telephone support ......................... See support template files..................................................62 templates .......................................................59 Texture...........................................................44 TIFF files importing .......................................65, 71, 73 TR.ASC files ..................................................60 TR.DM files ....................................................60 Trackball tool..................................................30 TRI files..........................................................68 TS files ...........................................................70 TXT files importing .................................52, 53, 54, 55
U UBC ...............................................................80 United States Geological Survey .... See USGS US Geological Survey..................... See USGS USGS.............................................................80
V vector sets ASCII.........................................................54 importing ...................................................54 viewpoints ................................................23, 46 VS files...........................................................70 Vulcan ............................................................80
W WAV files .......................................................63 Whittle ............................................................83 wireframes ...................... 60, 68, 73, 77, 79, 80
X XLS files...................................................63, 76 XMML files .....................................................83
Z ZON files ........................................................70 Zoom tool .......................................................30 zooming ...................................................22, 30
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