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KENANGAN INDAH MASA SEKOLAH Posted on February 20, 2012 | 6 comments

KENANGAN INDAH MASA SEKOLAH DI SMA DON BOSKO PADANG

DISUSUN OLEH

Dr Iwan Suwandy,MHA alumnus DB 1963 Copyright@2012 Kata Pengantar Tanpa terasa hari berjalan sangat cepat,tahun depan sudah lima puluh tahun saya menyelesaikan pendidikan di SMA Don Bosko Padang Sumatera Barat. Kemarin abtu saya menemukan sebuah Dokumen yang berhubungan dengan alumnus SMA Don Bosko senior saya dan pernah menjadi guru saya berupa Piagam Ucapan terima Kasih Atas Kerja sama dengan Bank BNI 1946 Pusat yang ditanda tangani atas nama Dirut Pimpinan Devisi Pemasaran dan Pengembangan Usaha BNI 46,Drs Raflus Rax. Sejak tamat sekolah SMA DB,saya belum pernah bertemu lagi dengan beliau,saat pertemuan alumni DB di Sport Klup Kepala Gading Permai tahun 2011,saya tak sempat bertemu karena beliau hadir lebih siang,saat itu saya terpaksa harus cepat meninggalkan pertemuan setelah bertemu dengan Dra Susiana de Bud untuk memperoleh buku kenangan DB yang disusunnya (tulisan saya ada didalamnya). Kisah yang Indah di SMA DB jadi teringat lagi,saat akan meninggalkan SMA saya mengarang dan mementaskan kisah singkat di SMA Don Bosko,kisahnya sebagai berikut, seorang bapak yang sudah tua dan sakit-sakitan bekas pemain piano ,tinggal disamping rumah dokter di Kecamatan Solok Sumatera Barat dan sering berobat dengan dokter tersebut. Suatu senja Sang Bapak(yang diperankan Drs Ralus Rax,saat itu guru DB) bermain Pianan diiringi lagi ENGKAU HANYA BAYANGAN, tiba-tiba ia melihat bayangan gambar bekas pacarnya seorang penyanyi(diperankan oleh teman saya putri toko mas Haji Manan Pasar Jawa Padang),untuk menampilkan bayangan tersebut Frater Servaas memanfaatkan proyektor dengan slide film positif , pacarnya yang cantik yang ia selalu ingat dan tak pernah bertemu lagi setelah pengungsiaan kepedlaman SUMBAR saat perang kemederkaan Class Pertama tahun 1947 Padang Diduduki belanda. Tiba-tiba cahaya yang semula reduh ,menjadi terang terlihatlah ex pacar si Bapak muncul sehingga Ia ketakutan disangka Hantu. Rupanyan Ex Pacar si bapak mencari Dokter tetanganya yang lagi tidak ada dirumah dan bertanya kepada tetangannya si Bapak,sang maestro Pianis yang dulunya adalah pengiringnya bernyayi lagu ENGKAU HANYA BAYANGAN. Sungguh senang hatinya si bapak,dan sang pacar bercerita bahwa ia sudah menikah dan memiliki seorang Putri(diperankan oleh adik kelas saya Ii Lily Madjil) dan suaminya sudah meninggal,ia berkunjung ke Kecamatan tersebut dalam rangka menemui calon mantunya dokter tetangga si bapak(diperankan oleh saya sendiri) Kisah ini menjadi lebih tragis lagi ternyata sang dokter adalah putra sang Pacar yang ghilang saat pengungsiaan saat perang kemerdekaan tersebut. Kisahnya jahi berakhir dengan indah,happy end bertemunya sahabat dan keluarga,tetapi sekaligus perpisahan dua sejoli yang hampir menikah karena rupanya mereka saudara kandung. Setelah lima puluh tahun kenangan manis masa di SMA DB jadi teringat lagi, khusus kepada Bapak drs Raflus Rax dan Ibu Lli Madjid(saat ini isteri Prof.DR Jose Rosma,SPD ,bila membaca ini harap menambahkan kometarnya tentang sandiwara tersebut,dan kenangan lainnya. Kakak saya Dr Edhie Johan(Gho Bian Hoat) juga alumnus SMA DB tahun 1990 berkesempatan berkunjung kienegeri belanda dan bertemu dengan Frater srevaas dan Nicander di Tilburg ,inilah pertemuan terakhir dengan beliau sebelem meninggalnya kedua frater tercinta tersebut. Proyek ini sya buat tanpa sponsor,demi untuk kenangan kita semua alumnus SMA Don Bosko Padang,karena buku kenagan sudah banyak dibuat,dan tentunya tak banyak yang menyimpannya,untuk melestarikannya saya sudah menulis di blog ini hhtp://www.Driwancybermuseum.wordpress.com tulisan yang berjudul Frater Sevaas Indolaku Silahkan dicari di Serch pada pojok kanan atas blog ini nama lain Frater servaas adalah A.J.M De Bear,alamarhumj juga guru ayah saya di MULO Padang,dan kakak serta adik saya,kami empat orang bersaudara seluruhnya di SMA Don Bosko Padang,kendatipun demikian dua putra sya sekolah di SMA Kanisius Jakarta dan SMA Don Bosko II Pulo Mas Jakarta,karena kami pindah ke Jakarta tahun 1989,dan saya terakhir bertugas di DOKKES MABES POLRI,pensiun tahun 2000 dan sampai saat ini tetapi tinggal di Pondok gading Kecamatan Kelapa Gading,sejak tahun 2010 mwbangun web blog berisi informasi yang bersejarah,sudah 170.000 pengunjungnnya. SAYA HARAPKAN PERAN SERTA SELURUH ALUMNUS SMA DON BOSKO PADANG UNTUK MENULIS PENGALAMANNYA YANG INDAH DAN MENARIK SELAMA SEKOLAH DI SMA DON BOSKO PADANG DI COMMENT DIBAWAH INI. Saya juga berusaha mengumpulkna info tentang SMA DB liwat Eksplorasi Google yang anda dpat baca dibawah ini. Salam dari Saya Teman anda alumnus DB 1963 Dulu ambo banamo Gho Bian Goan Kiniko Banamo

KOMBES POL (p) Dr Iwan Suwandy,MHA PURNAWIRAWAN POLRI Jakarta Pebruari 2012 Dr Iwan suwandy,MHA bapa pendiri sma don bosco (DON BOSCO HIGHSCHOOL PADANG FOUNDING FATHER) FRATER SERVASS de BEER A.J.M. de beer

BOSSCHE ENCYCLOPEDIE | STRATEN R.M. Barten – A.J.M. de Beer – H.A.J. van Laarhoven – L.M. Sloots – J.G.F. Verhoeven: 1943 (Pastoor Duhamelplein 2): A.J.M. de Beer (pastoor) 1948

Frater-Frater terakhir yang meninggalkan kota Padang pada akhir tahun 1976 adalah lima orang Frater tersebut. Sejak itu tak ada seorang pun Frater yang bertugas di Padang, dengan kata lain seluruh personil sekolah yang melaksanakan karya pendidikan di sekolah-sekolah Frater adalah orang awam biasa. the latestes info of Frater servaas central ordo at Tilberg



guru SMA Don Bosko PertamaPak Saelan Sofyanto

Lie Tek An

INFO TERAKHIR proyek dari sma don bosco padang

SMA Don Bosco Jalan Khairil Anwar, Padang, Indonesia

Fauzi: Jangan Rusak Pohon Pelindung Padang Ekspres Berita Lainnya Kamis, 05/01/2012 – 12:32 WIB (e) 322 klik Wali Kota Padang, Fauzi Bahar mengingatkan masyarakat agar tak

Fauzi: Jangan Rusak Pohon Pelindung

menebang dan merusak semua pohon pelindung di kawasan Padang. Selain itu, Wako memerintahkan Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan (DKP) sigap memotong dahan-dahan pohon jalan agar tidak membahayakan masyarakat. Saat meninjau pohon-pohon pelindung di Taman Melati dan kawasan SMA Don Bosco Padang. Di Taman Melati, ada dahan pohon yang mati sehingga membahayakan masyarakat. Fauzi mengancam menindak masyarakat perusak pohon pelindung. “Jangan pernah membakar sampah di pangkal pohon. Itu akan mebuat pohon mati. Sudah ada aturannya yang merusak pohon pelindung akan di hukum,” imbuhnya. Fauzi mengajak masyarakat melakukan gerakan kebersihan secara kontinu di lingkungan masing-masing. Seperti memangkas rumput yang tinggi, membenahi taman-taman, membersihkan riol atau selokan dan menciptakan lingkungan yang sehat. Hal itu akan membantu Padang menuju Go Green. Kepala DKP Padang, Wedistar menjelaskan, rata-rata umur pohon pelindung mencapai 30 tahun. Jika umurnya masih 10 tahun tapi batangnya, terutama pangkal pohon rapuh, akan dilakukan penyisipan. Selain penyisipan, dilakukan pemangkasan dahan pohon yang tua dan membahayakan masyarakat atau fasilitas umum. “Jika ada masyarakat menemukan pohon yang membahayakan langsung lapor ke DKP. Jangan dipotong sendiri karena bisa dikenakan hukuman,” imbuhnya. Pengamat lingkungan dari Unand, Syahbuddin menjelaskan, salah satu fungsi pohon pelindung adalah menjaga kualitas udara. Keberadaan pohon pelindung ini bukan saja menjadi tanggung jawab pemerintah. Masyarakat umum harus ikut menjaga agar pohon ini tetap hidup karena yang merasakannya, masyarakat itu sendiri.

Tiga siswa SMA Don Bosco Padang berani mencat tubuh mereka demi menyemangati tim putri SMA Don Bosco versus SMAN 1 Padang saat laga DBL di GOR Prayoga, kemarin 16 Februari 2012. (SY RIDWAN/PADEK)

TENTANG PENYERAHAN HADIAH PEMENANG DAN KEGIATAN WISATA SASTRA KE MALAYSIA Panitia Lomba Cipta Puisi Padang 2011 dalam hal ini Ikatan Alumni Don Bosco (IADB) Padang mengucapkan selamat kepada para pemenang Lomba Cipta Puisi Padang Tingkat Nasional yang telah diumumkan hasilnya pada tanggal 15 Oktober 2011 lalu. Berkaitan dengan Penyerahan Hadiah dan keberangkatan pemenang utama (Juara 1, 2 dan 3) ke Malaysia, bersama ini perlu kami sampaikan beberapa hal sebagai berikut: 1. Penyerahan hadiah akan dilakukan pada Hari Sabtu 29 Oktober 2011 dalam suatu acara di aula Don Bosco Padang. Acara dimulai pukul 10.00 WIB. Penerima hadiah diharapkan sudah berada di lokasi acara 15 menit sebelum acara dimulai. 2. Panitia akan menyurati pemenang via email terkait penyerahan hadiah dan keberangkatan ke Malaysia. 3. Khusus bagi pemenang 1, 2, dan 3 yang akan diberangkatkan ke Malaysia, diharapkan segera mengurus pasport selekasnya. Fotocopy pasport dikirim ke panitia lewat email: [email protected] dan di acc ke: [email protected] dan [email protected] paling lambat tanggal 10 November 2011. 4. Kunjungan ke Malaysia dilakukan pada tanggal 2-5 Desember 2011 (sebelumnya dijadwalkan pada bulan November namun atas permintaan sastrawan Malaysia kegiatan diundur hingga awal Desember). 5. Panitia menanggung biaya tiket pesawat Padang-Malaysia (PP) serta akomodasi selama kegiatan di Malaysia, kecuali kebutuhan pribadi yang tidak terdaftar dalam rencana panitia. Khusus bagi pemenang yang berdomisili di luar Sumatera Barat, biaya tiket hanya ditanggung dari ibukota negara (Jakarta). Transportasi dari daerah asal peserta ke Jakarta ditanggung pribadi pihak bersangkutan. 6. Kunjungan Wisata Sastra ke Malaysia, diantaranya: silaturahim dengan sastrawan negara Malaysia, mengunjungi museum sastra, silaturahim ke organisasi penulis Malaysia dan Penulis Malaka, juga ke KBRI di Malaysia. Demikian informasi ini kami sampaikan untuk dapat dimaklumi. Padang, 18 Oktober 2011 PANITIA PENYELENGGARA IKATAN ALUMNI DON BOSCO (IADB) PADANG Penanggung Jawab: 1. Dadang Gozali (Ketua Harian IADB) 2. Veridiana Somanto (Sekum IADB) Ketua Panitia: Sastri Yunizarti Bakry (Wakil Ketua IADB) Sekretaris Panitia: Nita Indrawati (Pemred Buletin Rancak IADB)

PHOTOS Juara Bertahan Tumbang Padang Ekspres • Minggu, 12/02/2012 12:19 WIB • (zl/fresti) • 347 klik Kejutan terjadi di laga perdana Honda DBL 2012 West Sumatera Series, Sabtu (11/2). Juara bertahan, SMA Don Bosco Padang tumbang oleh pendatang baru, SMAN 2 Sijunjung, 41-38. Sementara di tim putri, SMAN 3 Padang berhasil menumbangkan SMA Xaverius, 26-6. Honda DBL 2012 West Sumatera Series. Tepat pukul 14.30, Masany Audry, General Manager PT DBL Indonesia resmi membuka Honda DBL West Sumatera Series dengan pertandingan perdana antara SMA Xaverius melawan SMAN 3 Padang. Meski belum masuk laga final, namun pertandingan pada pembukaan Honda DBL 2012 Wets Sumatera Series, Sabtu (11/2) sudah serasa babak final. Don Bosco vs SMAN 2 Sijunjung tampil ngotot sejak awal pertandingan. Ini terlihat dari susulan angka dari kedua tim. Meski sempat tertinggal di awal pertandingan, SMAN 2 Sijunjung terus ngotot ingin menjadi pemenang. Puncaknya, di kuarter terakhir, skor kedua tim ini sama yaitu 2121. Waktu tambahan yang diberikan panitia, juga masih belum mangkus. Susul-susulan angka terus terjadi di menit-menit waktu tambahan. Akhirnya, waktu tambahan itu juga diakhiri dengan skor berimbang, 36. Waktu tambahan berikutnya, waktu mendebarkan. Suporter saling sorak. Di detik-detik terakhir waktu tambahan kedua, SMAN Don Bosco sempat mengungguli SMAN 2 Sijunjung. Namun, di lima detik terakhir, SMAN 2 Sijunjung menuntaskan ambisinya dengan melesakkan tembakan three point. Pelatih SMAN 2 Sijunjung, Jondry Paldi mengaku bersyukur timnya bisa melalui ujian di laga perdana dengan baik, walau masih ada instruksi yang masih miss di lapangan. Namun itulah, nantinya yang akan dibenahi pada laga selanjutnya. “Pada kuarter pertama, tim kami memang banyak mendapat tekanan supporter. Tapi untuk pemain tidak terlalu menghiraukannya. Jadi untuk ke depannya, kami perlu membenahi defense yang selama ini masih kerap kedodoran,” ungkapnya. Sedangkan pelatih SMA DB Padang, Rafi Chandra mengakui kekuatan pihak lawannya. Pada pertandingan tadi (kemarin, red) memang terlihat defend SMAN 2 Sijunjung sangat tangguh dan sulit untuk diterobos. Tapi dia juga tidak menyalahkan anak-anaknya. “Setidaknya permainan tadi telah membuat penonton terhibur. Tapi kami bertekad tahun depan kami yang jadi juaranya,” sebut Rafi Chandra. Pembukaan Honda DBL 2012 Wets Sumatera Series sendiri dibuka Masany Audry, General Manager PT DBL Indonesia, pukul 14.30 WIB. GOR Prayoga sesak dibanjiri ribuan penonton. Pesta pembukaan juga disemarakkan dengan penampilan Marching Band Semen Padang. Tak hanya pertandingan basket, acara juga dimeriahkan dengan dance competition, games. (zl/fresti)

SMA Don Bosco Padang memenangkan Dance Competition Honda DBL 2011. DB mengalahkan pesaing kuatnya, yaitu SMAKPA, SMAN 1 Padang, SMAN 2 Payakumbuh, dan SMAN 3 Padang. (foto: Deni)

Festival Jepang di SMA Don Bosco Padang juga menghadirkan stand komik-komik Jepang untuk dijual. (Foto: Fajri Surya Putra)

KENANGAN TEMPO DULU FRATER SERVAAS PENDIRI SMP FRATER(SEBELUMNYA MULO FRATER)

SEJARAH SINGKAT BERDIRINYA SMP FRATER PADANG





Secara letterlijk ( harfiah ) kata “Frater” ( bahasa Latin Frater yang ada hubungannya dengan Brother dalam bahasa Inggris, atau Broeder dalam bahasa Belanda) berarti “Saudara”. Secara khusus “Frater” adalah suatu bentuk/cara hidup bersama dengan semangat persaudaraan sebagai biarawan (seperti halnya Suster) yang ingin mengabdi kepada Tuhan dengan cara khusus. Mereka mempersembahkan hidup mereka hanya untuk Tuhan dan bergabung dalam suatu Konggregasi yang bernama Konggregasi Frater yang berlindung kepada Maria Bunda yang Berbelas kasih yang didirikan oleh Mgr. Zwijsen. Nama aslinya : “Congregatie van de Fraters van Onze Lieve Vrouw, Moeder van Barmhartigheid”. Pusatnya di Tilburg (negeri Belanda). (Catatan: Mgr. Zwijsen adalah seorang Uskup yang juga mendirikan Konggregasi Suster-Suster Belas Kasihan, yang sekarang bertugas antara lain di Padang ini yaitu di biara St. Leo Jln. Gereja No. 24; jadi sekolah-sekolah Frater dan sekolah Suster adalah bersaudara karena diasuh oleh saudara sekandung yaitu para Frater dan para Suster itu yang berasal dari “Bapak” yang sama). Sebagaimana biarawan/biarawati lainnya, mereka mengucapkan tiga kaul: kemiskinan, ketaatan, dan kemurnian (tidak kawin). Mereka tinggal bersama di biara, dan dalam semangat cinta kasih, bersama-sama menyelenggarakan kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari. Tujuannya agar bisa saling tolong – menolong dalam hidup ini dan bersama-sama menyelenggarakan suatu karya pelayanan sebagai pengabdian kepada Tuhan. ” Pre Natal” Tahun 1923: Indonesia masih berada dalam zaman penjajahan Belanda. Karena itu sejak dulu Pemerintah Belanda menamakan Indonesia dengan “Nederlands Indie”. Tanggat 24 April tahun itu 5 orang Frater dari Tilburg itu, yakni Fr. Paulus Jacobs, Fr. Severinus Aarts, Fr. Hermenigildus Fromm, Fr. Theodatus van Oers dan Fr. Claudius Kok dengan diantar oleh Frater Superior (Pemimpin) mereka, berangkat meninggalkan tanah kelahiran mereka dengan tujuan Padang.

Dalam perjalanan itu mereka singgah di negeri Perancis untuk berziarah ke Lourdes, memohon perto¬longan Bunda Maria. Singkat kata mereka tiba di Padang tgl. 21 Mei 1923. Tanggal 1 Juli tahun itu juga mereka membuka Europese School (sekolah dasar khusus untuk anak-anak Eropa) dan memperluas HCS (Hollands Chinese School) yakni sekolah dasar untuk anak-anak Tionghoa. Karena mutunya yang bagus maka kedua sekolah itupun segera mendapat hak Subsidi dari Pemerintah waktu itu: Europese School pada bulan Desember 1923 dan HCS pada 1 Juli 1924. Nama kedua sekolah ini perlu disebut di sini karena kedua sekolah inilah yang akan menyumbangkan murid-muridnya untuk sekolah menengah yang akan segera didirikan juga. Pembangunan gedung untuk sekolah menengah itu masih sedang berjalan, ketika Frater M. Nicander (alias Johannes Franciscus Josephus de Brouwer) datang di Padang pada bulan Nopember 1927. ” Lahir dan Masa Mudanya “

Sekolah menengah itu sendiri dibuka pada tanggal 1 Juli 1928 dan Frater M. Nicander menjabat sebagai Kepala Sekolah yang pertama. Nama sekolah itu adalah FRATERS MULO (MULO adalah singkatan dari Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs yang berarti

Frater Nicander de Brouwer

Pendidikan Dasar yang lebih diperluas). Semua gurunya adalah Frater-Frater dari

Kepala Sekolah Pertama

Belanda ini termasuk Fr. Rufinus Chambon (yang sudah datang pada tgl. 28

1928 – 1931

Agustus 1924 tetapi sebelumnya mengajar dulu di sekolah dasar untuk anak-anak Eropa) dan Fr. Silvester van Casteren yang tiba di Padang pada bulan Juni 1929. Tahun 1930 Fr. Servaas De Beer pun datang menyusul. Memang nama-nama para Frater yang disebut-sebut di sini hanyalah yang ada kaitannya dengan sekolah menengah. Sebenarnya masih ada banyak nama Frater-Frater yang lain: ada yang mengajar di Europese School dan ada pula yang mengajar di Hollands Chinese School. Tanggal 22 Mei 1931 Fraters MULO yang baru berusia 3 tahun itu ditimpa duka: Kepala Sekolahnya yakni Fr. M. Nicander de Brouwer meninggal karena tenggelam waktu berenang. Sebagai penggantinya ditunjuklah Fr. Silvester van Casteren untuk menjadi Kepala Sekolah yang baru.

Tenaga pengajar yang berkurang di MULO itu mendapat pengganti 1 orang awam biasa (bukan Frater) yakni tuan H. Chapel. Para Frater muda itu ternyata penuh semangat dan idealisme. Mereka melihat suatu kesulitan yang dialami oleh murid-murid baik sekolah

Fr. Silvester Van Casteren

dasar maupun sekolah menengah waktu itu: tempat tinggal mereka umumnya jauh dari

Kepala Sekolah Ke- 2

sekolah sehingga timbullah ide untuk menyelenggarakan

1931 – 1942

suatu pengangkutan (bus sekolah) dan ide itu menjadi kenyataan pada tahun 1928 itu juga yang melayani kurang lebih 250 orang murid, termasuk pelajar-pelajar Fraters MULO. Perjalanan pendidikan berjalan lancar dan mulus pada tahun – tahun pertama kehadiran para Frater itu di bumi Padang tercinta ini. Bahkan mereka sempat mendirikan organisasi untuk orang-orang muda yaitu KJB (Katholieke Jongens Bond) dan CKB ( Chinese Katholieke Bond ) sebagai wahana pendidikan luar sekolah, mendirikan Katholieke Padvinders (Pandu Katolik ), memberikan kursus-kursus mengetik, mengembangkan Koor dan mendirikan Orkes Simphonie di Fraters Mulo, menggiatkan Olahraga dsb. Pokoknya masa itu merupakan masa kejayaan bagi karya para Frater itu.

“Bayang-Bayang Gelap” Perang adalah sesuatu yang sangat ditakuti oleh semua orang: Dia menghancurkan segala yang dibangun dengan susah payah. Jerih payah selama bertahun-tahun bisa lenyap dalam seketika. Bayang¬-bayang itu mulai menyelinap dalam angan-angan para Frater itu, karena di Eropa udara perang sudah mulai terasa sejak tahun 1939. Jerman bahkan sudah menduduki Belanda dalam bulan Mei tahun 1940. Demikianlah tanggal 31 Desember 1941 Jepang membombardir Pearl Harbour, maka sejak itu resmilah Perang Dunia II dimulai. Dalam sekejap saja gaung perang yang kejam itu telah meluas ke Seantero penjuru dunia. Jepang yang sangat ambisius untuk menguasai seluruh Asia Timur segera melalap negara tetangga-tetangganya. Satu persatu dicaplok, kekayaannya dirampas, penduduknya diperas, barang siapa berani melawan akan habis ditebas !

“Badai Perang” Keganasan perang yang dikhawatirkan pun segera menjadi kenyataan. Padang tak terkecuali. Tanggal 17 Maret 1942 laskar pertama (Jepang) memasuki kota itu. Tanggal 7 April 1942 semua orang bangsa Europa diinternir. Lelaki di penjarakan, wanita dan anakanak ditahan di sekolah-sekolah Misi. Dengan sendirinya semua kegiatan sekolah terhenti, dengan kata lain sekolah ditutup. Masa depan sekolah¬-sekolah Frater menjadi lebih gelap lagi setelah pada tanggal 17 Oktober 1943 semua tahanan dipindahkan ke Bangkinang (265 km dari Padang). Tanda tanya besar yang sempat menyelinap dalam benak para siswa sekolah asuhan para Frater itu : Akankah mereka kembali ? Berapa lama kami harus menunggu ? Dua orang Frater dan seorang Pastor bahkan meninggal di kamp Bangkinang itu (yaitu Frater Claudius Kok pada tanggal 3 Januari 1945 karena sakit paru-paru, dan Frater Hermenigildus Fromm pada tanggal 22 April 1945 karena sakit TBC menyusul rekannya senasib yaitu Pastor Pijnenburg). Bukan hanya itu : pada bulan April 1945 dalam kurun waktu 30 hari saja telah jatuh 60 korban lagi. Seakan-akan tamatlah riwayat sekolah-sekolah Frater yang mereka rintis dengan susah payah itu. Namun, jika benih yang para Frater tanamkan itu adalah benih kebaikan, (apalagi ditambah dengan telah gugurnya beberapa orang Frater sebagai syuhada) maka yang tumbuh adalah buah kebaikan juga. Maka (tentu juga berkat doa para Frater itu), pada tanggal 22 Juni 1945 ada berita gembira dari Residen, bahwa perang telah berakhir dan Jepang menyerah ! Walaupun kebebasan penuh baru mereka reguk sebulan kemudian waktu mereka meninggalkan Bangkinang kembali ke Padang pada tanggal 23 September 1945. Jumlah anggota rombongan pertama ada 25 orang termasuk wanita dan anakanak. Termasuk di dalamnya: Fr. Paulus, Fr. Silvester, Fr. Anycetus, Fr. Avitus, Fr. Sevaas dan Fr. Ernestus. Tetapi mereka belum bisa menempati rumah Frater yang mereka tinggalkan, karena masih diduduki tentara Jepang. Buat sementara mereka ditempatkan di rumah sekitar rumah sakit militer, dan bertugas sebagai perawat korban perang. Ke-6 Frater lainnya menyusul datang pada bulan September yaitu: Fr. Angelo, Fr. Liberatus, Fr. Severinus, Fr. Domitianus, Fr. Monulf dan Fr. Gonzaga. Para Frater yang baru datang ini menemukan biara mereka dalam keadaan yang menyedihkan dan tak dapat dipakai sama sekali. Sebenarnya para Frater telah siap untuk memulai lagi karya pendidikan mereka tetapi terpaksa dibatalkan lagi karena dilarang oleh komando militer Inggris. Maka para Frater pun meninggalkan Padang untuk menjalani cuti pemulihan kesehatan. Antara Mei 1946 sampai Nopember 1947 tak ada seorang Frater pun di Padang.



“Kelahiran yang Kedua”

Baru pada Akhir Nopember 1947 kembalilah: Fr. Servaas, Fr. Ernestus, Fr. Sylvester, dan Fr. Angelo. Segera mereka buka 5 kelas sekolah peralihan yang disebut Herstel school, yaitu sekolah dengan kenaikan kelas sekali setengah tahun, sedang kelas I



sekolah biasa. Bahasa pengantar masih Bahasa Belanda.

Fr. M. Servaas de Beer

Dalam beberapa bulan saja sekolah tersebut berkembang menjadi 9 kelas. Tenaga

Kepala Sekolah ke- 3

gurunya 4 orang Frater ditambah 4 wanita yang sudah berkeluarga dan Meneer Hein

1948 – 1949

Lim Keng Soei. Awal tahun pelajaran 1948 sekolah dasar memakai bahasa Indonesia dan sekolah menengah dimulai kembali dengan 1 (satu) kelas dibawah pimpinan Fr. Servaas. Mulai saat itu nama sekolah diubah dari Fraters MULO menjadi SMP Frater. Fr. Ranulfo Tahun 1951 ada pergeseran penting di bidang pelayanan pastoral Gereja di Keuskupan datang pada bulan Nopember 1948 dan Fr. Erich pada bulan Agustus 1949. Sebagian Padang yaitu dengan datangnya para imam Xaverian mengantikan imam-imam Kapusin ruang kelas waktu itu masih diduduki oleh tentara Belanda. Tenaga Frater yang ada yang pindah ke Sumatera Utara. Beberapa di antara mereka yang pernah mengajar di pada saat itu tidak cukup untuk menghadapi perkembangan di masa depan. Maka SMP Frater adalah Pastor G. Cocconcelli SX dan Pastor Michelle Galli SX. datanglah lagi tenaga tambahan baru yaitu : Fr. M. Gonzaga, Fr.M. Reinoldus dan Fr. M. Nicander. Tahun 1954 Fr. Servaas mendirikan SMA Don Bosco yang langsung beliau pimpin.

Fr. M. Erich Versantvoort Kepala Sekolah Ke- 4 1949 – 1976



“Menatap Masa Depan” Konggregasi Frater menyadari, bahwa mereka pun mesti mempersiapkan tenaga-tenaga baru untuk melanjutkan karya yang sudah dimulai ini. Maka pendidikan calon Frater pun diusahakan. Pada tahun 60-an usaha ini telah mulai membuahkan hasil. Yang pertama-tama datang di Padang adalah Fr. Fransiskus Simbolon pada tahun 1961, kemudian Fr. Martinus Waoma I. pada tahun 1964, selanjutnya Fr. Gerardus Hutapea pada tahun 1964 serta Fr. Gerardus Manurung pada tahun 1966; tetapi tak seorangpun dari keempat Frater itu yang ditempatkan di SMP Frater. Sementara itu di Europa terjadi semacam perubahan drastis yang tidak menguntungkan di bidang mentalitas/ keagamaan. Hal ini tentu saja membawa dampak buruk bagi perkembangan panggilan, sehingga Frater-Frater yang pindah atau meninggal tak dapat diganti: tahun 1953 Fr. Gonzaga meninggal; tahun 1958 Fr. Ranulfo pindah ke Medan; tahun 1960 Fr. Avitus pindah ke Balige; tahun 1962 Fr. Angelo meninggal; tahun 1963 Fr. M. Reinoldus berangkat (kembali) ke Belanda. Walaupun tenaga Frater ditambah lagi tahun 1971 dengan 2 orang tenaga baru yaitu Fr. Johan van Roosmalen untuk SMA Don Bosco dan Fr. Andre de Veer untuk SMP Frater, namun kejayaan masa lalu di mana “Fraterhuis” pernah dihuni oleh 25 orang Frater sulit diharapkan untuk terulang kembali. Kemungkinan ini telah diantisipasi oleh para Frater, sehingga sejak lama Frater telah mulai mengambil tenaga-tenaga awam untuk berkarya bersama Frater-Frater ini dalam rangka kaderisasi dan persiapan penyerahan tongkat estafet. Untuk menjaga agar sekolah-sekolah jangan sampai jalan sendiri-sendiri tanpa koordinasi, Keuskupan Padang mengambil langkah penting yaitu mendirikan suatu yayasan pendidikan Katolik yang akan bertanggung jawab mengkoordinasikan seluruh gerak dan usaha pendidikan di Keuskupan Padang ini, yaitu Yayasan Prayoga. Hal itu terjadi pada tahun 1962. Dengan hadirnya Yayasan ini maka “nasib” sekolah-sekolah yang ada menjadi lebih terjamin. Bahkan Yayasan ini berhasil mendirikan beberapa Sekolah baru. “Berita Buruk” Pada saat “berita buruk” datang pada tahun 1976 tenaga Frater yang tinggal adalah 5 orang : Fr. Servaas de Beer, Fr. Nicander de Kok, Fr. Erich Versantvoort, Fr. Johan van Roosmalen dan Fr. Andre de Veer. “Berita Buruk” yang dimaksudkan ini ialah datangnya suatu keputusan dari Pimpinan Pusat Konggregasi Frater bahwa berhubung dengan sangat terbatasnya tenaga Frater, maka beberapa pelayanan-¬pelayanan terpaksa harus ditinggalkan l diserahkan, termasuk karya pendidikan di Padang. Maka sungguh pun dengan berat hati, para Frater yang sudah mengikatkan diri pada kaul ketaatan itu mau tidak mau harus mematuhi keputusan itu. Frater-Frater terakhir yang meninggalkan kota Padang pada akhir tahun 1976 adalah lima orang Frater tersebut. Sejak itu tak ada seorang pun Frater yang bertugas di Padang, dengan kata lain seluruh personil sekolah yang melaksanakan karya pendidikan di sekolah-sekolah Frater adalah orang awam biasa.

“Era Baru”

Maka masa sesudah 1976 adalah merupakan era baru bagi sekolah – sekolah Katolik di Padang khususnya sekolah-sekolah yang selama ini dipimpin oleh para Frater. Pimpinan SMP Frater diserahkan dari tangan Frater Erich kepada Bp. Antonius Sudjana

Bp. Antonius Sudjana

pada bulan Desember 1976. Dialah awam pertama yang menjadi Kepala SMP Frater.

Kepala Sekolah ke-5 & 8

Menjadi tugas Yayasan beserta para penerus Frater itulah untuk meneruskan dan

1977-1987

mengembangkan sekolah, dengan tidak meninggalkan ciri-ciri khusus yang dituntut

1994 – 1996

dari sekolah Katolik, sebagaimana telah ditunjukkan oleh para Frater, pendahulu mereka: kejujuran, suka kerja keras, memandang sesama sebagai saudara. Ini merupakan pekerjaan yang tidak mudah, mengingat guru-guru maupun pimpinan sekolah adalah tenaga-tenaga awam non-biarawan yang relatif lebih membutuhkan bimbingan dari Yayasan dibandingkan tenaga-tenaga dari kalangan Frater yang adalah biarawan-biarawan dengan keunggulan-keunggulannya baik dipandang dari segi integritas, moral maupun mental spiritual dan sosial psikologis. Pertukaran pimpinan dari biarawan kepada non-biarawan membawa perubahan suasana yang cukup terasa. Ada semacam nilai plus pada zaman Frater yang sekarang tidak begitu nampak lagi. Kaderisasi calon pimpinan belum mendapat porsi yang cukup pada saat pergantian pimpinan harus terjadi. Sebagai penyesuaian dengan peraturan Pemerintah yang berlaku pada saat itu, maka pada tahun 1978 Pengurus Yayasan mengangkat Bp. F. Mendrova menjadi Kepala Sekolah Extern, sedang Bp. A. Sudjana menjadi Kepala Sekolah Intern.

Bp. Faoziduhu Mendrova Kepala Sekolah ke-6 1978-1987

Jadi SMP Frater saat itu dipimpin oleh dua orang Kepala Sekolah. Duet jabatan Pimpinan Sekolah ini berlangsung sampai akhir Desember 1987. Selanjutnya mulai 1-1-1988 s/d 31-7-1994 sekolah ini dipimpin oleh Bp. H. Walidi. Bp. A. Sudjana kembali lagi memimpin SMP Frater dari 1-8-1994 s/d 31-7-1996.

“Perkembangan Era Pasca Frater”

Bersamaan dengan berangkatnya para Frater itu, terjadi pula perkembangan baru yaitu berupa kian menyusutnya subsidi Pemerintah, baik di segi tenaga maupun dana, yang bukan tak mungkin pada suatu ketika akan hilang sama sekali. Sementara itu harus

Bp. Heriberfus Walidi

diakui bahwa sekolah-sekolah Negeri maju dengan sangat pesatnya baik di bidang

Kapala Sekolah ke-7

sarana, kualitas tenaga pendidik maupun siswa-siswinya, manajemennya, dan lain-

1988-1994

lainnya, yang didukung dengan dana yang semakin besar; sehingga merupakan suatu alternatif pilihan yang semakin kuat bagi tamatan-tamatan sekolah dasar. Sekarang ini dirasakan bahwa baik kuantitas maupun kualitas masukan calon-calon siswa berangsur turun karena tamatan SD pun mengalami masalah yang sama secara drastis. Kalau dulu sekolah ini terpaksa menolak calon murid karena lokal penuh, maka sekarang yang diterima hanya pas, sehingga tak perlu ada seleksi. Padahal masyarakat tetap menuntut sekolah ini menghasilkan kualitas lulusan yang prima seperti dulu-dulu. Maka solusinya ialah dari para guru dituntut kerja keras, keuletan dan kreatifitas yang lebih dari sebelumnya.

Bp. Drs. B. Suhardjono

Bp. Drs. B. Suhardjono

Kepala Sekolah ke-10

Kepala Sekolah ke-9

1998– 2000

1996 – 1998



GURUKU ,IDOLAKU DAN PANUTANKU :” ALM.FRATER SERVAAS TERCINTA” Posted on July 27, 2010 by iwansuwandy ALMARHUM FRATER SERVAAS ADALAH SUPERHEROKU. DISUSUN OLEH Dr IWAN S. BERDASARKAN PENGALAMAN&KOLEKSI PRIBADI TERKAIT FRATER SERVAAS SEBAGAI KENANGKENANGAN ATAS JASANYA KEPADA PENDIDIKAN DIINDONESIA

*ill c-001 Cyber e-book edisi pribadi khusus Untuk keluarega Besar alumni dan ex Guru, serta murid SMA Don Bosco Padang JAKARTA @Hak Cipta Dr IWAN S 2010 *ill c-oo1 Frater Servaas dirumah Dr IWAN S di Padang tahun 1964 ====================================================================== KATA PENGANTAR SAYA TULIS BUKU ELEKTRONIK DUNIA MAYA INI SEBAGAI KENANG-KENANG DAN RASA HORMA SERTA TERIMA KASIH KEPADA GURU,IDOLA DAN PANUTAN SAYA ALMARHUM FRATER SERVAAS , YANG NAMA ASLINYA A.J.M de BEER, SEORANG PUTRA BELANDA YANG MEMBAKTIKAN HAMPIR SELURUH HIDUPNYA DI KOTA PADANG GUNA MENINGKATKAN KECERDASAN BANGSA DAN MEMBERIKAN CONTOH BEKTI YANG LUAR BIASA, SEHINGGA MANTAN GURU DAN PANUTAN SAYA TELAH MEMPENGARUHI ARAH HIDUP SAYA SECARA PRIBADI. KELUARGA BESAR SAYA, MULAI PAPA DJOHAN UTAMA(G.T.BO) NAMA SEKOLAH JOHN GHO,KAKAK SAYA Dr EDHIE DJOHAN UTAMA SpMK(G.B.HOAT)*ILL p-001 2009 dengan mama saya anna TGL

*ill-P-001 2009 ,ELINA WIDYONO(G.S.KIM),SAYA SENDIRI DrIWAN SUWANDY,MHA (G.B.GOAN)*ILL p-002 telihat juga dibelakang Oom Fons the ayahnya almumni DB Dr Anton Tedja, dan adik ibu saya tante lines

*ill p-002 saya dan kakak G.S.Kim 1962 DAN ADIK SAYA Dr ERLITA LIANNY(G.S.LIAN) ADALAH MURID FRATER SERVAAS. FRATER SERVAAS SELAIN GURU JUGA SAHABAT DEKAT AYAH SAYA, DAN SAYA SENDIRI SECARA PRIBADI, TANPA FRATER SERVAAS KELUARGA BESAR GHO TIDAK AKAN BERHASIL MENEMPUH KEHIDUPAN SEPERTI SAAT INI, SELURUH SEPUPU SAYA YANG JUMLAH SANGAT BANYAK JUGA MURID FRATER SERVAAS SEPERTI Dr ANTON TEJA DENGAN DUA SAUDARANYA , Ir ANDRIE FIRGO, DAN LIMA SAUDARANYA, GHO SOEI ING DENGAN DELAPAN SAUDARANYA, Dra JENNY UTAMA DENGAN TIGA SAUDARANYA, GHO SOEI GIN DENGAN DELAPAN SAUDARANYA, JUGA ISTERI SAYA LILY WIJAYA AMdPK,SKM,MM(O.S.LIE) DENGAN SELURUH SAUDARANYA Ir ADIWIJAYA(O.H.TIANG),Dra OEI SOAN TJIOK, Ir ASWIN WIJAYA TERMASUK SELURUH SUADAR SEPUPUNYA MULAI DARI ORANG TUANYA PIET PHOA SERTA ANAK-ANAKNYA DAN MANTUNYA ANTARA LAIN LIE TEK IN ADIKKNYA LIE TEK AN DAN ISTERINYA Dra MAK SENG KIOE, DAN AMSIH BANYAK LAGI BILA DIURUT DAPAT EMEMNUHI HAMPIR LIMA HALAMAN BUKU ELEKTRONIK INI. FRATER SERVAAS SEBAGAI SAHABAT DAN TEMAN SEPROFESI FRATER SERVAAS DIBIDANG PERCETAKAN SEHINGGA BILA ADA MESIN BARU YANG DIIMPOR DARI GERMAN ,FRATER SERVAAS MEMBANTU AYAH SAYA UNTUK MEMASANG DAN MERAWAT MESIN CETAK SEPERTI HEIDELBERG SERTA MERAWATNYA BILA ADA KERUSAKAN, KARENA HUBUNAGN ITU SAYA MENGETAHUI BANYAK KEHIDUPAN PRIBADI FRATER SERVAAS, SELAIN ITU JUGA FRATER SERVAAS SAYA SAYA MASIH SEKOLAH BANYAK MEMBERIKAN TELADAN DNA INFORMASI YANG MEMBUAT SAYA DAPAT HIDUP SEPERTI SAAT INI, ANAKANAK SAYA HANYA SAMPAI SMP FRATER KARENA IKUT SYA PINDAH KEJAKARTA KARENA MELANJUTKAN PENDIDIKAN S2 DAN PINDAK KEJAKARTA TAHUN 1989 KARENA PINDAH TUGAS, OLEH KARENA ITU SAYA TULIS BUKU ELEKTRONIK INI UNTUK KEDUA PUTRA SAYA YANG SATU SMA DI KANISIUS DAN MELANJUTKAN STUDI DI ITB ALBERT SUWANDY,ST DAN PUTRA BUNGSU ANTON JIMMI SUWANDY ,ST SMA DI SMA DONBOSCO DUA PULO MAS DAN MEPEROLEH PBUD(pmdk) STUDI TANPA TESTING DAN PEMBAYARAN UANG MUKA DI UGM DI FAK.TEHNIK MESIN UGM JOGJA AGAR MEREKA MENGETAHUI JASA FRATER SERVAAS YANG SANGAT BERPENGARUH TERHADAP JALAN HIDUP MEREKA. BUKU ELEKTRONIK DUNIA MAYA INI DITULIS SELURUHNYA DALAM HURUF BESAR AGAR ALUMNI DAN EX GURU YANG BERHUBUNGAN LANGSUNG DENGAN FRATER SERVAAS SUDAH MULAI TUA RENTA DENGAN MATANYA TENTUNYA SANGAT SULIT MEMBACA TULISAN DENGAN HURUF NORMAL BIASA,SEPERTI PAK SOFJANTO CS,DAN ALUMNI SMA DON BOSCO PERTAMA ANGKATAN 1955-1956 SEPERTI LIE GOAN SENG EX KETUA ISDB.KIE BAN, Dr TIONG KIM, Drs.SJARIF ALI MSc EX KETUA ISDB DENGAN NYONYA DARI JEPANG,Dr TIONG lIANG, SAHABAT KAKAK SAYA LIE OEN KIAT SAAT INI DI USA PENGUSAHA SPBU , KELUARGA ALMARHUM GHAN KENG SAN DI CANADA DAN MASIH BANYAK LAGI. SAYA HARAP BAGI KELUARGA BESAR ALUMNI SMA DON BOSCO PADANG YANG MEMILIKI KOLEKSI , YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN GURU KITA FRATER SERVAAS HARAP BERKENAN MENGIRIMKAN PHOTO YANG BERSANGUTAN KE FACEBOOK SAYA Iwan Suwandy ,AGAR DAPAT SAYA ADD DI BLOG INTERNET iwansuwandy.wordpress.com, SEBELUMNYA BANYAK TERIMA KASIH. SAYA MENYADARI BUKU ELEKTRONIK DUNIA MAYA INI TIDAK SEMPURNA DAN MASIH BANYAK KEKURANGAN DAN KESALAHAN TATA BAHASA DAN SEBAGAINYA, SEHINGGA DENGAN SANGAT SENANG MENERIMA KRITIK,SARAN DAN TAMBAHAN INFORMASI LIWAT COMMENT ATAU FACEBOOK SAYA AGAR DAPAT DIKOREKSI DAN DILENGKAPKAN SESEMPURNA MUNGKIN.PRAKARSA IKATAN ALUMNI DB MEMBUAT BUKU KENANGAN FRATER SERVAAS DIEDIT OLEH SIAN DE BUD SERTA KOMENTARNYA TERHADAP TULSIANINI SAYA MENGHATURKAN SALUT TERHADAP KATANYA TULISAN INI MENGALIR BEGITU SAJA,YAH ITULAH SUARA HATI SAYA , IA TELAH MENGHUBUNGGI SAYA ,DAN SAYA TELAH MEMBERIKAN BEBERAPA KESAN SERTA MENYARANKAN IA MELIHAT BUKU ELEKTRONIK INI UNTUK DAPAT MEMPEROLEH TAMBAHAN INFORMASI,BEBERAPA INFO SECARA SINGKAT UNTUK SELANJUTNYA DAPAT MELIHAT DI BLOG SAYA, FRATER SERVAAS DALAM MEMBANGUN CITRA BANGSA INDONESIA DIBIDANG PENDIUDKAN ,SAYA MENGUSULKAN AGAR GUBERNUR SUMATERA BARAT MENGANUGERAHKAN BELIAU BINTANG JASA PAHLAWAN PENDIIKAN BAIK DARI DAERAH MAUPUN PUSAT ATAS USULAN DAERAH, MALAH SAYA USULAKAN ALMARHUN DIANUGERAHKAN AWARD -PENGHARGAAN DARI GRAMEDIA KARENA AUYONG PENGKUN (P.K.OYONG) ADALAH MURID BELIAU DAN ALMARMUH P.K.OYONG PERNAH BELAJAR DAN BEKERJA PADA SURAT KABAR KONG PO(SIANR0 BERBAHSA BELANDA YANG DICETAK DIPERCETAKAN VOLHARDING,YANG LOKASINYA DI GEDUNG SANTU YUSUF PONDOK PADANG YANG DIPIMPIN OLEH FRATER SERVAAS. SAYA HARAP DENGAN USULAN DAERAH DAN PT.GRAMEDIA PIMPINAN YAKOB OETAMA,SAHAT BAIK PAMAN SYA ALMARHUM Drs ANTON RAHMAT ABDISA SEHINGGA MENTERI PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL RI. BERKENAN MENGUSULAN AGAR FRATER SERVAAS DIANUGERAHKAN BINTAN PAHLAWA PEDINDIKAN RI KARENA JASA BELIAU DAN FRATER SERVAAS PERNAH MENJADI WARGA NEGARA RI HAMPIR SELURUH HIDUPNYA,HANYA KARENA USUR KEMBALI KE NEGERI BELANDAN DAN KEMBALI MENJADI WARGA NEGARA BELANDA. TERAKHIR SAYA MENGUCAPKAN TERIMA KASIH KEPADA SEGALA PIHAK YANG TELAH MENDUKUNG DAN MEMBANTU SAYA SEHINGGA BUKU ELEKTRONIK DUNIA MAYA INI DAPAT. TERWUJUD, DAN MOHON MAAF DAN BERSABAR KARENA SAYA TERPAKSA MENGINSTALL INFO DAN INFORMASI SECARA TAHAP-BERTAHAP KARENA SAYA KERJAKAN SENDIRI TANPA ADA YANG MEMBANTU,MAKLUM KONDISI SAYA SUDAH MULAI RENTA. SALAM DARI PENULIS

Dr IWAN S. angkatan DB 9

Senin, Desember 31, 2007 JURNI KETEMU TEMEN SMA DON BOSCO PADANG

Foto-foto ini aku masukkan ke Blogger kita supaya terekam semua aktivitas DB-9 menjelang akhir tahun 2007. Foto berasal dari kiriman bos Dyat melalui milis DB-9. Jurni, Min, dan Jun difasilitasi Bos Dyat ke Bandung anjangsana ke rumah Adiwarti yang baru baralek baru-baru ini……. Di foto itu mereka sedang santap siang rupanya bersama pak Suhardi suami Adek. Aku ga ikutan acara ini, karena ado pula acara

baralek bosku (dulu) di Jogya dan Solo.



Juzarni Nazar, Rosminiar Roestam, Jurni Djalil, Adiwarti, Pak Suhardi dan Khairul (anaknya Min)

Persahabatan itu memang indah



Senin, Desember 17, 2007

Reuni Akbar 2008 – 50 Tahun SMA Don Bosco Padang – Juli 2008

Apr 12, ’08 9:44 PM for everyone

Start:

Jul 1, ’08 10:00p

End:

Jul 31, ’08

Location:

Padang

MyHotComments Johanes Julinar nama lahirnya Lie Tiong Sui, alumni 1976, adalah Ketua Reuni Akbar 2008, kakaknya Syahrial Lincoln (Lie Tiong San), alumni 1967.Waktu di Padang tinggal di Kampung Nias, dekat rumah si Gapuk (Hong Lian). Kita perlu memberikan dukungan untuk menyukseskan Reuni Akbar Juli yad. Angkatan 1976 sebagai penyelenggara, namun semua alumni perlu partisipasi, Karena alumni DB milik kita bersama. Berita dari Shian ALUMNI SMA DON BOSCO PADANG

Bersilaturrahmi untuk Kontribusi Almamater Selasa, 05/07/2011 12:01 WIB klik untuk melihat foto

padangmedia.com – YOGYAKARTA – Kalau biasanya setiap kegiatan reuni dilaksanakan di lokasi sekolah itu berada untuk bernostalgia, tetapi SMA Don Bosco Padang memilih melakukan kegiatan alumni di Yogyakarta. “Kita bukannya mengabaikan Padang sebagai lokasi sekolah kita, tetapi kegiatan ini kita lakukan untuk bersilaturrahmi lebih merekat kebersamaan antara alumni khususnya angkatan kita dengan keluarga masing-masing. Jadi kita gelar liburan bersama. Kebetulan ada sejumlah alumni yang berdomisili di Yogyakarta,” ungkap Iswandi Said, Alumni tahun 80 SMA Don Bosco Padang, kepada padangmedia.com, Senin (4/7) Menurut Wandi, kegiatan yang dilakukan secara rutin dalam kurun lima tahun belakangan memang dilaksanakan berpindah-pindah. Saat peringatan 50 tahun SMA Don Bosco Padang beberapa tahun lalu, mereka ikut bereuni di Padang, kemudian di Jakarta dan tahun ini di Yogyakarta. Yang terpenting dalam hal ini adalah kebersamaan. “Karena di sekolah dulu, kami sangat merasakan nilai kebersamaan yang ditanamkan kepala sekolah dan lingkungan. Meski sekolah Katolik, waktu itu kita tidak melihat perbedaan baik dari sisis agama, suku, bangsa ataupun status sosial dan pangkat. Disana benar-benar beragam, tetapi kebersamaan sangat kental,” ucap ketua angkatan 77 ini. Kegiatan alumni angkatan ini ditaambahkannya bukan sekedar bertemu-temu teman lama, tetapi juga melakukan penggalangan dana untuk diberikan sebagai kontribusi pada sekolah. Kadang dengan setengah memaksa, pengurus menodong anggota untuk menambah kas kelompok. “Ada juga teman-teman yang memberikan sumbangan khusus yang kita manfaatkan untuk sekolah. Minggu lalu kita baru saja memberikan sumbanagn 11 set komputer untuk sekolah, satunya untuk sekretariat Alumni,” jelas Wandi. Sebelumnya, angkatan ini juga ikut memberikan dukungan ketika gempa melanda Padang tahun 2009 lalu. Jika dinilai dalam jumlah, tambahnya, masih belum seberapa dibanding sumbangan alumni yang lebih senior dan sudah mapan . Tetapi yang penting kepedulian alumni terhadap perkembangan sekolah. Begitu juga dengan kegiatan reunian, bukan hanya sekedar berlibur bersama, tetapi juga disisipkan acara ceramah atau pencerahan. “Pada malam terakhir kita mengundang seorang pakar untuk memberikan pencerahan. Materinya kita yang pilih. Topik dalam pertemuan kali ini tentang bagaimana mengendalikan emosi , kesabaran dan selalu berpikir positif. Bagaimanapun, kalau umur sudah semakin bertambah, emosi suka kurang terkendali,” paparnya lagi. Untuk mendatang, rencananya, alumni secara berkala akan melakukan kegiatan berbagi pengalaman dengan siswa-siswa untuk memberikan motivasi. Jadwalnya disesuaikan dengan anak-anak menjelang akhir tahun ajaran. Kegiatan yang digelar dari tanggal 1 – 4 Juli itu diikuti oleh sekitar 40 orang alumni angkatan 77 dari berbagai kelas yang ada di berbagai daerah seperti Padang, Pekanbaru, Batam, Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, dan Balikpapan. (nit) alumni DB 9



Tji Kiong, Moh Room, Sornaly Edy & Su Fang….semakin makmur aja mereka ber-empat ini Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

Elvi….gue Eryck Cuan, elu jangan sampaikan kesiapapun ya…bahwa gue sudah lama memendam rasa suka ama elu sejak SMA…(plong deh hati gue)

Kim2, Hailiwan, Sarnelly, Susanti, Siok Li & Chandra……sstt…ke 4 cewek ini dulunya pernah merebut hati ke 2 pria dibelakang itu, namun tak satupun berhasil ! Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

……., Eng Suan, Minah, Teressia Wong, Netty Azari Mellywati, Astrida, Siuli Ramli & Henny Cu Ung Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

Parlin…parlin…semakin tua, elu semakin laku aja dimata Ce Ce Su Fang, Ce Ce Henny & Ce Ce Astrida Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

Senyum mu palsu Liang….elu enak aja tinggalin gue ! Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

Sarnelly, jangan pelototin gue seperti itu dong….cepatan isi buku tamu…. Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

Suasana Reuni para Ibu Ibu Arisan…..lihat tuh si Engeline…nggakak gitu… Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

Reuni mantan penghuni ABT : Susanti & Sarnelly Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

Sarnelly….dulu disebut Fang Bulek, sekarang Fang apa ya…? Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

Lamo tak basuo, sekali basuo ado di kandang kudo..he..he.. Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

Backdrop Acara Reuni 20 tahun SMA Don Bosco Padang angk 87 Uploaded on Nov 23, 2007

Sepasang kekasih yang tidak pernah jadi kekasih Uploaded on Nov 22, 2007

Yenny Agustin & Bony Putra : Pasangan yg paling cute Uploaded on Nov 22, 2007

Tiaaannn & Yanthie Zainal : Pasangan kelas “Berat” ! Uploaded on Nov 22, 2007

Gue tidak berubah…dari dulu s/d sekarang tetap kurus Uploaded on Nov 22, 2007

Kiong….ingat istri & anak anak dirumah ya.. Uploaded on Nov 22, 2007

Ernie Monas, Astrida, Tak Kong & Cong Cik…lagi di Aula DB ALUMNI DB TRAVELLING

Thursday, May 31, 2007 Toronto n China town…

Left…Toronto town…one is biggest town in Canada…taken from The CN Towel… Right…is China Town nya Canada…dimana= China Town pasti sama ya gambarannya..kyk di Singapur juga ada tuh dinding nya gt…( Kiaw sekeluarga tuh dgn hasil karyanya dgn Monthy…hehe 2 cewek manis pemberian Tuhan ). Good luck selalu deh teman=…enjoy ur life ya… For Suan n Giok Bie…tks for your sharing pictures ya…ketemu lgi tahun depan siapa tau kalian make another trip lagi…khabar khabari ya…( heheh kyk di TV aja…). Kalian bisa kasih comment tuh, di shouted box… Last but not least…these are the last part of Canada Trip… Resume… Canada is really beautifull country…i have seen from my Canadian friends…many fantastic places..like another famous..is The Frozen River..which always freeze for the whole year… n also so many Salmon Fish overthere.. So Canada is the best choice also for visiting….for who like travelling… Jadi mari rame= nabung yooooookkkk…. posted by rosni @ 11:35 AM 0 comments

another pictures…

These are another …. Wah…keren & kompak juga action kamu n Way ..ya Bie.. kayak pemain sky beneran deh…sayang ketauan boong nya..krn ngak pake sky shoes nya..alias papan seluncurnya hahah Suan dgn anggun nya…( Anggun = Anggota Ragunan loh heheh ).. posted by rosni @ 11:30 AM 0 comments

Tulip Flower n Toronto Town

These are another…. posted by rosni @ 11:27 AM 0 comments

Thousand Island..n Monthy’s House

Wow…really fabulous view… Thousand Island… Mungkin dari sini nama cream salad Thousand Island kali ya ..heheh Right…is Monthy and Kiaw’s house…wah rumahnya gede n cantik bok…( ternyata orang gedongan juga ya kawan kita tuh disana ..gile loe…)boleh numpang lagi ngak Kiaw..kalo kita datang nanti..heheh posted by rosni @ 10:55 AM 0 comments

Emerald Lake n Niagara US

Bie…wah foto kalian yg disini keren buanget loh…boleh tuh di gedein..gantung di dinding..buat nakut=in maling hahah…canda oi…, tapi aku serius keren buanget…latar belakang ama org nya matching deh… Right…is..Niagara US…near/close to the main road.. posted by rosni @ 10:50 AM 0 comments

Niagara Duet…

Left..is connection bridge ..between US n Canada.. with Bie n Suan ‘s picture….( wah disini kalian kayak Aliens biru deh…) Right…Niagara duet…left…Niagara US…n right Niaraga Canada… posted by rosni @ 10:41 AM 0 comments

Whistler n Butchart Garden

Left is…Whistler…is the place for playing sky.. Right…Butchart Garden..near to the Niagara location…so nice..i luv it…muuuuuccchhh posted by rosni @ 10:13 AM 0 comments

Lake Louise n Suan picture

This is..katanya…Louise Lake view… Wah kalo aku kesana…bisa= ngak ingat pulang loh…enak tuh u camping…ampe beku…heheh and Right..is Susanti Gozali ..nan cantik …e..ngomong= dia ini dulunya ex model n singer loh di Don Bosco … Suan…apa km ngak nyanyi pula di Louis Lake itu…? biar salju nya mencair…heheh Waduh cantik sekali ya..man teman…aku pengen deh kesana… posted by rosni @ 10:01 AM 0 comments

Giok Bie n Way,Kiaw n Monty , Suan …

Here they are the lucky persons..who can do/have trip to Canada…( aku aja belum oi…abis duitnya belum kering heheh ). Left…Monthy ( Kiaw’s husby ), Way (Giok Bie’s husby ) n Suan…background ..is Toronto town.. Aawas..jangan nyemplung pula kalian di Niagara itu ..( ntar kalian pikir sama pula ama Air Terjun 7 tingkat yg di Bungus Padang tuh heheh ). posted by rosni @ 9:48 AM 0 comments

My friends trip to Canada

I just got some best pictures from my old friends…( ex SMA Don Bosco )… who travelling to Canada . They the lucky persons are Giok Bie n Way ( husby )..n Suan…to visit Kiaw n Monty fam.who are (also ex Don Bosco )..already stay at Toronto- Canada. So these are some of the best view of them…jangan ngences ya… Bagi kita yg belum punya duit…ya udah deh ..liat foto= ini aja dulu… Wah tool ” add image ” nya lagi bermasalah nih…ya udah satu gmbr ini aja dulu ya… Kata mereka ..bhw ternyata Air Terjun Niagara itu ada 2 biji, satu di belahan negara Amerika..dan satu lg di belahan negara Canada…jadi perbatasan ke 2 negara adalah di Air terjun Niagara ini… Nah yg ini adalah foto nya Air Terjun Niagara miliknya Canada..lebh bagus..krn bentuk nya lengkung kayak Tapak Kuda gicu loh… Ayok…kumpulin duit seribu sehr u kesana yok…( kapan perginya ya kalo seribu sehari hahah ). posted by rosni @ 9:06 AM 0 comments

Monday, May 28, 2007 Pinguin n Rock Coast

To get the Nicest Rock Coast overview…we rent the helicopter… So really fantastic…even the view…n the felling ..to fly over above it… We also can see the small n big pinguin…,but we must wait..at the beach…till sun set/down..n the Pinguins will come slowly..n slowly.. But many of us..couldn’t stand longer to wait…cause the weather at the beach so cool…escply..the evening… The way back from the ocean beach..sometime we can meet some of the small Pinguins…wow..so cute…i would like to catch them…n bring them home for Pet….but not allow..yet posted by rosni @ 4:16 PM 0 comments

Nov 2003 – visited to Australia

Almost forgotten….4 years ago…we visited Australia.. me ,Brian n papi. The Rock Coast is really fantastic…really unforgotten beach..nothing compare… Many Indonesian students overthere… But i dont like the weather…almost same like Indonesia..sun shine..so bright…uhhh..i really dont like…burning my skin… posted by rosni @ 4:08 PM 0 comments

Michi ‘s Graduation

Below…Michi’s graduation…at Economic from Bandung. Above… Sister fam at Valley Resto…Bandung…the famous resto in Bandung ..nowadays. posted by rosni @ 3:41 PM 0 comments

Kota Bunga at Jakarta Puncak

These are nice pictures at Kota Bunga n Cibubur …with my son ..n sister family…couple years ago Middle ..Ricky,Michi n Vincen. Above …me, Michi n sister n sister in law… Below…with sister famly..

posted by rosni @ 3:32 PM 0 comments

Bangkok memories

These are some memories at Bangkok couple years ago… posted by rosni @ 3:15 PM 0 comments

My AIG LIFE group

This is my currently profession.. is AIG LIFE …almost 8 years..running this job.. I got many experience n advantage … Yulie in the midlle with the white blous is….our boss at Pekanbaru Angency. Right…is my name card..with our Agentcy Prestige… posted by rosni @ 2:36 PM 0 comments

My former bisniss

These were my former bisniss at Pekanbaru… Running own bisniss..give us special experience..that u cant get from the school..

But nowadays…running lady’s bisnis…like salon n butik..n ect..not give much profit.. I also have joint partner ..another salon at Pekanbaru . Since i moved to Jakarta..so all of my former bisnis ..closed already.. Below…Mira n Nini ..are my best friends at Pku..also my brother Cin..who running this Children Butik. Above….my joint parnert…Yulie n Vina ..at Celullar Phone… I have no pictures for our saloon… posted by rosni @ 2:05 PM 0 comments

Albert n Papi at German..

Left …is Albert almost 13 years ago…when he was in the college at German… He looks like a Korean Movie star heheh Daddy still slim..n handsome… Backgorund picture is Rhein River…the famous river at German…. posted by rosni @ 1:54 PM 0 comments

Highest Mountain n Graduation

Left…was…the dangerous n so proud experienced for us…We were from The REMAPALA DON BOSCO on 1983...can survive to climb The Highest Mountain at Sumatera …we call The Kerinci Volcano Mountain…its about 4500 m..high… Right also…the best n really valued time in my life…My Accountant Academy Graduation..from Andalas University…at my home town…Padang. Beside me ..is my Lovely Mom..n only one beloved sister… Thanks mom n dad..to let me grow into beautifull n mature woman… Tks for everything that you have given to me…till now…God also blessing u..both my parents… For my dad who past away couple years ago..always pray for u night n day…so u will be sit n be son of our Father Lord in Heaven… sure that ,cause u were really lovely n good father for us.n also as human being..nobody can replace n compare u….bye dad.. posted by rosni @ 1:07 PM 0 comments

Padang n Sukabumi’s view

Finally this week i will move to new aprt ..but still same tower… So i found my old pictures…some have good memory for me…so i ll share now.. Above…is at Sukabumi…so nice n so friendly …cause we can climb till at the top of the Small Niagara at Indonesia ( hahah ).Left n right below…are the view of the Ocean at Sikuai Padang town…my hometown. So we can see..Indonesia also has many fantastic places…n view… posted by rosni @ 12:20 PM 0 comments

Tuesday, May 22, 2007 Her pet…at Bandung

Right …her partner collection..her pet… Left ..Herlina’s pets in Batam posted by rosni @ 1:53 PM 0 comments

Visited Bandung ..

Couple months ago..me n Herlina visited her business partner in Bandung. Her friend brought us to her villa in Kota Bunga – Bandung… Left…her husband Bonsai collections…….so many, so..cute n prestigious..plant… Right…Herlina n background view..from the 2 nd floor villa.. posted by rosni @ 1:04 PM 0 comments

View..- Canada n San Fr.

dear…u see how ..so nice n amazing our world.. Left…..view at Canada..one of the place that i still not yet visite… Right…view of Golden Bridge at San Fransisco… posted by rosni @ 12:53 PM 0 comments

View at Europe

These are the best.. posted by rosni @ 12:47 PM 0 comments

View around the world

Friends…no idea to share now…so just showing ..the nicest view that i have ever seen…these pictures at South Africa… Ok…nice to see..the greates creation by our Lord..tks Lord for our life… Left…created by Lord… Right…home made by people at Lost City Hotel in South Africa..

komentar the end@copyright 2012

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Kumpulan Kisah Tempo Dulu Tentang Kebiasaan Jelek Para Pria Posted on February 18, 2012 | Leave a comment

Perilaku Jelek & Kitab Kotor : Samuel Pepys

Meskipun sulit untuk membayangkan di era internet, buku kotor adalah penemuan yang relatif baru. Dalam London 1660-an dari penulis buku harian / pemerintah administrator Samuel Pepys, (itu Samuel ke kiri, dilukis oleh John Hayls di 1666), mereka masih menemukan sangat banyak hal yang baru. Yang ia menemukan secara tidak sengaja pada penjual buku setempat adalah dalam bahasa Prancis. L’escholle des Filles (“Sekolah Wanita Muda”) ditulis dalam apa yang menjadi format kotor-buku klasik: seorang wanita, tua berpengalaman menjelaskan Kehidupan, Cinta, & Pria untuk seorang pemula muda, dan melakukannya dengan eksplisit, titillating bahasa. Kau tahu, Playboy Advisor. Ketika Samuel pertama membaca buku itu, ia berpikir dari judul yang mungkin menjadi bacaan bagi isterinya untuk belajar bahasa Perancis . Sekilas balik halaman, namun dengan cepat berubah pikiran. Tapi mari kita Samuel menjelaskan, dalam tiga kutipan dari Buku Harian terkenal: 13 Januari 1668: “…. saya berhenti di penjual buku Martin, di mana saya melihat buku Perancis yang saya berpikir untuk memiliki untuk istri saya untuk menerjemahkan, yang disebut L’escholle des Filles, tetapi ketika saya datang untuk melihat ke dalamnya , itu adalah buku, paling mesum cabul yang pernah saya lihat, lebih buruk dari Puttana Errante [sebuah buku terkenal 16 c erotis Italia..] -. sehingga saya malu membaca di dalamnya “ 8 Februari 1668: Dari situ pergi ke Strand ke penjual buku saya, dan ada tinggal satu jam dan membeli buku itu, menganggur nakal, L’escholle des Filles, yang saya telah membeli di dataran mengikat (menghindari pembelian lebih baik terikat) karena Saya menyelesaikan, begitu aku telah membacanya, membakarnya, sehingga tidak dapat berdiri dalam daftar buku-buku saya, juga di antara mereka, aib mereka jika harus ditemukan. 9 Februari 1668: Hari Tuhan. Up, dan di kamar saya semua pagi hari dan di kantor, melakukan bisnis dan juga membaca sedikit dari L’des escholle Filles, yang merupakan buku cabul perkasa, tetapi belum tidak salah bagi seorang pria mabuk sekali untuk membaca lebih untuk menginformasikan dirinya dalam kejahatan dunia …. [sore itu] saya ke kamar saya, dimana saya membaca de L’escholle Filles buku cabul, tapi apa saya tidak salah Maha membaca demi informasi [ini berikutnya adalah Sam singkatan sendiri, tetapi Anda dapat mengetahui maksudnya tanpa kesulitan terlalu banyak] tapi itu tusukan hazer butir saya berdiri selama itu, dan una vez untuk melepaskan energi negatif, dan setelah saya melakukan [itu] buku, saya membakarnya, bahwa mungkin tidak berada di antara bukubuku saya untuk malu saya, dan sebagainya pada malam hari untuk makan malam dan kemudian tidur. Sejarawan modern mengatakan bahwa ini adalah referensi awal untuk sebuah buku erotis dalam bahasa Inggris. Oh, Samuel. . . . Berperilaku Buruk: Boswell mendapat bertepuk Meskipun pemotongan kejam saya, ini masih lebih lama dari pos biasa. Tapi sulit untuk mendapatkan gambaran penuh sebaliknya. Untuk versi lengkap, pergi sini dan gulir ke bawah. Selasa 18 Januari 1763 Hari ini aku mulai merasa alarm tidak akuntabel kejahatan tak terduga: sedikit panas di anggota tubuh saya suci untuk Cupid, sangat mirip gejala distemper bahwa dengan yang Venus, ketika salib, membawanya ke kepalanya untuk wabah votaries nya. Tapi kemudian saya jalankan tidak ada risiko. Saya pernah bergabung dengan tidak ada wanita tapi Louisa, dan yakin dia tidak bisa memiliki hal semacam itu. . . Kamis 20 Januari Aku membuka kasus sedih saya untuk Douglas, yang pada memeriksa bagian, menyatakan saya mendapat infeksi dan jelas bahwa wanita yang memberikannya saya tidak bisa tidak tahu itu. . Saya kemudian pergi ke Louisa. Dengan alamat yang sangat baik aku melanjutkan wawancara ini, sama seperti gambar berikut, saya percaya, akan membuat muncul. . . . . Boswell. Madam, saya tidak memiliki hubungan dengan wanita mana pun tetapi Anda dua bulan. Saya dengan dokter bedah saya pagi ini, yang menyatakan saya telah mendapat infeksi yang kuat, dan bahwa dia dari siapa Aku sudah tidak bisa tahu tentang itu. Madam, hal seperti itu dalam hal ini lebih buruk dari dari seorang wanita kota, sebagai darinya Anda mungkin mengharapkannya. Anda telah menggunakan saya sangat sakit. . . . LOUISA. Pak, Aku akan mengaku kepada anda bahwa sekitar tiga tahun lalu saya sangat buruk. Tapi untuk lima belas bulan saya telah cukup baik. Saya menghimbau ALLAH SWT bahwa saya berbicara benar, dan untuk enam bulan saya harus melakukan dengan siapapun kecuali diri Anda sendiri. Boswell. Tapi dengan GD, Madam, saya telah dengan tidak ada tetapi Anda, dan di sini saya sangat buruk. LOUISA. Nah, Pak, dengan sumpah khidmat yang sama saya memprotes bahwa saya tahu tentang itu. Boswell. Madam, saya ingin banyak untuk percaya. Tapi saya sendiri saya tidak bisa percaya pada kesempatan ini keajaiban. LOUISA. Pak, saya tidak bisa mengatakan lebih banyak untuk Anda. Tapi Anda akan meninggalkan saya dalam penderitaan terbesar. Aku akan kehilangan harga diri Anda. Aku akan terluka menurut pendapat semua orang, dan dalam keadaan saya. Boswell (untuk dirinya). Apa iblis apakah menolak cinta bingung maksud dengan disakiti dalam keadaan dia? Ini adalah licik grossest. Tapi aku tidak akan memperhatikan hal itu. – Madam, untuk pendapat semua orang, Anda tidak perlu takut. Aku akan bercanda dan mengatakan bahwa saya tidak pernah membanggakan wanita nikmat. Tapi aku memberikan kata-kata saya kehormatan bahwa Anda tidak akan ditemukan. LOUISA. Sir, ini menjadi lebih murah hati dari yang saya bisa harapkan. Selama percakapan ini saya benar-benar berperilaku dengan ketenangan jantan dan martabat sopan yang tidak bisa gagal untuk menginspirasi kekaguman, dan ia tampak pucat seperti abu dan bergetar dan tersendat. . . . Saya benar-benar bingung pada perilakunya. Ada hampir tidak kemungkinan bahwa dia bisa menjadi bersalah atas kejahatan pengenaan mengerikan. Namun asseverations positifnya benar-benar terkejut saya. Dia kemungkinan besar pelacur dissembling paling sempurna. Dari Boswell London Journal, 1762-1763 Oleh James Boswell Pria Berperilaku Buruk: Scrope Davies

“Ketika istilah Prapaskah dari 1808 di Cambridge mulai, Byron tidak bisa kembali karena utang-utangnya. Scrope [Davies] memilih untuk tidak melakukannya dan kedua sahabat terjun ke kehidupan disipasi di London. Dalam hal Byron itu terutama . melacur dan perjudian; dalam perjudian Scrope dan minum Dalam karyanya “Pikiran Terpisah ‘Byron ingat salah satu prestasi Scropes lebih penting: Suatu malam, Scrope Davies di sebuah rumah game … menjadi mabuk seperti biasanya adalah pada jam Tengah Malam, dan kehilangan uang, berada di mengabulkan doa sia-sia oleh teman-temannya, satu derajat kurang mabuk dari dirinya, untuk datang atau pulang. Dalam keputusasaan, dia ditinggalkan untuk dirinya, dan setan-setan dari kotak dadu. Hari berikutnya, yang dikunjungi, sekitar dua jam dengan beberapa teman saja bangkit dengan sakit kepala parah dan kantong kosong (yang telah meninggalkan dia kalah di empat atau lima pagi), dia ditemukan dalam tidur nyenyak, tanpa topi malam , dan tidak terlalu dibebani dengan tempat tidur-cloathes: a Chamber-pot berdiri di samping ranjang-sisinya, penuh-penuh – Catatan Bank! won semua, Tuhan tahu bagaimana, dan penuh sesak, Scrope tahu tidak di mana, tetapi ada mereka, semua catatan yang sah baik, dan untuk jumlah beberapa ribu pound “. T.A.J. Burnett, The Rise & Fall of a Dandy Kabupaten: Kehidupan dan Times of Scrope Berdmore Davies Pria Berperilaku Buruk: Sir Charles Sedley

Buku saya yang terbaru telah ditetapkan dalam Restorasi Inggris, pada masa pemerintahan Raja Charles II (1660-1685). Ini adalah waktu yang sangat baik untuk tuan-tuan yang sangat buruk, ketika hampir setiap kelebihan dapat dijelaskan jika memiliki judul, atau setidaknya berteman dengan Raja. Sir Charles Sedley (1639-1701) adalah seorang kaya yang memiliki koneksi baronet yang menulis drama jenaka dan puisi, bermain tenis dengan Raja, mencoba-coba diplomasi, dan akhirnya menjadi seorang politikus terhormat di House of Commons. Dia tampak tidak berbahaya cukup, kiri, tapi tahun 1663, ia terkenal karena sering menjadi “retoris mabuk”, dan juga untuk salah satu contoh sangat buruk dari yang buruk-boy-dom, jadi memalukan bahwa Samuel Johnson masih sputtering di atasnya abad kemudian : Sir Charles Sedley, [Tuhan Buckhurst], dan Sir Thomas Ogle, mabuk di COCK [a kedai terkenal] di Jalan Busur, dengan Covent Garden, dan pergi ke balkon memperkenalkan diri kepada rakyat bawah dalam postur yang sangat tidak senonoh. Akhirnya, karena mereka tumbuh lebih hangat, Sedley berdiri sebagainya telanjang, dan mengkuliahi rakyat dalam bahasa profan tersebut, sehingga pemuka umum terbangun marah ; kerumunan mencoba untuk memaksa membuka pintu, dan yang jijik, melaju dengan lemparan batu, dan pecah jendela rumah. Untuk pelanggaran ini, [tiga pria] yang didakwa, dan Sedley didenda £ 500 …. Sedley dipekerjakan [temannya Harry] Killigrew untuk mendapatkan pengampunan dari Raja, tetapi (menandai persahabatan keji!) Mereka meminta denda bagi dirinya dan dituntut ke jumlah uang yg kecil sekali lalu. Untuk jujur jauh lebih menceritakan ini frat-rumah bergaya shenanigans, lihat entri buku harian Samuel Pepys ini – gulir ke bawah ke penjelasan pertama, dan berpegang pada cangkir kopi Anda. original article

MEN BEHAVING BADLY: SAMUEL PEPYS & THE DIRTY BOOK Though it’s hard to imagine in the internet age, dirty books are a relatively new invention. In the 1660s London of diarist/government administrator Samuel Pepys, (that’s Samuel to the left, painted by John Hayls in 1666), they’re still very much a novelty. The one he finds by accident in his local bookseller is in French. L’escholle des Filles (“The School for Young Women”) is written in what becomes a classic dirtybook format: an older, experienced woman explains Life, Love, & Men to a young newbie, and does it in explicit, titillating language. You know, Playboy Advisor. When Samuel first comes across the book, he thinks from the title that it might be an edifying read for his French-speaking wife. A glance through the pages, however, quickly changes his mind. But let’s have Samuel explain, in three excerpt from his famous Diary: January 13, 1668: “….stopped at Martin’s my bookseller, where I saw the French book which I did think to have had for my wife to translate, called L’escholle des Filles, but when I came to look into it, it is the most bawdy, lewd book that ever I saw, rather worse than Puttana Errante [an infamous 16th. c. Italian erotic book] – so that I was ashamed of reading in it.” February 8, 1668: Thence away to the Strand to my bookseller’s, and there stayed an hour and bought that idle, roguish book, L’escholle des Filles, which I have bought in plain binding (avoiding the buying of it better bound) because I resolve, as soon as I have read it, to burn it, that it may not stand in the list of my books, nor among them, to disgrace them if it should be found. February 9, 1668: Lord’s Day. Up, and at my chamber all the morning and in the office, doing business and also reading a little of L’escholle des Filles, which is a mighty lewd book, but yet not amiss for a sober man once to read over to inform himself in the villainy of the world…. [later that afternoon] I to my chamber, where I did read through L’escholle de Filles a lewd book, but what doth me no wrong to read for information sake [this next is Sam’s own shorthand, but you can figure out his meaning without too much difficulty] but it did hazer my prick para stand all the while, and una vez to decharge; and after I had done [the book], I burned it, that it might not be among my books to my shame; and so at night to supper and then to bed. Modern historians say that this is the earliest reference to an erotic book in the English language. Oh, Samuel. . . . Behaving Badly: Boswell gets the clap Despite my ruthless cutting, this is still longer than my usual post. But it’s hard to get the full picture otherwise. For the complete version, go here and scroll down. Tuesday 18 January 1763 I this day began to feel an unaccountable alarm of unexpected evil: a little heat in the members of my body sacred to Cupid, very like a symptom of that distemper with which Venus, when cross, takes it into her head to plague her votaries. But then I had run no risks. I had been with no woman but Louisa, and sure she could not have such a thing . . . Thursday 20 January I opened my sad case to Douglas, who upon examining the parts, declared I had got an evident infection and that the woman who gave it me could not but know of it . . . . I then went to Louisa. With excellent address did I carry on this interview, as the following scene, I trust, will make appear. . . . . BOSWELL. Madam, I have had no connection with any woman but you these two months. I was with my surgeon this morning, who declared I had got a strong infection, and that she from whom I had it could not be ignorant of it. Madam, such a thing in this case is worse than from a woman of the town, as from her you may expect it. You have used me very ill . . . . LOUISA. Sir, I will confess to you that about three years ago I was very bad. But for these fifteen months I have been quite well. I appeal to GOD Almighty that I am speaking true; and for these six months I have had to do with no man but yourself. BOSWELL. But by G-D, Madam, I have been with none but you, and here am I very bad. LOUISA. Well, Sir, by the same solemn oath I protest that I was ignorant of it. BOSWELL. Madam, I wish much to believe you. But I own I cannot upon this occasion believe a miracle. LOUISA. Sir, I cannot say more to you. But you will leave me in the greatest misery. I shall lose your esteem. I shall be hurt in the opinion of everybody, and in my circumstances. BOSWELL (to himself). What the devil does the confounded jilt mean by being hurt in her circumstances? This is the grossest cunning. But I won’t take notice of that at all. — Madam, as to the opinion of everybody, you need not be afraid. I was going to joke and say that I never boast of a lady’s favours. But I give you my word of honour that you shall not be discovered. LOUISA. Sir, this is being more generous than I could expect. During all this conversation I really behaved with a manly composure and polite dignity that could not fail to inspire an awe, and she was pale as ashes and trembled and faltered . . . . I was really confounded at her behaviour. There is scarcely a possibility that she could be innocent of the crime of horrid imposition. And yet her positive asseverations really stunned me. She is in all probability a most consummate dissembling whore. From Boswell’s London Journal, 1762-1763 By James Boswell

MEN BEHAVING BADLY: SCROPE DAVIES “When the Lent term of 1808 at Cambridge began, Byron was unable to return by reason of his debts. Scrope [Davies] chose not to do so and the two friends plunged into a life of dissipation in London. In Byron’s case it was chiefly whoring and gambling; in Scrope’s gambling and drinking. In his ‘Detached Thoughts’ Byron recalled one of Scropes more noteworthy achievements: One night, Scrope Davies at a gaming house…being tipsy as he usually was at the Midnight hour, and having lost monies, was in vain intreated by his friends, one degree less intoxicated than himself, to come or go home. In despair, he was left to himself, and to the demons of the dice-box. Next day, being visited, about two of the Clock by some friends just risen with a severe headache and empty pockets (who had left him losing at four or five in the morning), he was found in a sound sleep, without a night-cap, and not particularly encumbered with bedcloathes: a Chamber-pot stood by his bed-side, brim-full of–Bank Notes! all won, God knows how, and crammed, Scrope knew not where; but there they were, all good legitimate notes, and to the amount of some thousand pounds.” T.A.J. Burnett, The Rise & Fall of a Regency Dandy: The Life and Times of Scrope Berdmore Davies

MEN BEHAVING BADLY: SIR CHARLES SEDLEY My most recent books have been set in Restoration England, during the reign of King Charles II (1660-1685.) This was a very good time for very bad gentlemen, when just about any excess could be explained away if one had a title, or at least was friends with the King. Sir Charles Sedley (1639-1701) was a wealthy, well-connected baronet who wrote witty plays and poetry, played tennis with the King, dabbled in diplomacy, and eventually became a respectable politician in the House of Commons. He looks innocuous enough, left, but in 1663, he was best known for often being “rhetorically drunk”, and also for one particularly bad example of bad-boy-dom, so scandalous that Samuel Johnson was still sputtering over it a century later: Sir Charles Sedley, [Lord Buckhurst], and Sir Thomas Ogle, got drunk at the Cock [a notorious tavern] in Bow Street, by Covent Garden, and going into the balcony exposed themselves to the populace below in very indecent postures. At last, as they grew warmer, Sedley stood forth naked, and harangued the populace in such profane language, that the publick indignation was awakened; the crowd attempted to force the door, and being repulsed, drove at the performers with stones, and broke the windows of the house. For this misdemeanour, [the three gentlemen] were indicted, and Sedley was fined five hundred pounds….Sedley employed [his friend Harry] Killigrew to procure a remission from the King, but (mark the friendship of the dissolute!) they begged the fine for themselves, and exacted it to the last groat. For a far more frank telling of these frat-house-style shenanigans, see Samuel Pepys’s diary entry – scroll down to the first annotation, and hold on to your coffee cup. the end ,more story exist but only for premium member,please subscribed via comment. Leave a comment

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The Mexico Historic Collections Posted on February 16, 2012 | 6 comments

The Mexico Historic Collections 1800-1900

Created

by Dr Iwan Suwandy,MHA Copyright@2012

THIS THE SAMPLE OF E-BOOK IN CD-ROM NOT COMPLETE ILLUSTRATIONS,THE COMPLETE CD EXIST BUT ONLY FOR PREMIUM MEMBER,PLEASE SUBSCRIBED VIA COMMENT. Introduction rthe history of Mexico pre 1800 The Spanish Conquest Main article: Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire

MESOAMERICA ON THE EVE OF THE CONQUEST

Hernán Cortés The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. The Spanish crown extended the Reconquista effort, completed in Spain in 1492, to non-Catholic people in new territories. In 1502 on the coast of present day Colombia, near the Gulf of Urabá, Spanish explorers led by Vasco Núñez de Balboa explored and conquered the area near the Atrato River. The conquest was of the Chibchan speaking nations, mainly the Muisca and Tairona indigenous people that lived here. The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509—abandoned within the year, and in 1510 the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement in America, Santa María la Antigua del Darién.[11]

Hernán Cortés y Moctezuma meet There is a difference in the ‘Spanish conquest of Mexico’ between the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Spanish conquest of Yucatán. The former is conquest of the campaign, led by Hernán Cortés from 1519–21 and his Tlaxcala and other ‘indigenous peoples’ allied against the Mexica/Aztec empire. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán is the much longer campaign, from 1551–1697, against the Maya peoples of the Maya civilization in the Yucatán Peninsula of present day Mexico and northern Central America. The day Hernán Cortés landed ashore at present day Veracruz, April 22, 1519, marks the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region.

THE AFTERMATH

Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs, and the Tlaxcalteca Tenochtitlan had been almost totally destroyed by fire and cannon shots. Those Aztecs who survived were forbidden to live in the city and the surrounding isles, and they went to live in Tlatelolco. Cortés imprisoned the royal families of the valley. To prevent another revolt, he personally tortured and killed Cuauhtémoc, the last Aztec Emperor; Coanacoch, the King of Texcoco, and Tetlepanquetzal, King of Tlacopan. The Spanish had no intentions of turning over Tenochtitlan to the Tlaxcalteca. While Tlaxcalteca troops continued to help the Spaniards, and Tlaxcala received better treatment than other indigenous nations, the Spanish eventually disowned the treaty. Forty years after the conquest, the Tlaxcalteca had to pay the same tribute as any other indigenous community. Political. Apparently, Cortes favored maintaining the political structure of the Aztecs, subject to relatively minor changes. Religious. Cortes immediately banned human sacrifice throughout the conquered empire. Evangelization began in the mid-1520s and continued in the 1530s. Many of the evangelists learned the native languages and recorded aspects of native culture, providing a principal source for our knowledge about them. By 1560, more than 800 clergy were working to convert Indians in New Spain.

“The Torture of Cuauhtémoc”, a 19th century painting by Leandro Izaguirre. By 1580, the number grew to 1,500 in 1580 and by 1650, to 3,000. Economics … .

Analysis of the Defeat Military Tactics. The Alliance’s use of ambush during indigenous ceremonies allowed the Spanish to avoid fighting the best Aztec warriors in direct armed battle, such as during The Feast of Huitzilopochtli. Smallpox and its Toll. Smallpox (Variola major and Variola minor) began to spread in Mesoamerica immediately after the arrival of Europeans. The indigenous peoples, who had no immunity to it, eventually died in the hundreds of thousands. A third of all the natives of the Valley of Mexico succumbed to it within six months of the arrival of the Spanish.

The Colonial Period (1521-1810) Main article: Colonial Mexico The capture of Tenochtitlan marked the beginning of a 300-year-long colonial period, during which Mexico was known as “New Spain“.

PERIOD OF THE CONQUEST (1521–1650)

New Spain in 1803. Contrary to a widespread misconception, Spain did not conquer all of the Aztec Empire when Cortes took Tenochtitlan. It required another two centuries to complete the conquest: rebellions broke out within the old Empire and wars continued with other native peoples. After the fall of Tenochtitlan, it took decades of sporadic warfare to subdue the rest of Mesoamerica. Particularly fierce was the Chichimeca War (1576–1606) in the north.

A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city of Queretaro Economics. The Council of Indies and the mendicant establishments, which arose in Mesoamerica as early as 1524, labored to generate capital for the crown of Spain and convert the Indian populations to Catholicism. During this period and the following Colonial periods the sponsorship of mendicant friars and a process of religious syncretism combined the Pre-Hispanic cultures with Spanish socioreligious tradition. The resulting hodgepodge of culture was a pluriethnic State that relied on the “repartimiento“, a system of peasant “Republic of Indians” labor that carried out any necessary work. Thus, the existing feudal system of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican culture was replaced by the encomienda feudal-style system of Spain, probably adapted to the pre-Hispanic tradition. This in turn was finally replaced by a debt-based inscription of labor that led to widespread revitalization movements and prompted the revolution that ended colonial New Spain. Evolution of the Race. During the three centuries of colonial rule, less than 700,000 Spaniards, most of them men, settled in Mexico. The settlers intermarried with indigenous women, fathering the mixed race (mestizo) descendents who today constitute the majority of Mexico’s population.

THE COLONIAL PERIOD (1650–1810)

A representation of a Mestizo, in a Pintura de Castas from Mexico during the Spanish colonial period. The painting’s caption states “Spanish and Indian produce Mestizo”. During this period, Mexico was part of the much larger Viceroyalty of New Spain, which included Cuba, Puerto Rico, Central America as far south as Costa Rica, the southwestern United States, and the Philippines. Spain during the 16th Century focused its energies on areas with dense populations that had produced Pre-Columbian civilizations, since these areas could provide the settlers with a disciplined labor force and a population to catechize. Territories populated by nomadic peoples were harder to conquer, and though the Spanish did explore a good part of North America, seeking the fabled “El Dorado”, they made no concerted effort to settle the northern desert regions in what is now the United States until the 17th Century.

Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora Colonial law was in many ways destructive. No administrative office was open to any Mexican native, even those of pure Spanish blood. From an economic point of view, New Spain was administered principally for the benefit of Spain. For instance, the cultivation of grapes and olives, which grew particularly well in certain areas of the country, was banned out of fear that the harvest would compete with Spain’s. Only two ports, morever, were open to foreign trade—Vera Cruz on the Atlantic and Acapulco on the Pacific. In fact, foreigners had to obtain a special permit from the Royal government to enter Mexico, and few Mexicans were permitted to travel abroad. Education was discouraged, and few books were available.

SANTA ANNA 19th Century Mexico (1807–1910)

Map from 1829 showing Mexico and Guatemala.

Map of Mexico, 1847.





c.1785. Campeche – Guatemala . Front / Franca Canobas + Stline. Dated as per time that

£100

postmaster Canobas was in charge





c.1800-1806. Mexico – Guatemala . 2 interesting usages E fronts / officials, one with 33 reales arrival

£100

Guatemala charge numeral (unique) (I).



1802 (10 Oct). Veracruz – Spain. EL. / Nueva España / GRS / Arrival crown “V” (alencia). Endorsed.

£100

Navio St º Domingo. Very rare complete letter. VF (I).



1804 (2 Aug)

£2.000

. EARLIEST KNOWN LETTER TO USA . Campeche – Philadelphia / USA . EL. Full text. Red Baltimore cds + ship “Minerva”. In 1802, the Minerva, a ship owned by Crowninshield and Nathaniel West, was the first Salem vessel to circumnavigate the globe. Only recorded letter to USA during colonial Mexico . According to 1799 ship date, the captain collected 2 cents USA + inland rate Baltimore – 12 1/2c. = 14 1/2c. Outstanding historical exhibition rarity. (I). During colonial times, mail to foreign countries was forbidden. See extended article in chapter. Mexican Maritime mail Encyclopedia by Heath – Schimmer + illustration on page 17.

ship minerva

Mexican Independence and the 19th Century (1807-1910) c.1808. Mexico city – Nueva Guatemala. Front / Franco Mexico / mns “V(iva) F(ernando) 7º”

£100

(xxx/RR). Superb rarity of the rare “Viva Fernando VII” slogan on mail to Guatemala (I).





c.1808. DF – Madrid . E. Dated by correspondence information double line FRANCO / MEXICO +

£125

“X” indicating no maritime charge (the recipient was a Royal officer). Exceptionally rare seldom seen in Mexican Maritime mail (mostly only from Peru ) (I).



1809 (20 March). Campeche – Canary Isl. Via Veracruz . EL full text double line slanted NUEVA

£120

ESPAÑA (xx) + mns 7r. Return trip of America would sail via Cadiz , while on going from Spain was all transited in The Canary Isl. VF. Scarce town maritime origin, specially since it is full text letter (I).



1809 (20 July). Veracruz – Spain. EL full text mns “Navio de Su Majestad San Leandro” + “Nueva /

£10

España” in grey ink + air rs 7. XF Scarce complete maritime letter (I).



1809 (17 Nov). Veracruz – Cadiz / Spain. EL full text black washy NUEVA / ESPAÑA + fragata

£7

Concepcion + red 7rs. Arrival XF (I).



1814 (15 May). Veracruz / Spain . EL full text mns “Fragata Oriente” (Military ship) + double red line

£30

“NUEVA / ESPAÑA (x/xx) straight letters type. Mns 7rs charge. Scarce complete letter (I).



1815 (25 Nov). Veracruz – Spain. EL full text. Red dots boxed NUEVA / ESPAÑA + 7 rs mns. Fragata

£60

Christina / 2ª via. VF (I).



c.1816. Yucatan / Merida – Madrid . Maritime letter front double line “PROVINCIA / DE YUCATAN

£40

” + 7rs + dissinfection slit. V scarce mark in all forms (I).



1819 (25 Sept). Veracruz – UK (7 Feb 20). EL fwded in Havana by Grey Fernandez and Bocker.

£250

Arrival cds. Mns. Charge on front. Displays great. Outstanding early colonial mail to UK (I).

1819 (c.Nov, as per text). An early British mail ship sailing. A 4-page letter (first two pages missing) sent to Mr Vetch in London (possibly a Company Secretary) describing problems and conditions for miners at the British-owned mines at Vila Grande and Mineral del Monte ( Pachuca district), ending on a hopeful note. There is no indication of any forwarding agent or of the ship on which the letter was carried, but it did receive a “Franco Veracruz ” cancel (in red) (VC7-6) in use between 1821 and 1831. It received the backstamp FPO JU 20 1828 on arrival on London , with in manuscript 9/- to pay (this was four times the basic rate for correspondence from Mexico . This letter would have been carried on the Tyrian packet, leaving Vera Cruz on 30 April 1828, and arriving in Falmouth on 18 June. £50 c.1820 (correspondence date). Veracruz – Madrid. E. Double red “Franco en /Veracruz” (xxx) + Fragata Constitucion Spanish Gunboat named after 1812 Cadiz Liberal declaration. VF mark in maritime usage (I £60

After Independence (1821-1846) Empire or Republic? Further information: First Mexican Republic

Political Developments in the South and North 1822 (4 April). Fort of SAN JUAN DE ULLOA – Spain . Via Habana. EL dated Veracruz, but at this time being the only remaining colonial outpost San Juan, carried by ship Aquiles, INDIAS denoting Cuban transit + 7 reales arrival Spanish boat arrival. Dissinfection slits. VF and rarity cover, only one other complete letter and a front recorded from this last post. (I). £350-500 c.1822. Villa de Albarado – Spain. E boxed town (xxx) + mns “Correo Voluntario / o 1er Barco” + 7 rs arrival charge. At this time Veracruz was under siege from Fort San Juan de Ulloa. Rarity maritime town usage illustrated MMM page 22 (I). £350-500 1823 (4 Nov). Mexico – USA – UK . Earliest US forwarded mail from Mexico EL with text from an Italian firm in Mexico City to London, carried by an unknown sailing ship, without markings (possibly by a passenger on board) to New York, where the forwarding agents, Bayard & Cº sent it on to the hanker, Frederick Huth, in London. Docketed arrival date 22 Jan 1824 ie 79 days or about 3 1/2 months en route. Possibly the earliest known letter after Mexican independence to have been sent from Mexico City to the USA . Le Roy Bayard & Cº were forwarding agents in New York between 1822 and 1825 (Rowe, 1973 edition, section 121). The letter left Vera Cruz just a month after the installation of Guadalupe Victoria, Mexico´s first President, in October 1823. According to the British Consul there, 123 small American vessels came to Vera Cruz in 1823, mostly bringing British goods originally imported into the USA . One of these vessels would have carried letters out of the mail on the return journey to the US . £200 1825 (23 July). MexicoDF -UK(8 Dec, 1825) FIRST OUTGOING MAIL AFTER LEGATION ESTABLISHMENT. VIA British Consular Agency, which pad just opened at spring 1825. EL carried by the “Jasper” sailed Vera Cruz August 1825 withFalmoutharrival on 8 Dec (ie 3 months route) (III £400 1826 (3 Sept). Guatemala – France . The COLONIAL OAXACA – DF – VERACRUZ postal route. E. Stline “Guatemala”, mns “Por Veracruz ” postal endorsement with Colonies / Bordeaux . Latest known date of this extraordinary route, which was the one during Colonial times, during which about 10-12 covers are recorded, one other post independence known showing this route, which we sold several years ago. The British Belize route opened inmediately after. Superb example that shows exceptionally well. (VI). £1.400 1827 (13 Nov). S. Luis Potosi – Portugal. EL fwded via UK / Falmouth via Thomas Rogers (fwding agent on front). Extraordinary rare early transatlantic destination, earliest to Portugal by 39 years. (Other being a Maximilian period cover) also Porsmouth ship letter “on front” and Falmouth packet cds depart on reverse (Feb 13/28) (III). £300 The federalists asked Gen. Antonio López de Santa Anna to overthrow Bustamante; he did, declaring General Manuel Gómez Pedraza (who won the electoral vote in 1828) as president. Elections were held, and Santa Anna took office in 1832. Constantly changing political beliefs, as president (he served as president 11 times),[12] in 1834, Santa Anna abrogated the federal constitution, causing insurgencies in the southeastern state of Yucatán and the northernmost portion of the northern state of Coahuila y Tejas. Both areas sought independence from the central government. Negotiations and the presence of Santa Anna’s army brought Yucatán to recognize Mexican sovereignty, Santa Anna’s army turned to the northern rebellion. The inhabitants of Tejas, calling themselves Texans and led mainly by relatively recently arrived English-speaking settlers, declared independence from Mexico at Washington-on-the-Brazos on 2 March 1836, giving birth to the Republic of Texas. At the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, Texan militias defeated the Mexican army and captured General Santa Anna. In 1845, the U.S. Congress ratified Texas’ petition for statehood.

CENTRAL AMERICA Central America, which at the time of Independence was still part of the Viceroyalty, broke away freely and in a pacific way from Mexico during 1822 and 1823 and formed the short-lived United Provinces of Central America. The northern states grew increasingly isolated, economically and politically, due to prolonged Comanche raids and attacks. New Mexico in particular had been gravitating toward Comancheria. In the 1820s, when the United States began to exert influence over the region, New Mexico had already begun to question its loyalty to Mexico. By the time of the Mexican-American War, the Comanches had raided and pillaged large portions of northern Mexico, resulting in sustained impoverishment, political fragmentation, and general frustration at the inability—or unwillingness—of the Mexican government to discipline the Comanches.[13]

TEXAS See also: Texas Revolution

The Fall of the Alamo, painted by Theodore Gentilz in 1844, depicts the Alamo complex from the south. The Low Barracks, the chapel, and the wooden palisade connecting them are in the foreground. Soon after achieving independence, the Mexican government, in an effort to populate its northern territories, awarded extensive land grants in Coahuila y Tejas to thousands of families from the United States, on condition that the settlers convert to Catholicism and become Mexican citizens. The Mexican government also forbade the importation of slaves. These conditions were largely ignored. A key factor in the decision to allow Americans in was the belief that they would a) protect northern Mexico from Comanche attacks and b) buffer the northern states against U.S. westward expansion. The policy failed on both counts: the Americans tended to settle far from the Comanche raiding zones and used the Mexican government’s failure to suppress the raids as a pretext for declaring independence.[13] The Texas Revolution or Texas War of Independence was a military conflict between Mexico and settlers in the Texas portion of the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas.

The painting “Surrender of Santa Anna” by William Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston The war lasted from October 2, 1835 to April 21, 1836. However, a war at sea between Mexico and Texas would continue into the 1840s. Animosity between the Mexican government and the American settlers in Texas, as well as many Texas residents of Mexican ancestry, began with the Siete Leyes of 1835, when Mexican President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna abolished the federal Constitution of 1824 and proclaimed the more centralizing 1835 constitution in its place. War began in Texas on October 2, 1835, with the Battle of Gonzales. Early Texian Army successes at La Bahia and San Antonio were soon met with crushing defeat at the same locations a few months later. The war ended at the Battle of San Jacinto where General Sam Houston led the Texian Army to victory over a portion of the Mexican Army under Santa Anna, who was captured shortly after the battle. The conclusion of the war resulted in the creation of the Republic of Texas in 1836.

[EDIT] THE TERMS OF SURRENDER The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which stipulated that a) Mexico must sell its northern territories to the United States for US $15 million; b) the United States would protect the property rights of Mexicans living in the ceded territories; and c) the United States would assume $3.25 million in debt owed by Mexico to U.S. citizens.

[EDIT] ANALYSIS OF THE DEFEAT

American occupation of Mexico City The Mexican-American War was independent Mexico’s first encounter with a large, well-organized and -equipped army. After having won two wars against Spain and, France, Mexico was overwhelmed by the number of European countries that wanted to colonize the American continent The primary reason for Mexico’s defeat was its problematic internal situation, which led to a lack of unity and organization for a successful defense.

[EDIT] THE GADSEN PURCHASE The United States had not realized when it was negotiating the Treaty of Hidalgo that a much easier railroad route to California lay slightly south of the Gila River, which the treaty designated part of the border between the two countries. In 1853, President Santa Anna sold off the Gadsden Strip to the US for $5 million. This loss of still more territory provoked considerable outrage among the Mexican populace, but Santa Anna claimed that he needed money to rebuild the army from the war. In the end, he squandered most of it. The Southern Pacific Railroad, the second transcontinental railroad to California, was built through this purchased land in 1881.

[edit] The Struggle for Liberal Reform (1855-1872) Main article: La Reforma La Reforma was a period halfway through the 19th century in the history of Mexico that was characterized by liberal reforms and the transformation of Mexico into a nation state. A new generation of political figures came to power who were shocked at the ease by which Mexico had lost to the United States in 1848. Notable liberal politicians in the reform period include Benito Juárez, Juan Álvarez, Ignacio Comonfort, Miguel Lerdo de Tejada, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, Melchor Ocampo, José María Iglesias and Santos Degollado. The Reforma is usually considered to have begun with the overthrowing and removal of Antonio López de Santa Anna in the Revolution of Ayutla in 1855. There is less consensus about the ending point of the Reforma. Common dates are 1861, after the liberal victory in the Reform War, 1867, after the republican victory of the French intervention in Mexico and 1876 after the Rebellion of Tuxtepec in which Porfirio Díaz overthrew president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada.

[EDIT] SANTA ANNA AND BENITO JUAREZ In 1855, the Liberal Party overthrew Santa Anna during the Revolution of Ayutla. The moderate Liberal Ignacio Comonfort became president. The Moderados tried to find a middle ground between the nation’s liberals and conservatives.

[EDIT] THE 1857 CONSTITUTION During Comonfort’s presidency, the Constitution of 1857 was drafted creating the Second Federal Republic of Mexico. The new constitution retained most of the Roman Catholic Church‘s Colonial-era privileges and revenues. Up to this point, the Church controlled most education in Mexico in addition to large tracts of land and also sent considerable sums of money back to Rome. The 1857 constitution granted religious freedom, stating only that the Catholic Church was the favored faith. Such reforms were unacceptable to the leadership of the clergy and the conservatives. Comonfort and members of his administration were excommunicated, and a revolt broke out.

[EDIT] THE WAR OF REFORM The revolt led to the War of Reform (December 1857 to January 1861), which grew increasingly bloody as it progressed and polarized the nation’s politics. Many Moderates, convinced that the Catholic Church’s political power had to be curbed, came over to the side of the Liberals. For some time, the Liberals and Conservatives simultaneously administered separate governments, the Conservatives from Mexico City and the Liberals from Veracruz. The war ended with a Liberal victory, and liberal President Benito Juárez moved his administration to Mexico City.

[EDIT] FRENCH INTERVENTION AND THE SECOND MEXICAN EMPIRE (1861-1867) Main article: French intervention in Mexico

Portrait of Maximilian I of Mexico, by Franz Xaver Winterhalter In the 1860s, the country was again invaded, this time by France, which installed the Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria as Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, with support from the Roman Catholic clergy, conservative elements of the upper class, and some indigenous communities. Although the French suffered an initial defeat (the Battle of Puebla–now commemorated as the Cinco de Mayo holiday), they eventually defeated the Mexican army and set Maximilian on the throne. The Mexican-French monarchy set up administration in Mexico City, governing from the National Palace. Maximilian’s consort was Empress Carlota of Mexico. The Imperial couple chose as their home Chapultepec Castle. The Imperial couple noticed how the people of Mexico (and especially the Indians) were treated, and wanted to ensure their human rights. They were interested in a Mexico for the Mexicans, and did not share the views of Napoleon III, who was interested in exploiting the rich mines in the northwest of the country.

Benito Juárez, President of Mexico (1861–1863 and 1867–1872) Maximilian was a liberal: he favored the establishment of a limited monarchy, one that would share its powers with a democratically elected congress. This was too liberal to please Mexico’s Conservatives, while the liberals refused to accept a monarch, leaving Maximilian with few enthusiastic allies within Mexico. President Benito Juárez kept the federal government functioning during the French intervention that put Maximilian in power. After taking power, Maximilian also received a letter from Rome requesting full restoration of church privileges in Mexico, but he declared that the Mexican people and not outsiders would decide this. Meanwhile, the Mexican expedition was unpopular with the French public as it was both expensive and seemed to produce little if any value for France. Finally in the spring of 1865, with the Civil War over, the United States demanded the withdrawal of French troops from Mexico, which the latter quietly complied with. In mid-1867, following repeated losses in battle to the Republican Army and ever decreasing support from Napoleon III, Maximilian was captured and executed by Juárez’s soldiers. From then on, Juárez remained in office until his death in 1872. 1831 (2 Aug). DF – UK . EL full text carried via Tampico packet “Spey” dep 25 Aug 31, mail offloaded at New Orleans 3 Sept 31. Fred Frey & Cº for a faster transatlantic trip / ship letter Liverpool / London 14 Oct 1831 / 1sh 7d due. Exceptional routing (Westpex 88 U$ 250) (III). £100 1831 (6 Nov). Soto La Marina – UK. EL. Red FRANCO EN / LA MARINA. Rated at 3/2d postage due by Messrs Huth the bankers, as addressees. On the reverse, the Liverpool Ship letter marking, and in red, the London receiving mark, 30 January 1832, showing three months in route. This letter would have been carried on the packet sailing ship “Calypso” which left Vera Cruz on 30 November 1831, arriving at Falmouth on 18 January. 1842. Superb exhibition item. £200 1832 (11 Jan) ( Tepic ) – San Blas – Tampico – Falmouth – Glasgow . E fwded twice at San Blas and Tampico with green ” MEXICO ” ornamental Falmouth green pmk of the packet. Probably cancel by the “Lapwing”. Extraordinary document. Illustrated MMM color plate 1 (III). £350 1832 (18 Feb).MEXICO-USA- BRITISH MAIL.Mexico City-UK. Letter cover from William de Drusina in Mexico City to the banker Frederick Huth in London, docketed 18 Jan and to be sent via Philadelphia, showing the forwarder in mss as Hagerdorn, Leupold & Cº, dated 10 March, and on the reverse a crowed circle “Ship Letter, London” dated 23 April 1832 and Unpaid oval mark in red 2A Noon 2 with the same date. This is aLondonmark (British Postmarks, Fig 29, Alcock andHollandnº 154), and a large 8 on the front suggest that there was 8d to pay. The letter cover was 95 days en route. The “Ship Letter London” mark appears on p 230 of Alcock & Holland´s “British Postmarks, 1960 and is Fig898 in their 1935 handbook. An exceptional routing seen at this early period only 1832 (5 Sept). FRENCH MAILS. Mexico City – France / Bordeaux (8 Feb 1833). EL full text. Prepaid “Franco hasta el Puerto” (in red) to Veracruz – Postage not specified transported per paquebot du Mexique Balguerie et fils “Le Jean-Pierre” the ship sailed to Marseille due to a cholera epidemic in Bordeaux. The letter was dissinfected “Purifee a Marseille” and sent overland to Bordeaux . “Taxes de voie de mer” (seamail charges) 15 decimes per 7,5 gram total postage due changed from 42 to 71 decimes. French cancels (in black) boxed ” Bordeaux paq reg” and ” pays d´outremer”. Exhibition rarity. Illustrated and studied at MMM page 100 (VI). £280 1836 (1 July). DF -Netherlands. Letter fromMexico CitytoAmsterdam, marked Per BM Packet Reindeer viaFalmouth. On the reverse theLondonreceipt marking 19 Aug 1836, and theAmsterdamreceipt marking 21 Aug together with a Dutch inscription “Engeland… (indecipherable), all in red. The sum of 8/8d (in ms) postage due was charged inLondon, and a further 179 inAmsterdam. The letter was 7 1/2 weeks in transit. The Reindeer sailed from Vera Cruz on 3 July and arrived inFalmouthon 17 Aug 1836. Scarce early destruction + British Conection (III 1837 (18 Aug). Rancho Santa Rita / near Matamoros – USA. EL. With full contains posted at “PUERTO DE / MATAMOROS” (xxx/RRR) + Franco endorsed on reverse “per Goleta COMANCHA” / Captain Breda PP. Via NO Oct 2 + ship (both blue). Historical text reads: the letter reports the hardships of ranching: “…the comanches and other indian tribes are hostile and make it impossible to harvest … the preparations of the Mexican armee to attack Texas are not completed due to lack of horses, artillery and ammunition … hostilities can not be expected before spring …” illustrated MMM page 137 (VIII £250 1837 (29 Aug). DF – UK. EL. Drusina & G.J. Martinez Mexico City 29 Aug 1837. Gold finch packet left Vera Cruz on 1 Sept 1837 and arrived on 5 Nov. Postmarked Mexico City 30 Aug – per Goldfinch packet received London 7 nov 1837 – postage £ 2.1.0. Staggering transportation payment for a Mexican British mail system payment, the highest we are aware. (Schimmer 87 U$ 1,200!) (III). 1838 (10 Aug). Zacatecas – FRANCE. FIRST FRENCH – MEXICAN WAR / PASTRY WAR (named after its origin for a local French citizen dispute). Letter contains fascinating historical account. Very few letters survived of this period. French consul in Zacatecas / fwded by A. Montluc + British packet STAR dep 2 Sept 38 Tampico / Falmouth 10ct. Illustrated MMM page 45 with extensive article (III). 1840 (14 Feb). Double letter sheet from the firm of James Chabot inTampicoto the bankers, Rothschild & Sons, inLondon. This was carried by the British gun brig “Reindeer” serving as a mail carrier for the British post office packet station in England at Falmouth. The letter is dated by the sender as 16 Feb 1840, two years before the establishment of a British postal agency at the Consulate inTampico. It bears a red star control mark, which is known as an inspector´s mark, imposed by the GPO in London on the arrival and departure of some overseas mail after checking that the ratings had been correct. The letter itself was forwarded by A.Montluc, a French merchant who acted as principal forwarding agent inTampicoat the time. The manuscript 2/3 represents the collect charge imposed by the GPO inLondonon arrival. On the back of the cover is the GPO receipt mark dated 17 April 1840, showing that the letter was en route for a total of 61 days 1840 (7 Sept). Zacatecas – France / Le Havre. EL. Carried. By British packet and docketed as received on 4 Dec. The route used “pr Packet” (in red mss on the front) was by the sailing packet “Skylark” from Tampico to Cove in Ireland, “COVE SHIPLETTER” marking with Cove cds of 28 Nov on arrival, together with a 1/6d seamail charge differing from the standard 2/3d rate. InLondonthe letter received the square arrival mark in red date 5nº29 40, similar to Alcock and Holland´s Fig 445, and was then cancelled in red in bothCalaisandParis3 Dec, with the Havre cancel the following day. 27 decimes postage due to pay, 57 days en route. Most unusual routing (III). 1841 (24 July). Colotlan ( Guadalajara ) – France. EL / FRANCO en COLOTLAN / (xxx) with another letter enclosed, marked “Via Vera Cruz” and carried by an unknown French ship with a “PD” marking in red to Diehoud “near Argenzac Department” in the Correze. No rate mark. The letter was given an “Outremer Pauillac” (ie Bordeaux ) cancel dated “9 October”, and backstamped with the transit markings of Bordeaux , Beaulieu, Tulle. Three months in transit. XF item (IV). 1843 (8 March). British MAIL with DOUBLE FORWARDING AGENTS. A letter cover to London from Uhde & Pini in Mazatlan on the Pacific coast, dated 8 March 1843, and apparently carried out of the mail across the country to Mexico City , where it was forwarded to Vera Cruz on 23 March by the agents Sengstack & Schütte. On arrival, it was cancelled “Franqueado Vera Cruz” by the Mexican post office (very faint) and forwarded again via the British Consulate (cds “Vera Cruz 29 March”) by the agent Brunner & Büsing, marked “per Royal Mail Steam Packet”. On arrival in London , it received the datemerk “11 May 1843” in red; the standard rate of 2/3d for a single letter was marked and paid by the addressee, Messrs Huth. 54 days en route. This example of a double, or possibly triple, forwarding agent involved, is illustrated on page 371 of “Mexican Maritime Mail”. Illustrated MMM page 371 with extensive chapter search. RMSP Thames departed Veracruz 27 March 1843. Displays excellent (III). 1844 (17 July). Mazatlan – UK . Forwarding agents via British Mail. E endorsed Sengstock Schütte / Mexico DF 22 Aug 1844 / fwded / to Brünner & Büssing at the Mexican P.O. in Veracruz , were posted and handed to Veracruz BPO. Per RMSP Severn, departed Veracruz 1 Sept 1844. Scarce double forwading + double post office (Mexican + British). Displays well opened. Signed Schimmer (III).

The War With the United States of America (1846-1853) Main article: Mexican-American War

Antonio López de Santa Anna The Mexican–American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. American forces invaded and conquered New Mexico, California, and parts of what is currently northern Mexico; meanwhile, the American Navy conducted a blockade, and took several garrisons on the Pacific coast of Mexico—largely what is now California, but also farther south. Another American army captured Mexico City, which forced Mexico to agree to the sale of its northern territories to the U.S. American territorial expansion to the Pacific coast was the goal of President James K. Polk, the leader of the Democratic Party.[14] However, the war was highly controversial in the U.S., with the Whig Party and anti-slavery elements strongly opposed. Heavy American casualties and high monetary cost were also criticized. The major consequence of the war was the forced Mexican Cession of the territories of Alta California and New Mexico to the U.S. in exchange for $18 million. In addition, the United States forgave debt owed by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its national border, and the loss of Texas. Meanwhile gold was discovered in California, which immediately became an international magnet for the California Gold Rush.

SANTA ANNA, AGAIN Santa Anna was Mexico’s leader during the conflict with Texas. Santa Anna was in and out of power again during the Mexican-American War. After Texas joined the Union in 1846, the U.S. government sent troops to Texas to secure the territory, subsequently ignoring Mexico’s demands for withdrawal. Mexico saw this as intervention in its internal affairs.

[EDIT] THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (1846–1848)

The Brown Bess the Mexican army’s basic weapon during the Mexican-American War In response to a Mexican attack on Fort Texas (subsequently renamed Fort Brown), the U.S. Congress declared war on May 13, 1846; Mexico followed suit on 23 May. Thus began the Mexican–American War, which took place in two phases: the western (aimed at securing California) and Central Mexico (aimed at capturing Mexico City) campaigns. The California campaign was brief and involved mostly skirmishes: the main Mexican resistance came from the Californios, and no side fielded more than 700 men in any fighting. The United States completed its occupation of California by January 1847.

THE MEXICO CITY CAMPAIGN

The amphibious assault on Veracruz 1846 (27 June) . Colotlan – France. EL. With departure Mexico P.O. “FRANCO / COLOTLAN” (xxx/RR) + 4. ViaVeracruz- Habana carried by Spanish Boat / Habana 26 AGO 46 where handed to British P.O. /Havana(2 Sept) for transatlantic crossing viaUKowards. Extraordinary (IV In March 1847, U.S. President James K. Polk sent an army of 12,000 volunteer and regular soldiers under General Winfield Scott to the port of Veracruz. The 70 ships of the invading forces arrived at the city on 7 March and began a naval bombombardment. After landing his men, horses, and supplies, Scott began the Siege of Veracruz. The city (at that time still walled) was defended by Mexican General Juan Morales with 3,400 men. Veracruz replied as best it could with artillery to the bombardment from land and sea, but the city walls were reduced. After 12 days, the Mexicans surrendered. By far the greatest number of casualties on the U.S. side was due to yellow fever, which significantly reduced the number of active American troops.[citation needed] Scott marched west with 8,500 men, while Santa Anna entrenched with artillery and 12,000 troops on the main road halfway to Mexico City (the Battle of Cerro Gordo Cerro ). Santa Anna’s guns were trained on the road, but Scott sent 2,600 mounted dragoons ahead, and Mexican artillery prematurely fired on them, revealing their positions. Armed with this vital information, Scott ordered his troops to trek through the rough terrain to the north, setting up his artillery on the high ground and flanking Santa Anna. Although aware of the positions of U.S. troops, the Mexican army was unprepared for the ensuing onslaught and was routed.

A painting of the American assault on the Chapultapec castle. Scott pushed on to Puebla, Mexico’s second largest city, which capitulated without resistance on 1 May—the citizens were hostile to Santa Anna. After the Battle of Chapultepec (13 September 1847), Mexico City was occupied; Scott became its military governor. Many other parts of Mexico were also occupied. Some Mexican units fought with distinction. One of the justly commemorated units was a group of six young Military College cadets (now considered Mexican national heroes). These cadets fought to the death defending their college during the Battle of Chapultepec. Another group revered by Mexicans was the Batallón de San Patricio, a unit composed of hundreds of mostly Irish-born American deserters who fought under Mexican command until the overwhelming defeat at the Battle of Churubusco (20 August 1847). Most of the San Patricios were killed; many of those taken prisoner were court-martialled as traitors and executed at Chapultepec. 1848 (28 July). Mexico City – USA / New Orleans . Via Veracruz . Not back stamped. EL. Full text written on a sheet of REVENUE PAPER “Sello tercero – CUATRO REALES” for the year 1846-7. Text reports about condition in Mexico City and the senders intention to claim land along the Rio Grande (in English), very interesting as it happens during US Mexican war. 1848 (16 Oct). BRITISH + FRENCH Maritime mail Exchange / MAIL toItaly. This wrapper, sent by a British packet ship on October 16, 1848 from Vera Cruz at the standard seamail rate of 2/3d to a forwarding agent in London, Heath, Furse & Cº (see cachet on reverse) was to be forwarded to an Italian addressee, “Don Andres Pracaida” at “Carrara”. On arrival inLondon, it received the GPO mark “NL 23 no2 1848” and on the front theLondoncds showing “Paid 23 Nov, 1848” and on the front theLondoncds showing “Paid 23 Nov, 1848”. Heath, Furse crossed out their name and address, and after apparently paying £ 1.3.0 to the GPO (see notation in red) presumably to cover the postal cost to Italy, put the letter back into the London mail where it received the striking “Returned from” marking against the “Paid cds Originally marked “par France” (in the left hand bottom corner). Sent from London via Boulagne (with the standard French cancel for British mail dated “24 Nov”) it was given, in red, the scarce “PF” in oval (see Hafinger “Monographie der Franzoesischen Briefmarke” Val.I, p20) strike signifying “Port Payé jusqu” ala Frontiereand on crossing the frontier into Savoy also had a 10 decimes postage due to France superimposed in manuscript. At that point it was given an Italian marking “Via di Pt Beauvoisin” and on arriving inLuccareceived on the reverse the town cancel dated “1 Dec 1848”. Thereafter there are no markings, but the mss inscription “Iconosciuto” on the reverse suggests that the letter was never delivered. The letter was at least 76 days in transit. The nº 30 at the top right hand corner is probably a letter file number placed on it by the forwarding agent inLondonat the same time as the payment for forwarding was noted in red. Per RMSP “Teviot” departed Vera Cruz 18 October 1848. Veracruz BPO reverse. Exceptional postal history item (III) + (VI 1848 (12 Dec). Tequache / Yucatan – USA / NO. EL. With text oval FRANCO / MERIDA . With “ship / 6 cents” (xx). Addressed to the French Consul. VF. Rare maritime origin area. Illustrated MMM page 214 (VIII). 1848 (12 Dec). Tequache / Yucatan – USA / NO. EL. With text oval FRANCO / MERIDA . With “ship / 6 cents” (xx). Addressed to the French Consul. VF. Rare maritime origin area. Illustrated MMM page 214 (VIII). 1849 (1 Aug). Veracruz – USA. EL. Veracruz paid crown circle (xxx). ViaMobile/ Ala. Red cds + “ship / 12” oval mark. RMSPtrentdepVeracruz16 Aug 49. Lovely condition item +USAdestination for the crown circle (very scarce) EX Everett Earl. lllustrated MMM page 53 (VIII 1849 (27 Sept). MEXICO BRITISH CONSULAR LEGATION postal cachet to USA . DF – USA . EL. Docketed “27 September” and bearing “Mexico City” cancel in red, the circular seal mark of the British Consulate in Mexico City”, and the “Crown in Circle” “Paid at Vera Cruz” cancel of the British consular postal agency there, together with the Consulates cds dated “Oct 17 1849” and impression of the British “extraordinario” courier, Rafael Veraza, from Mexico City to Vera Cruz, and thence by the RMSP packet ship to Mobile on its inward run from England via Vera Cruz. In Mobile, it received the post office handstamp in blue dated “28 October” and “Ship” before being sent on to Philadelphia, arriving there on 16 Nov, ie 50 days en route. The letter was rated at 1/-, in mns on the front, by way of British sea charges, with 10 cents to pay in blue as the US rate. Per RMSP “Teviot” departed Vera Cruz 18 Oct 1849. ONLY USAGE of British Consular cachet to US that we´ve been seen (VIII). 1849 (27 Nov). Tampico – USA. British TAMPICO crown circle in red. EL. Sta.Anna Tamaulipas Mexican postal mark, red BPO Tampico + British charge to USA. Per RMSP ” Clyde ” departed 17 Jan. Superb condition. Ex – Everell Earl (1981 – 1,000 U$). Illustrated MMM page 53-50 (VIII). 1849 (14 Dec). Mexico DF – UK. EL. Via Acapulco (13 Jan 1850). “Test” letter to try a new mail route via Acapulco and Panama . During 1848-9. Traffic strips in the American Pacific Coast increased enormously due to the Gold rush of California . This letter tried to benefit of that. Extraordinary. Proper charges / Panama + British. Illustrated MMM page 241. (III). 1849 816 Dec). USA – BRITISH MAIL. Veracruz – UK. Via ALABAMA. E. Carried out of the mail and posted by forwarder J. Bell & Cº at mobile, Alabama 24 Dec (oval blue mark) – Via Halifax to London. 5 cents US Inland, 16 cents packet and 3 cents British inland charges = 24 cents 1/- collected from recipient. Exceptional routing the only we´ve seen having such a conecting point on transatlantic mail. Arrives London 22 Jan 50. Illustrated MMM page 56. 1850 The political aftermath of the war raised the slavery issue in the U.S., leading to intense debates that pointed to civil war; the Compromise of 1850 provided a brief respite. 1851 (8 March). Queretaro – USA. EL. Full text.FranklinB. Walton, MD 8 MArch 1851 -Queretaro”3² (reales) “Franco” – inland rate prepaid (all in red) ship rate of 1851: unpaid ship under3,000 miles7 cents. Scarce combination of Mexican + US postal administration 1851 (22 March). Acapulco – USA / Mass. EL. Written on board US steamer ” Oregon ” via Panama . California gold rush time period 40 cts paid in full. Illustrated MMM page 244 (VIII). 1852 (2 Jan). Tepic – USA / NY. Albany . Envelope red “Franqueado / en Tepia” (xxx) + “4” charge on reverse. Via N.O. + ship 7. (1851 ship rate for less than 2,000 miles 2 cents + Inland 5 cents). Via Veracruz. VF. Illustrated MMM page 243 (VIII). 1852 (9 Jan). Puebla – Cadiz (1 Feb). Via Veracruz – Habana. Spanish mail ship “5” reales blue Habana + 7 rs red Spain modified from a 5 rs (to include Cuban charge) EL full contains. V interesting (II). 1852 (2 Sept) . Guadalajara – FRANCE. EL full text “Franqueado / Guadalajara” cds Mexico post administration to Veracruz BPO / 4rs internal prepayment. Via British mail + red “Art 13” box. Unusual systems combinations. VF + a rarity out of this early maritime mail. 1852 (29 Sept). Veracruz – Tampico . EL. With the cds of the British postal agency in Vera Cruz, this letter, which was first cancelled at the Mexican post office there and then given the British “Crown in Circle” “Paid at Vera Cruz” cancel was carried by the RMSP steamer “Dee” to Tampico, which sailed that day. 1/ – shown as paid by the sender. An excellent strike and appealing cover (IV). c.1852. Acapulco (?) – Veracruz. E. With mns endorsement “Por vapor” Turbide de Orleans el 11 de Mayo, stline ACAPULCO (xxx/RR) + “3”. The route is obscure, but in John Heath´s opinion this cover was posted by a ship captain atAcapulcoforVeracruz. Xtraord. rare preph postmark + postal history ite (XI 1853 (11 Aug). Puerto de Mazatlan to France. EL. Por el paquete Ingles. With a fullMazatlancancel in red + FRANCO in wreath, the letter was apparently charged “6” (reales) to reach theportofVera Cruzwhich may have been paid there. Backstamped with the cds of the British postal agency at the Consulate in Vera Cruz dated “4 September”, a London transit receiving mark in red, a Paris cancel dated “4 October” and a Bordeaux cancel of 9 October, this letter was apparently redirected to an address at Valence, with the postage due increased from 34 decimes to 42. Two months en route. Excellent. (IV 1853 (25 Oct). MEXICAN MAIL AND INLAND COMPANY. DF -Pueblacolor beautiful embossed illustrated paddle steamer envelope front / carried by Mexican postal administration. Addressed to James C.Curran c/o A.Blumenknow the only postally used cover recorded of this line. One of the greatest classic Mexican maritime rarities. Illustrated MMM color plate 5 (VIII £500 1854 (23rd March). Zacatecas -FRANCEPANAMABPO ROUTING DISRUPTION. Rarity for its routing from BPO atEast Mexican Coast,Panama/Veracruz. Per RMSP “Teviot” departed Vera Cruz 4 April 1854. EL with Zacatecas cancel Yag-Bash Z5-7 (used only in 1854) and marked as 4 reales paid, to be sent “Por el Vapor de Vera Cruz” with the backstamped cds of the British postal agency in Vera Cruz dated 4 April, and in red “Panama Transit” followed by the Loncon transit mark dated 29 Apr and the Anglo – French Calais exchange cancel of 30 April, being then delivered via Paris on 2 May Panama transit. 21 decimes to pay in postage due. The interesting and most unusual mark suggest that as the letter was likely to miss the regular British packet boat which was due to leave Tampico for Southampton on 30 March, it was taken instead to the port of Mazatlan on the Pacific coast and then shipped to Panama, taken across the isthmus by rail to the port of Chagres where a British packet could have brought it up to Vera Cruz just in time to catch the RMSP “Teviot” which departed on 4 April. The total journey time on this section of the route would have been 12 days, and it is known that British firms using Gulf ports at the time did in fact contemplate using the route in transit viaPanama(see p 240 of Mexican Maritime Mail), althought not in general successfully. This may have been an exception; and it is interesting to note that for some reason on arriving in Calais, the letter was not given the usual Anglo-French GB accountancy tray marking, but only the mns 21 d ecimes to pay by way of postage due arrival 1854 (21 May). USA Steamer Antilope / off SAN DIEGO / California – NY. Carried by Mexican West Coast steamer. “PAID / STD” + oval “PAID / CITY / 24 JT Exp Post”. Via Adam Express. Envelope with full contains mentioning S. Diego and SF Excellent transcontinental crossing + A E Cº (VIII). 1854 (22 July). Zacatecas – France. EL oval illustr FRANCO / ZACATECAS. Via Veracruz BPO. Censored by RMSP ” Solent ” dep 4 Aug 54. Red “Colonies / Art 13” + charges. Excellent usage. (IV). 1854. Fresnillo – FRANCE . Entire from Fresnillo in the State of Zacatecas (Yag/Bash 57 and 57A) addressed to Señor Domingo Sescosse at Lanasoro (Pont Majours) near Bayonne , Lower Pyrenees, France, and dated 19 July 1854. Inscribed “Francia”, “por Vera Cruz”, “En el paquete Ing(les)” and por Bayonne, and on the reverse flap a 4 reales domestic postage due rate marking, it received the cds of the British postal agency in Vera Cruz on 4 Aug 1854, the London marking 29 Aug 1854, the Angl Amb Calais marking (very faint under FRANCO), the red boxed “Colonies & Art 13” at Calais, and cancels at Paris, Ustariz (twice), Salies de Bearn (twice), and Bayonne on 30 Aug, 1st and 2nd September, and 3 Sept respectively, with in manuscript 15 decimes to be paid by addressee as postage due. The letter was 45 + days in transit. Scarce combination of mail systems. Per RMSP “Solent” departed Vera Cruz 4 Aug 1854. 1854 (24 Nov). Mineral dela Luz/ Gjto – France. E. With double ring pmk “MINERAL DELA LUZ/ FRANCO” (xxx/RRR), discovery copy, with Yag – Bash GN45, recorded but not illustrated, “7” via BPO Veracruz. Per RMSP “Treviot” departedVeracruz5 Dec 54. Exceptional transatlantic diff post office pmks comb cover c.1854. Front of a cover to the Cashier of the New Orleans Canal Company, eith reverse flap showing a strike “Attakapakas Packet – J.J. Labartine Rio Grande” handstamp in red ie transferred at Rio Grande from Mexico with, in red, oval “Paid F.A.Dentzel” – Agent P.O. – New Orleans. A maritime cover only in the sense that the letter crossed the Rio Grande (VIII). 1855 (22 June). Zacatecas – France. EL / FRANCO EN ZACATECAS / double line + 6. Via BPO Veracruz, per RMSP “Wye” dep 5 July 55 / Colonies Artº 13 accontancy marky. VF (IV). 1855 (20 Oct). Aguascalientes – France . EL. Boxed dated town name + Franco (both xxx). Via BPO Veracruz / 3 Nov 55 / RMSP Solent . 43 days transit VF transatlantic. Town mpk usage (IV). 1856 (19 Feb). Puebla – USA. EL full text Puebla ds + Franco boxes red NO cds + steamship 10. 2 reales for domestic prepayment shown on reverse. Displays well opened. Scarce overseas combination of diff postal administrations. VF 1856 (23 May). La Luz / Gjto – France. E. Double ring “FRANCO EN LA LUZ ” / mns date + Colonies Artº 18 (xxx/RR) the scarce type for use only during 1856. Carried via Veracruz / BPO / 4 june 56 by RMSP “Type”. Exceptional good condition (IV). 1856 (2 July).MexicoCity -FRANCE-GERMANY.EL. British Consular Postal AgencyVeracruz2 July 1856 instruction: “per Royal mail steam packet” London Transit 1 Au 56 -Calaisexchange office accountancy tray “Colonies Art. 18” 15 decimes postage due assessed. Per RMSP “Conway” departed Vera Cruz 5 July 1856. Addressed had moved, the letter was forwarded to the Hamburg Thurn & Taxis post office 4/8/1856. 222 Pfennig (Hamburgcurrency 1 mark= 192 Pfennig) postage due. A very scarce combination usage of Veracruz BPO with red Colonies Art 18. Illustrated MMM page 298 1857 (2 Feb). DF – Veracruz . EXTRAORDINARIO mail with DOS REALES. Docketed Julio F. Uhink Mexico City 2 Feb 1857. Instruction P.Extraordinario. EL full text fkd 25 1856 issue. It is assumed that all mail transported by the British Courier Service paid double postage. Single letters to Vera Cruz should have been charged with 4 – not 2 reales. The letter was delivered in Veracruz 3 Feb confirming the use of the courier service. Apparently the only known example. 1857 (27 April). Colima – DF. EL. Fkd 2rs 1856 issue. As per Karl Schimmer quoted a letter of great postal history importance text “The steamers of the PMSS Cº propose touching the port of Manzanillo once a month, both on their voyage from Panama and San Francisco…” “You may therefore expect on or about the 23rd of each month the steamer fromPanamabound to this port and on or about the 25th of each month, the steamer thence forPanama”. “We will presume this arrangement will be most desirable to you, as it will prevent your treasures for either place remaining long in Manzanillo…”. K. Schimmer 1992 U$ 1,200). Illustrated MMM page 246 with 3 pages of extensive article dedicated (VIII 1858 (2 Aug). DF – France. E. Fkd 1856 2rs deep green, name + cds via BPO Veracruz / RMSP “Solent” / 4 Aug 58. VF 2rs. 1st issue overseas scarce usage as single franking (IV 1859 (27 July). Hermosillo – Guaymas. E fkd 1856 1rl yellow vertical strip of three, Hermosillo district name + double line “Franco en / Hermocillo” cancel cover. Scarce district + rare low value multiple on cover. F-VF. 1859 (19 Oct). EXTRAORDINARIO del 19 Oct 59. DF – USA / New Orleans . The special courier mail. Letter front fkd 1856 issue 4rs green + 8 reales lilac horiz pair all large margins, tied cds. New Orleans cds + STEAMSHIP circular cachet. High manuscript 40 cts (US) for US arrival charge. Ex Michael Hart. Mepsi Cert (+ 9178). Outstanding Mexican maritime item. Illustrated MMM page 63 (VIII). 1860 (13 March).Hermosillo- Guaymas. EL full text fkd 1856 single 2 rs intense green,Hermosillodistrict name + double strightline cancel. XF 1860 (5 May). Hermosillo – Guaymas. EL fkd 1856 2rs green (x2) Hermosillo district name, “Franco en / Hermocillo” tied cancels. Most aesthetic appealing i 1860 (23 Nov). DF – Veracruz . SERVICIO EXTRAORDINARIO / BRITISH COURIER SERVICE DF – VERACRUZ – DF. Docketed DF 1 Sept 60. Double normal postage 6rs E. Fkd 2rs + 4 rs 1856, distr name, cds. Endorsed “por el extraordinario del paquete ingles”. 6rs scarce rate for extraordinario (normally 4 or 8rs) (IV). 1860 (28 Dec). Mexico City – Germany . 28 Dec 1860. Letter from Watermeyer Kaufman in Mexico City to Limbach, near Chemnitz in Germany, via Vera Cruz, where it would have been carried by RMS “Clyde” leaving on 30 Dec for Havana, with onward carriage by an unknown ship to New Orleans (date cancel, 11 Jan), with 30 cents to pay. The Vera Cruz cancel is postdated 31 Dec. In New Orleans it was forwarded by “Reichard & Cº”, (an unrecorded forwarding agent, with mns in red) marked on 10 Jan by first steamer (17 days previous to short term Louisiana Independence days). On arrival in New York (“New York Br Pkt, with cancel dated 16 Jan) it was carried to England on the maiden voyage of the Cunard ship S>S>Australasian (Known from blue pencil marking). On being carried onward to Germany , it received a dated backstamp ” Aachen ” (?29,1) and “Ausgabe” (ie delivery) marking placed over a “Sieglar” cancel. 1862 (12 Feb). DF -Puebla. EL full text fkd 1861 8rs black / pink, no district name, good margins, tied cds (Yv 11B as complete stamp on cover 3,500 euros). Most scarce single fkg on commercial small envelope 1862 (27 Dec). DF – France. EL. Fkd 1861 2rs name / grill cancel + Franco Mexico oval. Via BPO / Veracruz / RMSP Conway / 1 Jan 63 + British exchange pmks. Also cancelling French “8” mark. VF scarce overseas usage (IV). c.1862-3. BAJA CALIFORNIA – USA / S. Francisco. Official mail. Stampless. E. / Superior Court of 1st Instance of theBaja Californiaterritory to the Mexican consul in SF. US “Collect” blue box 4cts / modified of 6. One of 4 recorded marks, earliest postmark ofMexicorarest postal district area (VIII). Red oval “Estafeta de / Baja California” (xx/RRRR 1863 (15 Jan). Hermocillo – Guaymas Crespo. Postal archive E fkd 1861 8rs black / pink. Cuadrisect, uncancelled but correct date and genuine as all this correspondence. VF. 1863 (11 June). Puebla – Veracruz. Por Extraordinario + sello negro. Smashing E docketed inside + mns “3rs” on reverse to show higher rate for this service. Cancel Schatzkes / Schimmer 155-50/3, used atPueblain 1861. Outstanding usage of this service with sello negro provisional 1863 (16 July). DF – FRANCE. Envelope fkd 1861 8rs green horiz pair, good margins, grill cancels, blue octagonal French Consular + mns postal charges. Carried by F. Packet “FLORIDE” / 16 July 63. Via St Nazaire. Ex – Dreyfuss collection (VI). 1863 (12 Sept). DF – VERACRUZ. Por EXTRAORDINARIO del PAQUETE FRANCES. E fkd 1861 4rs red / yellow, huge margins, name + cds. Important cover which exposures some of the controversy of the “EXTRAORDINARIO” special double rate courierMexico-Veracruz, which suppously was to cover British packet conection. Also exceptional with this stamp, one other recorded as per collector notes. Illustrated MMM pag 63 (VI 1863 (26 Oct).Tampico-France. EL. Discussing the French occupation ofMexico Cityand the effect on trade due to a French ban on exports. By way of the Tampico post office, this letter was passed to the British postal agency there and given a cds (in red) of 2 October before being sent pr RMS (steamer) on the packet ship “Trent” which left on 28 October. Together with the London receiving mark, the letter was given the standard Anglo-French GB accountancy mark at Calais on 30 Nov, with 16 decimes postage due to pay. Scarce diff mail systems combination 1863 (30 Oct). An extraordinary E. of the FRENCH EXPEDITIONARY ARMY. Red “CORS EXP. MEXIQUE V. ANGL / 30 OCT 63” (red cds on front (xx) applied by the quarter of a French Army unit in the Caribbean . Posted at the British Consular Post Office Cartagena 2 Nov 63 on reverse trip as unpaid letter reaching London 30 Nov and the British exchange office the same day. Delivered in Paris 1 Dec (V). c.1864-67. Envelope from “Estafeta de Baja California” oval red pmk (xxx/RRRR), ie Cabo San Lucas, to San Francisco, in red, marked “Paid” in ms. This area was not under French control, so was not supplied with stamps. YB SS 41A and 41AB (the “25” is part damaged). One of 4 recorded covers with this rare postmark. A Mexican classic rarity. Illustrated MMM. 1864 (24 Feb). FRENCH ARMY INTERVENTION / EXTRAORDINARIO Br. SERVICE / Orizava – Veracruz . Exceptional entire telegraph letter full text addressed to the British acting consul in Veracruz with original Telegraph Orizaba / Mexico / Veracruz . The consul to use the EXTRAORDINARIO special service of the British Packet to forward the mail for Mr Walsh man and the Minister of France. Cover carried by Diligencias Generales / Orizava (stage coach mark). Outstanding exhibition historical letter, both for the French Army Occupation and the extraordinario British Packet service, proving the usage of this service by the French Army. The importance of the British Courier Veraza of the extraordinario British Packet Service is documented in the Telegraph forwarded by stage coach service from Orizava to the British Consul in Veracruz . It has to be assumed the telegraph lines between Mexico City and Orizava were interrupted due to Guerrilla activities against the French Army. Veraza was obviously trust worthy to carry the French diplomatic mail and correspondence of the French Comander-in-Chief. See illustrated article in MMM page 65 (IV-VI). 1864 (9 March). Morelia – Acambarco. E fkd 1861. 4rs black / yellow vertically bisected, border margin + district name, tied cross pen cancel. VF. 1864 (April). DF – France. Env fkd 1861 1 real black / green vertical strip of three, name / cds. Via BPO / Veracruz / 2 May 54 – RMSP Conway via Tampico – St Thomas. Anglo French charges + exchange marks. A fine very scarce multiple overseas usage (IV). 1864 (26 April).Puebla-Spain. EL. Fkd 1861 2rs, dish name + stline town date cancel. Via BPO Veracruz / RMSP Conway via Tampico – St Thomas – London. Spanish red “4rs” arrival charge. Mns. “Por el extraordinario del paquete ingles” / British organized courier service Mexico City to Veracruz, handed in transit Puebla). Excellent appealing overseas usage 1864 (May). Tuspan – France. E. Oval “Correos / Franco / Tuspan” marked “Por el paquete Ingles” and cancelled by the rare Schatzkes / Schimmer 580 “Sello Negro” (“Correos Franco Tuxpan”) a small port a few miles south of Tampico. For exceptional reasons, probably due to the French naval occupation of Tampico at the time being cut off by land from Mexico City, or would appear that the packet ship RMS “Clyde” either on its way up to Tampico from Vera Cruz on 28 May 1864, or on its way back on 30 May, must have put in to Tuxpan to collect mail from the interior. With the London arrival mark in red (on the back) dated 28 June, and the usual “GB 1F 60c” Calais exchange office tray on the same day, the cover was cancelled in Paris the following day and arrived at Bordeaux on the next day, 30 June. The reason for the use of the “Sello Negro” at Tuxpan was presumably because the consignment 61-1864 of Eagle stamps from Mexico City intended for Huejutla (of which Tuxpan was a sub-office) had to bypass that town as it was then in Republican hands, and would not have reached Tuxpan by the end of May, leaving Mexico City only on 25 May. 1864 (14 June). DF – France. Envelope fkd 4rs Eagle name only, FIRST PERIOD, cds + blue consular cachet + MEXIQUE / LOUSIANE on front. Charged 24 decimes arrival for 3 weight units of 7,5 grams . Illustrated MMM page 123 (VI) 1864 (18 June). Tuspan – France. MEXICO – CUBA – ST THOMAS – UK – FRANCE. EL. / oval “Correos / Franco / TUXPAN” (xxx) + “FRANCO” oval of Habana / Spanish Cuba. On reverse St Thomas BPO (29 July 64). Via London . Franco / British exchange marks. Mail description at US civil war period via Habana. Text refers to Maximilian arrival (in French) “which gives us all who do not live by Revolution great confidence in the restoration of peace”. Exceptional transit routing (IV). 1864 (26 Oct).Mazatlan- Guaymas. Sello negro + maritime. West Coast Maritime ship link. Letter cover docketed as sent on 26 October 1864, but with a datedMazatlancancel dated 23 Nov and the merchant´s cachet of Echenique Pena inMazatlanof the same date, before the letter was sent coastwise by boat to Guaymas, where it was received on 29 Nov. A faint1 inred on the cover front suggest that this was the maritime rate, instead of the normal 2 reales payable for such a journey. XF appearance 1864 (11 Dec). Orizava -USA(21 Jan 65). DISRUPTED VIA SPANISH CUBA DURING US CIVIL WAR + BPO Crowned paid circle. EL. Full text oval cancel of the Vera Cruz post offic, and a very late usage of the British Vice Consulate´s “Crowned Circle” “Paid at Veracruz” together with the postal agency´s cds 1 Jan 64 (!). A British seamail charge of 1/-, in red crayon, was imposed, followed by “Franco” in oval used as a transit marking by the British postal agency in Havana, and then a US NY steamship 10 marking for postage due of 10 cents due on arrival, on the front. This letter was probably carried by an RMSP ship from Vera Cruz toHavana, and then, to judge from the typical squiggle in blue crayon on the front, by a ship of the short-lived Mexico-American Line, absorbed in 1867 by the Alexander Line, toNew York. It is an example of the use of the British packet service between Mexico and Cuba, by agreement with US Post Office, to carry mail for the US during the American Civil War period from 1863 to 1866 (see pp 159/160 of “Mexican Maritime Mail”). The 2 marking on the front is probably the rate imposed by the Orizava post office, in the absence of stamps, for the inland postage due for a slightly heavier than standard rate for a letter (with an enclosure) to Vera Cruz. RMSP “Solent” left Veracruz 1 Jan 65 arriving Habana 5 Jan 1865 (11 March). DF -Spain. EL fkd Eagle 4rs fourth period district name, 45-1865 (1,000 stamps sent) via unscheduled French steamer. Spanish 4 reales collected. VF item (VI 1865 (16 March). Güichapa – Durango. E fkd. SECOND PERIOD 2rs eagles district name, 156-1864, tied “Franqueado en /San Juandel Rio” + mns date (100 sent). Lovely usage 1865 (8 Sept). Pilar -Durango. E fkd FOURTH PERIOD 2 rs eagle,Durangoname, 22-65 + 93-65 (800 sent) tied superb double boxed “FRANCO / GAVILANES” + mns date. Gorgeous appealing item 1865 (23 Sept). 23 September 1865. An “official” letter dated 23 September from Mexico City to France , with the front and back cachet of the Ministry for Economy, Trade, Industry and Colonisation, addressed apparently to a private individual at Preulin par Livry, Moselle . Anglo – French Exchange Office in Calais , and the boxed “GB 1 Fr 60c” dated 30 October, and dated backstamps of Paris , Nantua, Strasbourg , and Nivelles “8” decimes postage due. Carried by the RMSP “Eider” which left Vera Cruz for St Thomas on 2 October. Exceptionally appealing. 1865 (12 Oct). DF – France. Envelope fkd 4rs Eagle fourth period district name + 157-1865, cds + French Consular cachet + proper transits. On reverse Veracruz octagonal paquebot / nº2 / packet ” FRANCE ” Holcombe cert (VI). 1865 (9 Nov). MEXICO – CUBA – USA – FRANCE. Laguna Terminos – France. Via Habana fwding agent. US CIVIL WAR derouted via Cuba mail period, Merdi Olea y Cordova / Havana green cachet reverse, over “NY French Packet / Dec 8” (xx/RR). Very scarce transit mark + red octagonal “ETAT UNIS / Pq Fr” for transatlantic crossing. Charges VF + scarce transit marks 1866 (2 Jan). A cover originating from Tampico (see letter heading inside) carried out of the mails to Vera Cruz by the Spanish (Compania Transatlantica Español” ship “Barcelona”, where the forwarding agent H.D´Oleire y Cia affixed a 2 reales Eagle 196-1865 stamp and sent it on to Guanajuato. Only one other maritime mail cover is known carried by the Spanish line between Mexican ports (see “Mexican Maritime Mail” p.28) (III). 1866 (27 Jan). Tampico – Veracruz . EL. fkd Eagle 2 rs Tampico name, 200-1865, cds via BPO / red 1sh British Consulate had no stamps available at that time. Carried by RMSP Elder left Tampico 30 Jan, arrising the following day (incorrectly docketed as ship arrived 29 Jan. Posted the same day at The Mexican Post Office. Fine and scarce usage (III). 1866 (28 Jan).Mexico City-Russia, via forwarding agent atSt Petersburg. Merchants handstamp “Leffmann y GutheilMexico1095² unpaid per British mail steamer – 1/3d dueMexicotoLondon”ausEnglandperAachen3/3/B Franco” “72” (silbergroschen)(in magenta).No StPetersburgreceiving postmark. RMSP “Eider” left Vera Cruz on 1 Feb forSt Thomas. Addressed to the famous discoverer of troy Heinrich Schliemann. Very rare destination maill. During Maximilian French Intervention, Rusia andMexicohad diplomatic exchanged ambassador relations 1866 (13 March). FRENCH EXPEDITIONARY FORCE. Ban A. Mexico – ALVARADO Port. A local fkd envelope 20 cts blue cds with stamp used twice (Postal frand). Addressed to a French navy officer on board of French cruisier ” La Tempete “. Item carried by Mexican regular mail as per “FRANCO / MEXICO ” cds alongside. Signed Calves. Extraordinary rare usage / MAR 14 (VI).

BENITO JUAREZ AND THE RESTORATION OF THE REPUBLIC (1867-1872) In 1867, the republic was restored and Juárez reelected; he continued to implement his reforms. 1867 (7 June). Leon – France . SELLO NEGRO / PROVISIONAL. Stampless env “Leon / Franco” (xxx) + “2” on reverse. Carried via Texas / Brownsville at the time of Maximilian execution and expell of remaining foreign presence. Mns due 15c as unpaid US to France onwards via NY as unpaid US mail + British transatlantic crossing. Outstanding overseas sello negro usage and a unique route due to historic circumstances (VIII). 1867 (28 Oct). Puebla – France. Sello Negro provisional. EL. Full text “Franco” cancel and by “Packet Anglais”. Carried by the RMSP “Danube” which left Vera Cruz on 2 Nov 1867 and arrived atSt Thomason 12 Nov where it would have been transshipped toEngland; there are no postal agency markings from Vera Cruz, which is unusual. With aLondontransit marking in red, the letter received the Anglo-French rate marking GB 1F60c on 5 Dec, aPariscancel the same day and aBordeauxcancel the following day. 10 centimes postage due. Very rare maritime sello negro usage. 1867 (14 Dec). Veracruz – France . E. Fkd Trance 40 cent (x3 strip + single, anchor cancels). Avoidance of the Mexican Post Office Veracruz . Veracruz / Pq nº2 on reverse + French Consulate Postal Agency the same day the packet Fr. Nº2 ” France ” sailed from Veracruz 14 Dec 67, did not stop at St. Thomas due to an epidemic. Reached St. Nazaire 14 Jan 1868. 1 franc 60 cents paid to destination (VI). 1867. Guadalajara – Atoyac. E fkd 1rl green + 2rs pink imperf. provisional. Some reinforcement edge but a useful scarce item. 1868 (5 June). Cover docketed inside 5 June 1868, addressed to Cadiz from Tampico (where the French postal agency had closed), and sent to Vera Cruz carried out of the mails by a Line F ship (Salles) without markings. Given by the French Consulate in Vera Cruz an “anchor” lozenge cancel on a French 80 centime laureate Napoleon stamp on 13 June (Salles p. 177 last sentence), a “Port of Call” cachet de ligne “Vera Cruz Paq. Fr B. No.2” marking (Salles Pt. IV p.95 I.437) with a 400 rarity value and a boxed “PP” (Partial Payment) in red, the cover arrived in Bordeaux (see backstamp) on 9 July. On being sent on to Cadiz (See backstamp on 14 July), it received a “4R”eales postage due to pay. From September 1866, mail handled by the French Consulates postal agencies no longer bore the name of the ship carrier. The 7 1/2 in mns at top left could represent a standard weight postage due of 7,5 grams (see p 299 of Mexican Maritime Mail). 1869 (22 Feb). Guanajuato – St THOMAS – FRANCE . E. Docketed Guanajuato 22 Feb 1869 – received Paris 30 March. Carried out of the mail and posted at St Thomas 14 March – by British Service via London 29 March to the ambulatory exchange office Calais the same day accountancy tray “1F60c” – French postage due 10 decimes. Carried by RMSP “Tyne” leaving Vera Cruz on 3 MArch 1869 for St Thomas . Most unusual route and origin on St Thomas BPO. 1869 (29 June). Mexico City – Spain / Vitoria . EL full text franked with a perforated 50c 1-69 Mexico City of the 1868 issue and dated “29 June 1869” inside at the letterhead. The cover bears a double rate of postage for the route from Mexico City to Vera Cruz, possibly because it was carried by the British Legation´s “Foreign Extraordinario” courier. The cover has no markings from the British postal agency in Vera Cruz so would probably have been put directly on board the British packet steamer leaving on 3 July by the Vera Cruz postmaster. Backstamped with the London arrival mark “30 July” “69”, the cover arrived in Spain two days later, and was given the Victoria cancel “2 Aug 69” with 4 r(eales) postage due to pay, a remarkably quick delivery. There is no sign of any British maritime charge, presumably because the GPO´s instruction in 1863 to put mail for Spain in the bag without charge still applied. RMSP “Tamar” left Vera Cruz on 3 July 1869 for St Thomas . VF cover (III). 1869. Mexico City – Germany. E fkd 1869 50c perf Mexico name, 1-69, cds. Inland postage prepaid per instruction “Via New York” – transit marking ” New York direct Jul 26² Hamburg receiving marking on reverse. S.S.Alemania of the “Hapag” line sailed from New York 20 July 1869 and arrived at Hamburg 3 Aug 1869. Postage due 7 Groschen (blue crayon) (VII). 1869 (27 July).Tampico-FRANCE. Via British mail. Sello negro.Tampico27 July 1869 (Schatzakes 1581) – “Via Southampton” toLe Havreon reverse side transit cancelsLondon30 Aug – Paris 30 Aout.Le Havrereceiving postmark 31 Aout – 4 Franc postage due. Carried by RMSP “Tyne” leavingTampicoon 29 July 1869 via Vera Cruz forSt Thomas 1870 (April). Mexico City – Spain / Guadalajara / Torija. Envelope fkd 1868-72 25c blue / San Luis Potosi / 5-70, used in DF / cds. Carried by SPANISH MAIL Habana – Cadiz (3 May 1870 cds on reverse) very scarce at this period of Spain insurrection. 8 reales postage due at arrival. Addressed to a remote area in ancestral Castilla (II). 1870 (2 Sept). Veracruz – Puebla (3 Sept). Extraordinario Service of the British packet (?) EL full text fkd 1868 50c imperf no period and 25c imperf with period, Veracruz name, 2-70, Veracruz cds with endorsement “extraordinario”. M Rogers sale (1999). Letter makes reference to the Franco-Prussian War: “At the hour of this letter Paris must be under siege by 400,000 Germans, and the French Republic has been recognized by Switzerland , Spain and the Unites States . Napoleon has surrendered to the King of Prussia in order to save himself from insults and the Empress and her child have fled in time to England . VF (III). In 1871, BENITO JUAREZ was elected a second time, much to the dismay of his opponents within the Liberal party, who considered reelection to be somewhat undemocratic. Juárez died one year later and was succeeded by Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. Part of Juarez’s reforms included fully secularizing the country. The Catholic Church was barred from owning property aside from houses of worship and monasteries, and education and marriage were put in the hands of the state. 1871 (27 Jan). Elgin – Mexico . Registered fkd en (half part flap reverse gone fkd 4d + 1sh (x3), registered Edinburgh + London . Arrival charge. 7 reales + fwded via Erdhard Watson at Veracruz . Most scarce high rate pre UPU registered incoming into Mexico item. 1871 (27 Aug). Tampico – Veracruz . Combination mixed franking cover EL franked SG 43 4d Plate 12 tied by “c63” British postal agency cancel with the cds dated “27 Aug 1871”, together with a 12c 39-71 for the domestic Mexican rate cancelled by the Mexican post office, and merchant´s cachet “D. Camacho” in blue. This letter would have been carried to Vera Cruz by the RMSP Corsica which left Tampico on 29 Aug, arriving in Vera Cruz the following day. VF (III). 1872 (13 Feb). Puebla – France. E. Fkd 1868 25c x2, Puebla name 4-72, cds. Indicating carriage from there to Vera Cruz, addressed “Paquete Francais”, posted on 17 Feb on the Vera Cruz French steamship, and sent finally to Miranda. Department of Gers, with the Gers receipt cancel on the reverse, dated 17 March 1872, 12 decimes due, as shown in manuscript on the front (VI). 1872 (June). DF -UK. Official m ail /Mexico- DIRECCION GENERAL DE CORREOS / recorded but unseen before. Stampless env carried Mexican mail toVeracruzwhere by French pqbt red ds 18-June-72 “Nouveau Monde” sailed to St Nazaire (16 July)London(17 July). Anglo French “GB/2F20” exchange Convention + 1sh arrival. Excellent appeal. Ex-Wolfers (1983) (VI 1872 (June). DF – UK . Official m ail / Mexico – DIRECCION GENERAL DE CORREOS / recorded but unseen before. Stampless env carried Mexican mail to Veracruz where by French pqbt red ds 18-June-72 “Nouveau Monde” sailed to St Nazaire (16 July) London (17 July). Anglo French “GB/2F20” exchange Convention + 1sh arrival. Excellent appeal. Ex-Wolfers (1983) (VI). 1872 (3 Oct). Mexico City – USA / NY. E fkd 1872 50c yellow perforated, district name + 1-72, cds + NY Steamship cds alongside. Carried by US ship. Scarce perf stamp on Maritime mail. Fine. 1873 (8 March). Acapulco – S. Francisco / USA. EL. Backstamped “Carried 20 March” with a 25c 2-72 stamp to cover the domestic rate (filing crease). This received the San Francisco cancel of March 19, with 3 cents postage due to pay, and the striking “Steam Acapulco” which was normally used only to cancel US embossed stamps on such envelopes (VII). 1873 (28 April). Tlacotalpam – FRANCE. Via British Mail. EL full text. franked with a pair of 12 centavos imperforate, 1872-4 issue name, 50-73. Tlacotalpam cds. “28 Apr 1873” and on the front the “GB1F60c” box tray of the Calais Exchange Office dated “29 May”. On the reverse, theLondontransit marking “28 May” in red and theBordeauxarrival marking cancels of 28 and 29 May. 12 decimes postage. Fine cover (III 1874. Hormiguera mining (ANTS mining) , Triunfo / BAJA Cal. – USA / JF. Wells Fargo & Cº. Express from La Paz , BC . Via Steamer 29 Aug 74 env with orange WF Express tren illustrated / La Paz , BC label applied on reverse. Effective 1 July 1863 ship letters for delivery within the USA were charged with double local rate plus 2 cents for the Captain. According to Jack Greenberg THE ONLY RECORDED LA PAZ BC WELLS FARGO LABEL. Great rarity. Illustrated MMM page 283 (VIII). 1874 (13 Jan). Liverpool -MEXICO/ Guanajuato. Wrapper fkd 1d + “1”/2 real Mexican tax due for printed matters applied atVeracruz. Very scarce pmk 1874 (20 Enero). Campeche – Cuba. Fkd env 10c + 50c. 5-74 district name APPLIED WHILE STAMP ALREADY IN COVER, cds, boxed red “NOT PAID”. Carried by “City of Mexico” / Prepayment to the Caribbe was mandatory. Letter ended as DLO / NY. Excellent usage (V 1875 (Feb). Acapulco-USA/ CA – S Fcº. 10c green stat env, distric name, oval blue cds. Mexican inland prepaid, 3 cents US seamail charges + SF / Advertised + DLD. VF scarce town usage + maritime (VIII 1875. DF – Switzerland (21 Apr 75). Via NY – BELGIUM / OSTENDE. Fkd env 25c blue 1-73, cds. “NY / British transit 7 Apr” (xxx/R) + 7 cents due transit + stline VIA OSTENDE. A lovely transited item before Berna Convention in Excellent condition (VIII). 1875 (17 May) .Veracruz-Italy. E. Fkd 10c black 1874, 50-75 via St Nazaire. The French paquet “Ville de Brest” nº4 sailed 15 Mai 1875 fromVeracruz. Boxed “F*56” represents the Franco-Italian exchange agreement of 1869.Francereceived 10 decimes credit.Italycharged 1 lire postage due. A lovely combination of stamps, marks and cancels cover illustrated MMM page 309 (VI 1875 (30 July) .Acapulco- Tepia. E fkd 10c + 25c.Acapulconame / 2-74, blue ds. Carried via West Coast Pacific local steamer / Via San Blas. Ex – Strauss, Schimmer. VF 1875 (18 Oct). COMBINATION FRANKING MEXICO – FRANCE . Veracruz – Cuba . EL. 10c black Veracruz name 50-75 oval blue ds + France 15c oriz STRIP OF FOUR. French Consular cachet, pp + “3” arrival Spanish Cuban charge. Carried French paquet “Ville de Bordeaux / 19 Oct 75”. Extraordinary combination usage of the scarce 15c. On reverse ligne B / 19 Oct 75 + arrival cds. Signed E Aguirre / Mexico . Great rarity. Illustrated MMM page 118 (VI). 1875 (22 Oct). Silao / Guanajuato – FRANCE – ARGENTINA . Env fkd 25c distr name / 52-75 + PORTE DE MAR, originally intended to pay French routing via New York against sender´s instruction “paquete Frances” Porte de Mar postage would have been unnecessary, since American contract ships were not reimbursed. Addressee had moved to Argentina , but the letter was not forwarded without prepayment of postage. The Porte de Mar stamp was partially torn off before the forwarding address was added. Exceptional postal history item. Ex – Schimmer (VI + VIII) illustrated MMM page 314. The Porfiriato (1876-1911)

ORDER, PROGRESS, AND DICTATORSHIP

Porfirio Díaz, President of Mexico, (1876-1911) In 1876, Lerdo was reelected, defeating Porfirio Díaz. Díaz rebelled against the government with the proclamation of the Plan de Tuxtepec, in which he opposed reelection, in 1876. Díaz managed to overthrow Lerdo, who fled the country, and was named president. Díaz became the new president. Thus began a period of more than 30 years (1876–1911) during which Díaz was Mexico’s strong man. This period of relative prosperity and peace is known as the Porfiriato. During this period, the country’s infrastructure improved greatly, thanks to increased foreign investment and a strong, stable central government. Increased tax revenues and better administration brought many improvements, including the development of a national health service, better communications network, investment in infrastructure, and development of a national educational system. Under Díaz, the population increased to 16 million and life expectancy reached 60 years. Illiteracy diminished greatly, approaching levels of France and Italy. However, the period was also characterized by social inequality and discontent among the working classes.

1903. Slogan on the banner reads: “The Constitution has died” (La Constitución ha muerto). Foreign capital helped build Mexico into an industrial and mining power, but the wealth did not trickle down to the masses who remained in abject poverty. Much of the nation’s infrastructure was owned by foreigners, and Britain once contemplated running its navy off of Mexican oil. By 1900, it was obvious to all concerned that Mexico was an economic satellite of the United States and little more than a source of raw materials for the great powers. Slavery had been abolished in 1824, 1835, and 1857, but in the 1880s it was estimated that thousands (especially in the south of the country) were still held in bondage. Some farmers were paid laborers, but most were little more than serfs on great estates. Disease and starvation were commonplace on the plantations, and working conditions little better in the cities. All attempts at unionization were quickly suppressed, and injured workers were frequently thrown out into the street to die. Those too old and/or incapacitated to work were reduced to beggary. Periodic protests were suppressed with force.

[edit] The Mexican Revolution (1910-1929) See also: Mexican Revolution

[EDIT] FIRST PHASE: THE CONSTITUTION OF 1917 (1910-1921)

[edit] The Election of 1910 In 1910, the 80-year-old Díaz decided to hold an election for another term; he thought he had long since eliminated any serious opposition. However, Francisco I. Madero, an academic from a rich family, decided to run against him and quickly gathered popular support, despite his arrest and imprisonment by Díaz.

Indians with Madero’s army

Leaders of the 1910 revolt pose for a photo after the First Battle of Juárez. Present are José María Pino Suárez, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco I. Madero (and his father), Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa, Gustavo Madero, Raul Madero, Abraham González, and Giuseppe Garibaldi Jr. When the official election results were announced, it was declared that Díaz had won reelection almost unanimously, with Madero receiving only a few hundred votes in the entire country. This fraud by the Porfiriato was too blatant for the public to swallow, and riots broke out. On November 20, 1910, Madero prepared a document known as the Plan de San Luis Potosí, in which he called the Mexican people to take up weapons and fight against the Díaz government. Madero managed to flee prison, escaping to San Antonio, Texas, where he began preparations for the overthrow of Díaz—an action today regarded as the start of the Mexican Revolution. Diaz attempted to use the army to suppress the revolts, but most of the ranking generals were old men close to his own age and they did not act swiftly or with sufficient energy to stem the chaos. Revolutionary force—led by, among others, Emiliano Zapata in the South, Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco in the North, and Venustiano Carranza–defeated the Federal Army, and Díaz resigned in 1911 for the “sake of the peace of the nation.” He went into exile in France, where he died in 1915 at the age of 85.

[edit] Violent Disagreements (1911–1920)

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. Villa is sitting in the presidential throne in the Palacio Nacional at the left. The revolutionary leaders had many different objectives; revolutionary figures varied from liberals such as Madero to radicals such as Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa. As a consequence, it proved impossible to reach agreement on how to organize the government that emerged from the triumphant first phase of the revolution. This standoff over political principles lead quickly to a struggle for control of the government, a violent conflict that lasted more than 20 years. Although this period is usually referred to as part of the Mexican Revolution, it might also be termed a civil war. Presidents Francisco I. Madero (1913), Venustiano Carranza (1920), and former revolutionary leaders Emiliano Zapata (1919) and Pancho Villa (1923) all were assassinated during this period.

Victoriano Huerta Following the resignation of Díaz and a brief reactionary intercourse, Madero was elected president in 1911, only to be ousted and killed in 1913 by Victoriano Huerta, one of Diaz’ generals. This coup had the support of the U.S. ambassador to Mexico, Henry Lane Wilson, but not that of U.S. President-elect Woodrow Wilson. Huerta’s brutality soon lost him domestic support, and the Wilson Administration actively opposed his regime, for example by the naval bombardment of Veracruz. In 1915, Huerta was overthrown by Venustiano Carranza, a former revolutionary general. Carranza promulgated a new constitution on February 5, 1917. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 still governs Mexico.

President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. On 19 January 1917, telegram (Zimmermann Telegram) was forwarded from Germany to Mexico proposing military action should the United States declare war against Germany. The offer included material aid to Mexico to assist in the reclamation of territory lost during the MexicanAmerican War, specifically the American states of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Carranza consulted with his generals about this, and was told there was no realistic possibility of retaking Mexico’s former territories. The nation could not rely on Europe (then engulfed in World War I) for military aid, and the United States was the only major armaments manufacturer in the Western Hemisphere. There was also the difficulties of subduing and assimilating the Anglo population of the Southwest. Carranza formally declined Zimmermann‘s proposals on 14 April, by which time the United States had declared war on Germany. Carranza was assassinated in 1919 during an internal feud among his former supporters over who would replace him as president.

[edit] Obregon and Liberalization (1921–1926)

Mexican civilians revolt against the Federal Government. In 1920, Álvaro Obregón, one of Carranza’s allies who had plotted against him, became president. His government managed to accommodate all elements of Mexican society except the most reactionary clergy and landlords; as a result, he was able to successfully catalyze social liberalization, particularly in curbing the role of the Catholic Church, improving education, and taking steps toward instituting women’s civil rights. While the Mexican Revolution may have subsided after 1920, armed struggle continued. The most widespread conflict was the fight between those favoring separation of Church and State and those favoring supremacy of the Roman Catholic Church. This fight developed into an armed uprising by supporters of the Church–“la Guerra Cristera.” It is estimated that between 1910 and 1921, 900,000 people died.

[EDIT] SECOND PHASE: THE CRISTERO WAR (1926-1929) Main article: Cristero War The Cristero War of 1926 to 1929 was an uprising and counter-revolution against the Mexican government of the time, set off by religious persecution of Christians, especially Roman Catholics,[15] and specifically the strict enforcement of the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 and the expansion of further anti-clerical laws. After a period of peaceful resistance, a number of skirmishes took place in 1926. The formal rebellions began on January 2, 1927,[16] with the rebels calling themselves Cristeros because they felt they were fighting for Christ himself. Just as the Cristeros began to hold their own against the federal forces, the rebellion was ended by diplomatic means, brokered by the US Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow.

Secular/Religious

Cristeros (Catholic rebels) hung in Jalisco In 1926, an armed conflict in the form of a popular uprising broke out against the anti-Catholic\anti-clerical Mexican government, set off specifically by the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917. Discontent over the provisions had been simmering for years. The conflict is known as the Cristero War. A number of articles of the 1917 Constitution were at issue: a) Article 5 (outlawing monastic religious orders); b) Article 24 (forbidding public worship outside of church buildings); and c) Article 27 (restricting religious organizations’ rights to own property). Finally, Article 130 took away basic civil rights of the clergy: priests and religious leaders were prevented from wearing their habits, were denied the right to vote, and were not permitted to comment on public affairs in the press. The Cristero War was eventually resolved diplomatically, largely with the help of the U.S. Ambassador, Dwight Whitney Morrow. The conflict claimed 90,000 lives: 56,882 on the federal side, 30,000 Cristeros, and civilians and Cristeros killed in anticlerical raids after the war’s end. As promised in the diplomatic resolution, the laws considered offensive by the Cristeros remained on the books, but the federal government made no organized attempt to enforce them. Nonetheless, persecution of Catholic priests continued in several localities, fueled by local officials’ interpretation of the law.[17] 1876 (18 July). COMBINATION FRANKINGMEXICO-FRANCE.Veracruz-Spain. Fragment of a circular mailed 18 July 1876 fromVeracruzno complete “Circular” (printed matter) of the period is recorded. Mexico 5c “50 76” “Veracruz” cancel “Franco Veracruz” and France 15 cent tied by “1 Mexique 1” and “Veracruz paq Fr B nº4” paquebot “St. Naz 1876. Mexico City – MARTINIQUE / Fort France / Caribbean Isl. Env fkd 25c blue 1-76, distr name. Addressed to the French Agencie General transatlantique / factor 1st class apparently missinterpreted as France , crossed out, ended DLO. Unique destination (IX). 1876 (12 Jan). COMBINATION FRANKINGMEXICO-FRANCE.Veracruz-Spain/Cadiz. EL. FkdMexico10c blackVeracruzname, 50-76, cds +France25 cts blue (x8, strip of 4 + 2 pairs) anchor cancels. French consular cachet. Arrival 1 peseta 20 centimos blue charge collected as mail coming from non Berna convention. Carried by Ville de St Nazaire, sailedVeracruz18 Jan 76. Dropped anchored St Nazaire 13 Feb 76.Santander/ Spain French maritime sea mail return entry 15 Feb 76. Outstanding exhibition maritime item. 25c stamp is a rarity used fromMexico, being this the largest usage of this stamp in all Americas French Post Offices. Illustrated MMM color plate 4 (VI 1876 (24 Jan). Laguna de Terminos to Agde, France 28/II. Via USA to the exchange office Calais “Etats-Unis V. Angl. Amb Cal C” 27 Fevr 76 3x 35 = FR 1,05 postage due assessed, but since the addressee, a member of the French brig “Henriette” could not be found, the letter was returned to the Mexican deadletter office (entry #395). XF (VIII). 1876. Tampico – FRANCE. Via USA / New Orleans – NY. Env fkd 10c. Tampico, 40 – 76, ds. VF appealing item (VIII). 1876 (29 March). Puebla – FRANCE . EL with mns instruction “via inglesa”. With a 25 centavos stamp to pay for the cost of postage to Vera Cruz, the letter was probably carried to New Orleans by one of the Alexander line´s contract ships, receiving the New Orleans transit marking dated 12 April, and the standard “SHIP” in blue for maritime mail, and a 35 cents charge against the French forwarding agent. By rail to New York (transit mark dated 18 April) it would appear to have been carried by a French ship to France (see blue octagonal dated 29 April), being delivered against postage due of 1 Fr 05 centimes. ” Brest 2², “Etats unis”, paq Fr, MMM, p 388, fig 22. Very fine cover in excellent condition (VI). 1876 (May).Puebla-BAHAMAS, British Caribbe. Env fkd 25c blue,Pueblaname, 34-76, blue oval ds. Insufficiently fkd, ended DLO rate as American packet. Exceptional pre UPU destination. 1876. DF – FRANCE – and return to Mexico . Double transatlantic crossing via USA , before Berna convention. Fkd env with multitud of transits / endorsements. Carried ontwards by American contract steamer to New Orleans . British transatlantic crossing and all backwards. Great postal history item (VIII). 1876 (29 May). DF – USA. EL. Via Habana. With the large blue cachet of the Mexican Consulate inHavana, the letter carries the blue squiggle typical of mail carried on its circular journey between Mexican and US ports by the Alexander Line. TheNew Yorkcds showing 5 cents postage due is dated 13 June ie 15 days in transit. VF (VIII 1877. Porte de Mar Mixed fkd usage, 1874 5c + 10c (2)Lagos+ 10c blue cds, applied on same side of cover. Lovely exhibition item. Ex – Schimmer 1877 (22 Feb). Zacatecas – France. Printed matter fkd single 5c brown, Zacatecas distr name, 51-76, red oval ds + Porte de Mar 2c, Zacatecas name, also tied red oval ds, display superb opened. According to regulations, this to pay Maritime transit. Via British steamer T + 15 decimes French due. The only recorded PRINTED MATTER PORTE DE MAR usage. Outstanding pre UPU Mexican party. Ex – Heiman (1961), Ameripex 86 (U$ 2,000!). Illustrated MMM page 365 (IX). 1877 (18 May). Mexico City – USA / NY. MEXICO – FRANCE COMBINATION franking. Envelope fkd Mexico 25c blue, district name, 1-77, tied cds + Mexico Porte de Mar 25c on reverse for the maritime postage as per 1st rate regulation (traces of contemporany cancels, never supp to be cancelled) and France Sage 30c horiz pair not Mexican French consular cachet + “T” / due 10 cts at arrival in NY. On reverse ligne B / Paq fr nº4 of the French Caribbean conections. Exceptional combination usage. French stamps paid the Interamerican Caribbean part of voyage as Mexico was not yet part of The Berna Convention at this time as a third com. Mail carried by a member to another of the signed founders. Superb French and Mexico maritime item. Extensive studied by Karl Schimmer in his Porte de Mar original publication which formed part of his original collection (IX). 1877 (18 May). Veracruz – France . FRANCE 75 cents Sage issue single franking usage from Mexico . Envelope, cancelled French consular cachet, also alongside, carried mns “per Ville Bordeaux”. On reverse “Ligne B/ paq Fr B-nº4”. Sailed Veracruz . 18 May 55. Nazaire 12 June. Declared insufficient and 12 decimes p due were assesed at arrival. Extraordinary single franking usage, the only we have been in all American French Post Offices before UPU (VI). 1877 (July). DF – Switzerland . Env fkd 25c blue, 1-77, dow name cds + Porte de Mar 10c. On reverse, full margins, tied by red London cds transit. Displays great open. The cover tax + 1,10 Swiss cents as maritime payment to third countries was not accepted. Exceptional good condition. Illustrated MMM pg 364 (IX). 1877 (17 Sept). DF – Germany . Env fkd 25c, name, 1-75, carried French pqbt via St Nazaire. Via Paris / Estranger 17 Oct blue cds. 80c French claim transit fee for mail transported from NON 1,10 mark postage due. Berna Convention countries by Signing parties to other members (very scarce pmk). On reverse mns anotation “present from John Heath (1996) to K.Schimmer”. Exceptional (VI). 1877 (24 Dec). COMBINATION FRANKING MEXICO – FRANCE . EL fkd 10c black, 50-77 + Veracruz name, cds + France 40c orange horiz pair, consular cachet. Carried by “Ville de Paris” French packet, sailed 24 Dec 77. Arrival “3” charge. Signed Calves + Aguirre. Fine and rare comb (VI). 1878.Tampico-France. E fkd 10c black, name district, 1478, oval blue ds. ViaNew Orleans/ T-35 centimes applied by theUSexchange office / 1f05 p due collected. XF. Lovely item + routing signed Schimmer 1878 (31 March). Veracruz – France. EL. Fkd 10c + 50c / 378 + distr name, cds, “T” + 3,30 French charge = 2sh 6d. Postage due Fr. 5,10 = 4sh. Via England to France – without “Porte de Mar” accouning. Veracruz 1 April 1878 with instruction “Via Southampton” to Bordeaux local rate 60 centavos (Weight between 1 1/4 and 1 1/2 ounces). “Porte de Mar” charges paid directly by the Veracruz postmaster to the postal agent of the British Consulate Veracruz. Exceptional high franking. Illustrated MMM page 363. Signed J. Bash and Schimmer (IX 1878 (31 March). Veracruz – France. EL. Fkd 10c + 50c / 378 + distr name, cds, “T” + 3,30 French charge = 2sh 6d. Postage due Fr. 5,10 = 4sh. Via England to France – without “Porte de Mar” accouning. Veracruz 1 April 1878 with instruction “Via Southampton” to Bordeaux local rate 60 centavos (Weight between 1 1/4 and 1 1/2 ounces). “Porte de Mar” charges paid directly by the Veracruz postmaster to the postal agent of the British Consulate Veracruz. Exceptional high franking. Illustrated MMM page 363. Signed J. Bash and Schimmer (IX). 1879 (12 Jan). Veracruz – FRANCE. EL. Fkd 10c orange 378 + district name + cds + ANGLETERRE red entry cds, with 5c Porte de Mar horiz pair, Veracruz illustr name (not necessary as per regulations, but ramdonly applied), tied by diff cancellation traces + wax seal. Carried by Royal British Steam Packet. As per F. Schimmer Porte de Mar census, the only recorded with district name Veracruz Porte de Mar cover. One stamp part torn for arrival, but complete. Exceptional item. Illustrated MMM page 366. Signed K.Schimmer (IX). 1879 (7 April). Mexico City to Frankfurt, Germany formula card (HG 21) bearing a 2 centavos “Foreign mail” Juarez stamp without overprint (Sc 124a) tied by a red rhomboid of dots showing a Vera Cruz cds and a “Franco Mexico” cds transit cancel. Very scarce / addressed to the French Consul (IX). 1979 (30 July). DF – Spain / Barcelona. E. Fkd 5c orange foreign issue, tied blue dots, cork + Porte de Mar 10c on reverse, tied red date cancel. Via England / British mail. Signed Karl Schimmer and maritimed in his record of Do Mar issue as one of five in existence. Mandatory prepayment to foreign destinations with P. Mar became obsolete at the introduction of the foreign issue (IX). 1880 (18 Aug). Veracruz – Germany. Tied formula card (vert filing crease not affecting stamp), fkd 2c Suarez foreign issue, 379, cds, French Octagonal “Pq Fr nº1 / Veracruz”. Via St Nazaire / “Ville de Brest”. Germany HAMBURG / date box Poeseldorf (13 Sept) alongside (V 1880. Noria – USA. Envelope. Posted at Noria (de los Azuna) (sin 36/1) “AGENCIA DEL CORREO DE NORIA” – No “Foreign mail” stamps available 5c stamp – overprint “Mazatlan” “2779” applied at Mazatlan special “Foreign mail” cancel and “Correos Mazatlan 22 Set 1880” (in magenta) via San Francisco. New York 4 Nov and Port Byron 5 Nov. Lovely cover and a rarity. Signed Schimmer (VIII). 1880 (9 Nov). Oaxaca – France / Paris. Env fkd and a 10 centavos Juarez foreign issue, Oaxaca name, 2379 with the French octagonal maritime marking “Vera Cruz B Paq Fr nº2” in red dated 20 Nov 1880. Cover marked “Por Vapeur Francais”!. Scarce maritime usage in this issue from this district. F-VF (VI). 1880 (9 Nov). Oaxaca – France / Paris. Env fkd and a 10 centavos Juarez foreign issue, Oaxaca name, 2379 with the French octagonal maritime marking “Vera Cruz B Paq Fr nº2” in red dated 20 Nov 1880. Cover marked “Por Vapeur Francais”!. Scarce maritime usage in this issue from this district. F-VF (VI 1881 (11 April)- SL Potosi – Austria. Rose salmon formula card, 2c 1779 “Franco en S.L. Potosi 11 Abril” (in red!) ./. Wien receiving postmark (without date). Ex – Rudy Groth. VF (VI 1881 (30 Sept). Chihuahua – USA / NY. Env fkd 1c + 2c (x2) foreign issue, distr name, 3981, tied dots corks. On reverse handstamp “J.Burns Mine de Camuchin Batupilas”. XF. Arrival ds (IX). c.1882. Gral. Bravo / Monterrey – Matamoros. Triple print Hidalgo embossed stationery env, 2582 + district name, oval name town cancel. VF + Scarce usage 1882 (21 May). DF – FRANCE. Env fkd 2c + 10c foreign issue, 5183 consignt name district, both cancelled “T” mark / tied + red French pqbt. “Por Barcelonette”. Signed Schimmer. VF. Scarce stamps + cancel (IX). 1882 (17 July). DF – Cuba (13 June) (Month error). AN EARLY UPU rate COVER usage. Envelope bearing two 6 centavos “Small Numerals” stamps sent from Mexico City to Havana, Cuba, and cancelled “Union Postal Universal Mexico” in an oval dated “17 July 1882”. In his article in Mexicana on p32 of the January 1990 issue, Richard Daffner stated that though these supplemental stamps, intended solely for maritime mail, should have issued on 1 July 1882, the earliest known copy dates from August of that year. This example is evidently the first known, and predates Daffner´s comment. It is thus the first Mexican stamp known of this denomination to have covered both the inland and maritime rate, as required by the universal Postal Union of 1878. The envelope is marked “Isla de Cuba” and “Vapor Mendes Nunes” a steamship not hitherto recorded as a mail carrier, but may have belonged to the Compania Transatlantica (antes A Lopez y Cia) Barcelona, which had a contract with the Spanish Government in 1881 to carry mail between Havana and Mexican ports, (pp 29/30 of “Mexican maritime Mail”). 1882 (30 Oct). DF – Italy. Reg fkd env foreign issues mixed combination 6c numeral with 18c brown, both 5482, tied by a dotted handstamp, together with a circular “Union Postal” cancel dated 30 October 1882, and various transit markings. According to “Mexican Maritime Mail”, p.351, the 6 centavos “small numerals” only carry the 83 date overprint, whereas this copy is overprinted 6282, registered letters are described there as “very scarce”. Lovely exhibition item (IX). 1883 (17 Aug). Guaymas – USA / JF. Wells Fargo & Cº stat env with aditional 2c x3 foreign issue, no district name, consignment number 483, oval red ds. VF and scarce. Ex-Sothebys 82 (VIII). 1883 (9 Oct). DF – FRANCE. Env fkd 6c lilac numeral foreign issue horiz strip of 4, d name, 5483, tied “8 / buzones Mexico” + “PARIS / ETRANGER” blue cds. Via NY. Signed Schimmer. Lovely multiple usage + rare cancel (IX). 1884 (6 April). Sinoquipa. Huepac / Sonora – FRANCE, fwded to Italy. Envelope fkd 6c numeral foreign issue horiz pair 483, no name, oval violet cachet + alongside mns dated, also tied blue “PARIS / Etranger” cds. Via Nogales(railway) to NY. On reverse “Munroe & Cº/ PARIS” blue oval dated fwding agent cachet. Lovely item (IX 1884 (5 May). Muzquis / Sonora State – Switzerland. Late 1874 issue usage accepted for FOREIGN MAIL. Env fkd 4c orange (x3), tied Villa de Muzquis + oval “Franco / en Muzquis 5 – May – 84”. Via NY. Outstanding exhibition maritime rarity. Illustrated MMM color plate / (VIII 1886 (28 Dec). Monterrey – FRANCE. Registr fkd env incl 10c large numeral (x2) oval ds. Via Laredo, NY, Paris (9 Jan 87). Arrival red “Paris / chargements” cds on front + Special boxed CERTIFICACION A MONTERREY (xx). VF + scarce (X 1887 (1 June). La Paz , Baja California – Mexico City (9 July). 10c lilac. Wells Fargo stat env used from BAJA. Routed via Guaymas – Benton – El Paso – Texas. Superb internationaly transited Mexican internal item, as at this time mail was most conveniently routed so and accepted. Ex – Everett Earl. Exceptional rarity (VIII). 1887 (2 Nov). DF – Switzerland. Registered fkd env 20c Medalion + 10c large numeral perf 5, vert lilac, tied blue oval ds + labels. Very fine scarce MIXED ISSUES COMBINATION + maritime usage (X). 1887 (16 Nov). Registered letter cover from Mazatlan on the Pacific coast to Modena, Italy, franked by four 10 centavos black-lilac numeral stamps of the 1886 issue perf 5, vertical lines with cork cancels “Certificacion a Mazatlan el 16 Nov 1887, Nogales, Arizona”, below the oval “Mazatlan” cancel in red. There is also a “United States of America New York Exchange” numbered label affixed over the stamps. Backstamped “New York 12,2,1887 Regy Div”, with a dated circle above, and a “Modano-Torino 13 D C 87” (ie 13 Dec 1887) receipt marking there. VF scarce overseas item (X). 1888 (20 July).Veracruz-UK. Registr multifkd env. 3c Medalion + 1, 2, 4 and 10 horiz lines, large numeral issue. 3 diff reg labels + sent via Eagle. Pass,Texas, NY.Londonarrival (16 Aug) colorful COMBINATION of diff issues (X 1889 (8 Dic). Out of mail to Cuba – Posted in Habana to Germany. Registr Servicio Postal Mexicano stat env 5c with 10c + 20c. Cuba Spanish stamps. Proper transits NY (12 Dec) and Braunchweig (28 Dec). Lovely usage exceptionally rare (X). 1890 (1 Nov). DF – Austria. Official Foreign office registered env fkd 12c Medalion vertical pair + 6c large numeral. Via NY + 2 red wax Correos Mexico seals on reveal. Scarce value stamps combination issues (X). 1891 (29 April). Rio Verde / SLP – Germany. 10c SNM regsitered stat env + 10c large numeral adtl with distintive Double Entry PRINT. Fine and appealing 1891 (11 June). Merida / Yucatan – FRANCE (1 July) – TUNIS. Serv Postal Mex. 5c stat front only, sent registr with adtl 5 diff large numeral stamps, fwded “R” in circle positioned around. Via Progreso + French Railroad Franco British Calais (X). 1891. Guanajuato – NY – Chicago. Express Wells Fargo 5c stat env used overseas + USA 2cts added and cancelled in transit / NY truly exceptional and VF (X). 1892. Palizada / Campeche – NY / USA. Registered 10c SNM stat env + 5c adtl, “grill PALIZADA” cachet (xxx/R) + registr box alongside superb 1894. Zacatecas – ARGENTINA . Wells Fargo 20c / ovptd 30c stationery envelope. Registered AR + 2 adtl. Via NY. Outstanding rarity. According to Schimmer, the only W. Fargo stat cover to South America with AR service (VIII). 1894 (21 Aug). Durango – Germany . Registr 1c green large complete wrapper + 1c + 10c adtls. Via Piedras Negras + 2 reg labels incl NY transit – Laredo . Exceptionally fine and rare (X). 1894 (20 Oct). Guaymas – USA / CAL. Wells Fargo stat env 5c, stline “GUAYMAS MEX” (railway cancels?) on reverse messenger hand stamp. The letter probably carried by WF service only, nor Mex or US Postal Service (VIII). 1902. MEXICO – PANAMA – WELLS FARGO. Coatzacoalcos – Puerto Mexico – Colon – Panama. WF stat env late issue (much scarcer used) taxed 12 1/2c with Colombia 10c / violet Colon cds POSTAGE DUE applied at arrival. Mns via NY. Exceptional combination stat, illustrated on MMM encyclopedia page 290 and extensively studied. Great exhibition item. Ex – David Warman (VIII). 1916. Barrilito issue. Selection of 17 diff overprinted ESSAY in diff colors, full O.G. Light hinge. Exceedingly rare the end @ copyright 2012 6 Comments

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Whitney Houston Art Photography and Memoriable Collections Posted on February 13, 2012 | 9 comments

WHITNEY, WE ALWAYS YOVE YOU

WHITNEY ART PHOTOGRAPHY





WHITNEY WE ALLWAYS LOVE YOU

Whitney Houston, 1963-2012 .

Credit: Seth Poppel/Yearbook Library

TELL US WHAT YOU THINK 7

COMMENTING OPTIONS

February 12, 2012 – 5:04pm Michelle CageI HOPE THAT WHITNEY KNEW HOW BEAUTIFUL SHE WAS AND HOW LIVES SHE TOUCHED. THANK YOU GOD FOR ALLOWING ME TO HEAR HER VOICE. February 12, 2012 – 2:54pm Connie DavidsonWhitney Houston will be sadly missed by all that knew her and loved her!! She had a voice of an angle and sang to the depths of your soul!!God bless her family in this time of deep sadness. February 12, 2012 – 2:46pm Shirley IrelandTHIS IS SOOO Sad and I truly hope Bobbi remains strong and not let this take her to another unrecoverable level in life. Satay above expectations “God Bless you and your Family” February 12, 2012 – 2:19pm Jennifer M. Jaeger TutkoSo sad…my heart goes out to her daughter. RIP Whitney. February 12, 2012 – 8:12am Glenyce CobbSAD. RIP Whitney. February 12, 2012 – 8:00am Sylvia Smith McIntoshMy heart goes out to the family of Whitney Houston, she was a inspiration to us all, her voice reached down in our souls and she will be truly missed. My condolences to her family and my God Bless them and keep them, in Jesus name. February 12, 2012 – 1:49am Terry Coclough-BakerVERY TALENTED SINGER! SO PRETTY

Whitney Houston’s funeral to be held at childhood church in Newark on Saturday Feb 14 2012 Whitney houston funeral

Whitney houston funeral WHITNEY Houston’s funeral will be held on Saturday in the New Jersey church

where she first showed her singing talents as a child. The service will be held at noon at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark.

The 48-year-old died last Saturday at a hotel in Beverly Hills. S he was underwater and apparently unconscious when she was pulled from a bath. Her body was returned to New Jersey late today. Houston was born in Newark and began singing as a child at the New Hope church, where her mother, Grammy-winning gospel singer Cissy Houston, led the music programme for many years. Cousin Dionne Warwick also sang in its choir. Mourners left flowers, balloons and candles for Houston at the wrought-iron fence around the tall brick church.

WHITNEY BIOGRAPHY

Whitney Houston Whitney Houston

Whitney Houston performing at Good Morning America in Central Park on September 1, 2009. Background information Birth name

Whitney Elizabeth Houston

Born

August 9, 1963(1963-08-09) Newark, New Jersey, U.S. February 11, 2012(2012-02-11) (aged 48)

Died

Beverly Hills, California, U.S. Genres

Pop, soul, R&B, dance, gospel

Occupations

Singer, actress, model, film producer,[1] record producer,[2] songwriter

Instruments

Vocals, piano

Years active

1977–2012

Labels

Arista, RCA

Associated acts

Cissy Houston, Dionne Warwick, Aretha Franklin, Jermaine Jackson, Mariah Carey, Enrique Iglesias, Bobby

Website

Official website

Brown

Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American singer, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, the Guinness World Records cited her as the most-awarded female act of all time.[3] Her awards include two Emmy Awards, six Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, and 22 American Music Awards, among a total of 415 career awards as of 2010. Houston was also one of the world’s best-selling music artists, having sold over 170 million albums, singles and videos worldwide.[4][5] Inspired by prominent soul singers in her family, including her mother Cissy Houston, cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, and her godmother Aretha Franklin, Houston began singing with her New Jersey church’s junior gospel choir at age 11.[6] After she began performing alongside her mother in night clubs in the New York City area, she was discovered by Arista Records label head Clive Davis. Houston released seven studio albums and three movie soundtrack albums, all of which have diamond, multi-platinum, platinum or gold certification. Houston is the only artist to chart seven consecutive No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hits (“Saving All My Love for You“, “How Will I Know“, “Greatest Love of All“, “I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)“, “Didn’t We Almost Have It All“, “So Emotional” and “Where Do Broken Hearts Go“). She is the second artist behind Elton John and the only female artist to have two number-one Billboard 200 Album awards (formerly “Top Pop Album”) on the Billboard magazine year-end charts. Houston’s 1985 debut album Whitney Houston became the best-selling debut album by a female act at the time of its release. The album was named Rolling Stone‘s best album of 1986, and was ranked at number 254 on Rolling Stone‘s list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[7] Her second studio album Whitney (1987) became the first album by a female artist to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart.[7] Houston’s crossover appeal on the popular music charts as well as her prominence on MTV, starting with her video for “How Will I Know”,[8] influenced several African-American female artists to follow in her footsteps.[9][10] Houston’s first acting role was as the star of the feature film The Bodyguard (1992). The film’s original soundtrack won the 1994 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. Its lead single “I Will Always Love You“, became the best-selling single by a female artist in music history. With the album, Houston became the first act (solo or group, male or female) to sell more than a million copies of an album within a single week period.[7] The album makes her the only female act in the top 10 list of the best-selling albums of all time, at number four. Houston continued to star in movies and contribute to their soundtracks, including the films Waiting to Exhale (1995) and The Preacher’s Wife (1996). The Preacher’s Wife soundtrack became the best-selling gospel album in history.[11] Three years after the release of her fourth studio album My Love Is Your Love (1998), she renewed her recording contract with Arista Records.[11] She released her fifth studio album Just Whitney in 2002, and the Christmas-themed One Wish: The Holiday Album in 2003. In 2009, Houston released her seventh studio album, I Look to You. On February 11, 2012, Houston died of currently unknown causes at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills, California.[12]

Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 1963–1976: Early life 1.2 1977–1984: Early career 1.3 1985–1986: Rise to international prominence 1.4 1987–1991: Whitney, I’m Your Baby Tonight and “The Star Spangled Banner” 1.5 1992–1994: Marriage to Bobby Brown and The Bodyguard 1.6 1995–1997: Waiting to Exhale, The Preacher’s Wife and Cinderella 1.7 1998–2000: My Love Is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest Hits 1.8 2000–2005: Just Whitney, and personal struggles 1.9 2006–2012: Return to music, I Look to You, tour and film comeback 2 Death 2.1 Reaction 3 Artistry and legacy4 Discography 3.1 Voice 3.2 Influence 3.3 Awards and achievements 5 Filmography 6 Tours 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links

Life and career 1963–1976: EARLY LIFE Whitney Houston was born in what was then a middle-income neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey, the third and youngest child of Army serviceman and entertainment executive

John Russell Houston, Jr. (September 13, 1920 – February 2, 2003), and gospel singer Cissy Houston (née Emily Drinkard).[13]

She was part African-American, Native American and Italian through her father, who was half Italian, with further African-American, Native American (via a great-grandfather) and Dutch (via her maternal great-great-great-grandfather) ancestry on her mother’s side of the family.[14] Her mother, along with cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick and godmother Aretha Franklin were all notable figures in the gospel, rhythm and blues, pop, and soul genres. Houston was raised a Baptist, but was also exposed to the Pentecostal church. After the 1967 Newark riots, the family moved to a middle class area in East Orange, New Jersey when she was four.[13] At the age of 11, Houston began to follow in her mother’s footsteps and started performing as a soloist in the junior gospel choir at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, where she also learned to play the piano.[15] Her first solo performance in the church was “Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah”.[16] When Houston was a teenager, she attended Mount Saint Dominic Academy, a Catholic girls high school in Caldwell, New Jersey, where she met her best friend Robyn Crawford, whom she described as the “sister she never had”.[17] While Houston was still in school, her mother continued to teach her how to sing.[9] In addition to her mother, Franklin, and Warwick, Houston was also exposed to the music of Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight, and Roberta Flack, most of whom would have an impact on her as a singer and performer.[18]

1977–1984: EARLY CAREER Houston spent some of her teenage years touring nightclubs where her mother Cissy was performing, and she would occasionally get on stage and perform with her. In 1977, at age 14, she became a backup singer on the Michael Zager Band‘s single “Life’s a Party”. Zager subsequently offered to obtain a recording contract for the young singer, but Cissy declined, wanting her daughter to finish school first. Then in 1978, at age 15, Houston sang background vocals on Chaka Khan‘s hit single “I’m Every Woman“, a song she would later turn into a larger hit for herself on her monster-selling The Bodyguard soundtrack album. She also sang back-up on albums by Lou Rawls and Jermaine Jackson. In the early 1980s, Houston started working as a fashion model after a photographer saw her at Carnegie Hall singing with her mother. She appeared as a lead vocalist on a Paul Jabara album, entitled Paul Jabara and Friends, released by Columbia Records in 1983.[19] She appeared in Seventeen[20] and became one of the first women of color to grace the cover of the magazine.[21] She was also featured in layouts in the pages of Glamour, Cosmopolitan, Young Miss, and appeared in a Canada Dry soft drink TV commercial.[22] Her striking looks and girl-next-door charm made her one of the most sought after teen models of that time.[22] While modeling, she continued her burgeoning recording career by working with producers Ben Dover, Bill Laswell and Martin Bisi on an album they were spearheading called One Down, which was credited to the group Material. For that project, Houston contributed the ballad “Memories”, a cover of a song by Robert Wyatt. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called her contribution “one of the most gorgeous ballads you’ve ever heard”.[23] Houston had previously been offered several recording agencies (Michael Zager in 1980, and Elektra Records in 1981). In 1983, Gerry Griffith, an A&R representative from Arista Records saw her performing with her mother in a New York City nightclub and was impressed. He convinced Arista’s head Clive Davis to make time to see Houston perform. Davis too was impressed and offered a worldwide recording contract which Houston signed. Later that year, she made her national televised debut alongside Davis on The Merv Griffin Show.[24] Houston signed with Arista in 1983 but did not begin work on her album immediately. The label wanted to make sure no other label signed the singer away. Davis wanted to ensure he had the right material and producers for Houston’s debut album. Some producers had to pass on the project due to prior commitments.[25] Houston first recorded a duet with Teddy Pendergrass entitled “Hold Me” which appeared on his album, Love Language.[26] The single was released in 1984 and gave Houston her first taste of success, becoming a Top 5 R&B hit. It would also appear on her debut album in 1985.

1985–1986: RISE TO INTERNATIONAL PROMINENCE With production from Michael Masser, Kashif, Jermaine Jackson, and Narada Michael Walden, Houston’s debut album Whitney Houston was released in February 1985. Rolling Stone magazine praised Houston, calling her “one of the most exciting new voices in years” while The New York Times called the album “an impressive, musically conservative showcase for an exceptional vocal talent”.[27] [28] Arista Records promoted Houston’s album with three different singles from the album in the US, UK and other European countries. In

the UK, the dance-funk “Someone for Me”, which failed to chart in the country, was the first single while “All at Once” was in such European countries as the Netherlands and Belgium, where the song reached the top 5 on the singles charts, respectively.[29] In the US, the soulful ballad “You Give Good Love” was chosen as the lead single from Houston’s debut to establish her in the black marketplace first.[30] Outside the US, the song failed to get enough attention to become a hit but in the US, it gave the album its first major hit as it peaked at No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, and No. 1 on the Hot R&B chart.[25] As a result, the album began to sell strongly, and Houston continued promotion by touring nightclubs in the US. She also began performing on late-night television talk shows, which were not usually accessible to unestablished black acts. The jazzy ballad “Saving All My Love for You” was released next and it would become Houston’s first No. 1 single in both the US and the UK. She was now an opening act for singer Jeffrey Osborne on his nationwide tour. “Thinking About You” was released as the promo single only to R&B-oriented radio stations, which peaked at number ten of the US R&B Chart. At the time, MTV had received harsh criticism for not playing enough videos by black, Latin, and other racial minorities while favoring white acts.[31] The third US single, “How Will I Know“, peaked at No. 1 and introduced Houston to the MTV audience thanks to its video. Houston’s subsequent singles from this, and future albums, would make her the first African-American female artist to receive consistent heavy rotation on MTV.[21] By 1986, a year after its initial release, Whitney Houston topped the Billboard 200 albums chart and stayed there for 14 non-consecutive weeks.[32] The final single, “Greatest Love of All“, became Houston’s biggest hit at the time after peaking No. 1 and remaining there for three weeks on the Hot 100 chart, which made her debut the first album by a female artist to yield three No. 1 hits. Houston was No. 1 artist of the year and Whitney Houston was the No. 1 album of the year on the 1986 Billboard year-end charts, making her the first female artist to earn that distinction.[32] At the time, Houston released the best-selling debut album by a solo artist.[33] Houston then embarked on her world tour, Greatest Love Tour. The album had become an international success, and was certified 13× platinum (diamond) in the United States alone, and has sold a total of 25 million copies worldwide.[34] At the 1986 Grammy Awards, Houston was nominated for three awards including Album of the Year.[35] She was not eligible for the Best New Artist category due to her previous hit R&B duet recording with Teddy Pendergrass in 1984.[36] She won her first Grammy award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female for “Saving All My Love for You”.[37] At the same award show, she performed that Grammywinning hit; that performance later winning her an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.[38] Houston won seven American Music Awards in total in 1986 and 1987, and an MTV Video Music Award.[8][39][40] The album’s popularity would also carry over to the 1987 Grammy Awards when “Greatest Love of All” would receive a Record of the Year nomination. Houston’s debut album is listed as one of Rolling Stone‘s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and on The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame‘s Definitive 200 list.[41][42] Houston’s grand entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today.[43] Following Houston’s breakthrough, doors were opened for other African-American female artists such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker to find notable success in popular music and on MTV.[44][45]

1987–1991: WHITNEY, I’M YOUR BABY TONIGHT AND “THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER” With many expectations Houston’s second album, Whitney, was released in June 1987. The album again featured production from Masser, Kashif and Walden as well as Jellybean Benitez. Many critics complained that the material was too similar to her previous album. Rolling Stone said, “the narrow channel through which this talent has been directed is frustrating”.[46] Still, the album enjoyed commercial success. Houston became the first female artist in music history to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart, and the first artist to enter the albums chart at number one in both the US and UK, while also hitting number one or top ten in dozens of other countries around the world. The album’s first single, “I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)“, was also a massive hit worldwide, peaking at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and topping the singles chart in many countries such as Australia, Germany and the UK. The next three singles, “Didn’t We Almost Have It All“, “So Emotional“, and “Where Do Broken Hearts Go” all peaked at number one on the US Hot 100 chart, which gave her a total of seven consecutive number one hits, breaking the record of six previously shared by The Beatles and The Bee Gees.[47][48] Houston became the first female artist to generate four number-one singles from one album. Whitney has been certified 9× Platinum in the US for shipments of over 9 million copies, and has sold a total of 20 million copies worldwide.[49] At the 30th Grammy Awards in 1988, Houston was nominated for three awards, including Album of the Year, winning her second Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for “I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)”.[50][51] Houston also won two American Music Awards in 1988 and 1989, respectively, and a Soul Train Music Award.[52][53][54] Following the release of the album, Houston embarked on the Moment of Truth World Tour, which was one of the ten highest grossing concert tours of 1987.[55] The success of the tours during 1986–87 and her two studio albums ranked Houston No. 8 for the highest earning entertainers list according to Forbes magazine.[56] She was the highest earning African-American woman overall and the third highest entertainer after Bill Cosby and Eddie Murphy.[56][57] Houston was a supporter of Nelson Mandela and the anti-apartheid movement. During her modeling days, the singer refused to work with any agencies who did business with the then-apartheid South Africa.[58][59] On June 11, 1988, during the European leg of her tour, Houston joined other musicians to perform a set at Wembley Stadium in London to celebrate a then-imprisoned Nelson Mandela’s 70th birthday. [58] Over 72,000 people attended Wembley Stadium, and over a billion people tuned in worldwide as the rock concert raised over $1

million for charities while bringing awareness to apartheid.[60] Houston then flew back to the US for a concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City in August. The show was a benefit concert that raised a quarter of a million dollars for the United Negro College Fund. [61] In the same year, she recorded a song for NBC‘s coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics, “One Moment in Time“, which became a

Top 5 hit in the US, while reaching number one in the UK and Germany.[62][63][64] With her world tour continuing overseas, Houston was still one of the top 20 highest earning entertainers for 1987–88 according to Forbes magazine.[65][66]

Houston performing “Saving All My Love for You” on the Welcome Home Heroes concert in 1991 In 1989, Houston formed The Whitney Houston Foundation For Children, a non-profit organization that has raised funds for the needs of children around the world. The organization cares for homelessness, children with cancer or AIDS, and other issues of self-empowerment. [67] With the success of her first two albums, Houston was undoubtedly an international crossover superstar, the most prominent since

Michael Jackson, appealing to all demographics. However, some black critics believed she was “selling out“.[10] They felt her singing on record lacked the soul that was present during her live concerts.[20] At the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards, when Houston’s name was called out for a nomination, a few in the audience jeered.[68][69] Houston defended herself against the criticism, stating, “If you’re gonna have a long career, there’s a certain way to do it, and I did it that way. I’m not ashamed of it”.[20] Houston took a more urban direction with her third studio album, I’m Your Baby Tonight, released in November 1990. She produced and chose producers for this album and as a result, it featured production and collaborations with L.A. Reid and Babyface, Luther Vandross, and Stevie Wonder. The album showed Houston’s versatility on a new batch of tough rhythmic grooves, soulful ballads and up-tempo dance tracks. Reviews were mixed. Rolling Stone felt it was her “best and most integrated album”.[70] while Entertainment Weekly, at the time thought Houston’s shift towards an urban direction was “superficial”.[71] The album contained several hits: the first two singles, “I’m Your Baby Tonight” and “All the Man That I Need” peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; “Miracle” peaked at number nine; “My Name Is Not Susan” peaked in the top twenty; “I Belong to You” reached the top ten of the US R&B chart and garnered Houston a Grammy nomination; and the sixth single, the Stevie Wonder duet “We Didn’t Know“, reached the R&B top twenty. The album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and went on to be certified 4× platinum in the US while selling twelve million total worldwide. With America entangled in the Persian Gulf War, Houston performed “The Star Spangled Banner” at Super Bowl XXV on January 27, 1991.[72] Due to overwhelming response to her rendition, it was released as a commercial single and video of her performance, and reached the Top 20 on the US Hot 100, making her the only act to turn the national anthem into a pop hit of that magnitude (Jose Feliciano‘s version reached No. 50 in November 1968).[73][74] Houston donated all her share of the proceeds to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund. As a result, the singer was named to the Red Cross Board of Governors.[72][75][76] Her rendition was considered the benchmark for singers and critically acclaimed.[77] Rolling Stone commented that “her singing stirs such strong patriotism. Unforgettable”, and the performance ranked No. 1 on the 25 most memorable music moments in NFL history list. VH1 listed the performance as one of the greatest moments that rocked TV.[78][79] Following the attacks on 9/11, it was released again by Arista Records, all profits going towards the firefighters and victims of the attacks. This time it peaked at No. 6 in the Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[80] Later in 1991, Houston put together her Welcome Home Heroes concert with HBO for the soldiers fighting in the Persian Gulf War and their families. The free concert took place at Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia in front of 3,500 servicemen and women. HBO descrambled the concert so that it was free for everyone to watch.[81] Houston’s concert gave HBO its highest ratings ever.[82] She then embarked on the I’m Your Baby Tonight World Tour.

1992–1994: MARRIAGE TO BOBBY BROWN AND THE BODYGUARD Throughout the 1980s, Houston was romantically linked to American football star Randall Cunningham and actor Eddie Murphy, whom she dated.[83] She then met R&B singer Bobby Brown at the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards. After a three year courtship, the two were married on July 18, 1992.[84] On March 4, 1993, Houston gave birth to their daughter Bobbi Kristina Houston Brown, her only child, and his fourth. Brown would go on to have several run-ins with the law, including some jail time.[84] On a June 1993 trip to Israel, Houston said of her visit, “I’ve never felt like this in any other country. I feel at home, I feel wonderful.” [85] With the commercial success of her albums, movie offers poured in, including offers to work with Robert De Niro, Quincy Jones, and Spike Lee; but Houston felt the time wasn’t right.[83] Houston’s first film role was in The Bodyguard, released in 1992 and co-starring Kevin Costner. Houston played Rachel Marron, a star who is stalked by a crazed fan and hires a bodyguard to protect her. USA Today listed it as one of the 25 most memorable movie moments of the last 25 years in 2007.[86] The movie is also notable for not mentioning or needing to explain its interracial aspect. Houston’s mainstream appeal allowed people to look at the movie color-blind.[87] Still, controversy arose as some felt the film’s advertising intentionally hid Houston’s face to hide the film’s interracial relationship. In an interview with Rolling Stone in 1993, the singer commented that “people know who Whitney Houston is – I’m black. You can’t hide that fact.” [18] Houston received a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress. The Washington Post said Houston is “doing nothing more than playing Houston, comes out largely unscathed if that is possible in so cockamamie an undertaking”,[88] and The New York Times commented that she lacked passion with her co-star.[89] Despite the film’s mixed reviews, it was hugely successful at the box office, grossing more than $121 million in the U.S. and $410 million worldwide, making it one of the top 100 grossing films in film history at its time of release, though it is no longer in the top 100 due to rising current ticket prices since the time the film was released.[90] The film’s soundtrack also enjoyed big success. Houston executive produced and contributed six songs for the motion picture’s adjoining soundtrack album. Rolling Stone said it is “nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane”.[91] The soundtrack’s lead single was “I Will Always Love You“, written and originally recorded by Dolly Parton in 1974. Houston’s version of the song was acclaimed by many critics, regarding it as her “signature song” or “iconic performance”. Rolling Stone and USA Today called her rendition “the tour-deforce”.[92][93] The single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for a then-record-breaking 14 weeks, number one on the R&B chart for a then-record-breaking 11 weeks, and number one on the Adult Contemporary charts for five weeks, thus becoming the first single to top those three charts simultaneously for five weeks.[94] The single was certified 4× platinum by the RIAA, making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in the RIAA history and becoming the best-selling single by a female artist in the US.[95][96][97] The song also became a global success, hitting numberone in almost all countries, and one of the best-selling singles of all time with 12 million copies sold.[98] The soundtrack topped the Billboard 200 chart and remained there for 20 non-consecutive weeks, the longest tenure by any album on the chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era, and became one of the fastest selling albums ever.[99] During Christmas week of 1992, the soundtrack sold over a million copies within a week, becoming the first album to achieve that feat under Nielsen SoundScan system.[100][101] With the follow-up singles “I’m Every Woman“, a Chaka Khan cover, and “I Have Nothing” both reaching the top five, Houston became the first female artist to ever have three singles in the Top 11 simultaneously.[102][103][104] The album was certified 17× platinum in the US alone,[105] with worldwide sales of 44 million, making The Bodyguard the only album by a female act on the list of the world’s Top 10 best-selling albums. [106]

Houston won three Grammys for the album in 1994, including two of the Academy’s highest honors, Album of the Year and Record of the Year. In addition, she won a record 8 American Music Awards at that year’s ceremony including the Award of Merit,[107] 11 Billboard Music Awards, 3 Soul Train Music Awards in 1993–94 including Sammy Davis, Jr. Award as Entertainer of the Year,[108] 5 NAACP Image Awards including Entertainer of the Year,[109][110][111] a record 5 World Music Awards,[112] and a BRIT award.[113] Following the success of the project, Houston embarked on another expansive global tour, The Bodyguard World Tour, in 1993–94. Her concerts, movie, and recording grosses made her the third highest earning female entertainer of 1993–94, just behind Oprah Winfrey and Barbra Streisand according to Forbes magazine.[114] Houston placed in the top five of Entertainment Weekly‘s annual “Entertainer of the Year” ranking [115] and was labeled by Premiere magazine as one of the 100 most powerful people in Hollywood.[116] In October 1994, Houston attended and performed at a state dinner in the White House honoring newly elected South African president Nelson Mandela.[117][118] At the end of her world tour, Houston performed three concerts in South Africa to honor President Mandela, playing to over 200,000 people. This would make the singer the first major musician to visit the newly unified and apartheid free nation following Mandela’s winning election.[119] The concert was broadcast live on HBO with funds of the concerts being donated to various charities in South Africa. The event was considered the nation’s “biggest media event since the inauguration of Nelson Mandela”.[120]

1995–1997: WAITING TO EXHALE, THE PREACHER’S WIFE AND CINDERELLA In 1995, Houston starred alongside Angela Bassett, Loretta Devine, and Lela Rochon in her second film Waiting to Exhale, a motion picture about four African-American women struggling with relationships. Houston played the lead character Savannah Jackson, a TV producer in love with a married man. She chose the role because she saw the film as “a breakthrough for the image of black women because it presents them both as professionals and as caring mothers”.[121] After opening at number one and grossing $67 million in the US at the box office and $81 million worldwide,[122] it proved that a movie primarily targeting a black audience can cross over to success, while paving the way for other all-black movies such as How Stella Got Her Groove Back and the Tyler Perry movies that have become popular in the 2000s.[123][124][125] The film is also notable for its portrayal of black women as strong middle class citizens as opposed to stereotypes.[126] The reviews were mainly positive for the ensemble cast. The New York Times said “Ms. Houston has shed the defensive hauteur that made her portrayal of a pop star in ‘The Bodyguard’ seem so distant.” [127] Houston was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for “Outstanding Actress In A Motion Picture”, but lost to her co-star Bassett. The film’s accompanying soundtrack, Waiting to Exhale: Original Soundtrack Album, was produced by Houston and Babyface. Though Babyface originally wanted Houston to record the entire album, she declined. Instead, she “wanted it to be an album of women with vocal distinction”, and thus gathered several African-American female artists for the soundtrack, to go along with the film’s strong women message.[121] As a result, the album featured a range of contemporary R&B female recording artists along with Houston, such as Mary J Blige, Aretha Franklin, Toni Braxton, Patti Labelle, and Brandy. Houston’s “Exhale (Shoop Shoop)” peaked at No. 1, and then spent a record eleven weeks at the No. 2 spot and eight weeks on top of the R&B Charts. “Count On Me”, a duet with CeCe Winans, hit the US Top 10; and Houston’s third contribution, “Why Does It Hurt So Bad“, made the Top 30. The album debuted at No. 1, and was certified 7× Platinum in the United States, denoting shipments of seven million copies.[49] The soundtrack received strong reviews as Entertainment Weekly said “the album goes down easy, just as you’d expect from a package framed by Whitney Houston tracks…. the soundtrack waits to exhale, hovering in sensuous suspense” [128] and has since ranked it as one of the 100 Best Movie Soundtracks.[129] Later that year, Houston’s children’s charity organization was awarded a VH1 Honor for all the charitable work In 1996, Houston starred in the holiday comedy The Preacher’s Wife, with Denzel Washington. She plays a gospel-singing wife of a pastor (Courtney B. Vance). Houston earned $10 million for the role, making her one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood at the time and the highest earning African American actress in Hollywood.[130] The movie, with its all African-American cast, was a moderate success, earning approximately $50 million at the U.S. box offices.[131] The movie gave Houston her strongest reviews so far. The San Francisco Chronicle said Houston “is rather angelic herself, displaying a divine talent for being virtuous and flirtatious at the same time” and that she “exudes gentle yet spirited warmth, especially when praising the Lord in her gorgeous singing voice”.[132] Houston was again nominated for an NAACP Image Award and won for Outstanding Actress In A Motion Picture. Houston recorded and co-produced, with Mervyn Warren, the film’s accompanying gospel soundtrack. The Preacher’s Wife: Original Soundtrack Album included six gospel songs with Georgia Mass Choir that were recorded at the Great Star Rising Baptist Church in Atlanta. Houston also duetted with gospel legend Shirley Caesar. The album sold six million copies worldwide and scored hit singles with “I Believe in You and Me” and “Step by Step“, becoming the largest selling gospel album of all time. The album received mainly positive reviews. Some critics, such as that of USA Today, noted the presence of her emotional depth,[133] while The Times said “To hear Houston going at full throttle with the 35 piece Georgia Mass Choir struggling to keep up is to realise what her phenomenal voice was made for”. [134]

In 1997, Houston’s production company changed its name to BrownHouse Productions and was joined by Debra Martin Chase. Their goal was “to show aspects of the lives of African-Americans that have not been brought to the screen before” while improving how African-Americans are portrayed in film and television.[135] Their first project was a made-for-television remake of Rodgers & Hammerstein‘s Cinderella. In addition to co-producing, Houston starred in the movie as the Fairy Godmother along with Brandy, Jason Alexander, Whoopi Goldberg, and Bernadette Peters. Houston was initially offered the role of Cinderella in 1993, but other projects intervened.[136] The film is notable for its multi-racial cast and nonstereotypical message.[137] An estimated 60 million viewers tuned into the special giving ABC its highest TV ratings in 16 years.[138] The movie received seven Emmy nominations including Outstanding Variety, Musical or Comedy, while winning Outstanding Art Direction in a Variety, Musical or Comedy Special.[139] Houston and Chase then obtained the rights to the story of Dorothy Dandridge. Houston was to play Dandridge, who was the first African American actress to be nominated for an Oscar. She wanted the story told with dignity and honor.[135] However, Halle Berry also had rights to the project and she got her version going first.[140] Later that year, Houston paid tribute to her idols such as Aretha Franklin, Diana Ross, and Dionne Warwick by performing their hits during the three-night HBO Concert Classic Whitney, live from Washington, D.C. The special raised over $300,000 for the Children’s Defense Fund.[141] Houston received The Quincy Jones Award for outstanding career achievements in the field of entertainment at the 12th Soul Train Music Awards.[142][143]

1998–2000: MY LOVE IS YOUR LOVE AND WHITNEY: THE GREATEST HITS After spending much of the early and mid 1990s working on motion pictures and their soundtrack albums, Houston’s first studio album in eight years, the critically acclaimed My Love Is Your Love, was released in November 1998. Though originally slated to be a greatest hits album with a handful of new songs, recording sessions were so fruitful that a new full-length studio album was released. Recorded and mixed in only six weeks, it featured production from Rodney Jerkins, Wyclef Jean and Missy Elliott. The album debuted at number thirteen, its peak position, on the Billboard 200 chart.[144] It had a funkier and edgier sound than past releases and saw Houston handling urban dance, hip hop, mid-tempo R&B, reggae, torch songs, and ballads all with great dexterity.[145] From late 1998 to early 2000, the album spawned several hit singles: “When You Believe” (US No. 15, UK #4), a duet with Mariah Carey for 1998’s The Prince of Egypt soundtrack, which also became an international hit as it peaked in the Top 10 in several countries and won an Academy Award for Best Original Song;[146] “Heartbreak Hotel” (US No. 2, UK# 25) featured Faith Evans and Kelly Price, received a 1999 MTV VMA nomination for Best R&B Video,[147] and number one on the US R&B chart for seven weeks; “It’s Not Right But It’s Okay” (US No. 4, UK #3) won Houston her sixth Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance;[148] “My Love Is Your Love” (US No. 4, UK #2) with 3 million copies sold worldwide;[149] and “I Learned from the Best” (US No. 27, UK #19).[150][151] These singles became international hits as well, and all the singles, except “When You Believe”, became number one hits on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart. The album sold four million copies in America, making it certified 4× platinum, and a total of eleven million copies worldwide.[34] The album gave Houston some of her strongest reviews ever. Rolling Stone said Houston was singing “with a bite in her voice” [152] and The Village Voice called it “Whitney’s sharpest and most satisfying so far”.[153] In 1999, Houston participated in VH-1’s Divas Live ’99, alongside Brandy, Mary J. Blige, Tina Turner, and Cher. The same year, Houston hit the road with her 70 date My Love Is Your Love World Tour. The European leg of the tour was Europe’s highest grossing arena tour of the year.[154] In November 1999, Houston was named Topselling R&B Female Artist of the Century with certified US sales of 51 million copies at the time and The Bodyguard Soundtrack was named the Top-selling Soundtrack Album of the Century by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[155] She also won The Artist of the Decade, Female award for extraordinary artistic contributions during the 1990s at the 14th Soul Train Music Awards, and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B.[156][157][158][159][160] In May 2000, Whitney: The Greatest Hits was released worldwide. The double disc set peaked at number five in the United States, reaching number one in the United Kingdom.[151][161] In addition, the album reached the Top 10 in many other countries.[162] While ballad songs were left unchanged, the album features house/club remixes of many of Houston’s up-tempo hits. Included on the album were four new songs: “Could I Have This Kiss Forever” (a duet with Enrique Iglesias), “Same Script, Different Cast” (a duet with Deborah Cox), “If I Told You That” (a duet with George Michael), and “Fine“, and three hits that had never appeared on a Houston album: “One Moment in Time”, “The Star Spangled Banner”, and “If You Say My Eyes Are Beautiful”, a duet with Jermaine Jackson from his 1986 Precious Moments album.[163] Along with the album, an accompanying VHS and DVD was released featuring the music videos to Houston’s greatest hits, as well as several hard-to-find live performances including her 1983 debut on The Merv Griffin Show, and interviews.[164] The greatest hits album was certified 3× platinum in the US, with worldwide sales of 10 million.[165][166]

2000–2005: JUST WHITNEY, AND PERSONAL STRUGGLES Though Houston was seen as a “good girl” with a perfect image in the ’80s and early ’90s, by the late ’90s, her behavior changed. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, and canceling concerts and talk-show appearances.[167][168] With the missed performances and weight loss, rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband circulated. On January 11, 2000, airport security guards discovered marijuana in both Houston’s and husband Bobby Brown’s luggage at a Hawaii airport, but the two boarded the plane and departed before authorities could arrive. Charges were later dropped against them,[169] but rumors of drug usage between the couple would continue to surface. Two months later, Clive Davis was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Houston had been scheduled to perform at the event, but failed to show up.[170] Shortly thereafter, Houston was scheduled to perform at the Academy Awards but was fired from the event by musical director and long time friend Burt Bacharach. Her publicist cited throat problems as the reason for the cancellation. In his book The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, author Steve Pond revealed that “Houston’s voice was shaky, she seemed distracted and jittery, and her attitude was casual, almost defiant”, and that while Houston was to sing “Over the Rainbow“, she would start singing a different song.[171] Houston later admitted to having been fired.[172] Later that year, Houston’s long-time executive assistant and friend, Robyn Crawford, resigned from Houston’s management company.[170] In August 2001, Houston signed the biggest record deal in music history with Arista/BMG. She renewed her contract for $100 million to deliver six new albums, on which she would also earn royalties.[173][174][175] She later made an appearance on Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special. Her extremely thin frame further spurred rumors of drug use. Houston’s publicist said, “Whitney has been under stress due to family matters, and when she is under stress she doesn’t eat.” [176] The singer was scheduled for a second performance the following night but canceled.[177] Within weeks, Houston’s rendition of “The Star Spangled Banner” would be re-released after the September 11 attacks. The song peaked at No. 6 this time on the US Hot 100, topping its previous position.[150] Houston donated her portion of the proceeds. In 2002, Houston became involved in a legal dispute with John Houston Enterprise. Although the company was started by her father to manage her career, it was now actually run by company president Kevin Skinner. Skinner filed a breach-of-contract lawsuit and sued for $100 million (but lost), stating that Houston owed the company previously unpaid compensation for helping to negotiate her $100 million contract with Arista Records and for sorting out legal matters.[178] Houston stated that her 81-year-old father had nothing to do with the lawsuit. Although Skinner tried to claim otherwise, John Houston never appeared in court.[179] Houston’s father later died in February 2003.[180] The lawsuit was dismissed on April 5, 2004, and Skinner was awarded nothing.[181] Also in 2002, Houston did an interview with Diane Sawyer to promote her then-upcoming album. The interview was the highest-rated television interview in history. During the prime-time special, Houston spoke on topics including rumored drug use and marriage. She was asked about the ongoing drug rumors and replied, “First of all, let’s get one thing straight. Crack is cheap. I make too much money to ever smoke crack. Let’s get that straight. Okay? We don’t do crack. We don’t do that. Crack is wack.” [172] The line was from Keith Haring’s mural which was painted in 1986 on the handball court at 128th Street and 2nd Avenue.[182] Houston did, however, admit to using other substances at times, including cocaine.[172] In December 2002, Houston released her fifth studio album, Just Whitney…. The album included productions from then-husband Bobby Brown, as well as Missy Elliott and Babyface, and marked the first time that Houston did not produce with Clive Davis as Davis had been released by top management at BMG. Upon its release, Just Whitney… received mixed reviews.[183] The album debuted at number 9 on the Billboard 200 chart and it had the highest first week sales of any album Houston had ever released.[184] The four singles released from the album, didn’t fare well on the Billboard Hot 100, but became Hot Dance Club Play hits. Just Whitney… was certified platinum in the United States, and sold approximately three million worldwide.[185] In late 2003, Houston released her first Christmas album One Wish: The Holiday Album, with a collection of traditional holiday songs. Houston produced the album with Mervyn Warren and Gordon Chambers. A single titled “One Wish (for Christmas)” reached the Top 20 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and the album was certified gold in the US. Having always been a touring artist, Houston spent most of 2004 touring and performing in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Russia. In September 2004, she gave a surprise performance at the World Music Awards in a tribute to long time friend Clive Davis. After the show, Davis and Houston announced plans to go into studio to work on her new album.[186] In early 2004, husband Bobby Brown starred in his own reality TV program, Being Bobby Brown (on the Bravo network), which provided a view into the domestic goings-on in the Brown household. Though it was Brown’s vehicle, Houston was a prominent figure throughout the show, receiving as much screen time as Brown. The series aired in 2005 and featured Houston in, what some would say, not her most flattering moments. The Hollywood Reporter said it was “undoubtedly the most disgusting and execrable series ever to ooze its way onto television.” [187] Despite the perceived train-wreck nature of the show, the series gave Bravo its highest ratings in its time slot and continued Houston’s successful forays into film and television.[188] The show was not renewed for a second season after Houston stated that she would no longer appear in it, and Brown and Bravo could not come to an agreement for another season.[189]

2006–2012: RETURN TO MUSIC, I LOOK TO YOU, TOUR AND FILM COMEBACK After years of controversy and turmoil, Houston separated from Bobby Brown in September 2006, filing for divorce the following month. [190] On February 1, 2007, Houston asked the court to fast track their divorce.[191] The divorce was finalized on April 24, 2007, with

Houston granted custody of the couple’s daughter.[192] On May 4, Brown sued Houston in Orange County, California court in an attempt to change the terms of their custody agreement. Brown also sought child and spousal support from Houston. In the lawsuit, Brown claimed that financial and emotional problems prevented him from properly responding to Houston’s divorce petition.[193] Brown lost at his court hearing as the judge dismissed his appeal to overrule the custody terms, leaving Houston with full custody and Brown with no spousal support.[194] In March 2007, Clive Davis of Arista Records announced that Houston would begin recording a new album.[195] In October 2007, Arista released another compilation The Ultimate Collection outside the United States.[196] Houston gave her first interview in seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey’s season premiere. The interview was billed as “the most anticipated music interview of the decade”.[197] Whitney admitted on the show to using drugs with former husband Bobby Brown, who “laced marijuana with rock cocaine”.[198] By 1996, she told Oprah, “[doing drugs] was an everyday thing… I wasn’t happy by that point in time. I was losing myself.” [199] Houston released her new album, I Look to You, in August 2009.[200] The album’s first two singles are “I Look to You” and “Million Dollar Bill”. The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1, with Houston’s best opening-week sales of 305,000 copies, marking Houston’s first number one album since The Bodyguard, and Houston’s first studio album to reach number one since 1987’s Whitney. Houston also appeared on European television programs to promote the album. She performed the song “I Look to You” on the German television show Wetten, dass..?. Three days later, she performed the worldwide first single from I Look To You, Million Dollar Bill, on the French television show Le Grand Journal. Houston appeared as guest mentor on The X Factor in the United Kingdom. She performed “Million Dollar Bill” on the following day’s results show, completing the song even as a strap in the back of her dress popped open two minutes into the performance. She later commented that she “sang [herself] out of [her] clothes”.

Whitney Houston at the O2 Arena, April 28, 2010, as part of her Nothing but Love World Tour The performance was poorly received by the British media, and was variously described as “weird” and “ungracious”,[201] “shambolic” [202] and a “flop”.[203] Despite this reception, “Million Dollar Bill” jumped to its peak from 14 to number 5 (her first UK top 5 for over a decade), and three weeks after release “I Look to You” went gold. Houston appeared on the Italian version of The X Factor, performing the same song “Million Dollar Bill” to excellent reviews.[204] She was awarded the Gold Certificate for achieving over 50,000 CD sales of “I Look To You” in Italy.[205] In November, Houston performed “I Didn’t Know My Own Strength” at the 2009 American Music Awards in Los Angeles, California. Two days later, Houston performed both songs on the Dancing With The Stars season 9 finale. As of December 2009, “I Look to You” has been certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of more than one million copies in the United States.[206] On January 26, 2010, her debut album was re-released in a special edition entitled Whitney Houston – The Deluxe Anniversary Edition.[207] Houston later embarked on a world tour, entitled the Nothing but Love World Tour. It was her first world tour in over ten years and was announced as a triumphant comeback. However, some poor reviews and rescheduled concerts brought some negative media attention. [208][209] Houston canceled some concerts due to illness and received widespread negative reviews from fans who were disappointed in the

quality of her voice and performance. Some fans reportedly walked out of her concerts.[210] In January 2010, Houston was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Music Video. She won the award for Best Music Video for her single “I Look to You”. On January 16, she received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer citing her lifetime achievements spanning over 25 years in the industry. The 2010 BET Honors award was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington, DC and aired on February 1, 2010. Jennifer Hudson and Kim Burrell performed in honor of her, garnering positive reviews. Houston also received a nomination from the Echo Awards, Germany’s version of the Grammys, for Best International Artist. In April 2010, the UK newspaper The Mirror reported that Houston was thinking about recording her eighth studio album and wanted to collaborate with will.i.am (of The Black Eyed Peas), her first choice for a collaboration.[211] Houston also performed the song “I Look to You” on the 2011 BET Celebration of Gospel, with gospel–jazz singer Kim Burrell, held at the Staples Center, Los Angeles. The performance aired on January 30, 2011. Early in 2011, she gave an uneven performance in tribute to cousin Dionne Warwick at music mogul Clive Davis’ annual pre-Grammy gala. In May 2011, Houston enrolled in a rehabilitation center again, as an out-patient, citing drug and alcohol problems. A representative for Houston said that it was a part of Houston’s “longstanding recovery process”.[212] In September 2011, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Houston was to produce and star (alongside Jordin Sparks and Mike Epps) in the remake of the 1976 film Sparkle. It was also reported that Houston would play Sparks’s “not-so encouraging mother”. Houston was to have had executive producer credits on top of acting credits according to Debra Martin Chase, producer of Sparkle. She stated that Houston deserved the title considering she had been there from the beginning in 2001 when Houston obtained Sparkle production rights. R&B singer Aaliyah‘s death in a 2001 plane crash derailed production, which would have begun in 2002.[213][214][215] On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced that it was disbanding Arista Records along with J Records and Jive Records. With the shutdown, future material involving Houston was to have been released on the RCA Records brand. Later that evening Houston appeared at Hollywood nightclub Tru, for fellow R&B singer Kelly Price’s pre-Grammy party. “Kelly Price & Friends Unplugged: For the Love of R&B” served as both a celebration and a jam session to preserve that genre, which was scaled back from eight categories to four this year. Houston was billed as one of the evening’s special invited guests but after her appearance earlier it was shocking to see the singer arrive. More put together in her appearance, Houston briefly sang a duet with Price. In what has become her final performance, clips of the two singing a gospel hymn made the rounds because of the singer’s unsteady vocals.

Whitney Houston Reportedly Drowned In Hotel Bathtub (See Her Last Photos) February 12th, 2012 7:14pm EST Just three days ago Whitney Houston was spotted leaving Tru Hollywood nightclub Thursday after a night of partying. The unflattering photos show the singer with what looks to be blood dripping down Just three days ago Whitney Houston was spotted leaving Tru Hollywood nightclub Thursday after a night of partying. The unflattering photos show the singer with what looks to be blood dripping down one of her legs and some scratch marks on her wrist. More details have been revealed in the singer’s death. According to TMZ.com, an employee at the Beverly Hilton Hotel said the singer was found dead with her face underwater in the bathtub of her room Saturday afternoon. Police were called and paramedics attempted CPR on Houston to no avail and she was pronounced dead at 3:55pm. Police ruled out foul play; however, eye-witnesses report that she was drinking heavily in the hotel’s bar with a group of friends. Houston is know to have been taking prescription drug Xanax for her anxiety, and early speculation is that she may have fallen unconscious as a result of taking the drug and drinking and then drowning. Although an autopsy was performed on Sunday, toxicology reports on the singer’s death may have the answer, but those tests normally take weeks. Beverly Hills police reportedly did find several prescription pill bottles, but there were no illegal drugs found in her room. Last month a story also broke about the singer being on the brink of bankruptcy, which her publicist denied.

Death

The Beverly Hilton Hotel, where Houston was found dead. On February 11, 2012, Houston was found dead at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, in Beverly Hills, California, of causes not immediately known.[216] According to TMZ, Houston was running late to get ready for the pre-Grammy Awards party being held four floors down in the hotel by her mentor, Clive Davis. After her stylists and bodyguards became concerned that Houston was in the bathroom for over an hour, they knocked on the door but Houston did not answer back. A female hairdresser went to check on Houston and found her lying in the bathtub. A bodyguard came in and quickly pulled Houston out of the bathtub. It was reported that Houston’s face was underwater and her legs were up like she had slid down the back of the bathtub. Her body was reported to be very cold as her bodyguard unsuccessfully attempted to perform CPR before alerting hotel security.[217][218] Beverly Hills paramedics arrived at approximately 3:30 p.m. and found the singer unresponsive and performed CPR. Houston was pronounced dead at 4:00 p.m. PST.[216] Local police said there were “no obvious signs of criminal intent”.[219] On the Thursday before her death, Houston visited singers Brandy and Monica, together with Clive Davis, at their rehearsals for Davis’ pre-Grammy Awards party. A reporter for the Los Angeles Times reported that Houston was reeking of alcohol and looked very bloated and disheveled, wearing mismatched clothing with her hair dripping of either water or sweat.[citation needed] During the two singers’ rehearsal, Houston was seen skipping around the lobby or wandering aimlessly around the hotel ground. At one point guests of the hotel became so concerned that they reported her behavior to security after she was seen doing handstands by the hotel pool. Houston attended a party that evening held by Kelly Price at Tru nightclub in Hollywood, California. A scuffle was narrowly avoided with singer Stacy Francis. Reports say that Houston got belligerent and her boyfriend Ray J was forced to step in, although he defended Francis. Houston attempted to raise her hand, but was calmed down. Later in the evening, Houston gave what is now her final onstage performance when she took to the stage along with Price for a one minute performance of “Jesus Loves Me“. Houston was photographed leaving the club clearly intoxicated and with scratches and blood stains on her legs, although it is unknown where these marks came from.[220]

REACTION The Clive Davis party that Houston was expected to attend and which featured many of the biggest names in music and movies, went on as scheduled though was quickly turned into a tribute to Houston. Davis spoke to those attending the party about Houston’s passing by saying at evening’s start, “By now you have all learned of the unspeakably tragic news of our beloved Whitney’s passing. I don’t have to mask my emotion in front of a room full of so many dear friends. I am personally devastated by the loss of someone who has meant so much to me for so many years. Whitney was so full of life. She was so looking forward to tonight even though she wasn’t scheduled to perform. Whitney was a beautiful person and a talent beyond compare. She graced this stage with her regal presence and gave so many memorable performances here over the years. Simply put, Whitney would have wanted the music to go on and her family asked that we carry on.” [221] Mariah Carey was one of the first celebrities to react, releasing the following statement on Twitter and Facebook: “Heartbroken and in tears over the shocking death of my friend, the incomparable Ms. Whitney Houston. My heartfelt condolences to Whitney’s family and to all her millions of fans throughout the world. She will never be forgotten as one of the greatest voices to ever grace the earth.” [222] Tony Bennett spoke of Houston’s passing before performing at Davis’ party by saying “First it was Michael Jackson, then Amy Winehouse, now, the magnificent Whitney Houston. I’d like every person in this room to campaign to legalize drugs. Let’s legalize drugs like they did in Amsterdam. No one’s hiding or sneaking around corners to get it. They go to a doctor to get it.” Bennett, who battled drug addiction in the 1970s, went on to perform “How Do You Keep the Music Playing?” in honor of Houston and her long battle with drug addiction. “This is a song Frank Sinatra asked me to sing,” Bennett told the crowd. “I’d like to dedicate it to Whitney. When I first heard her, I called (producer) Clive Davis and said, ‘You finally found the greatest singer I’ve ever heard in my life.'” Several other celebrities released statements responding to Houston’s death. Dolly Parton, whose song “I Will Always Love You” was covered by Houston, said, “I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, ‘Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed’.” Houston’s godmother Aretha Franklin said, “It’s so stunning and unbelievable. I couldn’t believe what I was reading coming across the TV screen.” [223]

SNL tribute image Molly Shannon and Houston, from her 1996 appearance. Moments after news of her death leaked out, CNN, MSNBC and Fox News all broke from their regularly scheduled programming to dedicate time to non-stop coverage of Houston’s passing. All three featured live interviews with people who knew Houston including those that have worked with her, interviewed her along with some of her peers in the music industry. Saturday Night Live displayed a still photo (pictured) in silent reverence of a smiling Houston, alongside Molly Shannon, from her 1996 appearance.[224][225] MTV and VH-1 interrupted their regularly scheduled programming on Sunday February 12 to air many of Houston’s classic videos with MTV often airing news segments in between and featuring various reactions from fans and celebrities. Houston’s former husband, Bobby Brown, was reported to be “in and out of crying fits” since receiving the news. He did not cancel a scheduled performance and within hours of his ex-wife’s sudden death, an audience in Mississippi observed as Brown blew kisses skyward, tearfully saying: “I love you, Whitney”.[226] Ken Ehrlich, executive producer of the 54th Grammy Awards announced that Jennifer Hudson and Chaka Khan would perform a tribute to Houston at the February 12, 2012, awards. He said “event organizers believed Hudson — an Academy Award-winning actress and Grammy Award-winning artist — could perform a respectful musical tribute to Houston”. Ehrlich went on to say: “It’s too fresh in everyone’s memory to do more at this time, but we would be remiss if we didn’t recognize Whitney’s remarkable contribution to music fans in general, and in particular her close ties with the Grammy telecast and her Grammy wins and nominations over the years”.[227] At the 65th British Academy Film Awards Cuba Gooding, Jr., said “Whitney, I will always love you” before announcing nominations with applause from the audience.

Whitney Houston’s Body Released To Family; Funeral To Be Held In New Jersey Whitney Houston’s Body Released To Family; Funeral To Be Held In New Jersey Feb 13, 2012 @ 09:30AM print it send it

Splash News By Radar Staff Coroner’s officials in Los Angeles Monday made the body of Whitney Houston available to her family, as they have finished their investigation in the wake of the singer’s untimely death at 48 on Saturday. Houston’s funeral is expected to be in her native New Jersey. NBC reported that her body will be transported from L.A. to Newark Monday evening, and that the singer will be laid to rest at the Hope Baptist Church later this week. “The investigation is ongoing,” according to Los Angeles Assistant Chief Coroner Ed Winter. “It’s too early to tell. The family is making arrangements. I don’t know when the family is going to have her body picked up. But they are making arrangements and sometimes it takes a couple days.” PHOTOS: Last Pictures Taken Of Whitney Houston Alive As we previously reported, officials have wrapped up Houston’s autopsy, but said it might be several weeks before they can determine what killed the Grammy-winning singer. A source told us exclusively law enforcement officials found Lorazepam, Valium and a sleeping medication in the Beverly Hilton hotel room she was found in. On Monday, the Houston family released a statement to the public: “We are devastated by the loss of our beloved Whitney. This is an unimaginable tragedy and we will miss her terribly. We appreciate the outpouring of love and support from her fans and friends. The Houston Family.” In related news, Houston’s ex Bobby Brown flew back into Los Angeles International Airport late Sunday to be at the side of the couple’s 18-year-old daughter Bobbi Kristina, who’s been hospitalized twice in the wake of her mother’s passing. Since Houston’s death, Bobbi Kristina has been hospitalized twice in a 12-hour span at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. PHOTOS: Celebrities Found Dead In Famous Hotels The I Have Nothing singer, who sought help for a crack addiction last year, was seen in public for the final time late Thursday in Hollywood, looking disheveled and sporting cuts as she left a club. Stay with RadarOnline.com for more on the shocking death of Whitney Houston

Artistry and legacy VOICE

“I Will Always Love You” (1992) One of Houston’s best selling singles worldwide and recognized songs, “I Will Always Love You” prominently uses melismas.

Problems listening to this file? See media help. Houston was a mezzo-soprano.[228][229] Her vocal range extended from G below middle C (G3) to high B-flat (B 5); she could belt out to treble F (F5).[230] She came in third on MTV’s 22 Greatest Voices,[231] and sixth on Online Magazine COVE‘s list of the 100 Best Pop

Vocalists with a score of 48.5/50.[232] In 2008, Rolling Stone listed Houston as the thirty-fourth of the 100 greatest singers of all time, stating, “Her voice is a mammoth, coruscating cry: Few vocalists could get away with opening a song with 45 unaccompanied seconds of singing, but Houston’s powerhouse version of Dolly Parton’s “I Will Always Love You” is a tour de force.” [92] Mariah Carey stated, “Whitney has a really rich, strong mid-belt that very few people have. She sounds really good, really strong.” [233] While in her review of I Look to You, music critic Ann Powers of Los Angeles Times writes, “[Houston’s voice] stands like monuments upon the landscape of 20th century pop, defining the architecture of their times, sheltering the dreams of millions and inspiring the climbing careers of countless imitators”, adding “When she was at her best, nothing could match her huge, clean, cool mezzo-soprano”. [229]

Houston’s vocal stylings have had a significant impact on the music industry. She has been called the “Queen of Pop” for her influence during the 1990s, commercially rivaling Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.[234] Stephen Holden from The New York Times, in his review of Houston’s Radio City Music Hall concert on July 20, 1993, praised her attitude as a singer highly, writing “Whitney Houston is one of the few contemporary pop stars of whom it might be said: the voice suffices. While almost every performer whose albums sell in the millions calls upon an entertainer’s bag of tricks, from telling jokes to dancing to circus pyrotechnics, Ms. Houston would rather just stand there and sing.” He added the comments on her singing style: “Her [Houston’s] stylistic trademarks – shivery melismas that ripple up in the middle of a song, twirling embellishments at the ends of phrases that suggest an almost breathless exhilaration – infuse her interpretations with flashes of musical and emotional lightning.” [235] Elysa Gardner of The Los Angeles Times in her review for The Preacher’s Wife Soundtrack praised Houston’s vocal ability highly, commenting, “She is first and foremost a pop diva – at that, the best one we have. No other female pop star – not Mariah Carey, not Celine Dion, not Barbra Streisand – quite rivals Houston in her exquisite vocal fluidity and purity of tone, and her ability to infuse a lyric with mesmerizing melodrama.” [236] Houston has been commonly referred to as “The Voice”, in reference to her exceptional vocal talent. [237]

INFLUENCE

A Barbie doll inspired by Houston’s appearance in the music video for “I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)” (1987). Houston became one of the few black female artists whose music videos received heavy rotation on MTV and other music video channels. During the 1980s, MTV was coming into its own and received harsh criticism for not playing enough videos by black artists. With Michael Jackson breaking down the color barrier for black male artists, Houston did the same for black female artists. She became one of the few black female artists to receive heavy rotation on the network following the success of the “How Will I Know” video.[238] Following Houston’s breakthrough, other African-American female artists, such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker, were successful in popular music.[44][45] Baker commented that “Because of what Whitney and Sade did, there was an opening for me… For radio stations, black women singers aren’t taboo anymore.” [239] Allmusic additionally noted her contribution to success of black artists on the pop scene, commenting, “Houston was able to handle big adult contemporary ballads, effervescent, stylish dance-pop, and slick urban contemporary soul with equal dexterity; the result was an across-the-board appeal that was matched by scant few artists of her era, and helped her become one of the first black artists to find success on MTV in Michael Jackson’s wake.” [240] The New York Times stated that “Houston was a major catalyst for a movement within black music that recognized the continuity of soul, pop, jazz and gospel vocal traditions”.[241] Richard Corliss of TIME magazine commented about her first success breaking various barriers: Of her first album’s ten cuts, six were ballads. This chanteuse [Houston] had to fight for air play with hard rockers. The young lady had to stand uncowed in the locker room of macho rock. The soul strutter had to seduce a music audience that anointed few black artists with superstardom. […] She was a phenomenon waiting to happen, a canny tapping of the listener’s yen for a return to the musical middle. And because every new star creates her own genre, her success has helped other blacks, other women, other smooth singers find an avid reception in the pop marketplace.[242] According to The New York Times, Houston “revitalized the tradition of strong gospel-oriented pop-soul singing”.[243] Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times referred to the singer as a “national treasure”.[229] She was considered by many to be a “singer’s singer”, who had an influence on countless other vocalists, both female and male.[244][245] Similarly, Steve Huey from Allmusic wrote that the shadow of Houston’s prodigious technique still looms large over nearly every pop diva and smooth urban soul singer – male or female – in her wake, and spawned a legion of imitators.[240] Rolling Stone, on her biography, stated that Houston “redefined the image of a female soul icon and inspired singers ranging from Mariah Carey to Beyoncé“.[246][11] Essence ranked Houston the fifth on their list of 50 Most Influential R&B Stars of all time, calling her “the diva to end all divas”.[247] A number of artists have acknowledged Houston as an influence, including Celine Dion,[248] Mariah Carey,[249] Toni Braxton,[250] Christina Aguilera,[251] Jessica Simpson,[252] Nelly Furtado,[253][254] Kelly Clarkson, Britney Spears,[255] Ciara,[256] P!nk,[255] Robin Thicke,[257] Jennifer Hudson, Stacie Orrico, Amerie,[258] Destiny’s Child,[255][259] Regine Velasquez, Lady Gaga, and Charice. Mariah Carey, who was often compared to Houston, said, “Houston has been a big influence on me.” [260] She later told USA Today that “none of us would sound the same if Aretha Franklin hadn’t ever put out a record, or Whitney Houston hadn’t.” [261] Mary J. Blige said that Houston inviting her onstage during VH1‘s Divas Live show in 1999 “opened doors for [her] all over the world”. [262] Brandy stated, “The first Whitney Houston CD was genius. That CD introduced the world to her angelic yet powerful voice. Without

Whitney, half of this generation of singers wouldn’t be singing.” [263] Kelly Rowland, in an Ebony‘s feature article celebrating black music in June 2006, recalled that “[I] wanted to be a singer after I saw Whitney Houston on TV singing ‘Greatest Love of All’. I wanted to sing like Whitney Houston in that red dress.” She added that “And I have never, ever forgotten that song [Greatest Love of All]. I learned it backward, forward, sideways. The video still brings chills to me. When you wish and pray for something as a kid, you never know what blessings God will give you.” [264] Beyoncé told the Globe and Mail that Houston “inspired [her] to get up there and do what [she] did”.[265] Alicia Keys, in an interview about her album The Element of Freedom with Billboard magazine, also said “Whitney is an artist who inspired me from [the time I was] a little girl”.[266] Oscar winner Jennifer Hudson cites Houston as her biggest musical influence. She told Newsday that she learned from Houston the “difference between being able to sing and knowing how to sing”.[267] Leona Lewis, who has been called the New Whitney Houston, also cites her as an influence. Lewis stated that she idolized her as a little girl.[268][269] American recording artist Lady Gaga said that Houston had been one of her “vocal idols” for years. In an interview with IBN Live, Gaga revealed that she used to listen to Houston’s version of “The Star Spangled Banner” over and over again. At the 2011 Grammys, Gaga gave a shout-out to Houston, and said that she wrote the song “Born This Way” thinking about Houston’s vocals.[270]

AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS See also: List of awards and nominations received by Whitney Houston Houston was the most awarded female artist of all time, according to Guinness World Records,[3] with 2 Emmy Awards, 6 Grammy Awards, 30 Billboard Music Awards, 22 American Music Awards, among a total of 415 career awards as of 2010. She held the all-time record for the most American Music Awards of any female solo artist and shared the record with Michael Jackson for the most AMAs ever won in a single year with 8 wins in 1994.[271] Houston won a record 11 Billboard Music Awards at its 4th ceremony in 1993.[272] She also had the record for the most WMAs won in a single year, winning five Awards at the 6th World Music Awards in 1994.[273] In May 2003, Houston placed at number three on VH1‘s list of “50 Greatest Women of the Video Era”, behind Madonna and Janet Jackson.[274] She was also ranked at number 116 on their list of the “200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons of All Time”.[275] In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles chart’s 50th anniversary, ranking Houston at number nine.[276][277][278] Similarly, she was ranked as one of the “Top 100 Greatest Artists of All Time” by VH1 in September 2010.[279] In November 2010, Billboard released its “Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years” list and ranked Houston at number three whom not only went on to earn eight No. 1 singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but also landed five No. 1s on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. [280]

Houston’s debut album is currently listed as one of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time by Rolling Stone magazine[41] and is on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame‘s Definitive 200 list.[42] In 2004, Billboard picked the success of her first release on the charts as one of 110 Musical Milestones in its history.[281] Houston’s entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today in 2007. It stated that she paved the way for Mariah Carey’s chart-topping vocal gymnastics.[43] In 1997, the Franklin School in East Orange, New Jersey was renamed to The Whitney E. Houston Academy School of Creative and Performing Arts. In 2001, Houston was the first artist ever to be given a BET Lifetime Achievement Award.[282] Houston was also one of the world’s best-selling music artists, having sold over 200 million albums and singles worldwide.[4][5] Although she released relatively few albums, she was ranked as the fourth best-selling female artist in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America, with 55 million certified albums sold in the US alone.[206][283] She held an Honorary Doctorate in Humanities from Grambling State University, Louisiana.[284]

Discography Main article: Whitney Houston discography Whitney Houston (1985) Whitney (1987) I’m Your Baby Tonight (1990) My Love Is Your Love (1998) Just Whitney (2002) One Wish: The Holiday Album (2003) I Look to You (2009)

Filmography Film roles Year

Title

Role

Notes and awards

1992

The Bodyguard

Rachel

Nominated – 1993 MTV Movie Award for Best Female Performance[285]

Marron

Nominated – 1993 MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance[286] Nominated – 1993 MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo with co-star Kevin Costner[287] Nominated – 1992 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress[288]

Waiting to Exhale

1995

The Preacher’s Wife

1996

Savannah

Nominated – 1996 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a

Jackson

Motion Picture[289]

Julia Biggs

Won – 1997 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture[290] Nominated – 1997 Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Female Actress(Comedy/Romance)[291] Nominated – 1997 Kids’ Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actress[292]

1997

2012

Rodgers & Hammerstein’s

Fairy

Made for television film, part of a revival of the Wonderful World of Disney.

Cinderella

Godmother

[293]

Sparkle

Emma

Posthumous release

Television roles Year

Title

Network

Role

Notes

1984

Gimme a

NBC

Rita

“Katie’s College” (Season 3, Episode 20)[294]

NBC

Herself

“Head Over Heels” (Season 4, Episode 1, Air date: September 15, 1985)[294]

Break! Silver Spoons

1985

She performed the edited version of “Saving All My Love for You“, changing some of the words. Boston

2002

Fox

Herself

She performed “Try It On My Own” from the 2002 studio album Just Whitney.

Public

Commercials Year

Company

Promoting

Country

Notes

1983

Dr

Canada

United

Houston appeared in this commercial before debut as a professional

Pepper/Seven

Dry

States

singer and sang the praises of sugar free Canada Dry Ginger Ale.[295]

Up

(soft drink

[296]

beverage) 1986

Coca-Cola

Diet Coke

United

(soft drink

States

Houston sang the Diet Coke theme song, “Just for the taste of it”.[297]

beverage) 1988

Coca-Cola

Diet Coke

United

Houston sang the other version of the Diet Coke advertising slogan at

(soft drink

States

the time, “Just for the taste of it”.[298]

beverage)

Outside the United States, the second version of advertising was released, in which “Greatest Love of All” was used as background music. 1989 MTV Video of the Year winning “This Note’s for You” by Neil Young, parodied parts of this advertising to criticize pop/rock stars who make commercial endorsements, most notably Michael Jackson for Pepsi and Houston for Diet Coke, using look-alikes for them.[299]

1990

SANYO

1994

Electronics

AT&T

1995

Japan

Houston sang the theme song, “Takin’ A Chance”, produced by Keith

(the stereo,

Thomas.[300] It was released as a CD single in Japan and included in

TV)

Japanese edition of I’m Your Baby Tonight.[301]

Telephone

United

services

States

Houston sang its theme song, “True Voice”.[302][303]

Production Year

Title

Director

Notes and awards

1997

Rodgers & Hammerstein’s

Robert

Executive producer[304]

Cinderella

Iscove

Nominated – 1998 Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music Or Comedy Special [305] Nominated – 1998 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Television Movie/Mini-Series[306]

The Princess Diaries

2001

Garry

Producer[307][308]

Marshall

Won – 2002 Young Artist Award for Best Family Feature Film – Comedy [309] Nominated – 2002 Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Family Film (Live Action)[310] Nominated – 2002 Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Family Film[311] Nominated – 2002 Teen Choice Award for Film – Choice Movie, Comedy [312]

2003

The Cheetah Girls

Oz Scott

Producer[313]

2004

The Princess Diaries 2: Royal

Garry

Producer[314]

Engagement

Marshall

The Cheetah Girls 2: When in

Kenny

Spain

Ortega

2006

Co-executive producer[315]

Tours Main article: List of Whitney Houston tours and concerts World tours The Greatest Love World Tour (1986) Moment of Truth World Tour (1987–88) I’m Your Baby Tonight World Tour (1991) The Bodyguard World Tour (1993–94) My Love Is Your Love World Tour (1999) Nothing But Love World Tour (2010) Regional tours Feels So Right Tour (1990) Pacific Rim Tour (1997) The European Tour (1998) Soul Divas Tour (2004) Televised concerts Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute 1988 Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston 1991 The Concert for a New South Africa 1994 Classic Whitney Live from Washington, D.C. 1997

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Whitney Houston portal

Book: Whitney Houston Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

American Music Award nominations for Whitney Houston Grammy nominations for Whitney Houston Honorific nicknames in popular music List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart List of best-selling music artists Melisma Whitney Houston chart records and achievements

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234. ^ “If Ella Fitzgerald is the queen of jazz, Billie Holiday first lady of the blues, and Aretha Franklin the queen of soul, then who is the queen of pop? In the 1990s, it would seem to be a three-way tie between Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, and Celine Dion. Certainly all three have their devotees and detractors, but their presence has been inescapable.”

^ Holden, Stephen (July 22, 1993). “Review/Pop; For Whitney Houston, Showy Doesn’t Count: The Show Is the Voice”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/22/arts/review-pop-for-whitney-houston-showy-doesn-t-count-the-show-is-t

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tips stamps investmen(investasi Prangko) Posted on February 11, 2012 | Leave a comment

TIPS INVESTASI: PRANGKO KOLOMBIA 1919-20 POS UDARA (C1-10)

PADA TAHUN 1919 DAN ’20, KOLOMBIA MENGELUARKAN PRANGKO POS UDARA PERTAMA, SEBELAS PERTAMA (C1, C2-10) SANGAT LANGKA. C1, YANG 200 DITERBITKAN, DIMAKSUDKAN UNTUK PENERBANGAN EKSPERIMENTAL DARI BARANQUILLA KE PUERTO KOLOMBIA. 160 DIGUNAKAN, DAN BANYAK DARI PERANGKO YANG TETAP RUSAK. C2-10, YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH COMPANIA COLOMBIANA DE NAVEGACION AÉREA, DIMASUKKAN ART DECO GAYA DESAIN YANG MENGGAMBARKAN MOTIF PENERBANGAN BERBAGAI, DAN HANYA 100 DARI MASING-MASING PERANGKO DIKELUARKAN. Tak satu pun dari perangko tampaknya murah, sebagai katalog paling antara $ 2.750 – $ 5.500 dan -.. Dengan pengecualian C7 ($ 10.000 -. Untuk tidak digunakan). Pembelian salah satu prangko harus dilakukan tergantung pada expertization. Meskipun priciness jelas mereka, mereka semua terlalu undervalued, terutama mengingat prospek pertumbuhan di pasar cap Amerika Latin pada umumnya, dan di Kolombia pada khususnya. Mereka masing-masing setidaknya sebagai langka seperti yang tertera AS Inverted Jenny, tetapi mungkin bisa didapat untuk 1% atau kurang dari harga. Sebuah bangsa dari 45 juta orang, Kolombia telah diganggu oleh dekade konflik bersenjata internal yang serius, perdagangan narkoba, korupsi, dan ketidakadilan pendapatan kotor, namun tetap disiksa sampai pertumbuhan PDB tahunan rata-rata mengesankan 5,5% selama 5 tahun terakhir. Selain itu, sampai kegagalan keuangan global menurunkan target pertumbuhan GDP menjadi 3% pada tahun 2009, sudah mantap percepatan, dari 2% pada tahun 2003 menjadi 8% pada tahun 2008. Baru-baru ini, pemerintah, bersenjata lengkap oleh AS, telah menerapkan kebijakan ganda menggabungkan tekanan militer dengan negosiasi untuk mengatasi berbagai faksi gerilya di dalam negeri. Hal ini tampaknya telah bekerja untuk beberapa hal, seperti jumlah pemberontak telah dibelah dua, dan jumlah pembunuhan dan penculikan berkurang drastis. Sementara beberapa berpendapat bahwa pemerintah Kolombia masih benar-benar korup, dan telah melanggar hak asasi manusia dan didukung pasukan pembunuh paramiliter untuk mencapai perdamaian relatif, mungkin bahwa ini adalah par untuk kursus, mengingat sejarah bangsa. Tantangan utama yang dihadapi negara akan bahwa dari berbagi lebih banyak kekayaan dengan mayoritas penduduk sehingga dapat mengembangkan lebih merupakan kelas menengah dan pusat politik. Jika tidak, akan berpindah ke kekacauan yang tidak stabil.

ORIGINAL INFO STAMP INVESTMENT TIP: COLOMBIA 1919-20 AIRMAILS (C1-10)

In 1919 and ’20, Colombia issued its first airmail stamps, the first eleven of which (C1, C2-10) are extremely scarce. C1, of which 200 were issued, was intended for an experimental flight from Baranquilla to Puerto Colombia. 160 were used, and many of the stamps which remain are defective. C2-10, produced by the Compania Colombiana de Navegacion Aerea, incorporated Art Deco-style designs illustrating various flight motifs, and only 100 of each of these stamps was issued.

None of these stamps seems inexpensive, as most catalog between $2,750.- and $5,500.- with the exception of C7 ($ 10,000.- for unused). Purchase of any of these stamps should be made conditional on expertization. Despite their apparent priciness, they are all grossly undervalued, especially given the prospects for growth in the Latin American stamp market in general, and Colombia’s in particular. They are each at least as rare as the U.S. Inverted Jenny stamp, but may be had for 1% or less of its price. A nation of 45 million people, Colombia has been plagued by decades of serious internal armed conflict, drug trafficking, corruption, and gross inequities of income, but has nevertheless racked up impressive annual GDP growth averaging 5.5% over the last 5 years. Moreover, until the global financial fiasco cut its GDP growth to 3% in 2009, it had been steadily accelerating, from 2% in 2003 to 8% in 2008. Recently, the government, armed to the teeth by the U.S., has applied a dual policy of combining military pressure with negotiations to cope with the various guerrilla factions within the country. This seems to have worked to some extent, as the number of insurgents has been halved, and the number of homicides and kidnappings drastically reduced. While some argue that the Colombian government is still utterly corrupt, and has violated human rights and supported paramilitary death squads in order to achieve relative peace, it may be that this is par for the course, given the nation’s history. The main challenge that the country faces will be that of sharing more of the wealth with the majority of the population so as to develop more of a middle class and political center. Otherwise, it will devolve into an unstable mess. Tips Investasi prangko Lebanon 1956 PBB 10th Anniversary (Scott # C221-22, C222Note)

Pada Januari 1956, Libanon mengeluarkan serangkaian perangko dan lembaran suvenir memperingati HUT ke-10 Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (Scott # C221-22, C222Note). Hanya 15.000 set dan 4.000 lembar souvenir diterbitkan. Scott ’10 menghargai mereka yang tidak terpakai pada $ 11,75 dan $ 90,00, masing-masing. Keduanya menarik, dan tidak jelas yang merupakan tawar-menawar yang lebih baik, karena ada kemungkinan bahwa proporsi yang jauh lebih besar dari set yang digunakan sebagai ongkos kirim dan dibuang daripada yang lembaran suvenir. Perangko Lebanon populer di kalangan kolektor Koloni Timur Tengah dan Perancis. Selain itu, sebagai topikal PBB, masalah ini memiliki daya tarik seluruh dunia, yang seharusnya meningkat dengan PBB secara bertahap memperoleh kredibilitas sebagai lembaga yang efektif untuk menangani masalah global. Lebanon, negara sebesar 4,2 juta orang, memiliki pertumbuhan PDB diabaikan selama 5 tahun terakhir akibat perang Hizbullah dengan Israel, dominasi Suriah, dan perselisihan internal. Namun demikian, saya yakin bahwa pada akhirnya akan kembali ke kemakmuran sebagai berbagai faksi di kawasan ini belajar bagaimana bergaul, dan kembali Beirut untuk keunggulan mantan sebagai “Paris dari Timur Tengah.” Tips Investasi: prangko St Pierre dan Miquelon 1885-86 Biaya tambahan (Scott # 1 – Para Kolektivitas Wilayah St Pierre dan Miquelon, sisa hanya kekaisaran kolonial mantan Perancis di Amerika Utara, terdiri dari dua kelompok kecil dari pulau-pulau di lepas pantai Newfoundland. Dari perspektif investasi filateli, ada hal yang menarik karena perangko nya yang populer di Kanada dan di kalangan kolektor Koloni Perancis – baik pasar berkembang. Perangko scarcest St Pierre dan Miquelon ada dalam dua kelompok luas: biaya tambahan abad 19 dan overprints, dan 1941-42 “Perancis Libre” overprints. Seperti semua overprints, beberapa prangko telah dipalsukan pada satu waktu atau lainnya, jadi saya sarankan bahwa stampselectors fokus hanya pada mereka yang patut mendapatkan expertized. Perangko pertama dari koloni itu biaya tambahan primitif. Saya telah terdaftar yang lebih baik, bersama dengan jumlah pencetakan mereka (bila diketahui) dan Nilai Scott Katalog ’10 untuk digunakan, di bawah ini: – 1885 05C di Vermilion 40c pada jerami (Scott # 1; 4.000, $ 140 -.) – 1885 05C pada 35c Black pada kuning (Scott # 4; 1.500, $ 140 -.) – 1885 05C pada 75c Carmine pada mawar (Scott # 5; 1.800, $ 375 -.) – 1885 25c pada 1fr Hijau Perunggu pada jerami, biaya tambahan ketik ‘c’ (Scott # 7; 340; $ 13.000 -.) – 1885 25c pada 1fr Hijau Perunggu pada jerami; biaya tambahan ketik ‘d’ (Scott # 8; 300; $ 2.500 -.) – 1885 5c pada 2c Brown pada penggemar (Scott # 9; sangat jarang, $ 6.500 -.) – 1885 5c pada Claret 4c pada lavender (Scott # 10; 900, $ 500 -.) – 5c 1886 Hitam (Scott # 12; Langka; $ 1.350 -.) – 1886 10c Hitam (Scott # 13; Langka; $ 1.450 -.) – 1886 15c Hitam (Scott # 14; Langka, $ 1.300 -.) – 1891 15c 35c di Black pada jeruk, biaya tambahan ketik ‘e’ (Scott # 16; 850;. 675 $ -) – 1891 15c 35c di Black pada jeruk, biaya tambahan tipe ‘f’ (Scott # 17; 850, $ 2.000 -.) – 1891 15c pada Red 40c di atas jerami, biaya tambahan ketik ‘e’ (Scott # 18; 5.000, $ 110 -.) Beberapa lebih baik masalah abad ke-19 lainnya, dan “Perancis Libre” overprints, akan dibahas dalam artikel mendatang.

STAMP INVESTMENT TIP: LEBANON 1956 UN 10TH ANNIVERSARY (SCOTT #C22122,C222NOTE) In January of 1956, Lebanon issued a set of stamps and a souvenir sheet commemorating the 10th Anniversary of the United Nations (Scott #C221-22, C222Note). Only 15,000 sets and 4,000 souvenir sheets were issued. Scott ’10 values them unused at $ 11.75 and $ 90.00, respectively. Both are attractive, and it is unclear which represents the better bargain, because it is likely that a far greater proportion of the sets were used as postage and discarded than were the souvenir sheets.

Stamps of Lebanon are popular among collectors of the Mideast and French Colonies. Furthermore, as a UN Topical, this issue has worldwide appeal, which should increase as the UN gradually gains credibility as an effective institution for dealing with global problems. Lebanon, a nation of 4.2 million people, has had negligible GDP growth over the last 5 years due to Hezbollah’s war with Israel, Syrian domination, and internal strife. Nevertheless, I am confident that it will eventually return to prosperity as the various factions within the region learn how to get along, and Beirut returns to its former preeminence as the “Paris of the Middle East.” Stamp Investment Tip: St. Pierre and Miquelon 1885-86 Surcharges (Scott #1The Territorial Collectivity of St. Pierre and Miquelon, the only remnant of the former French colonial empire in North America, is comprised of two small groups of islands off the coast of Newfoundland. From a philatelic investment perspective, it is of interest because its stamps are popular in Canada and among collectors of French Colonies – both growing markets. The scarcest stamps of St. Pierre and Miquelon exist within two broad groups: the 19th century surcharges and overprints, and the 1941-42 “France Libre” overprints. As with all overprints, some of these stamps have been faked at one time or another, so I recommend that stampselectors focus only on those which are worth getting expertized. The first stamps of the colony were primitive surcharges. I’ve listed the better ones, along with their printing quantities (when known) and Scott ’10 Catalog Values for unused, below: – 1885 05c on 40c Vermilion on straw (Scott #1; 4,000; $ 140.- ) – 1885 05c on 35c Black on yellow (Scott #4; 1,500; $ 140.-) – 1885 05c on 75c Carmine on rose (Scott #5; 1,800; $ 375.-) – 1885 25c on 1fr Bronze Green on straw, surcharge type ‘c’ (Scott #7; 340; $ 13,000.-) – 1885 25c on 1fr Bronze Green on straw; surcharge type ‘d’ (Scott #8; 300; $ 2,500.-) – 1885 5c on 2c Brown on buff (Scott #9; extremely rare; $ 6,500.-) – 1885 5c on 4c Claret on lavender (Scott #10; 900; $ 500.-) – 1886 5c Black (Scott #12; Rare; $ 1,350.-) – 1886 10c Black (Scott #13; Rare; $ 1,450.-) – 1886 15c Black (Scott #14; Rare; $ 1,300.-) – 1891 15c on 35c Black on orange, surcharge type ‘e’ (Scott #16; 850; $ 675.-) – 1891 15c on 35c Black on orange, surcharge type ‘f’ (Scott #17; 850; $ 2,000.-) – 1891 15c on 40c Red on straw, surcharge type ‘e’ (Scott #18; 5,000; $ 110.-) Some of the other better 19th century issues, and the “France Libre” overprints, will be dealt with in future articles.

STAMP INVESTMENT TIP: QUEENSLAND 1900 BOER WAR SEMI-POSTALS (SCOTT B1-B2) Before Australia issued its first stamps as a self-governing dominion in 1913, it was divided into six British colonies, each of which issued their own stamps. In 1900, Queensland issued a set of two semi-postals (Scott #B1-2) to aid disabled Queensland volunteers and dependants of those volunteers who lost their lives fighting in the Boer War. Only 6,500 of #B1 and 4,020 of #B2 were issued, and Scott ’10 prices them unused at $ 200.-and $ 525.-, respectively. I favor all better stamps of Australia and Australian States, and believe that those issues which are the most undervalued, based upon their scarcity, will tend to increase the most over time. Australia is a prosperous nation of 22 million people and a diverse economy, with thriving service, agricultural, and mining sectors. Annual GDP growth has average 3.6% over the past 15 years. Recently, there has been considerable growth in mining and petroleum extraction, in part due to increased exports to the resource-hungry Chinese market. It is likely that Australia’s stamp collecting population will grow significantly as the nation ages. The percentage of Australians over 60 is projected to rise from 16% in 2000 to 24.8% in 2025, and 28.2% in 2050. When purchasing these stamps, note that the centering of this issue is often mediocre. Try to select examples which are centered Fine or better.

STAMP INVESTMENT TIP: NETHERLANDS/NETHERLANDS INDIES 1921 MARINE INSURANCE STAMPS (SCOTT #GY1-7) In 1921, the Netherlands, and its main colony, the Netherlands Indies, both issued Marine Insurance Stamps (Scott #GY1-7, in both cases). These stamps were used to pay for a very unusual type of insured mail. Letters bearing the stamps were placed in safes mounted on the decks of ships en route between Netherlands and Netherlands East Indies. The safes were buoyant and were equipped with flares and bells. In the event that the ship sank, the safe would float off and the flares and bells would activate, hopefully leading to the recovery of the safe and its contents. Only 5,216 of the Netherlands set were issued, and 4,127 of the Netherlands Indies set, and Scott ’10 prices them unused at $ 605.- ($1,500.- for NH) and $ 186.90, respectively. Both sets should do well, although the Netherlands Indies set is “sexier,” as it may potentially appeal to a dual market in both the Netherlands and Indonesia. With about 16.6 million people, the Netherlands is the 16th largest economy in the world, and its annual GDP growth has averaged about 2.5% over the last 5 years. Indonesia is a developing, though still poor, country of 230 million people, with an annual GDP growth rate hovering around 5%-6%. Like most emerging market nations, it faces challenges which will have to be addressed, including corruption and major inequities in the distribution of income. Furthermore, global aging trends in both countries should bolster the population of serious stamp collectors in both countries in the coming decades. The Netherlands’ population of citizens age 60+ is projected to rise from 18.3% in 2000 to 32.8% in 2050, while Indonesia’s 60+ age group is expected to almost triple, from 7.6% to 22.3%.

STAMP INVESTMENT TIP: CHINA – OFFICES IN TIBET (SCOTT 1-11) From 1909 to late 1911 China occupied Tibet and the Dalai Lama and his Government fled to India. For approximately two years, five Chinese Post Offices operated in Central Tibet and a Chinese Post Office at Chambo (Eastern Tibet) was open in 1913 and 1914. Initially, the post office used regular stamps of Imperial China, but in 1911 a set of eleven stamps (surcharged in three languages) was introduced for Tibet (Scott #1-11). The set is very scarce and almost never sold complete. As the purchase of any overprinted stamp entails the risk of buying a fake, I recommend purchase of only those stamps in the set (including the two rare varieties) which are costly enough to justify obtaining expertization. I’ve listed these, along with printing quantities (when known) and Scott ’10 Catalog Values for unused, below: -1911 3p on 1c Ocher, inverted surcharge (Scott #1a; Very Rare; Scott ’10 CV= $ 3,500.-) -1911 3a on 16c Olive Green, large “S” in “Annas” (Scott #6a; Rare; Scott ’10 CV= $1,250.-) -1911 12a on 50c Yellow Green (Scott #9; 12,000; Scott ’10 CV= $ 175.- ) -1911 1r on $1 Red and Pale Rose (Scott #10; 4,800; Scott ’10 CV = $ 475.- ) -1911 2r on $2 Red and Yellow (Scott #11; 3,704; Scott ’10 CV= $ 900.- ) The dispute between China and Tibet over the matter of Tibet’s sovereignty has been ongoing for centuries, and it was following the issuance of these stamps that Tibet regained some of its autonomy and began issuing its own stamps in 1912. I am confident that the Offices in Tibet stamps will do very well over time, mostly due to continued growth in demand for stamps of China. Interest in Tibet and its stamps may also help to push them higher. Those readers who are on Facebook are welcome to join the “StampSelectors” group. To find it, simply enter “StampSelectors” in Facebook’s search box, and then click on the search symbol ( a magnifying glass) to the right of the box. The group will focus upon philatelic investing, the stamp market, and practical matters regarding buying and selling stamps. It will also offer the opportunity to comment upon this blog, get under the author’s skin, and suggest future stamp investment tips.

STAMP INVESTMENT TIP: MEXICO 1934-35 20C SLATE COLOR ERROR (SCOTT #C62A)

In 1934-35, Mexico issued a rather unremarkable set of three stamps reprising the Coat of Arms/Biplane design of 1929-34 (Scott #C6264). The set would be of little interest to investors, were it not for a color error, the 20c Slate (Scott #C62a), of which only 180 were issued. The normal 20c Olive Green (Scott #C62), is extremely common (Scott 2010 as unused = 35c), but Scott ’10 values the error at $ 500.(both unused and used). Taking into account the risks of mistaking a gray shade of the common olive green stamp for the slate error, or of purchasing a chemically induced color changeling, this stamp should be purchased conditional on obtaining expertization, optimally from M.E.P.S.I.. Given that caveat, however, the error is grossly undervalued, but will not remain so. It is priced at about 1/1,000th the value of an Inverted Jenny (U.S. Sc. #C3a), but is about half as rare (assuming that all of the 180 error stamps issued still exist). As the Inverted Jenny is one of the most famous errors in the world, however, perhaps this is not a fair comparison. The 20c Slate Color Error had a slightly lower printing than the U.S. 1893 4c Columbian Blue Color Error (Scott #233a), yet cats. at about 1/40th of the Columbian’s value. To give some perspective on this, imagine a fantastical worst-case scenario, in which all 180 of C62a were to come on the market at once. They would probably be purchased for somewhat less than their full Scott value of $ 90,000 ($ 500.- X 180) – less than a minor Mexican drug cartel makes on a slow day. The ludicrously low current valuation for this rarity is unsustainable. With a population of about 109 million, Mexico has experienced consistent annual GDP growth of between 3 and 5%. It has a diverse and developing economy, but modernization remains a slow and uneven process, and current challenges include addressing income inequality and corruption, upgrading the infrastructure, and reforming tax and labor laws. Stamps of Mexico are popular among collectors in the U.S. as well as in Mexico, and those who wish to learn more about Mexican stamps should consider joining the Mexico Elmhurst Philatelic Society International (M.E.P.S.I.). MEPSI provides many useful services for collectors of Mexico, including expertizing Mexican stamps.

STAMP INVESTMENT TIP: ROMANIA 1934-36 BOY SCOUT ISSUES

Romania issued three semi-postal sets honoring the Boy Scouts from 1934-36, all of which are worth accumulating. Worldwide membership of the Boy Scouts is estimated at 25 million, and Scouting topicals are extremely popular internationally. Wikipedia has an excellent article on Scouting Memorabilia Collecting, for those interested in the subject. The three sets, issued in modest quantities, are an excellent way to play the growth of both Romania’s economy and interest in Scouting Topicals. I’ve listed them, along with their quantities issued and Scott ’10 Catalog Values forunused, below: -1934 Boy Scout Mamaii Jamboree (Scott #B44-49; 50,000; $ 40.00) -1935 5th Anniv. of Accession of King Carol I-Boy Scouts (Scott #B50-54; 50,000; $ 26.50) – 1936 Brasov Boy Scout Jamboree (Scott #B63-65; 60,000; $ 28.50 ) A nation of 22 million people with a GDP per capita of $ 12,285.- (about 46% of the EU average), Romania is considered an upper-middle income country. Romania’s main exports are clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgical products, raw materials, cars, military equipment, software, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products. GDP growth has been high, averaging about 7% over the last five years. complete info exist.but only for premium member and also info of rare stamps e-book in CD-ROM which also for premium member only,subscribed via comment the end Leave a comment

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Are Your Stamps collections Original Or Fake Posted on February 11, 2012 | 8 comments

BEWARE TO FAKE STAMPS COMPARE THE FAKE AND THE ORIGINAL STAMPS

PLEASE BE PATIENT THE ORIGINAL STAMPS WILL UPLOAD ONE BY ONE CREATED BVY Dr Iwan Suwandy,MHA Copyright @ 2012 FFE #7

IL GRANDE RAID AERO FRANCO – ITALIANO: BOLOGNA-VENICE-RIMINI-BOLOGNA, 17-18 SEPTEMBER 1911 On February 19, 1911, Umberto Cagno took off from the beach in front of the Excelsior Hotel on the Lido in his Farman II airplane, and made six brief flights, in spite of the fog. (ACTV, please note.) On March 3, better weather encouraged him to fly, for the first time ever, over Venice. A few months later, on September 19, 1911, the first airmail flight in Italy departed from Bologna and landed on the Lido. That is to say, Venice.

The symbol of an airplane just above the word “Lido” marks the location of Nicelli airport. Geography is destiny, as Napoleon observed, and Venice’s position was obviously as valuable to air transport as it had been for centuries to shipping. At that time, the Lido was largely uninhabited, making it the ideal place to establish an airport.The first was built in 1915, a military base on the northernmost part of the Lido, which was active during World War I. Then, in 1935, with some major variations, it became the Aeroporto Nicelli, and air became yet another way, in the march of progress, to get to Venice. Flights on Ala Littoria and Transadriatica connected the famously watery city to points scattered around Europe. Even to Baku, if you happened to be going that way. Nicelli immediately became the scene of extremely glamorous arrivals, as movie stars deplaned on the grassy runway to attend the Venice Film Festival. This continued until 1960, when Marco Polo airport opened on the mainland.

As shown on the map displayed in the airport, Venice remained at the center of things into yet another century. So far I may have made it sound as if all these things were accomplished by an occult hand. But of course many hands were involved, among which none were more important than those of the late Lt. Col. Umberto Klinger. Klinger, a native Venetian, was already a celebrity by the time he created the Officine Aeronavali at Nicelli, a large workshop dedicated to repairing and maintaining airplanes.

A glimpse of Klinger on the cover of a book written by his daughter. He had begun as a highly decorated pilot in World War II, with more than 5,000 hours of flight to his credit, 600 of which were in combat, earning 5 silver Medals of Military Valor. He also served as Chief of Staff of the Special Air Services of the Italian Air Force, not only organizing the activities of squadrons of Savoia-Marchetti S.75s (troop transports or bombers), but also flying them himself, often at night, over enemy territory. After the war, he served as president of one of the first passenger airlines in Italy (Ala Littoria), and four other companies. Far from being a mere figurehead, Klinger raised Nicelli to the level of the second airport in Italy.

So much for the history lecture. Now we have to move into the darkened halls of humanity, where to do justice to even the bare outlines of the story of Umberto Klinger you’d need to resort to dramatic opera.Verdi! thou should’st be living at this hour, but you’re not; to the people who knew him, though, the name of Klinger creates its own music. Especially those who remember his last day. Lino, for example. Lino went to work for the Aeronavali as an apprentice mechanic at Nicelli in 1954, at the age of 16. He often saw “Comandante Klinger,” and even spoke with him on various occasions. Right up to today, Lino pronounces his name with reverence and regret. This wasn’t unusual — Klinger was by all accounts a powerfully charismatic man admired for his courage, respected for his skill, but with a special gift for inspiring real love.

In 1925, Transadriatica was one of the first passenger airlines in Italy; its first route connected Rome and Venice. This poster promotes the link between Venice and Vienna. The Aeronavali flourished, with hundreds of employees working on aircraft of all sorts, from the Italian Presidential plane to cargo and passenger planes of many different companies. When Marco Polo airport opened on the mainland in 1960, the Aeronavali moved to the mainland with it. Then politics began to set in. The broad outlines of what is undoubtedly a hideously complicated story are that certain elements in Rome, wanting to gain control of the company in order to place it under state, rather than private, administration, began to create financial problems for Klinger. The Aeronavali kept working, but payments from the Ministry of Defense were mysteriously not coming through. And the unions, manipulated by the aforementioned political factions, began to stir up discontent. Lino remembers the increasingly intense meetings of the workers and the unions. He remembers Klinger pleading with them to be patient as he struggled to reopen the financial flow. But the unions rejected any compromises on pay or contracts, however temporary they might be, compelling the workers to resist. They ultimately even went on strike for 72 hours. Celebrity or no, the man — who had looked after his employees with no less solicitude than he had cared for his pilots — was running out of fuel.

The Aeronavali worked on any sort of aircraft — Dakotas, Constellations, and the Savoia-Marchetti S.75, a 30-passenger plane also used as a bomber in World War II. These were Klinger’s specialty, comprising virtually all of the squadrons he commanded of the Special Air Services. During these harrowing days, Klinger was heard to say more than once that what was needed to resolve this impasse was “something really big.” He ultimately thought of something that qualified. Early in the morning of January 21, 1971, he went by himself to the old hangar at Nicelli, by that time virtually abandoned. And he took a cord. A few hours later, when the guardian made his rounds, he discovered the body of Comandante Klinger. He had hanged himself. Lino remembers the gathering at work that morning, when they were all given the news. There was utter silence, he recalls, though if stricken consciences could make an audible noise there would have been plenty of that. The first time I heard this story, I thought his was the despairing last act of a man who had run out of hope. Now I am convinced that Klinger’s suicide was a voluntary self-immolation in order to save the company — not unlike the Russian officers after the fall of Communism who, left unpaid, finally killed themselves so their widows would get their pensions. And Klinger turned out to have won his gamble. Almost immediately, the overdue funds began to pour in.

The hangar, seen across the runway from the terminal. The funeral, in the church of San Nicolo’ next to the airport, was attended by a huge number of mourners; many had to stand outside. Did any union officers come to pay their last respects? ”Sure,” Lino said. ”They were at the head of the line.” Courage in combat — it isn’t needed only in the skies. Nor does it only involve things that explode, though they can still be fatal. Umberto Klinger deserves another medal, one which doesn’t seem yet to have been created.

Klinger, the way his employees remember him — in mufti, smiling. Postscript: It’s very easy to visit the airport. At the central vaporetto stop on the Lido at Piazzale Santa Maria Elisabetta, take the “A” bus marked for “San Nicolo’ – Ple. Rava’.” (If the weather’s nice, you can just stroll along the lagoon embankment for about half an hour.) Get off at the last stop, in front of the church and walk a few minutes across the grass and up the driveway. The terminal has been spiffed to a modern version of its former glory, with a cool retro-design restaurant, “Niceli.” Have lunch, or just a coffee or drink on the terrace. If you come toward the early evening in the summer, bring lots of mosquito repellent India State Fake stamps dicussion

(sorry only short info,the complete exist but only for premium member) Charkhari No idear if they are naughty or just plain ugly

The one in the bottom right corner is from Jammu & Kashmir. Forgery on the left; genuine on the right. The one on the right is on a thinner, yellower paper. The image is also smaller than the forgery. I base my conclusion on the shapes of some of the letters — the “S” in POSTAGE, the “B” in BUNDELKHAND, etc. Your comments would be appreciated. left is one of the forgeries – the right is genuine. Some other suggestive points are the thicker outer frame and more regular printing in the forgery. Barwani SG 33A, Setting I could get: it has perforations, gum (trust me), was letterpress printed from plates and can be plated, shows a portrait of the Ruler (as a very young man, sans all that terribly 1970s facial hair) and is printed in green for the postcard rate. And if you’re very good, Young Peter, I’ll show you a nice triangular stamp with fishies on it from Bhopal (all quite OK and according to Hoyle, Doug Faridkot causes an undue amount of weeping and wailing and gnashing of teeth. To clear the decks, here are examples of the two genuine types, with an example of the genuine type of cancellation as well: SG N5 – the 1 Folus value mint and used, and SG N6 – the 1 Paisa value Once upon a time, Gibbons listed a second type of the 1 Paisa: These days, it’s been relegated to a footnote, noting that it wasn’t issued during the life of the State PO (although Gibbons still quote a price for it). It’s up to the individual collector to decide if they want to regard this as legitimate. (I find that the easiest way to distinguish this type from the fully legitimate ones is to compare the lettering at the top of the central circle.) In 1885, Faridkot joined the Postal Convention with British India, meaning it gave up the issue of its own stamps, and used British Indian stamps overprinted FARIDKOT. It appears that the State authorities, however, had grown rather pleasantly accustomed to the agreeable income stream from selling their stamps, and saw no reason in the Postal Convention to stop. Never mind that these ‘new’ stamps weren’t valid for postage: crazy collectors were willing to spend good money on them. Indeed, in order to provide better value for money, the Faridkot authorities decided to move from handstamping the stamps individually onto large sheets of paper to printing them properly by lithography, and adding perforations. And all for no extra charge! What a bargain! No wonder they’re amongst the commonest subjects of queries about the Uglies. Member Bob Stanley knows all about these, so when it came to Faridkot’s turn, I naturally went to him for help on the post-1885 issues. The notes that follow are all based on Bob’s work, and I think, show just why the Uglies can so take hold of the imagination. Picking a Faridkot reprint is basically very simple: if it bears a family resemblance to the genuine types above, but it isn’t handstamped in that rather attractive deep blue, it’s a reprint (or forgery). But wait! Faridkot being a classic Ugly, there’s more … First, the 1 Folus values. There is a handstamped type similar to the genuine stamp, of uncertain status: it may be an early forgery, or it may be an unrecorded second die. (Remember that the genuine types were all handstamped from a single die, so genuine stamps must all be identical – allowing for the vagaries of the production process ) We then come to the straightforward reprints, made by the Faridkot authorities after the State PO was closed, to satisfy collector demand. There were two types of the reprints: As you can see, the Faridkot authorities evidently felt that collectors were paying good money, and deserved something better than imperforate handstamped stamps for their money, so the reprints were lithographed and perforated. And rather than stick to that dull old blue, they were also made available in a range of colours. All sooo much more interesting! Now, it requires a bit of a leap of the imagination to see why anyone would forge a cheap reprint, but … The 1 Paisa type followed a similar pattern, although without the complication of a second type of reprint. The design has been tidied up for the litho printing, and again, this stamp is available in all sorts of colours, perf or imperf. Once again, the 1 Paisa has also been forged: There is also a perfectly genuine Revenue stamp in a very similar design which was never intended for postal use. Lastly, there’s the Half Anna type, which Gibbons refer to in a footnote. It appears it was prepared for use before 1885, but was never actually issued. This didn’t stop the State authorities from selling it, and then reprinting it and selling the reprints. (And to be fair, why should it have? If collectors were willing to pay for them … And are they that much worse than some of the things foisted on collectors by modern postal administrations?) Here is the original, handstamped in typical blue type: The reprint – again, in tidied up form for lithography And these reprints have been forged, too: So that’s Faridkot. I must admit, when Bob first told me he was interested in this stuff, I was inclined to arch the questioning eyebrow and curl the disdainful lip a bit – but having seen, the variety and complexity of these things, I’m converted. (But don’t worry, Bob: I’m not planning to move in on them myself ) Hyderabad has its own complications, but like Faridkot, they’re no real problem once you know what to look for. The first issue was reprinted in 1880, perf 12½, rather than 11½ for the originals. Gibbons says the reprints come in ‘the colour of the issue, and also in fancy colours’. The shade of the reprint is much lighter than the original, and the only ‘fancy colour’ I’ve seen is blue – but then, I haven’t been looking hard SG 1 at left – reprint at right Some of the reprints may have actually been used for postage, and it appears that others were used as fiscals. Here is an example of a reprint with what just conceivably might almost be a postal cancellation, and a blue reprint used, apparently, fiscally: The second issue, SG 2-3, was reprinted in the same way, with the same perf and colour differences. Here are the genuine stamps at left and the reprints at right: And here is a rather unsatisfactory effort at faking a cancellation on a reprint, and an imitation of the first Service overprint on another reprint: The 1871-1909 set, SG 4-19d, shouldn’t present any problems, though do watch out for optimistic measurements of some of the rather poor and fluffy perforations Plate proofs of the set, and of essays in a similar design, turn up regularly at auction. They’re only worth a couple of dollars each, but make an attractive display. They aren’t usually centre punched like this pair of the ½ Anna, SG 13 This set does, though, contribute one of my favourite forgeries: This seems to be imitating SG 14, but it was apparently lithoed instead of recess printed, the colour is all wrong, and the cancellation is nothing like a genuine Hyderabad cancellation. Why would you bother for a stamp that can be bought in bundles of a hundred used for very little? The ways of the forger are truly inscrutable. The various missing dot etc varieties in this set should of course be carefully scrutinised under magnification for signs of, shall we say?, interference. With the later POSTAGE (SG 22-34), POST & RECEIPT (SG35-40) and pictorial (SG 41-48) sets, beware of plate proofs masquerading as imperfs. The test is very simple: the issued stamps are on watermarked paper, the plate proofs aren’t. Bought for what they are, the plate proofs are fine, of course. Here is a plate proof block of the ¼ Anna, SG 41 I referred to the early handstamped Service overprints earlier. As there are multiple types, and they’re handstamped, I wouldn’t dream of buying one without a recent clear BPA certificate. Having official reprints of Faridkot and Hyderabad is an improvement over fakes and forgeries. Things are looking up for my uglies collection. Having official reprints of Faridkot and Hyderabad is an improvement over fakes and forgeries. Things are looking up for my uglies collection. Idar. I’ve seen photocopier fakes of the second set, SG 3-6, which shouldn’t fool anyone. This what a genuine printing looks like: SG 5 (from Row 1/1 in the sheet of 4) However, there are much, much more dangerous fakes out there. From the appearance of some of them, I suspect that they were made from the original plates, in a deteriorated state, as was the case in Barwani. The legality of the ownership/use of the plates needn’t concern us here: the point is that these are reprints in philatelic terms. Here are some examples: As SG 3a As SG 4a, and in a colour that was never used by Idar. These 2 Anna plates seem to be in much better shape than those for the lower values, but I’ve never seen a genuine 2 Anna value with the damage to the left frame lines that can be seen in R1/1 and R2/1. The diagnostic feature of all of these is that they’re printed on an unmeshed paper, with a clearly mottled appearance when held to the light. The genuine stamps were printed on a wove paper with a clear mesh visible when held to the light. there seems to have been a small, second printing of at least some of this set, with the plates now in a somewhat worn state, on an inferior quality wove, but which still shows a clear mesh. Here is an example: SG 5a As an aside, this printing was probably the source of the yellow-green shade of the ¼ Anna which Gibbons lists as SG 3b. Here are (genuine) examples of SG 3 and SG 3a: Beware also of forged cancellations on these stamps. The usual form of cancellation was a violet/purple circular or occasionally oval rubber stamp, often with the date written in in the centre in manuscript. Here is a suspiciously clear example; they were usually more blurred and worn: The only other warning I’d issue about Idar is on the postal-fiscals. Obviously, beware of cleaned fiscal usages. These stamps are quite common fiscally used, and wouldn’t be hard to clean. Indore is rather more straightforward. The main thing to be wary of is the handstamps, SG 3 and 4, which have been forged. These are the genuine types: There is also a fiscal which bears some resemblance to these, and is sometimes innocently offered as SG 3 or 4: Numbers of plate proofs exist for the Perkins, Bacon printings. Gibbons mentions the imperf plate proofs of SG 16-32 in a footnote. The story is complicated, but for present purposes, don’t be fooled into paying fancy prices for them as imperf copies of the issued stamps. Here is an example of the 12 Anna, in the issued colour: Gibbons doesn’t mention the imperf plate proofs of SG 9-14, perhaps because, as in this case, the colours are sufficiently different from the issued stamps as not to cause problems: Speaking of imperfs, I hope none of you will be taken in by something like this: passing itself of as a single of this SG 39a Of course, the single might actually be a legitimate survivor of the original sheet – but we’ll never know since it is just a single. One more cautionary note: the last high values, SG 42 and 43, are quite common mint – and rarities used (£14 and £13 respectively mint, and £180 and £250 used in 2010). Approach any used copies with the greatest caution! The only common forgeries of Jaipur seem to be of the Jail Press printings of 1911. If you had nothing to compare one with, a forgery might look quite convincing. However, Forgery at left, genuine SG 17 at right Ignore shades and the design details for this issue – they aren’t a reliable guide – but focus on the depth of the impression of the genuine type. Remember, these stamps were letterpress printed (in the Jaipur Jail). Here are the forged and genuine ½ Anna and 1 Anna: The basic stamps are 10p items. These are, to the best of my knowledge, the genuine types: SG 70 and SG 80 This is the locally overprinted SERVICE stamp of 1936 SG O31 And here are the two expensive late surcharges: SG O33 – There seem to be rather a lot of these around. Either Gibbons has overvalued them, or a new source of supply has appeared … SG O34 And a final warning: be very careful indeed of used high values of Jaipur which are rated more highly than mint. These regularly turn up on eBay with faked cancellations. In particular, be wary of any offered by creativityplus, creativityplus4, The Stamp Shop or Sunil Suri. Jammu & Kashmir is rightfully considered the Himalayas of Indian States collecting: peaks that all aspire to, but few conquer. It’s appropriate, then, that the dodgy Jammu & Kashmir items are just as taxing. The first issues, the Circulars, are the toughest. They have just about everything: forgeries, reprints and items of uncertain status. By far the commonest of the forgeries are the so-called Missing Dies. They got their name from the misapprehension of early collectors that these stamps had been printed from rare ‘missing’ dies, because they were included in supplies from official sources sent from Jammu & Kashmir. It’s now thought that they were imitations, prepared by State Post Office officials, inserted into the official supplies to cover for genuine stamps abstracted and sold either to genuine users or collectors. The papers and inks used are very similar to those of the genuine stamps, and the quality of the impressions tends to be similar too. Fortunately, the Missing Dies are quite easy to pick. Here is the Missing Die ½ Anna (at left) and the genuine type of the ½ Anna at right: Note that, in the Missing Die, the semi-circle in the central circle touches the circle, while it doesn’t in the genuine type, and the letter looking somewhat like a ‘3’ at 12 o’clock touches the letter next to it in the Missing Die, while it doesn’t in the genuine type. Here are the Missing Die and genuine type 1 Anna: The best test here is that the upright in the central (value) circle points directly to the ‘3’-like letter above in the Missing Die, but between the ‘3’-like letter and the next letter in the genuine type. The test for the Missing Die 4 Anna is similar: the line in the genuine type points between the letters, but to a letter in the Missing Dies: There are other forgeries of the Circulars, of course. Most are of more recent origin, although there is one extremely rare early set of forgeries – count yourself very lucky if you have the bad luck to stumble on them. Here is an example of the photocopier forger’s efforts: As usual, the basic design is very close to the original – it’s just everything else that’s completely wrong: the colour, the paper and the appearance, which is completely flat, unlike the watercolour originals at least, which usually show lumps of ink. Here are a few more even sillier attempts: With all these forgeries, a comparison with the originals will immediately show up the forgery. Another give-away for forgeries is the cancellation. Genuine cancellations are black, magenta or red seals, usually so uncleaned and over-inked that they appear as coloured blobs. None of these cancellations was ever used on a legitimate Circular: The Circulars were also reprinted, and along with the Missing Die forgeries, are the most likely to turn up to trouble the collector. Being reprints, the design is correct, and detecting many of them is something of a black art. (If I’m selling it’s an original; if you’re selling it’s a reprint.) However, there are a couple of points to bear in mind that will help: – Stamps on wove paper can be dismissed as reprints. (There is one exception to this: an extremely rare ½ Anna in red oil colour on a thick yellowish wove. A copy on cover sold for £2352 in 2004. Enough said!) – Traditional wisdom has it that no reprints were made on laid paper. This may not be completely correct (the jury’s still out), but a stamp of the correct design on laid paper is likely to be OK if the colour is also correct. – Apparently, no reprints were made in blue. – Multiples of the originals are uncommon to rare. Multiples are much more likely to be reprints. The difficulty arises with the reprints on native paper. The ‘native’ paper used was a traditional local product, hand-made in the State prison. By its nature, it varied in quality and thickness from batch to batch. The reprints were usually on better quality native paper: thinner, smoother and more glossy than that of the originals. The reprints also were usually more clearly printed. The examples of the genuine types I showed at the beginning of this discussion of Jammu & Kashmir are all reprints, because the print quality is so much better than that of the originals. However, as the stamps were individually handstamped, with probably small batches of ink prepared for each printing, on batches of paper which could vary from sheet to sheet within a batch … As I said, picking the reprints is only done on the second full moon in November in a leap year, after undergoing elaborate purification ceremonies. Here is a pair of the original SG 14, next to a probable reprint: Shades are not a reliable guide to the reprints, but the general appearance is. You may also just be able to detect the difference in the roughness of the surface of the paper between the two examples. Finally … there are the ‘equivocals’. At the end of the life of the Circulars, around 1877, the printers engaged in a series of experiments on the Circulars and the contemporary stamps for Jammu Province (known as the Old Rectangulars). This involved trials on unusual colours, inks and papers. Some of these experiments were certainly sold and used for postage in the normal way, although they’re mostly rare. Others are of uncertain status, and haven’t achieved the respectability of catalogue listing. Here are some examples, on European laid paper: Most of these things are fairly uncommon as well. Good luck if one turns up for little or nothing – think twice before paying a fancy price for one. Reverting to Jammu & Kashmir for just a moment, I was motivated a moment ago to scan and post elsewhere this sheet of SG 126, the ½ Anna red. It shows the genuine types, and the imitation perforations. (And for any real desperates out there, the state of the plate can be determined from the number and position of the screws/rivets. There are several states of this ½ Anna plate.) There are more forgeries of the Kashmir Old Rectangulars than you could shake a stick at. Some examples from my collection (acquired accidentally: I haven’t tried to make a systematic study of these, or of the fakes etc of any of the other Indian States for that matter): First, the ¼ Anna: All nothing like the genuine stamp: which I’ve selected, not because it gives a perfect impression of the design, but because it’s a typical example of the general appearance of the stamp. As you can see, it just feels quite unlike any of the pretenders. It also has to be remembered that the ¼ Anna was printed from a plate of five subjects, each subject cut individually. There are small design differences between each genuine stamp, but none so gross as in these forgeries. the 1 Anna is another matter: This appears to be an earlier forgery, probably of Indian origin, while this appears to be more modern, and a close relative of the ¼ Annas above: These are the genuine item. Once again, note that the appearance is quite different: And please, no snide jests about the fakes being better than the genuine the 4 Anna seems to have been heavily targeted: Completely wrong colour Wrong colour again Right colour, but childish attempt to copy the design Better, but the fake postmark can’t conceal the reality And here is the genuine common shade: a couple of similar attempts at the 8 Anna: Wrong colour, and Right colour, although lacking beads around the frame, and could have been tricky if the impression matched the genuine item: The 4 and 8 Annas were printed from single dies, so genuine stamps must match the examples above, and the reprints. there are the reprints … They come in all sorts of wrong colours, in oil colours and printer’s ink, on the smoother, better quality native paper, on wove paper and even European laid paper. Difficulty would only arise with a reprint in the correct colour, in watercolour, on native paper – and I don’t recall seeing one. (Though they may be lurking, undetected, amongst my otherwise legitimate issues.) Here are some examples of the ¼ Anna, perhaps the most heavily reprinted value: The first has the right sort of appearance, though it’s probably in oil colour; the second is in the right colour – grey – but on wove paper and apparently in printer’s ink. And here is a ¼ Anna in a ridiculous colour, with a British Indian Srinagar postmark for 1891, presumably applied by favour. (Jammu & Kashmir stamps do regularly occur with legitimate British Indian cancellations, from mail that passed out of or into the State.) I don’t have any ½ Anna reprints, and I don’t know if they exist, but here are some 1 Annas, in the general family of shades found on the legitimate stamps: And here is an example of a reprint sheet. Note the pencil notations in the margin: The 2 Anna was also reprinted: after being so rudely interrupted by work, back to the real and earnest world of the Jammu & Kashmir New Rectangulars. (This is the name given to the unified series of stamps for both halves of the State, issued from 1878 until close of play in 1894.) Being Jammu & Kashmir, the New Rectangulars are also plagued by forgeries and doubtful items. It’s rather difficult to specify particular design differences for these stamps, as each position on the plates of 8, 15 or 20 was engraved separately by hand. I’ll show some examples of what to look out for in the lower values, and a sheet (of eight) of the genuine 8 Annas, as forgeries of the 8 Anna are likely to inflict most pain on the beginner. A common source of confusion, and of dashed hopes, is the imitation perforations drawn around the lower and high values. This is a genuine copy of the ¼ Anna, SG 165, showing the imitation perforations: The imitation perforations are often the first and best indication that all is not well with a Jammu & Kashmir New Rectangular. Here is one type of forgery of the ¼ Anna, with obviously wrong ‘perforations: and here’s what appears to be a companion 8 Anna: Gibbons refer to forgeries in which the margins are filled in in colour. These seem to be (relatively) quite common; they are the most common forgeries of the New Rectangulars in my collection, anyway. Here are some examples: The 1 Anna: The 2 Anna: Probably the 4 Anna and the 8 Anna, in red: and in the later blue: Note that these usually seem to come with the later 3-ring type cancellations. Most of the ‘used’ forgeries of the New Rectangulars I’ve seen have this type of cancel. Why, I don’t know – unless it’s to add to the air of authenticity. Used New Rectangulars are rarely worth much of a premium over unused. And here, as promised, is a genuine sheet of the 8 Anna red for comparison: Gibbons also refer to a postal forgery of the ½ Anna, but with all the various forgeries around, it’s hard to know which it is. The photocopier forger has, naturally, had a go at the New Rectangulars too, but the results are pathetic, even by his (or her) standards: Not content with the postage stamps, he’s also attacked the Telegraph stamps: You can easily see the really crappy paper he’s used here – stuff even the old Uglies would have hesitated to print on. Once you’ve seen a genuine New Rectangular, you could never mistake one of these for the real thing. There are some much more convincing-looking forgeries, probably modern, around as well. Here is a block of the 2 Anna red-orange family, which had me worried (I didn’t like the ’embossed’ appearance) until I compared it with the real thing, and found it was about a millimeter too tall: Shade is never a reliable guide with the New Rectangulars, because the printers weren’t overly fussy about colour matching. Paper isn’t much of a guide, either, because quite a range of papers was used for the genuine types as well. (I’ve even found a seemingly genuine example of the 1/8 Anna on what looks like a native laid paper, which isn’t recorded.) General appearance is the best guide. If that still fails to give a definite answer, the only solution may be a comparison with a genuine sheet. I have sheets of most of the values, and I’ll be glad to post them here if anyone needs them. Finally, it wouldn’t be Jammu & Kashmir without a dubious item. Gibbons illustrates a Type 19: This is found in various colours, most often red, and on all the papers used for the legitimate stamps, as well as native laid paper (said to be quite scarce). It was contemporary with the legitimate stamps, is not uncommon, and looks to have been engraved by whoever did the 4 and 8 Anna plates. However, it’s never been seen legitimately used. Examples in red on wove paper are quite easy to find – other colours and papers are scarcer. Before leaving Jammu & Kashmir, a word on covers. I’ve avoided discussing faked covers here because, by their nature, they tend to be one-off productions. However, there are quite a few of one particular variety of faked Jammu & Kashmir cover around. Someone evidently turned up a hoard of genuine covers sent from Maharajganj Town, in Jammu, mostly to Amritsar, after the Jammu & Kashmir PO closed in 1894, using British Indian stamps or postal stationery covers. These have had genuine Jammu & Kashmir stamps (usually 1 Anna green) added, which have then been tied by dumb bar cancellations. The give-away with all these covers is that they’re dated from well after the State Post Office ceased operating. They turn up on eBay every now and then: worth a dollar or two as curios perhaps, but nothing more. As the last of the Uglies to come on board, probably in 1942, Jasdan missed out on the Classic era of forgeries. However, their modern descendants are around. I have several items I think are forgeries, but that need more work on: the list in Gibbons isn’t exhaustive. Still, treat any combination of perforation and shade which doesn’t match one in the Gibbons listing with great caution. (And also beware of overly optimistic attributions. SG 1 really is a very rare stamp!) Here is a genuine SG 5, the Jasdan stamp you’re most likely to run across: The photocopier forger has, of course, done Jasdan as well, but I don’t have any specimens of his work to show. From what you’ve seen of it so far, it shouldn’t be hard to pick his attempts at Jasdan. The other thing to be wary of in Jasdan is forged cancellations. This is what a genuine cancellation should look like, in a general way: Jasdan did not use steel CDSs! Little Jhalawar has been thoroughly attacked, too. I don’t have any specimens of the photocopier forger’s work, but there are some other forgeries out there that, once again, might trick someone who’d never seen the genuine article. Here is a rather weird attempt at SG 1, with a genuine SG 1 at right: And quite a good SG 2, unless you’d seen the genuine item at right Note the completely different demeanour: the printing of the genuine stamps is always patchy, with that typical worn appearance. Finally, forged cancellations also exist. The genuine cancellations look more or less like the one on the right, although they’re not always as clear. They never look anything like the one on the left, though The stamp with the forged cancellation is also a forgery itself, of course, and not a very good one at that. Jind in the Feudatory State* period is fairly typical: some forgeries, and a spread of rather dubious stuff. *I’d rather not get into an argument here about the use of ‘Feudatory’. Let’s just accept it in order to distinguish this period from the later Convention State period First, the forgeries. I have these examples: Dr. Fiorenzo Longhi 8 pages article in English and in Italian. Two forged letters/cards are compared with genuine ones.

FFE #7

FRANKED NEWSPAPERS IN THE SERBIAN PRINCIPALITY 1866-1880 Class: Aero Dr. Vekizar M. Kardosch 10 pages article in English and in German. A very interesting article that opposes another article in FFE No. 5, 2002 in which two rare newspapers were regarded forged on a very doubtfull basis as to the author.The author defends previous oppinions of the rare newspapers as genuine.

FFE #7

THE ZP3 FORGED OVERPRINT Class: TR Dieter Leder 14 pages article in German and in English. The article confirms with many interesting close-up photos a forgery of partial double overprint.

THE CARLISTA FORGERIES WRONGLY CALLED RE-IMPRESSIONS Class: TR Eduardo Escalada 6 pages article in English and Spanish illustrating characteristica of the forgeries.

Militant Tactics

A letter damaged by suffragette action Members of the WSPU, including the Pankhursts, smashed post office windows, poured acid in pillar boxes, set fire to post boxes and put pepper in letters addressed to anti-suffrage MPs. The suffragettes Daisy Solomon and Elspeth McClellan even posted themselves to Prime Minister Asquith, with demands for the vote written across them like human letters. Fe:MAIL, Suffragettes and the Post includes a fascinating selection of postcards, stamps and audio accounts from those who took part in some of the most daring postal dramas as well as the world’s first suffrage stamp, the prison diary of a suffragette charged with smashing post office windows, newspaper cuttings and the world’s earliest known suffrage postcard

MANIPULATIONS Class: PH Heinz Erwin Jungjohan 2 pages article in English and German, demonstrating how a demaged letter got restored. Illustrated before and after restoration.

FFE #7

ILLEGAL AND FORGED STAMPS – TWO FACES OF THE SAME SCOURGE Class: TR Albertino de Figueiredo 6 pages in English and Spanish about the fight against illegal issues.

FFE #7

FORGERY OG THE DORNSTETTEN (O.A. FREUDENSTADT) POSTMARK Class: TR Jürgen Straub 2 pages article reporting about new finds of forged postmarks on covers from inflation period appearing on flea markets in Germany.

FFE #7

RELATIONSHIP AMONG ART, SCIENCE AND PHILATELY Class: TR Ernst M. Cohn 9 pages article in English and German. About using postal history as a tool for detecting forgeries.

FFE #7

FORGERIES OR MANIPULATIONS OF STRUBEL BISECTS Class: TR Erhard Keller 5 pages article in English and German. 5 interesting cases are demonstrated.

FFE #7

QUEENSLAND ARCHIVAL STRIKES – NOT WHAT THEY APPEAR Class: TR Bernie Beston 3 pages article in English.

FFE #7

AUSTRIAN MAIL IN HUNGARY – UNUSUAL FRANKINGS WITH AUSTRIA’S 5TH ISSUE. Class: TR Istvan Glatz 8 pages article with description of 5 GENUINE covers from same correspondence, all sent to New York.

the original stamp

“SUNDAY-PRINT”, “FERRARITY” OG REPRINT. Class: TR Carl Aage Møller 2 pages article about Iceland 25 Aur with black I GILDI overprint. This stamp has got overprinted after all other values were printed as “Sunday-prints”. The original typography was used for overprint but compiled different from the 6 settings used in the correct period.

DANISH WEST INDIES

1874-78 Scott 7 4c brown & dull blue “Numerals” Normal frame: pay attention to the arabesques in the left upper corner Quick History The U.S. bought these Islands for 25 million dollars from Denmark in 1917, becoming the U.S. Virgin Islands. But prior, these islands (St. Thomas, St. John, Santa Cruz) in the West Indies east of Puerto Rico were a Danish Colony. The population was 27,000 in 1911, and the Capital was Charlotte Amalie. There were British post offices in the DWI from 1849-1879 with cancelled stamps from Great Britain known: all really too expensive for BB collector consideration. The Danish issues proper began in 1856. Since letter writers from the DWI never numbered more than in the hundreds, genuine used copies are generally more expensive than mint copies.

1874-79 Scott 6e 3c blue & carmine “Numerals” Inverted Frame: compare arabesques to normal frame Big Blue Picture Big Blue ’97, on two pages, has 37 stamp spaces ( 31 regular, 6 postage due). The 2011 Scott Classic Specialized catalogue has 66 major number descriptions. Coverage by BB is 56%. Nice selection by Big Blue, and I found NO additional stamps ( cutoff $5) to suggest for the Big Blue collector. That of course means the price of DWI stamps are dear. There are 25 stamps between $1+-$10. There are 12 stamps over $10+; 5 of them at or over $25. None however climb into the “most expensive” list. Comments… A) The 1873-79 Numeral issue is quite complex. There are many minor numbers for normal frame/inverted frame,color variations, and paper thickness. It would behoove the BB collector to be able to identify and separate the normal frame and inverted frame varieties. I include image examples in this blog of both varieties. Also, there is an “orphan” issue of “1873 types”, 1896-01 Scott 16-20, for which Big Blue does not provide space. Several of the stamps (1c,3c,4c,) are less expensive than Big Blue’s designated choices for the 1873-79 issue. There are perforation, color, and normal/inverted frame differences between the issues as outlined in the checklist, as well as Scott. B) The “1902 surcharge on Numeral stamps issue” was apparently needed as the DWI used up the 2c and 8c values, and had to surcharge some 3c and 10c stamps. BB only gives room for one half of the varieties. The 2c on 3c stamp with the “c” type surcharge is illustrated, leaving out the “d” type surcharge. Then the 8c on 10c with the “d” type surcharge is illustrated, leaving out the “c” type surcharge. Since they are rather expensive stamps ($10+-$20+), if one has the non chosen type surcharge available, putting it in anyway ( with the proper notation) is pragmatic. C) Single color 1c, 2c,5c, & 8c “Coat of Arms” stamps in the correct color for the denomination were issued 1900-03 to satisfy the UPU requirements. D) The stamps themselves are wonderfully engraved and/or typographed, while the postage dues are lithographed. The classic art of stamp making and design was very much alive in Denmark. Additionals…. None

1905 Scott 35 40b red & gray Typographed King Christian IX Big Blue Checklist 1873-79 Numerals ( Perf 14X13 1/2) Scott 5: (illust) (1c green & brown red) ($20+) Scott 6 or 6e*: 3c blue and carmine ($20+ or $10+) Scott 7: 4c brown & dull blue ($10+) Scott 8: 5c green & gray ($20+) Scott 10: 10c blue & brown ($20+) Note: minor numbers for color variations, normal frame/inverted frame, paper: see Scott for details. *Note: 6e is inverted frame type. Note: 1896-1901 Scott 16-20 “Type of 1873” has Perf 13. They also have somewhat different color combination, may have inverted frames, and sometimes are less expensive ( Scott 16 1c($10+), 17 3c($10+), 18 4c ($10+), ). BB excludes them by Date. 1900-03 “Coat of Arms” 21($2+),29($5+), Two blank spaces: suggest 22($10+) & 30 ($20+) 1902 surcharge on Numeral stamps 24* ($10+) (illust: “c” surcharge) 28* ($10+) (illust. “d’ surcharge) *Note: 24 illust excludes 27($10+), a “d” surcharge *Note: 28 illust excludes 25($20+), a “c” surcharge 1905 King Christian IX 31,32,33,34,($2+-$5+) Blank space: suggest 35($5+) 1908 King Frederik VIII 43,44,45($2+),46*(20+),47,49($5+),50($5+), ($1+ eN) *Note: 46 is 20b green & blue eN= except noted 1915-17 Christian X 51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,($2+) Postage Due 1902 Royal Cipher “Christian 9 Rex” J1,J2,J3,($2+-$10+) 1905-13 Numeral of value J6,J7,J8,($2+-$5+)

1908 Scott 50 50b yellow & brown Frederik VIII Frame Typographed, Center Engraved Kinds of Blue The ’97,’69,’47 & ’41 editions are all the same in content.

1915 Scott 54 20b green & blue Christian X Big Blue Bottom Line Big Blue has a very nice selection indeed of the DWI issues. Be aware of the learning curve for the 1873-79 Numerals.

Note: Map appears to be in the public domain.

NOT FORGED – BUT? Class: TR Hans Ehlern Jessen 3 pages article in English. The article reports analysis of a cover bearing a 14 Cents stamp from The Danish Westindies. Forged or manipulated?

FORGERIES OF THE ARGENTINEAN FORERUNNER POSTMARKS Class: TR Dr. Mario D. Kurchan 3 pages article in English and in Spanish. Five covers and two letter cuts are analyzed in the article – forgeries produced from unfranked without cancels. Rubber cancels reproduced from the Knietschel catalogue issued 1958 are applied on the items.

FFE #7

THE PAPERS AND THE DIFFERENT COLOURS FOUND IN JEAN DE SPERATI’S PRODUCTION OF THE FIRST TWO ISSUES OF NEWFOUNDLAND Class: TR Richard Gratton 11 pages article in english and in french. A scientific analysis of colour and paper used for the forgeries of Sperati.

FFE #7

PORTUGUESE NAVIGATORS Class: TR Pedro Marcal Vaz Pereira A problem i Portuguese philately. 4 pages article in english. Proofs made by the stamp designer Martins Barata (Sr.) were a private print not made for the actual process of manufacturing the stamps.

FFE #7

ISSUES FOR THE XI INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY CONGRESS OG SPAIN FOR THE YEAR 1930 AND FORGERIES OF IT Class: TR Enrique Soro Bergua 10 pages article in english and spanish. Article with many excellent illustrations comparing genuine and forgeries of the Issue.

FFE #7

NEW CARLISLE COVER ANALYSIS Class: TR Vincent Graves Greene, Philatelic Research Foundation 3 pages article in englich with illustrations of two covers including newresearch of a Carlisle cover.

FFE #7

FAKED COVERS FROM SICILY 1859-60 Class: TR Francesco Lombardo 8 pages article in english and italian. The author demonstrates how postal historical knowledge discloses faked covers.

FFE #7

FAKES AND FORGERIES OF AUSTRALIAN ITALY (LOMBARDO-VENETO) 1850-1866 Class: TR Kurt E. Kimmel 5 pages article in english and german. Illustrations demonstrates genuine and faked postmarks and a forgery of 10 Cents, a 12-block with four St. Andrews crosses.

FFE #7

DOUBTFUL AND BOGUS ITEMS FROM BOLIVIA, CARPATHO-UKRAINE, HUNGARY, LATVIA AND USSR Class: TR Andrew Cronin 4 pages article in english. The author gives an interesting background for various doubtful overprint issues, e.g. Hungary, Michel Nos. 598611. Latvia, Michel Nos. 282,283,286,290 & 291 with red star overprint with initials, USSR Michel Nos. 675,679, 682 & 685 with “error” overprints.

FFE #7

SOME BRAZILIAN FAKES AND FORGERIES Class: TR Paulo Comelli 11 pages article in english, describing e.g. a faked cover with 90rs Bull’s Eye with forged cancel “ITABAPOANA”, a 90rs Bull’s Eye block of four with ink cancel and with small defects – the block appeared later as unused (ink removed) and with repaird defects.

FFE #7

THE LAST POSTAL FORGERY, WHICH APPEARED IN SPAIN, BASED ON A DESIGN BY JOAN MIRÓ, DEDICATED TO HIS FRIEND PICASSO Class: TR Alfredo Navarro Payá 5 pages article in english and in spanish. The article describes how the determinate the postal forgery.

FFE #7

EXPERT Class: Other Jean-Francois Brun The 25 elements that significates an expert. English and french.

FFE #7

HIMALAYAN PHANTASIES Class: TR Wolfgang Hellrigl 6 pages article with description and excellent illustrations of 5 covers with forged cancels. By the end of the article is a modern forgery shown, a block of 10 of the 1960 1 Rupee, Birthday of King Mahendra, Official stamp with HANDPAINTED OVERPRINT.

FFE #7

FORGERIES OF THE MOSCOW CITY POST STATIONERY ENTIRE Class: TR Zbigniew Mikulski 6 pages article in english. The article illustrates genuine as well as forged stationeries with many excellent photos.

FFE #7

A. RONALD BUTLER Class: TR The Diadem Fivepence 3 pages article in english describing forgeries of imperfs, “Specimen” overprints as well as Spiro and Panelli forgeries.

FFE #7

Class: PH Dieter Bortfeldt Forgeries on Colombian pre-philatelic covers. 16 pages article in english and spanish. Describing the forgeries of “NEIVA” and “BUCARAMANGA” wiht many illustrations.

FFE #8

MYSTERY OF BRAZILIAN PARAHYBA PROVISIONAL Class: Aero Wolfgang Maassen Taking off from an aggravating change in the renowned MICHEL Zeppelin and airmail catalogue 2002, which discontinued the listing of Brazil’s famous “Parahyba provisional”, the author, W. Maassen, traces the early history of this provisional, so important in aerophilately. By analysis of existing literature he documents its sources back to the year 1932 and discusses in this first part of a study the typical circumstances and conditions in Brazil in the early 1930’s, by way of which he refutes objections previously raised by I. Lukanc and recently repeated by D. Leder to question the authenticity of the Parahyba provisional. keywords: airmail, aerophilately, provisional, overprint, Zeppelin, Parahyba, Brazil

FFE #8

FAKED POSTAGE DUE AND REGISTRATION USAGE OF THE CHINESE IMERIAL 3RD ISSUE POSTCARDS Class: PST Yu-An Chen The 3rd issues of Chinese Imperial Postcards are always hot items to the Chinese Postal Card collectors. Among the 3rd issues, the Postal Due and Registration usage are very rare and quite expensive, that made these items become the targets of forgers. The content of this article is to reveal the tricks of these forgers. Hope collectors would pay more attention and keep away from those forgeries. Key words: Forgeries of the Chinese Imperial Postcards

FFE #8

NEW FORGERIES OF COLOMBIAN PREPHILATELIC POSTAL MARKINGS Class: PH Dieter Bortfeldt The article shows and explains a new type of Colombian Forgeries of pre-philatelic letters. Original entires without any postal markings from the Spanish Royal Mail period of 1775 to 1820 are marked with handpainted Bogus / Fantasy Colonial postal markings not recorded before. The enlargements of the details show clearly this “work of art” of the unknown forger.

FFE #8

SWAN OF DUCKLING IN BELGIAN PHILATELY Class: TR Morten Johan Linstrup The real date of issue for 5(+5) c Small Medallion (COB129) is shown to be, most likely, 6 October 1914, i.e. not 3 Oct 1914. (b) A seemingly non-philatelic use of 10(+10) c Small Medallion (COB130), imperforate left, is shown. (c) A cover with a forged 10(+10) c Mérode monument used – probably inadvertently – to harm the Post is shown. It is claimed that postal use of such forgeries is an overlooked particular in Belgian postal history. It is further speculated that such objects may be the earliest case to be found of forgeries to harm philatelists actually being used to harm the Post. Key Words: Belgium, Red Cross, Mérode monument, Mérode forgery, postal use of forgery

FFE #8

FIP AND PHILATELIC EXPERTISING Class: Other Tay Peng Hian The FIP Expert Team was in action since 1990, to check for any forged items in FIP exhibitions. This article tells how the Expert Team functions, and the effect of their actions that have created more awareness of the exhibitors in buying. Key words: Detection of forged philatelic items at FIP exhibitions.

FFE #8

ICELAND 1924, 10 KR./1 KR. PROVISIONAL WITH DOUBLE OVERPRINT, FACIT CATALOUGE NO 123V. Class: TR Carl Aage Møller The only known Kr. 10/1 Kr. Provisional from Iceland is a FORGERY. The article illustrates why.

FFE #8

42 PENNY BLACK BLOCK Class: TR A.I.E.P The AIEP board, refering to the news announced by Mr Paolo Vaccari and widely diffused by the Press, about discovering of a block 42 Penny Black.

FFE #8

SUPERB ON-PEICE FORGERIES Class: Other Heikki Reinkainen The article ‘Superb on piece forgeries’ deals with forgeries consisting of usually two or more stamps of various colours on piece or clipping instead of full cover forgeries found in growing quantities in the marketplace.

FFE #8

QUESTIONABLE ITEMS OF BULGARIA, ROMANIA AND RUSSIA Class: TR Andrew Cronin Four separate sections to the article, covering Bulgaria and the Russian area.

FFE #8

CLANDESTINE “CERES” STAMPS FROM PORTUGAL Class: PH J. Miranda da Mota The article aims at examining thoroughly the characteristics and description of the perforated clandestine Ceres stamps from Portugal. Aspects about the genuine portuguese Ceres issues are referred to frame the subject. A special attention to the characteristics and particularities of the clandestine stamps perforation have been done in order to identifie it in comparison to the genuine ones, both with the 15×14 and with the 12×11 1/2 perforation. The article finish with a list of the clandestine Ceres stamps: face value, colour, perforation, type of gravure (with or without retouch), paper, and the correspondent issue of the genuine ones.

FFE #8

I ACCUSE OF FRAUD BELGIAN RURAL POSTMEN BETWEEN 1849 AND 1860 Class: PH Leo De Clercq ” The Belgian rural postman developped a difficult to intercept system of fraud. Collected letters to distribute during the same rural round must been taxed with a minimum of 10 centimes. The received taxes of such letters are to be inscribed on the way bill. It is impossible to prove today if that is didden correctly. On the other hand, from the first years of the use of stamps: 1849-1860, I discovered rural franked letters from wich the mint stamp was taken off. In the place of them have been placed used stamps. To dissimulate the fraud these stamps have been spoiled with ink by the rural postmen . When I found in one rural archive fifteen such letters, in all the country have been thousands of them.” Key Words: Belgium – Medaillons, Fraud by rural postmen, Belgium – Rural post

FFE #8

A WAKE UP CALL FOR AUSTRALIAN PHILATELY Class: PH Bernie Beston The faking of Official perforation on Postal Stationery of the Australian States and the Commonwealth of Australia, especially Newspaper wrappers. Key Words: Perfins; Newspaper wrappers; Australian States; Commonwealth of Australia.

FFE #8

FORGERIRES TO DECIEVE THE CANADIAN POST OFFICE Class: PH Richard Gratton As in most countries, in Canada there exist numerous forgeries to deceive the post. They are sought after by specialist collectors and enthusiasts for fakes and postal frauds. Since I have been often approached by the Security Service of the Canadian Post and by the Royal Canadian Mountain Police ( RCMP ) as an expert consultant in their enquiries about certain forgeries, I think it will be of interest if I share some information with the readers of Fakes Forgeries Experts (FFE) and my colleagues in the International Association of Experts in Philately (A.I.E.P.) This article list all Canadian forgeries know to defraud the Canadian postal system. Key Words: CANADIAN POSTAL FORGERIES, POSTAL FRAUDS

FFE #8

THE “BRIGHTON” FORGERIES OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR Class: TR Wolfgang Hellrigl The so-called ‘Brighton’ forgeries were produced between 1902 and 1907 by Harold Treherne. The forgeries were made by photographically transferring the design of the originals to a zinc printing plate. The Brighton forger imitated numerous stamps of the Indian States, and British Colonies, but his earliest and most famous forgeries are those of Jammu and Kashmir. The author tells the story of these imitations and adds a very detailed check list of the numerous Brighton forgeries of Jammu and Kashmir.

FFE #8

NEW DANGEROUS FORGERIES AND CZECH PHILATELY Class: TR Frantisek Benes The article introduces new dangerous forgeries of Czechoslovak as well as foreign stamps that appeared on the Czechoslovak market after 1989, very often in connection with the import of stamps from abroad to the Czech lands. The article discusses repaired stamps from the U.S. collections, as well as various stamps printed in the 1970s from misused original stocks or plates. However, its main theme is the recent discovery of dangerous forgeries of overprints on the stamps of Czechoslovakia, Germany, Wrtenberg, Danzig and Saare, Zara, Elsass and Vilnius. The forgeries of the 1932 German stamp with the overprint flaw 12 + 3 Rdf are also discussed. Many of the forgeries have certificates of genuineness from both former Czech and foreign experts. The article is supplemented by a brief history of stamp collecting and organized philately in the Czech lands since the 1870s, and comments on a changing profile of Czech stamp market. Key Words: Czech philately – Forgeries of stamps – Overprints – Czechoslovak stamps – German stamps

FFE #8

FAKES OF THE SWISS TELEGRAPH STAMPS Class: TR Kurt E. Kimmel Faked cancellations on Swiss Telegraph stamps exist due to the fact that huge remainders of mint sheets were sold in 1887 and cancelled after their validity period (Dec 31, 1886) partly using the original cancelling devices. Thanks to the carefully kept records of dates and condition upon receipt when these were returned to the PTT in Berne, in most cases we can prove if the Swiss Telegraph stamps were cancelled during their validity period or not. If this was done fraudulently afterwards, we have to call them fakes even if the Telegraph stamps are original and the cancellation done with the same canceller as used during the validity period. Genuine and faked ones with the same cancellation are illustrated in order to teach the reader how to detect the fakes. Key Words: Swiss Telegraph stamps Remainders Faked cancellations Albert Auberson PTT Records “Stempelkontrolle”

FFE #8

ALLAHABAD – NAINI FLIGHT 1911 FORGED POST MARK OF WORLD´S FIRST OFFICIAL AIRMAIL Class: Aero Pradip Jain A special Postmark was applied on the historical world’s first official airmail flight on 18th Feb. 1911 from Allahabad to Naini. The forgery of this famous Postmark also exist.

FFE #8

FAKES AND FORGERIES OF SLOVENIA 15 AND 20 KRONEN Class: TR Per Friis Mortensen Description of the “Padevet forgeries” and the “Sunday printings”.

FFE #8

REVIEW OF THE “DEGRON-KUN COVERS”. FRENCH/JAPANESE COMBINATION COVERS Class: TR Jun Ichi Matsumoto Definition and description covers with mixed frankings

FFE #8

ON THE EXPERTISING OF POSTAGE STAMPS. ADVICE FOR COLLECTORS WITH HISTORICAL REVIEW ON FORGERIES AND EXPERTS Class: TR Prof. Dr. Ulrich Ferchenbauer Description of various types of forgeries, improvements etc. Methods of expertising, signing, identification of false stamps and description of quality. English and German text.

FFE #8

FALSIFICATION OF THE SO-CALLED “ST. GOTTARD POST CARD” Class: TR Georges Schild The history about the faked Jubilee post card, printed by Sachs and Homberger, Zurich and sold by Pieper, Berlin.

FFE #8

THE “300 LIEPAJA 300” SPECIAL POSTMARK ALSO FORGED Class: TR Harry von Hoffman The “300 LIEPAJA 300” special postmark also forged.

FFE #8

GREAT BRITAIN KING GEORGE VI LETTERPRESS POSTAL STATIONERY IMPRESSIONS Class: Other Alan Huggins Illustrates and describes the philatelically produved Great Britain, King George VI letterpress stamped to order postal stationery dies struck on various colured paper which are often offered as proofs.

FFE #8

NOTES ON THE “GREEN POST” OF 1921 Class: TR Heinz Erwin Jungjohann More frequently on the philatelic market, especially in Internet, counterfeits of the stamps of Ghetto Litzmannstadt (Lodz) appear. Some of these fabrications, also on entires, are described. One should be warned of purchasing. The history of the so-called insurrection-fieldpost, Green Post, Upper Silesia 1920 is discussed critically and the handling of the theme in catalogues. Last a pr ocedure for expertizing of nonofficial issues will be introduced.

FFE #1

FAKES FORGERIES EXPERTS Class: TR A. Ronald Butler A brief outline of FFE taxonomy, with examples: A faked stamp is a genuine stamp that has been altered with a view to enhancing its philatelic value. A forged stamp is a fraudulent imitation of a genuine stamp, overprint, surcharge or postal obliteration. The term “Expert” may apply to individuals as well as committees.

FFE #1

WONDROUS TRANSFORMATIONS Class: TR Albert Louis and Karl Albert Louis Thirty-four illustrated and annotated examples (22 Great Britain, 12 Netherlands) of manipulations of rare classic material. Evidence is mainly gathered by comparative study of auction catalogues, old and new. Even unique and beautiful items are demonstrably “improved”. Various types of manipulations are shown.

FFE #1

POSTAL FRAUD IN TSARIST RUSSIA Class: TR Zbigniew S. Mikulski Classic Russia and Poland (no.1). Thirty-one illustrated examples of postal fraud, including triple use of a stamp. With historical and geographical context notes. Fraudulent re-use (removed ink cancellation, etc), 18 examples. Plus postal forgeries, 13 examples with different types and places of production and use of early 20th century forgeries of 7 k. and 70 kopeck, and 3.50 rubles.

FFE #1

A RARE STAMP THAT SHOULD NOT BE IN EXISTENCE Class: TR Emil Rellstab PRO AERO 1938, 75 rappen, un-used ! – The cover article explains the background of the issue and how, rarely and only by mistake, a few copies of this stamp escaped cancellation. A forgery of the overprint is also described and shown.

FFE #1

MUTTON DRESSED AS LAMB Class: TR Alain Huggins A warning for GB embossed stamps 1847-1854 imitated by manipulation of telegraph forms and stamped to order postal stationery imprinted with similar dies. A particular note of skepticism concerning the ‘die 5’ of 10d, which may be non-existent. Even certificated copies could all be cut from postal stationery.

FFE #1

FORGERIES OF THE SECOND ISSUE OF TIBET Class: TR Wolfgang C. Hellrigl Description and illustration of forged 4 tangka blue and 8 tangka red issue of 1914 (or perhaps 1920) in sheets of six. Nine different types appearing 1957-1992 (and a total of 39 distinct clichés). – By far, the classic Tibetan issue least plagued by forgeries !

FFE #1

RECENT HONG KONG FORGERIES Class: TR Andrew M. T. Cheung 1891 “Jubilee” overprint; mint Q. Victoria 4c; inverted watermarks; Q. Victoria 18c Wm. Crown CC; 1948 $10 silver wedding; 1990’s “mystery” missing yellows; SPECIMENs; THREE on 5c on 18c postcard; QE Annigoni $10 glazed paper w. PVA gum; treaty port postmarks; modern postmarks – even FDC’s.

FFE #1

I GOT CAUGHT MORE THAN ONCE Class: TR Otto Hornung Personal experiences with repaired “1914 Sultans” of Turkey. A warning that probably manipulated covers are the main problems in Turkish philately. Since postal rates were little known, for long fakers had rich opportunity to “improve” covers by adding interesting stamps. Today, one must be wary of such covers.

FFE #1

FORGERIES AND LITERATURE IN THE ELECTRONIC ERA Class: TR Charles J. Peterson An argument and a call for FIP and/or AIEP to establish a centralised web page with information on forgeries. With illustrations and examples from the commendable Spanish [Barcelona] “Graus-web”, to be found [01/2006] at http://graus.com/pral.asp

FFE #1

NEW ZEALAND 1996 “TEDDY BEAR” HEALTH STAMPS Class: TR Colin G. Capill Story of how the 40c health stamp 1996 was recalled (and replaced) three weeks before issue because the original design depicted an illegal position of a child seat in a car. A few stamps with the erroneous design were inadvertantly sold. The status of the miniature sheet with the incorrect design, however, is “not officially issued” as it was never sold “over the counter”.

FFE #1

WE NEED POSTAL HISTORY EXPERTISERS Class: TR Ernst M. Cohn A philosophically inclined article emphasizing challenges of postal history expertising. Subtitles: The improved cover – The bogus cover – The genuine cover – Expertizing covers – Conclusions. – Statement that experts too often fail to recognize grey (as opposed to back and white) situations where it is right to say “No opinion”, or “Yes, but…”.

FFE #1

POSTAGE DUE HANDSTAMPS OF MALTA – FAKES Class: TR Anthony Fenech Description and illustration of forged ½d and 7d postage due handstamps. Genuine use of those denominations is still unknown, but faked letters from the ‘Matteo Tabone e figli’ correspondence have surfaced with forged ½d and 7d postage due handstamps.

FFE #1

RUSSIAN VARIETIES ARE NOT ALWAYS WHAT THEY SEEM Class: TR Andrew Cronin Description and illustration of how double perforated and partially imperforate (“fantail”) stamps from Russia/USSR have arisen. A warning that systematic “improvement” of fantails has taken place to produce all imperforate stamps with margins, typically by cutting away the partial three-sided perforation. Very few USSR stamps genuinely exist completely imperforate.

FFE #1

FORGED CANCELLATIONS USED ON COVER DUTCH EAST INDIES, MADE BY R. E. P. MAIER, FOUND IN THE PTT MUSEUM, THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS Class: TR Hendrik W. van der Vlist Description and illustration of forged “prephilatelic” JAVA GENERAL POST OFFICE BATAVIA DOL=LORS STY=VERS and JAVA POST OFFICE SAMARANG DOL=LORS STY=VERS cancellations deriving from R. E. P. Maier (tried and convicted in 1963).

FFE #1

1 MAY 1840 – THE STORY OF AN INVESTIGATION Class: TR Patrick C. Pearson Story of how the 1 May 1840 lettersheet from the Smith correspondence was examined in 1997 by philatelic and forensic experts and finally declared authentic by the Expert Committee of the Royal Philatelic Society London in the face of two previous submissions (1978 and 1992) having yielded the opposite result. P. Holcombe and BPA already believed it to be genuine in 1992.

FFE #1

BELGIQUE – FALSIFICATION DE MARQUE POSTALES Class: TR Leo De Clercq Arched AFFR INSUFF handstamps on classic Belgian covers. Forged and genuine examples.

FFE #1

THE ONLY FORGERY I DETECTED MYSELF Class: TR Paul H. Jensen A faked overprint on the rare 1888 Norwegian 3/5 öre postal stationery reply paid (“double”) postcard (believed to have a genuine circulation of only 50 cards printed). The forgery is believed to be old and a copy has been found in collections in each of Belgium and Germany.

FFE #1

“GRONCHI ROSA” Class: TR Giorgio Colla Asinelli A dangerous forgery of the L. 205 “Gronchi Rosa” from 1961.

FFE #1

HOW ARE THE PHILATELIC EXPERTS ORGANISED IN THE FIP MEMBER FEDERATIONS? Class: TR Paolo Vollmeier Results of a questionnaire. Summary of ten questions answered by 56 national philatelic federations.

FFE #1

NEW METHODS TO IDENTIFY FAKES Class: TR Paolo Vollmeier Mass spectrographic examination as applied to handstamps, forged and genuine, on prephilatelic letters from Italy, notably Venezia. With 22 illustrations.

FFE #1

THE FOURNIER COLLECTION AT THE MUSEUM OF COMMUNICATION IN BERNE Class: TR Jean-Claude Lavanchy Who was Francois Fournier? – Was he a counterfeiter, or not? – What do we know about his company’s history? – With nine illustrations and some transcriptions of letters (in French).

FFE #1

FIAP EXPERT TEAMS WORKING AT ASIAN INTERNATIONAL STAMP EXHIBITIONS 1996-1997 Class: TR Tay Peng Hian Findings from TAIPEI ’96 and HONG KONG ’97. With nine illustrations and further recommendations.

FFE #9

THE LITZMANNSTADT/LODZ GHETTO FABRICATIONS Class: PH Heinz-Erwin Jungjohann In a short presentation some fabrications of the Litzmannstadt/Lodz ghetto-post are described. These are in circulation at the moment, but the article warns against purchasing.

FFE #9

THE PHILATELIC MANIPULATIONS OF VIKTOR INDRA Class: TR Andrew Cronin The late Viktor Indra was a Czech postal historian, who had an interest in receiving self-addressed and franked envelopes and postcards from out-of-the-way countries and territories in the period from the 1930s until well into the 1980s. The article shows examples of the mail he received from the Tuvan Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic and from the Carpatho-Ukraine in the transition period of 1944-1945, when that former Czech province was being liberated by the Soviet Army in World War II. He thus received extremely interesting postal history usages from both Tuva and the Carpatho-Ukraine and it is greatly to be regretted that Mr. Indra had a most unfortunate tendency to “improve upon” the envelopes and postcards he received, by later adding or modifying registration labels and cachets, as well as inserting addresses on mail that never went through the Post. The information set out in the article by Andrew Cronin FRPSL, TM, will help postal historians to separate out the items, which had been manipulated by Mr. Indra

FFE #9

FOUR AUSTRIAN MILITARY POSTAL LETTERS DATED 1866, ALL TO GOOD TO BE TRUE Class: PH Lorenzo Carra The Author, narrates one of his early acquisitions, which didn’t convince him totally even then, and proceeds to tell about later experiences with some letters, supposedly written during the Italian 3°War of Indipendence 1866, from the Austian Military Post, a question on which the Author deals thoroughly in his esteemed publication, “1866 La Liberazione del Veneto.” Certain letters, stamped “K.K FELD POST EXPOS N.4”, have resulted in being false. L.C. documents and motivates his considerations regarding the various methods of counterfeiting. Due to this experience, which has taught the Author much, fearing that more of these false letters made in the 40,s or50,s should come onto the market,he has forwarned collectors that at certain prices things can be, too good to be true!

FFE #9

THE SCIENTIFIC MICROSCOPE FOR FIGHTING FORGERIES IN PHILATELY Class: Other Prof. Dr. U.E. Klein Scientific light- and UV-microscopes with magnification more than 400 times are new tools for examining the highly varying microcomposition and pigment-microstructures of printer’s dyes on stamps and dye mixtures of post markers. Illumination coming from the back side of the objects and transversing the paper is the secret. Examining the structures and not functional behaviour of printer’s dyes is the aim of this technique. Examples of newly discriminated excellent forgeries are given. Keywords: Transmission microscopy, Overprint forgeries, Microstructure of printer’s dyes

FFE #9

DETECTING FAKES BY CHECKING THE POSTAL RATE Class: TR James Van der Linden The overview concerns the basic information on conservation and artifact restoration of philatelic items to restore the cover to the state it was in when sent, and how far can one go i.e. what is legitimate as against improvements for gain of money. Furthermore is mentioned the list of possibilities of restoration, some tolerated, some bordering on forgeries. The conclusion deals with other forms of protection e.g. sunshine damage in exhibition rooms, and supplementary added inscriptions on the covers. Key words: Paper conservation – artifact restoration – original state of covers.

FFE #9

THE COUNTERFEITS OF THE FIRST HELLENIC OLYMPIC ISSUES 1896-1900/01-1906 Class: TR Michalis E. Tsironis Presentation on the counterfeits of the Hellenic Olympic issues 1896-1900/01-1906. Specific importance and research on the 1906 issue, especially on the Δ (ON ~ 1.2 mm) and Δ (ON ~ 2.2 mm) postmarks. Keywords: 1906, Olympic Games, Counterfeits, Forgeries

FFE #9

POSTAGE DUES AND FAKES Class: PH Michèle Chauvet A lot of forgeries can be identified if philatelists have a little knwoledge about postal history. About a french postage due stamp, one caracteristic example: from a very ordinary letter somebody has made a wonderful, but impossible one. Keys words : French Postage due – forgery

FFE #9

SOME BRAZILIAN FAKES AND FORGERIES Class: TR Paulo Comelli The article deals with fakes with Swedish cancellation marls and the use of Normal Swedish cancellations for manipulative purposes. During more than 30 years, I have served as an expert-member of the Philatelic Expert-committee in Sweden. The committee works on a mandate from the board of the Swedish Philatelic Federation. As an expert, I have documented manipulations and false use of Swedish postal cancels. In this article, I will publish some of the results from this documentation Keywords: Normal-cancellation 59, Normal-cancellation 60, Normalcancellation 61, Normal-cancellation 59G

FFE #9

FAKES WITH SWEDISH CANCELLATION MARKS & THE USE OF NORMAL SWEDISH CANCELLATIONS FOR MANIPULATIVE PURPOSES Class: TR Roland Frahm The article deals with fakes with Swedish cancellation marls and the use of Normal Swedish cancellations for manipulative purposes. During more than 30 years, I have served as an expert-member of the Philatelic Expert-committee in Sweden. The committee works on a mandate from the board of the Swedish Philatelic Federation. As an expert, I have documented manipulations and false use of Swedish postal cancels. In this article, I will publish some of the results from this documentation. Keywords: Normal-cancellation 59, Normal-cancellation 60, Normalcancellation 61, Normal-cancellation 59G

FFE #9

NEW STUDIES OF ONEGLIA/PANELLI ENGRAVED FORGERIES Class: TR Carl Walske Panelli’s finishing touches on Oneglia’s engraved forgeries can sometimes be detected by the perforations, cancellations, surcharges and even gum. Panelli apparently acquired a fairly large portion of the Oneglia stock in an unfinished state, but lacked Oneglia’s tools for finishing the forgeries. New and different ones were used. In a few cases the perforation can be used to identify lithographed forgeries as having been made by Oneglia. Key words: Oneglia and Panelli Revisited

FFE #9

A COVER THAT STARTED A CAREER IN EXPERTIZING Class: PH Robert P. Odenweller A cover from the Burrus sale of 43 years ago was combined with a stamp from the same sale by a Parisian dealer and offered for sale only a few years later by a different dealer in London. Anomalies in rate and cancellations raised suspicions that proved it fake. The analysis involved led to an interest in the whole process of expertizing, which has continued to this day. Key words: New Zealand via Marseilles David Feldman

FFE #9

CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE CAN HELP AUTHENTICATE ONE-OF-A-KIND ITEMS Class: PH Fred F. Gregory Unique items present difficult challenges for expert examiners asked to determine authenticity. This article explores how circumstantial evidence can be used to confirm findings based on physical evidence to arrive at a confident decision. A unique local cover sent in 1864 from one island to another in Hawaii was authenticated using other examples from the same correspondence, examples of handwriting, postal practices gleaned from the examination of other covers and physical evidence consistent with authenticity. Keywords: Hawaii; Honolulu; Bishop; Gulick; postmarks

FFE #9

THE DESIRABLE AUTHENTICITY OF MANUFACTURE Class: TR Morten Johan Linstrup Philatelists tend to scorn and avoid manufactured items. This article purpose to show that there may be a real place in philately for certain such objects. Two cases are presented. Firstly, in traditional philately, a manufactured – but clearly genuine – setting may lend credibility to a difficult stamp, the authenticity of which may otherwise be tricky to ascertain (Figure 1). Secondly, within postal history, a manufactured context may even be needed (sic) to properly tell right from wrong when observance of postal regulations was lax.

FFE #9

EXPERTIZING THE 15TH EXAMPLE OF THE SUTHERLAND STAMP Class: TR Dr. Kauzuyuki Inoue MD What are Sutherland Stamps? “Sutherland” is a name of a Yokohama-based company carrying mail and passengers with stage coach service between Yokohama and Tokyo in 1871, just before the inauguration of the Japanese Governmental Postal System. The company issued two kinds of local stamps: 1/2 Boo and 1 Boo. This time, the 15th example of Sutherland stamp was discovered and sold in an auction in November 2003. It was submitted to the Philatelic Museum for expertizing prior to the Auction, and our Expert Committee reached the conclusion that the stamp is genuine and it was recognized as the 15th example of the Sutherland stamp or the 8th example of the 1/2 Boo stamp. We introduce optical analysis by computer for our expertizing procedure. Key words: James Wilson Sutherland, Sutherland & Company, Philatelic Museum Expert Committee, Japan Philatelic Society Foundation scanner

FFE #9

AN ATTRACTIVE USE OF BRITISH POSTAL STATIONERY IN BEYROUT? Class: TR Alan Huggins The article provides a warning to collectors to double-check cancellations to ensure they are consistent with use of both adhesive stamps and postal stationery. In the case illustrated replacement stamp has been added to British registration envelope used in Beirut.

FFE #9

1948 ISRAEL’S FIRST COINS 3 MILS PERFORATED 10X10 FAKES Class: TR Yacov Tsachor 1948 Israel’s First Coins – 3 mils perforated 10×10 Fakes: The article gives details about the printing and the sale of the #1 – 3 mils perforated 10×10. 540 tabbed stamps were issues of which only appx. 100 assumed to have survived, making it one of Israel’s rarest stamp. The vast majority of the stamps offered on the market are Fakes. Shown are all the known types of the Fakes.

FFE #9

CONSERVATION, PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION. C P R. IN PHILATELY HOW FAR? Class: TR John C West A postal stationery post card issued in 1901 which since that time has been affixed to a page in an official collection. The illustration shows the browning effect of the high acidic level in the post card and its transfer to an adjoining page. The British Library, Philatelic Collections: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection.

FFE #9

HOW TO LOOK AFTER YOUR COLLECTION – A BASIC GUIDE Class: TR David R Beech The article treats forgeries, created by adding or replacing stamps on covers, to make them more attractive i.e. more expensive. The replacements of defected or inexpensive stamps or adding’s to upgrade stampless covers, are illustrated. The range of the shown, commented forgeries starts with Belgium with further examples of Germany and the United States. The given advice concerns a profound knowledge of the use and sense of transit markings, routes and rates of the area of specialisation. Key words: faked covers by adding’s or replacements.

FFE #9

LARGE HERMES HEADS: COUNTERFEITS OF THE SO-CALLED MIXED FRANKINGS OR COMBINATION COVERS Class: PH Wolfgang Bauer & Michael Tseriotis Combination Covers are those with stamps of two or more countries and so fare not common at all. Greece was the only country in Europe using normal Large Hermes Head stamps as postage dues – other countries mark only the open amount on the coverfront. A lot of fakes were produced since long time to please the other collectors and the own pocket. Because of the complicated rates and regulations fakes were mostly accepted as correct! In this postal historian research is at the first time shown which Combination Covers are correct and why and which are faked or produced.

FFE #9

FORGERIES TO DECEIVE THE CANADIAN POST OFFICE PART 2 Class: Other Richard Gratton This is the second part of an article started with FFE #8 on postal forgeries to defraud the Canadian Post Office. All know forgeries are described and technical information is given to permit the reader to understand the basic differences between the genuine stamps and forgeries. Two recent forgeries are described and show how extremely competent forgers can reproduce almost exactly self adhesive postage stamp (including fluorescent tagging). Key words: Postal forgeries

FFE #9

THE HELSINGØR LETTER WITH NK 1,3 AND 5 IS MANIPULATED Class: TR Finn Aune “Combination cover with Norway no.1 and Oscar was manipulated. The cover, which represent the quite common 15 sk postage to Denmark, was regarded as unique because of the combined franking with Norway no.1 together with other stamps. Despite the fact that the cover has been well known for decades and has been shown as highlights in exhibition collections, it has now been discovered to be a fake. It is the expert of Norwegian philately, Finn Aune, who through thorough investigation has detected and proved that the Norway no.1 had never belonged to the cover at all. It is very rare that long time recognized showpieces of this kind later proves itself to be manipulated. At this moment there is only known one genuine combination cover with Norway no.1 (together 8 sk Oscar) and one piece (together with 4 sk Oscar).”

FFE #4

ENGRAVED FORGERIES – IDENTIFYING THE FORGER Class: TR Carl Walske Engraving has been used less frequently than other means for producing forgeries. Most forgers have not made engraved forgeries of the same stamps, and it is possible, but not always, to identify individual forgers. The article reviews forgers including Jeffryes, Oneglia, Wada Kotaro, Gebrüder Senf, Cividini, and Winter, and their work. The piece concludes with notes on the forgeries of octagonal issues of Ceylon by Jeffryes and Oneglia.

FFE #4

NEW SOUTH WALES. THE TWOPENCE ‘EMU’ POSTAL FORGERY Class: TR A. Ronald Butler R.D.P. A forgery recognised first as a variety in 1897, and despite its shortcomings, listed unpriced as a perforation variety by Stanley Gibbons for almost fifty years. Unlike the genuine two penny Emu, the forgery is lithographed and printed on unwatermarked paper. It is scarcer, but not rare, and it is worth 1000 times more than the genuine stamp. The writer reviews the genuine stamps and then examines the forgery. Means of identification are shown, and the perpetrator considered. No unused examples are recorded, and all bear genuine postmarks between March and May 1895. Based on a study of 25 examples, all are likely to have originated from post offices in Sydney. These are listed.

FFE #4

THE FORGERIES OF THE CLASSIC STAMPS OF HUNGARY Class: PH Gábor Visnyovski Hungary used stamps designed and produced in Austria when they were first used in the Dual Monarchy. In 1871 stamps were issued valid only in Hungary, first printed in litho, and later in the same year, in recess. The same design, printed in letterpress was used for postal stationery, but a small issue of envelopes was printed in litho, and these were in use for a few months. The author considers forged handstamps on pre-stamp material, forged Tokay roulettes and bisects, and Hungarian cancellations on the 1867 issue. The characteristics of litho and recess printing are discussed, and forgeries in litho, distinguished by the regularity of their perforations, and made from postal stationery are examined. The forged 2 Kreutzer litho made from postal stationery is referred to and distinguished from the genuine. There is a recommended literature list.

FFE #4

NOVELTIES FROM THE FORGERY WORKSHOP Class: PH Rolf-Dieter Jaretsky R.D.P. Fakes made from original material with additions are dangerous; the military post of the Second World War is no exception. The author inspected two items at an auction before inspecting the rest of a large consignment of military mail at an auction. Suspecting that 50% was doubtful, he bought the entire consignment with a right to return it if false, and submitted it to Hanfried Müller, an expert who declared all items to be fakes. These included winter parcels, airmail express cards, Danzig post and service marks, and airmail authorisation stamps. Items showed postmarks sharing the same date, and similar characteristics, from different units, and examples of the faking process are shown.

FFE #4

THE MANIPULATION OF CZECHOSLOVAK SIBERIAN LEGION MATERIAL Class: PH Andrew Cronin In 1919 three stamps inscribed VOJENSKÁ POŠTA were produced for the Czechoslovak Siberian legion, in denominations of 25 and 50 kopecs and 1 rouble. They were unnecessary since military mail passed free. The circumstances of mail produced by the legion are described. Since some cards carried no markings, they were later improved with genuine cachets and stamps, and also complete fabrications were made. Additional stamps and surcharges were also made at the time. The author records the range of abuse and malpractice in a comprehensive article, and examines the actions of Captain Antonín Novotný and J. Rössler-Oàovský. Addresses appearing on manipulated material are shown.

FFE #4

THREE UNUSUAL COVERS Class: TR Herbert H Moll Coincidence can give rise to suspicion. Three Peruvian covers are described. Two have serially adjacent certificate numbers, one from 1858 is thought to have a suspect postmark, another from 1873 may be good, and a third has the same postmark as the second, but from 1872. The problem is that all have identical handwriting although there is fifteen years between the first and the last.

FFE #4

NORWAY LOCAL POST FORGERIES Class: PH Björn A Schöyen Local posts flourished in Norway until 1888 when the Norwegian Post Office was granted a monopoly. The last local post closed in 1913. In Norway there was a collector and self appointed expert with superb material, a high reputation, and a great deal of knowledge. At the end of 1990 three Norwegian philatelists discussed the increasing number of previously unknown local postal history items. An obviously manipulated item was discovered, the police were involved, an investigation took place, a trial ensued, followed by a large fine and a confiscated collection. Over 100 faked handstamps are known, and an example of a manipulated item is dissected. Be wary of high priced local post items, and disregard certificates issued by H. Aarbogh.

FFE #4

ÆGEAN ISLANDS 1912-1922: AN OVERVIEW AND BRIEF SURVEY OF FORGED OVERPRINTS Class: TR Giorgio Migliavacca Libia, Rodi, Simi, Cos, Stampalia, Calimno, Caso, Lipso, Patmos, Piscopi, Nsiros, Scarpanto, Leros and Karki. Overprints on Italian stamps (2c, 5c, 10c, 15c, 25c, 40c, and 50c) were made for Libya, and for the Dodecanese Islands in 1912. Discounted pricing in the Dodecanese is discussed, as is the production and high quality of the overprints. To meet philatelic demand large quantities were produced, and following strong demand further overprinting took place with no reduction in quality. The issue of the stamps, subsequent overprints and the actions of the Italian post office are examined. Forgeries date from the late 1920s to the 1950s, and since the material is generally inexpensive, it appears they were intended for the packet market. Extensive illustration and exposition follows covering twenty pages.

FFE #4

A MIRACLE: WENDEN NO I “ON COVER” Class: PH Harry v Hofman BPP FRPSL From 1862, and not Wenden number 1. This stamp inscribed WENDEN’sche KREIS-BRIEF POST in blue and white was a trial. Essay, proofs or other trials have been seen in black on pink. A cover was offered to an auction house with the supposed “Essay”, postmarked Wenden and Riga. Close examination reveals the date to be 1875. The errors made by the forger are listed, and the “Essay” shown to be from a coloured label commemorating the 100th anniversary of Wenden stamps. Item withdrawn.

FFE #4

THE FORGED “NATIONEN” COVERS Class: PH Egil H Thomassen R.D.P. Norwegian airmail covers bearing the red handstamp BEFORDRET pr. NATIONENS FLYVEPOST Kr-sand – Kr-a 19-21 JUNI 1920 were flown from Kristiansand to Kristiania and are found postmarked 19th-21st June 1920. Others marked BEFORDRET pr. NATIONENS FLYVEPOST Kr-a – Kr- sand 19-21 JUNI 1920 are found mainly in violet, with a few in red. In 1941 the auctioneer of OslofilatelistKlubb became suspicious of a cover handed in for sale. Examining five covers revealed four forgeries and the trail led to an individual who was prosecuted and found not guilty of acting illegally for monetary gain. It is not certain how many such covers were produced and the writer details how the forgeries can be identified.

FFE #4

FORGERY (MARKED WITH FAUX) AND FALSIFICATION OF THE EUROPA-CEPT-ANDORRA (SPANISH) MI.NO. 71, ISSUE YEAR 1972 Class: TR Jürgen Straub Andorra issued a EUROPA-CEPT stamp in 1972. Following speculation the price rose and forgeries were produced. The forgeries are line perforated, and printed in offset litho, contrary to genuine stamps. FDC marked FAUX have had this removed and are offered on the philatelic market. The article describes the distinctions between genuine and forged items.

FFE #4

FORGED POSTMARK ON THE SAAR MINIATURE SHEETS 1 AND 2 OF 1948 Class: TR Jürgen Straub A wide margin between prices of mint and genuinely cancelled examples of the Flood Disaster Relief Fund miniature sheets from 1948 encourage the forger. The article demonstrates simple tests which distinguish between forged and genuine examples.

FFE #4

INDONESIA – ARE ALL INVERTED AND DOUBLE OVERPRINTS INDICATED IN CATALOGUES GENUINE? Class: TR Giel J. Bessels, Peter F.A. van de Loo The Netherlands expert committee was asked to examine overprints from the republican Indonesian period from 1945-49 on the 10 cent stamp of the Dutch East Indies bearing the crowned head of Queen Wilhelmina. The two types of this stamp are described as are the overprints on the same stamp during the Japanese occupation from 1942-45. Double and inverted overprints appeared in 1983. In 1998 examples were submitted to the Dutch expert committee who concluded that they were forgeries. More have been discovered since, and the details of the forgeries and their distinction from genuine stamps are set out.

FFE #4

EXPERTISING POSTAL HISTORY Class: PH Edric Charles Druce In considering expert groups advising juries at World and FIAP exhibitions the writer asks questions about items of postal history. Does it look right, is the stamp genuine and is the rate right are three important questions. Four covers are considered in this context, Jeffryes’ forged Sydney views, an eight pence Laureate which is genuine but doesn’t belong, and analysis of a certificate follow. The writer is disturbed where certificates of genuineness are issued to genuine items for the wrong reasons and with the wrong postal history conclusions. Two items from Australia to the United Kingdom are considered in this context.

FFE #4

PROVENANCE IS A GUARANTEE OF AUTHENTICITY. TRUE OR FALSE? Class: PH Charles J.G. Verge, FRPSC Inclusion in great collections of the past does not guarantee that an item is genuine. A double weight cover with two genuine six pence stamps (Scott and SG #2) sent from Canada to New York in 1851 was expertised in 1997 and 1998, and one of the stamps was certificated as not belonging. It had been in a series of star collections. A second item described as posted on 2nd February 1855 with twelve six pence (Scott #5), and in three “great” collections, is shown to be from 1858. The writer urges collectors to have a questioning mind, and to seek expertising before an expert team requests it.

FFE #4

THE SMALL QUEENS OF CANADA – EXAMPLES OF GOOD AND BAD Class: PH Charles J.G. Verge, FRPSC Examples of bisected and imperforate Small Queen issues of Canada are shown. The bisected two cents from 1886 was unauthorised, but is good. The imperforate 2 cents used in 1897, might be right, but isn’t. Certificates are required for all unusual usages for this issue.

FFE #4

SICILY 1859-60. A FAKE COVER AND FOUR GENUINE ONES Class: PH Francesco Lombardo, AISP MRPSL A Ferdinand II cover from Sicily to Florence is shown with a five Grana vermilion stamp. The canceller, the postmark, the rate and the ink are all wrong. There was no ship on the date in question, and there should have been postage due. The cover is discussed and four genuine items are illustrated and explained .

FFE #4

POSTMARKS. GENUINE, FALSE, OR BOTH? Class: TR Erwin Steinbrüchel With reference to Switzerland, but acknowledging that his conclusions must be true for other countries, the author considers postmarks. He distinguishes between postmarks which served a genuine postal purpose, and “postmarks” printed on stamps for philatelic purposes. The latter may be contemporary or backdated, and different ink may be used. Forged and faked postmarks are addressed including those made by ink jet printer or photocopier. Extensive description and illustration, accompanied by discussion of the characteristics of printed postmarks is supplemented by proposals on pricing items cancelled for purposes which were not postal.

FFE #4

NEW FAKES ON THE ITALIAN MARKET Class: TR Georgio Colla Asinelli Dangerously deceptive forgeries of Italian stamps are illustrated. These include the 20 Centesimi green wedding issue of the Kingdom of Italy, and others, which are described. The technique of the forger involves bleaching low values in the same size and perforation, and printing on the resulting blank paper. The writer refers to forgeries of French stamps emanating from the same print shop.

FFE #4

ABOUT THE DOUBLE OVERPRINTS OF POLAND – MICHEL 131 DD Class: TR Heinz Erwin Jungjohann The methodology for the 1919 overprinting of Mi. 99, the 7½ Pfennig Germania stamp, with new values and Poczta Polska in Posen to produce Mi. 130, 131 and 132 is described. The consequential double overprints are explained. The types and plating the stamps is described, and Mi. 131DD is divided into two types.

FFE #4

GENUINE – BUT WHAT? Class: PH Ernst M. Cohn The writer distinguishes expertising stamps from expertising postal history. In the latter case two otherwise identical covers may in fact be quite different. With reference to mail carried by smuggler, mail cart, balloon, and by diplomat from Paris in the siege of 1870, and by courier from Budapest to Aachen or air and submarine from the USA to Germany in the First World War, the postal history of a series of covers is revealed. Expertising covers, in the sense of extracting their true postal history, demands broad knowledge, art and science. Experts like these deserve the highest philatelic esteem.

FFE #4

THE ‘CHAMELEON’ COVER Class: PH Peter Meyer Three Brazilian covers with 90 Réis Bulls Eye and PARANAGUÁ cancels are described. The first is from 1973 sold as genuine but described by an expert subsequently as a creation to deceive collectors. A second, which may be the same, was sold in the same year. In 1988 a third appeared, and on expertising was described as a fake. In 1991 the same cover came into the hands of the author. The first and the last are in fact the same cover with later additions. Both are illustrated, and the deception and errors described.

FFE #4

‘IN DUBIO PRO REO’ IN EXPERT CERTIFICATION? Class: Other Felix Winterstein CPhH Contrary to the principles of Roman Law which determines that where there is doubt favour the accused, in expertising the opposite must be the norm, which is that doubt goes against the accused. The author casts doubt on expert judgements which in their neglect of care and prudence fail to protect the purchaser and shift the burden of proof from the expert to the collector.

FFE #4

ALTERATIONS BY R.E.P. MAIER TO PRE-ADHESIVE LETTERS OF THE NETHERLANDS Class: PH H.W. van der Vlist The article lists and illustrates the fakes, forgeries, “improvements” and manipulations of Raul Eduard Philip Maier who was tried in the Netherland in 1963. These affect many items from the Dutch East Indies. Maier’s stolen and embezzled letters are found in collections throughout the world.

FFE #4

IDENTIFYING GENUINE BUENOS AIRES “BARQUITOS” – THE SUREST WAY Class: TR Mario D. Kurchan The Buenos Aries “barquitos” or little ships are extensively forged. The stamps can be plated and an entire plate reconstruction of the 2 Pesos is illustrated. Photographic reproductions exist; therefore paper and size are two other tests to be used. These are explained and illustrated.

FFE #4

THE FIRST ZEPPELIN-MAIL FORGERY Class: PH Dieter Leder The story that the first mail carried by Zeppelin was on the four hour fourth flight of LZ 3 on 25th September 1907 when mail was dropped over Romanshorn in Switzerland is shown not to be true. The flight details are reported and the improbability of a mail drop explained. The postcard sent to the USA by the mechanic Laburda and marked “This card was found in a field at Romanshorn2 is shown to be an ordinary postcard, probably posted at the harbour Friedrichshafen in Germany, on 27th September, and that the manuscript addition making it the first Zeppelin mail, is a forgery. Rate, postmark, and language are the key elements in disclosing the forgery, together with historical context.

FFE #5

FAKES, FORGERIES AND YOUTH PHILATELY Class: Other Michael Madesker R.D.P., FRPSL, FRPSC The F.I.P. Commission on Youth Philately has an internal expertising committee for Youth exhibits. The article warns that forgeries in Youth exhibits are mostly augmentations, such as improved postmarks, heightened colours and the addition of addresses to previously unaddressed material. Of greatest concern is the use of undesirable issues, and the commission advocates the use of catalogues to avoid these. Wrongdoers in the lowest age group are unlikely to be punished, rather they are educated. The other age groups are subject to the same sanctions as seniors.

FFE #5

JAPANESE FORGERIES OF NON-JAPANESE STAMPS Class: TR Varro E. Tyler † A.I.E.P. Kamigata, a Japanese dealer in the 1890s and 1900s forged Asian stamps for sale to tourists. Some were deceptive. He also forged non-Asian stamps. At first it was believed that these were imported and resold by him. In 1954, in a publication limited to 18 copies, and bearing 20 actual examples, it was demonstrated that these were his own productions. The author was sent a copy in 1986. Some are cancelled with partial circular cancels bearing the letters IMITATION. Most designs are crude. The article lists examples seen from 27 countries, and asks for readers to provide further information.

FFE #5

MULREADY FACSIMILES Class: PST Alan Huggins R.D.P., A.I.E.P. The author describes Mulready facsimiles produced by six publishers. All are illustrated, and are easily distinguished as forgeries since all lack the Dickinson security threads. However facsimiles by Brinkman have been seen exhibited as originals; hence the article and illustrations.

FFE #5

20 MR 76 FORGERIES OF THE CITY POST OF ISTANBUL Class: PH Otto Hornung R.D.P. Beware the date 20 MR 76 on covers of the Istanbul City Post. With an eminent background in Turkish philately, the author began his collection of the Istanbul City Post which ran from 1870 to 1884. One cover described was dated on arrival, 30th September 1868 or 69. There was no city post at this time, and the City Post hand stamp was dated 20 MR 76. At Corinphila and ISFILA in 2001 two more covers with the same date were seen. These are not new forgeries, and the covers were genuine before the forger “improved” them. One other manipulated cover is described and all are illustrated.

FFE #5

FORGED REGISTERED LETTERS LIEPÄJA – VENTSPILS, 1945 Class: PH Harry v Hofman FRPSL, A.I.E.P. Wilhelm van Loo BPP Simultaneously at many auctions in 2000, registered covers from 1945 in Latvia appeared. These were franked with overprinted Courland stamps together with Reichspost, particularly commemorative, stamps. Given the state of the war and the “Courland Encirclement”, these are unbelievable, but they also have attributes which allow them to be shown as forgeries. These include identical handwriting in addresses, incorrect and anachronistic address forms, and incorrect frankings. Auction houses in Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland indicate that these are all from the same source in Berlin.

FFE #5

MODERN TECHNIQUES HELP EVERYONE Class: Other Dieter Leder On the use of computers in expertising. With a computer a scanner and graphics software overprints on Finnish ZEPPELIN 1930 are compared. The methodology is described in which one overprint is overlaid on a known genuine overprint in a step by step guide.

FFE #5

LARGE HERMES HEADS OF GREECE: 1861 PARIS PRINT FINAL PROOFS SOLD AS ISSUED STAMP Class: TR Michael Tseriotis A.I.E.P. The large Hermes heads of Greece were engraved in Paris by Albert Barre. A perfectionist, he made a large number of final proofs which are hard to distinguish from the issued stamps where both have no gum. The only guarantee of an issued stamp from the 1861 Paris printing is that it has gum. Over many years gum has been added to proofs by dealers and swindlers to allow them to sell them as issued stamps with full gum. Some with smooth and thin gum are easy to detect. Others are very dangerous. Degrees of rarity are described for each value. There are few single examples with false cancellation. Multiples larger than a pair are rare. A 20 lepta block of four offered with a first day cancellation in Greece was determined by comparison to be the same as an unpostmarked item described as a final proof in Switzerland in 1992. At almost the same time another, falsely cancelled block of the 10 lepta was offered in Athens. The source was the same and is under observation. Great care is to be taken in buying used 1 lepton stamps in singles or in multiples.

FFE #5

NEW GERMAN POSTAL FORGERIES PART 1 Class: TR Wolfgang Maassen BPP, Wilhelm van Loo BPP There have been forgeries designed to defraud the German post office for many years. The situation was bad in the 1990s. Offset printings of current stamps had flooded the market prior to September 2001. The author considers the situation unlikely to improve. Five stamps are examined and illustrated: Mi. 1756; Mi.1939; Mi.1935; Mi. 2013; and Mi. 2026.

FFE #5

SERBIA 1866/80. FRANKED NEWSPAPERS, GENUINE AND FAKE Class: PH Jovan Velickovic A.I.E.P Serbia newspaper stamps from 1866/9 and 1869/80 used on whole newspapers or complete fronts are rare. Six examples recorded over twenty years are considered, four of which are forgeries. The rates and usage are described, and the degrees of rarity are discussed, as is the reason for this situation which include the ephemeral nature of newspapers and the exigencies of war. The “Bosanski Vjesnik” from 13th August 1866 is described and illustrated, and considered to be a forgery. Misuse of genuine cancellers is known between 1890 and 1930, and the canceller used here may be an example. The “Seljak” newspaper advertisement is described as it meets all of the tests for genuineness: the item is from the right time; the rate is correct; the address is correct; the printing of the stamp is from the correct time; a missing piece of paper from the edge of a fold is found on the reverse of the stamp. The “Srpske Novine” dated 20th January 1873 is addressed to a non-existent bank, and false, while another copy dated 23rd December 1873 is correct. The “Radnik” of 31st March 1872 was a ‘star’ item, but in the opinion of the author, notwithstanding certificates, is false. The canceller is from the wrong period, and the stamps are not tied. Another copy of the same newspaper from 3rd March 1872 is known but has not been examined by the writer, despite a request for a colour copy. Finally a “Srpske Novine” dated 26th November 187? has stamps which are not tied and not from the right time. The author believes that a bundle of “Radnik” newspapers were found and have been used to create forgeries.

FFE #5

TAMPERING Class: TR Alfredo Navarra Payá A.I.E.P. Manipulated copies of the Spanish 1865 12 Cuartos imperforate with inverted frame, and the unissued imperforate 4 Cuartos pale blue are considered. Sperati bleached the centre of the 12 Cuartos and reprinted it inverted. The first subject of the article was produced in a similar way and its distinctive characteristics are described. The origin of the 4 Cuartos is explained, and single stamps are described, both genuine, in pale blue (Type I), and with perforations cut off, in darker blue (Type II). A cover bearing the darker blue, type II stamp, lifted, replaced with clipped perforations, but genuine postmark is illustrated. The colour and type are wrong, and there is a gap around the stamp between the edge and the canceller where the perforations were removed.

FFE #5

FIRST ISSUE OF KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIAN STAMP (PROCLAMATION OF AMIR SAUD) Class: TR Mohammed K. Safdar The characteristics of genuine and forged examples of the 1934 Proclamation of Emir Saud as Heir Apparent of Saudi Arabia, are listed in tabular form. All are illustrated.

FFE #5

SURINAME: PRINCESS WILHELMINA FORGERIES Class: TR Richard Wheatley FRPSL International cooperation leads to a mystery being solved. The writer purchased six Surinam used Princess Wilhelmina stamps, correctly described as forgeries, and allegedly produced by a chocolate manufacturer for advertising purposes in the 1920s. The printing process differs from the original and the perforation is not the same. Research demonstrated these to have been produced in Lausanne by a French forger and that the number of forgeries in circulation probably equalled the number of genuine stamps. The literature mentioned no postmark. These were cancelled and the canceller was reconstructed and reproduced in The Netherlands Philatelist. Three other cancels were revealed in correspondence from the USA, Scotland and The Netherlands, but no chocolate manufacturer.

FFE #5

ARGENTINA 1862 ISSUE, 15C. WITHOUT ACCENT ON THE U OF REPUBLICA Class: TR Mario D. Kurchan A.I.E.P The two types of the 1862 Argentina “small shield” issue are described. In position 51 of the 15 centavos the U in Republica appears without an accent. 375 sheets were printed, and estimated 90% have been lost, leaving this is one of the rarest Argentinean stamps and thus a target for forgers. The Sperati forgeries are shown with one other, and the tell tale signs of the genuine stamp are reproduced from the Kneitschel catalogue.

FFE #5

FORGERIES OF HANDWRITTEN INDICATIONS ON OLD LETTERS Class: PH Paolo Vollmeier R.D.P.,A.I.E.P. Modern additions to early letters are illustrated, the writer regrets that genuine letters have forged additions, such as the Cross of St Andrew and the Gallows, to make them more interesting to postal historians.

FFE #5

SAN MARINO – AN ALTERED COVER AND A “PHANTASY” COVER Class: TR Vito Salierno In the early days of postal history covers were manipulated by the removal of unsightly stamps and the addition of interesting values to make three and four colour covers leading to incorrect rates. Two are considered here. One from 19th November 1862 from San Marino to Venice is shown in its original and manipulated state. The other was probably produced by a German dealer Otto Bickel. It bears three Italian, six San Marino, and a Sardinian stamp. The stamps complied with no known rate, the Sardinian stamp was invalidated on 31st December 1863, but the cover arrived in Saltzburg despite being a philatelic fantasy.

FFE #5

FAKED ENTIRES FROM VENEZUELA 1859-1872 Class: TR Kurt E. Kimmel A.I.E.P. Six manipulated items which have been offered for sale, and sold, as genuine are described. The first a 2 Reales bisect with a false postmark, the second with an additional r Reales stamp, the third with an incorrect franking including an added bisect and added “handstamps”, and the fourth with an impossible postmark. This example, the fifth and the sixth are addressed to “Gaden and Klipsch”, Bordeaux. This archive is the source of many items with added adhesives, and great care is essential. The fifth item has a forged canceller distinguished by incorrect lettering and the last has added adhesives, genuinely postmarked, but not on this cover. The author warns that most mixed frankings are dangerous, that most mixed franking HAPAG covers with Venezuelan stamps are manipulated, and should be treated with caution, even when offered with certificates. Expert knowledge, and reference material are required if the collector is to judge the material and its certification correctly.

FFE #5

THE TEN MOST IMPORTANT CANADIAN FAKES FOR THE LAST 30 YEARS Class: TR Richard Gratton FRPSC, AEP, A.I.P.A., AQEP Ten modern fakes of Canadian stamps with missing colours or perforations from 1971to 1992 are illustrated and described. The information is summarised in a table together with numbers of genuine and forged examples known to the author since 1988. Article in French.

FFE #5

FAKED POSTMARK ON MICHEL DR NO 429 WITH RAILWAY POSTMARK Class: TR Jürgen Straub Following reports of forgeries of Mi. 429 and 434, a check on examples known to a collector revealed a forged LEIPZIP-HAMBURG BAHNPOST canceller for Z. – – 84 8.2.30. The writer warns that it must be suspected that this canceller is in private hands, and that further fakes are likely.

FFE #5

FORGERY OF THE 1948 WEST BERLIN MICHEL NOS 62 AND 63 Class: TR Jürgen Straub Forged examples of these stamps are described and their characteristics listed in a table. The forged examples are the 20 and 30 pfennig values. The writer suspects that the 10 pfennig value may appear as a forgery since these set purchased contained a genuine and two forged stamps. Perforations differ as does the appearance under UV light.

FFE #5

FAROE ISLANDS 1941 Class: TR Carl Aage Møller A.I.E.P. A genuine 10 øre Franco Betalt cover to Thorhavn was expertised by the writer. Following its sale in two auction houses, it was consigned by Arne Damkjær for sale in Switzerland. A further FRANCO BETALT mark with manuscript 30 and registration labels had been added. At the request of the writer it was re-expertised, signed FALSCH, and removed from the auction. The cover is illustrated in its original and manipulated states.

FFE #5

GREENLAND 1921 Class: PH Carl Aage Møller A.I.E.P. A parcel card with 10 øre Pakke-Porto stamp belonging to a German collector was sold at auction to Arne Damkjær. The 10 øre stamp was removed and four stamps of the 1905 issue were added and cancelled with a forged postmark. It was wrongly issued with an expert certificate and consigned for sale in Switzerland. At the request of the writer it was re-expertised, signed FALSCH, and removed from the auction. The card is illustrated in its original and manipulated states.

FFE #5

DENMARK/GREENLAND 1937 Class: TR Carl Aage Møller A.I.E.P. A parcel card bearing a 40 øre caravelle stamp was sold as part of a collection in Germany in the early 1990s. After purchase by Arne Damkjær 3 copies of the 20 øre Pakke-Porto stamps were added, date and weight were changed and the manipulated item submitted for expertising to the writer, who issued a certificate in 1996. In 1907 Eric Wowern issued a certificate indicating that the card might be a fake. After being unsold at several auctions it was offered in Switzerland and the writer offered to re-expertise the item. Further examination revealed the deception and it was expertised as a fake, and removed from the auction. The card is illustrated in its original and manipulated states.

FFE #5

THE RIDDLE OF THE CAVALLA SURCHARGES OF 1913 Class: TR Andrew Cronin FRPSL, TM, A.I.E.P. Bulgarian stamps were surcharged with Greek values by hand in Cavalla following the Second Balkan war of 1913. The background to the issue is explained and the “dramatis personae” listed. The literature of 1919-20, and later, is referred to, and two conflicting versions of events relating to the production of these stamps are revealed. The article considers these two versions using the evidence of the material, and reaches conclusions which are set out. The conclusions are that there are genuine covers and cards which went through the post to their destination. Desirable and rare. There are surcharges of the Toccos second printing on pieces or official Bulgarian postal envelopes “cancelled with the connivance of postal officials in Cavalla”. Of doubtful philatelic value. There are forged surcharges on pieces or official Bulgarian postal envelopes with forged cancellations. Philatelically valueless.

FFE #5

THE ENGRAVED FORGERIES OF CEYLON REVISITED Class: TR Chris Harman, Patrick Pearson R.D.P., Carl Walske An article in FFE 4 (pp6-8) sought to identify the makers of forgeries of the Ceylon octagonal stamps. The present article notes that all forgeries of the Ceylon octagonals previously illustrated are by George Kirke Jeffryes, whose activities are described. Forgeries by Jeffryes and Erasmo Oneglia of Turin are considered and described in detail with reference to archive material at the Royal Philatelic Society of London. The research is summarised and listed for material known to have originated with both of the forgers. References to earlier publications and research are included as footnotes.

FFE #5

“MYTHICAL” FALSIFICATION OF FRANKINGS Class: PH Emil Rellstab A.I.E.P. Expert opinions demand that the distance travelled and the weight of a letter are verified, and that the period of use of the stamp is known. Two examples demonstrate this. “Zürich 4” was valid only within urban Zürich. Mail to destinations outside this area cost 6 Rappen. A folded letter with a single “Zürich 4” addressed to Kloten is clearly wrong, but has an expert history going back 50 years. It was not until 1989 that it was shown to be a forgery. A cover from Niederglatt to Zürich with a bisected and single 5 Rappen stamp was sent on 24th April 1855. From 1st January 1852 the rate was 10 Rappen, and no fractional rate values existed after this date. The cover was withdrawn from circulation at the beginning of 2000.

FFE #5

SOME ITALIAN STATES FAKES AND FORGERIES Class: PH Paolo Vaccari Seven covers from Italian states are described. Each has been illustrated in Vaccari Magazie, and each has been manipulated in some way by the removal, replacement or addition of stamps, by “improvements” in postmarks or paper or by the addition of forged postmarks. Covers are shown and described in full from The Duchy of Modena, The Provisional Government of Parma, The Papal States and The Provisional Government of the Romagne. Illustrations are shown in each case before and after manipulation.

FFE #5

LIBERIA – FORGERIES OF SG 328-31 Class: TR Luciano Varaschini 2 Cent and 5 Cent Liberian stamps were locally overprinted 1 Cent and 2 Cents respectively in 1916. There is speculation as to why this was necessary, and this is discussed. There were eleven types of surcharge with the eleventh being the most rare, and it has thus attracted the attention of forgers. The characteristics of the forgeries are described, and it is noted that all cancelled to order (CTO) examples are forgeries, since this cancellation was made in London, and only mint stamps were sent to Liberia. Most forgeries are CTO, but are still a threat to collectors due to the many types of CTO used on Liberian stamps.

FFE #5

THE COUNTERFEIT OF THE E.T/ÓÌÕÔÍÇ OVERPRINT Class: TR Michalis E Tsirónis In May 1919 Greek forces occupied Smyrna. For a brief period Greek stamps were overprinted. Following approval for the overprint on 13th June, it was rescinded on 14th June resulting in a very short period of use, and small number of stamps in total. The overprints are described in technical terms and genuine copies are compared with the forgeries both in text and detailed illustration. A bibliography is provided.

FFE #5

PRE-ADHESIVE FAKES Class: PH Edoardo P. Ohnmeiss ASPOT With greater interest by postal historians in the pre-stamp period, the writer proposes that this period is divided between the period of manuscript markings, namely the Precursory period, and the use of handstamps, namely the Pre-adhesive period. Examples from the latter period, the handstamps of the Napoleonic postal departments in Italy are presented. These were in use for many years after the occupation had ceased. Rarity of some handstamps from the Napoleonic period has caused forgers to change dates on material used after 1814. These can be demonstrated under UV light or from internal evidence of contents. Nine covers with false DÉBOURSÉ handstamps have been identified, and identification of these is discussed. The use of historical and postal analysis of DÉBOURSÉ handstamps is explained, and significant differences in size between the genuine and false marks are pointed out.

FFE #5

THE 80 DAYS OF ZARA. ZARA – A REPORT ON THE PERIOD AND ITS HISTORY Class: TR Emil E. Ludin A.I.E.P. The complex origins of the overprints on Italian stamps in Zara (Zadar) from September to December 1943 are explained. This closely written explanation examines the various stories that have grown up around the 90 day issue, and demonstrates the truth or otherwise of these stories. The wartime history of the town, its evacuation, and subsequent rôle in the war are chronicled. The setting used for the overprint was broken up under supervision after the printing process was complete. This makes expertising easier since reprints and different settings do not exist. From November and December 1943 significant quantities of fakes were circulating, particularly in the USA. Identification of the forgeries is explained, both through observation of letter shapes, and through the use of UV light, as is their certification. The diagonal overprint ZARA is reported to be a fantasy.

FFE #5

IMPERIAL RUSSIA: FORGERIES OF COAT OF ARMS STAMPS WITH INVERTED CENTRE Class: TR Zbigniew S. Mikulski A.I.E.P., Ortwin Greis A.I.E.P.. Many Imperial Russian inverted coat of arms stamps are very rare, there are forgeries and fakes, and preliminary expertisation is essential before purchase. Cut out and inverted centres are easily detectable using magnification, preferably by microscope. Forgers now use advanced techniques including cleaning off and reprinting the centre. Nine examples from a reference collection were found to be false, and the characteristics of these forgeries are described in detail. Collectors are warned about the unscrupulous use of words such as “essay, rarity, proof and unique item”. These printing forgeries from the East for collectors in the West are supplemented by others using cut out techniques to be described in a later article.

FFE #5

AUSTRALIA THE STORY OF SG 0126A Class: TR Krysztof Ceremuga A.I.E.P Australian stamps were overprinted “OS” during 1931-33 for official use. In 1999 a five pence orange brown overprinted stamp was found on small multiple watermarked paper rather than C of A watermark. After catalogue listing by Gibbons and Scott, a fanfare in the press, and special display at Australia 99, the author’s certificate states that the stamp is forged. The article demonstrates how his opinion is reached. The overprint in this position on genuine stamps is described; the colour of the ink, the postmark, and the fact that the postmark is under the overprint demonstrate that the stamp is a primitive forgery.

FFE #5

AUSTRALIA THE STORY OF SG 0126A Class: TR Krysztof Ceremuga A.I.E.P Australian stamps were overprinted “OS” during 1931-33 for official use. In 1999 a five pence orange brown overprinted stamp was found on small multiple watermarked paper rather than C of A watermark. After catalogue listing by Gibbons and Scott, a fanfare in the press, and special display at Australia 99, the author’s certificate states that the stamp is forged. The article demonstrates how his opinion is reached. The overprint in this position on genuine stamps is described; the colour of the ink, the postmark, and the fact that the postmark is under the overprint demonstrate that the stamp is a primitive forgery.

FFE #5

SCADTA UNDER THE MAGNIFYING GLASS Class: PH Dieter Bortfeldt SCADTA stamps have always been of interest and there are many forgeries, some of them before 1940, others from 1979-90. Renewed recent interest, and high prices have provoked a new wave of forgeries, especially those bearing the provision “R” hand stamps. The writer has examined 80 such covers and considers only 10% to be genuine. The article lists, explains and illustrates in twelve pages examples of these forgeries.

FFE #6

WONDROUS TRANSFORMATIONS (CONTINUED FROM FFE NO.1) Class: TR Karl-Albert Louis FRPSL, A.I.E.P. An extensive article demonstrating the manipulation of Great Britain stamps 1840-1882 showing through photographic evidence, the original and ‘improved’ material. Sixty-seven illustrations. Follows on from previous article in FFE #1 in which thirty-four illustrated and annotated examples (22 GB, 12 NL) of manipulations of rare classic material. Evidence is mainly gathered by comparative study of auction catalogues, old and new. Even unique and beautiful items are demonstrably “improved”. Various types of manipulations are shown.

FFE #6

FROM THE BALTIC – EVEN SMALL CATTLE MAKE MANURE Class: PH Harry v. Hofmann FRPSL, A.I.E.P. A fieldpost letter dated 27th March 1943 sent to Königsburg is described and shown to be a forgery, as is a postcard sent to the same address. The distinction between forged and genuine German fieldpost marks is illustrated. Note that other similar items are to be found.

FFE #6

EGYPTIAN POSTAGE DUE COVERS OF 1898 Class: PH Peter A.S. Smith FRPSL, A.I.E.P. Genuine postage due covers from the Egyptian element of the Anglo-Egyptian 1898 campaign to the Sudan are rare. Fake covers were produced mainly by Victor Nahman and these regularly appear in dealers’ lists and at auction. These well made forgeries datestamped Halfa, Merowi, Arbara and Darmali are described and demonstrated by comparison with genuine postmarks.

FFE #6

PERSPECTIVES ON EXPERTISERS Class: Other Ernst M. Cohn The history of expertising and the case for precision and change are developed in an extensive article which i.a. considers expertising in classical philately in comparison with the demands of expertising in postal history. There is a case for honest doubt to be recorded on certificates, for experts to be confined to their areas of specialism, for museums to be more willing to accept their material being judged, and for collectors to be more aware of the limitations of expert opinion. However, and expert expertiser is part of the philatelic elite.

FFE #6

COMMENT ON ERNST COHN’S OBSERVATIONS ON THE BPP IN HIS ARTICLE “PERSPECTIVES ON EXPERTISERS” Class: Other Dr. Hans-Karl Penning, President BPP The President of the BPP defends the rules of the organisation in respect of the comments made by Ernst Cohn.

FFE #6

A NOTE FOR YOUR ATTENTION Class: TR Enrique Soro Bergua A.I.E.P. Stamps and postal history items from Spain a e illustrated and explained in their original and subsequently manipulated states. These include perforated stamps of the 1865 issue, and letters from Avila, Galicia Puebla, to Cuba, from Fernando Po, to Cebu and from Manila during the classical period.

FFE #6

IDENTIFYING FORGED TYPE Class: Other Roy A. Dehn An exposition on the naming of parts and the structure of typefaces.

FFE #6

THE FRENCH 40 C. POSTAGE DUE Class: TR Jean-François Brun R.D.P., A.I.E.P. On the Sperati forgeries of the French 40 c postage due of September 1871.

FFE #6

A RATHER CLEVER FAKE COVER Class: PH David MacDonnell A.I.E.P. In praise of Eliot Perry, a pioneer in the logical approach to expertising with particular reference to a cover bearing Scott # 160 and # 153, from Salem Massachusetts to Zanzibar in 1873 or later.

FFE #6

FORGERY OF BOLIVIAN POSTAGE STAMPS Class: TR Eugenio von Boeck The postal forgery of Bolivian stamps in 1894 is recalled and the modern postal forgery of the 15 Boliviano UPAEP, the 2 Boliviano Ceramica Cochabamba, and 6 Boliviano Cristo de la Concordia are reported.

FFE #6

NEW GERMAN POSTAL FORGERIES PART II Class: TR Wolfgang Maassen FRPSL, AEP, Wilhelm van Loo BPP A second postal forgery of the 110 Pf Schloss Bellevue, a third of the 100 Pf Marlene Dietrich, the 1200 year anniversary of the Bishopric of Paderborn (10th June 1999), the International Year of Senior Citizens (Mi. 2027), Europa 2000 (Mi. 2213), and the 50th Anniversary of the Frauenhofer Society (Mi. 2038), are reported and the challenge facing the German post office reviewed.

FFE #6

THE CANARY ISLANDS WITHOUT NUMBER Class: TR José Llach A.I.E.P. Forgeries of stamps overprinted to commemorate the visit of General Franco to the Canary Islands in October 1950. Insist on a certificate for this stamp Mi. 9871; Edifil 1083.

FFE #6

THE 1906 FORST WORLDWIDE OLYMPIC POSTMARKS (ZAPPEION), Δ (SATDION) AND THEIR COUNTERFEITS

(ACROPOLIS),

Class: PH Michalis E. Tsironis 1906, the 10th anniversary of the first modern Olympic games in Athens, saw the second issue of commemorative Olympic postage stamps, and its first commemorative postmarks. The postmarks, their usage and forgeries are illustrated and described by comparison with genuine marks. A comprehensive bibliography and list of collections concludes the piece.

FFE #6

THE ACCEPTABLE FACE OF CONSERVATION OF PHILATELIC MATERIAL Class: Other Patrick Pearson R.D.P., A.I.E.P. The stabilisation of a local letter sheet fro Ceylon is described as an acceptable form of conservation in contrast to an enhanced 1st May 1840 Penny Black cover illustrated in FFE #1. Precise instructions must be given to conservators to avoid damage.

FFE #6

“SPECIAL X-RAY TECHNIQUES FOR EXAMINING STAMPS AND COVERS” Class: Other Edward M. Liston A.I.E.P. The use of X-ray diffraction, fluorescence and transmission are described in determining paper, pigment and repairs with references to other publications on the subject.

FFE #6

JAPANESE FORGERIES OF NON-JAPANESE STAMPS BY VARRO E. TYLER Class: TR Richard Wheatley FRPSL Illustration and discussion of the Japanese Kamigata forgeries of Suez Canal stamps including a forged cover and cancellations.

FFE #6

FORGED HUNGARIAN PRE-STAMP COVERS Class: PH Dénes Czirók MRPSL Production of forged Hungarian pre-stamp covers emanates from a number of forgery workshops. BARANYAVÁR, P.CSEKLÉSZ, CSONGRÁD, SZOLNOK, ÉRSEKÚVÁR, PÁPA, GYŐR, KÖRMÖTZBÁNYA, NEUDORF, ÁCS, VIZSOLY, and Th. SAMBOKRET are marks found on several hundred covers now distributed around the world. Check your collection.

FFE #6

ALPENVORLAND ADRIA Class: TR David B. Ganse The background to the 1945 Alpenvorland – Adria stamps, and that of those issued for Provinz Laibach is related. The disputes over, and judgements on the Alpenvorland – Adria issue are revisited at length, and the question of whether these are fakes, forgeries or bogus is addressed. The author concludes that they must have been produced from official resources, and are in fact an unissued set from the closing days of the Second World War.

FFE #6

A PLEA FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF SMALL VALUES Class: TR Heinz Erwin Jungjohann A.I.E.P. An extended request for further information on issue dates, first usage and perforation varieties from the Polish inflation period. MI. numbers 171, 172, 173, 180, 181, 182, 183 and 184 are referred to. Usage before reported issue date is a question also in relation to the Upper Silesia plebiscite overprints. Collectors of Poland are urged to examine their collections and to report anomalies.

FFE #6

SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATIONS OF STAMPS’ COLOURS FOR AGE ASSESSMENT AND AUTHENTICATION Class: Other Robert Neunteufel The use of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (EDF in determining the status of black handstamps from the 18th and 19th centuries is discussed. The composition of inks historically and in more modern times is set out, and the results from a series of 32 covers judged by philatelists and this technology are reported. The former could make no determination on four covers while the latter produced a result in all cases, with three ‘genuine’ philatelic judgements found false, and one forged judgement found to be genuine. This technology has applications also in judging stamps.

FFE #6

AN INTERESTING Class: PST Mario D. Kurchan A.I.E.P. 5 c postal stationery, April 1876 – February 1877 is shown unused, with a forged cancellation, and faked.

FFE #6

THE MYTH OF THE 5 C SURCHARGE IN THE PARAGUAY 1 REAL ROSE OF 1878 Class: TR Mario D. Kurchan A.I.E.P. The 1878 one Real rose of Paraguay surcharged with 5 (cents) in blue is a forgery. The rectangular canceller with date ending in 7 8 is shown to be false.

FFE #6

IDENTIFICATION OF COVERS WITH SINKIANG PROVISIONAL AIRMAIL STAMPS – FORMATION OF THE NORTHWEST AIRLINE AND THE ISSUANCE AND USE OF SINKIANG PROVISIONAL AIRMAIL STAMPS. Class: Aero David Lu FRPSL A.I.E.P. The history, usage, postage rates and flights of the 1932-33 provisional Sinkiang airmail stamps (SG 83-86; Scott C1-4) is presented. All cancellers are illustrated since comparison with genuine stamps is the best evidence of forgery. Dates of flights are tabulated, rates and addresses are listed, and many western and Chinese style covers are reviewed with their provenance, and the reasons for judging them false are given. An extensive bibliography and auction catalogue list completes the article.

FFE #2

RESTORATION Class: Other A. Ronald Butler The author discusses acceptable restoration of fine art and unacceptable repair of philatelic material. While a collector may consider repairing a damaged, but exceptional item, the decision may have been taken for him already by a previous owner. In this context an unadopted essay by William Bell for the 1857 “Emblems” issue for the Colony of Victoria is discussed. Restored items appropriately labelled may be included in exhibitions, but if not declared, their inclusion must down grade the exhibit.

FFE #2

FORGERIES AND FAKES Class: TR Jean-François Brun R.D.P. In distinguishing between genuine and forged stamps different printing techniques must be understood – letterpress, recess or gravure, and litho. Forgeries printed by methods other than the original, and those made in the same way as the original are considered. Faking by addition of false overprints or postmarks is discussed in this context, as is faking by removal, as in the addition of perforations. Finally faking by chemical transformation is included. In French, and the English text is a synopsis while captions to the illustrations are not translated.

FFE #2

THE STAMP IS GENUINE; THE OBLITERATION IS NOT Class: TR Pierre Guinaud Forged or faked postmarks ao Swiss sitting Helvetias are the subject of this extensive piece set in the context of the sale of these stamps by the Swiss post office from 1st July 1887. The writer considers the addition of postmarks to this stock, both genuine but antedated and forged. Postal clerks colluded in this, and the known fakes with dates are listed and illustrated, followed by forged Fournier postmarks through to modern marks made by photocopying machines.

FFE #2

DANGEROUS OVERPRINT FORGERIES ON THE POSTAGE STAMPS OF YUGOSLAVIA FROM RECENT YEARS Class: TR Jovan Velickovic Postage stamps were surcharged in Yugoslavia during the inflation and hyperinflation period ending in January 1994. The sale of bulk stamps by the post office, for example in 1990, allowed large quantities to come into the hands of forgers. Mi. 2142, 1985; Mi. 2363, 1989; Mi. 2557, 1992; are illustrated. More than 40 phantom issues were created for collectors after 1991, and small volume issues of Republika Srpska and the Serbian Republic of Krajina were also forged. Beware of forgeries and falsifications on UN and other official mail from 1992-1996.

FFE #2

MODERN TECHNIQUES HELP THE EXPERT TEAM OF THE DUTCH FEDERATION Class: Other Pieter F.A. van de Loo Technical equipment used in the Netherlands is shown. This involves the use of a ‘KRONTRON’ frame grabber camera, stereo microscope with a revolving ‘table’ (platen), cold light unit and printer. By overlaying images of forged and genuine items such as postmarks and overprints, forgeries can be identified.

FFE #2

NEW METHODS TO IDENTIFY FAKES II Class: Other Pavel Pittermann, Miroslav Musil The use of EDF-XRF (X-ray fluorescence) was shown in FFE1. The writer considers the use of infra-red and ultra-violet light with spectral analysis in covers from 1873, 1816 and 1835. Its limitations are demonstrated in the case of the Czech 50/50h DOPLATIT overprint of 1927 (SG D280a). The system is cheaper but the mich more expensive ED-XRF system is required in some cases.

FFE #2

THE METAMORPHOSIS OF THE CROSS Class: PH Gérard Desarnaud An 1877 letter with the ‘Sage’ type 30 c cancelled JAFFA with a Jerusalem cross is illustrated, as is the much less desirable state of this extremely improved piece. Offered in auction, it was withdrawn, only to be offered by another auction house later.

FFE #2

FAKED, FORGED AND FALSIFIED SPACE MAIL Class: PH Walter Michael Hopferwieser Space mail is mail sent to and from the space stations ‘Mir’ and ‘Salyut 6’, and to and from Star City near Moscow or the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and other space locations. The characteristics of such mail are discussed and forgeries considered. This extensive article consists primarily of Russian material, but the US moon landing of 1969 (Apollo 11) items from Apollo 14 and controversial mail from Apollo 15 are included. The translation of the German word ‘bord’ into English ‘board’ should be replaced in the readers mind by ‘ship’.

FFE #2

THE CEBICITAS TO FRANCE Class: PH Michèle Chauvet Markings on mail sent from Buenos Aries to France via England are discussed. Since it was cheaper to hand mail directly into the British post office in Buenos Aries, such mail franked to this port of departure is very uncommon. However, except for the local franking, the postal marks on internally, franked and unfranked mail are usually identical. Such a letter is considered and its faking unmasked partly by considering the plausibility of its transatlantic transit time.

FFE #2

FAKES AND FORGERIES OF THE SWEDISH PRINTING ERROR 20/TRETIO Class: TR Helena Obermüller Wilén The origin of the Swedish 20/TRETIO error of 1879 is explained. The distinctive features of the Fournier forgery is illustrated as are subsequent forgeries including one on cover postmarked MAJORNA 18.6.1880. A bibliography is included.

FFE #2

NICOLAS FRÈRES Class: PH Jean-François Brun R.D.P. Bisected and quadrisected French stamps on covers from Nicholas Fréres during 1870-72 are illustrated, usually cancelled with numeral 1139 and with CORNIMONT postmarks. Despite being judged to be genuine, and being illustrated in specialist works, all are fakes, despite some having expert certification.

FFE #2

EQUIPMENT FOR EXPERTS IN THE HOUSE OF PHILATELY OF THE ASSOCIATION OF GERMAN PHILATELISTS AT BONN Class: Other Wilhelm van Loo The work of the House of Philately in Bonn is explained including its use of the Zeiss Stereomicroscope SV11 with a cold light source, video camera and monitor.

FFE #2

FIBRE OPTIC ILLUMINATION, A PRACTICAL AID FOR EXAMINERS Class: Other Christoph Hertsch The use of a fibre-optic cold light source with colour filters is described.

FFE #2

POSTAGE STAMP AUCTIONEERS AND EXPERTS Class: Other Volker Parten The origin of expertising by auction houses up to the First World War, its development between the wars, and later is explained, as is the development of the general and specialised expert. An auction trade without the use of experts is no longer imaginable.

FFE #2

A LITTLE “LEGALESE” Class: Other Rolf P. Salinger Legal remedies available to collectors in the United States where a seller fails to make good a buyer’s loss in forgeries and manipulated items. Breach of warranty, disclaimers, the statute of limitations, evidence and expert advice are considered. Compensation, recovery of costs, and compromise conclude the piece.

FFE #2

FAKING, PARTIAL OR TOTAL Class: PH Vincent Pothion A 1 Fr. 05 c cover from Saigon to Bordeaux from August 1868 is examined. The tariff is incorrect, and the cancellation is faked. A further cover with ‘ARMEE DE LA MOSELLE’ uses the wrong kind of paper and a photocopier to deceive.

FFE #2

MAURITIUS – FORGERY OF THE 1861 9D BROWN EMBOSSED ENVELOPE Class: PST Alan Huggins The differences between forged and genuine 1861 9d brown embossed postal stationery envelope are illustrated and set out in tabular form.

FFE #2

1948 DOAR IVRI ISSUE – “POPULAR” FORGERIES AND FAKES Class: TR Yacov Tsachor On 16th May 1948 the ‘Doar Ivri’ stamp was issued in Israel. Imperforate values, values with tabs, sheetlets and a forged First Day Cover are shown.

FFE #2

GUETEMALA BEWARE OF “COSMETICS” TO CLASSIC COVERS Class: PH Cécile Gruson Early Guatemalan covers are scarce. Repair of damaged material is explained with reference to the transformation of a 2 Real cover of 27th January 1879 sent to California. It is shown from Harmer’s in 1969, and transformed, at Corinphila in 1984.

FFE #2

THE FIRST POSTAL FORGERY CIRCULATED IN CUBA Class: TR Alfredo Navarro Payá The history of the introduction of stamps in Puerto Rico and Cuba is explained. The earliest forgery recorded is from 1858 and its identification is explained. A further previously unrecorded unique postal forgery is described.

FFE #2

LIMITS TO EXPERTISING Class: Other Ernst M. Cohn What are the limits to bona fide expertising? This question is addressed by reference to standard comparisons with reference material, divergence of opinion, philatelic acceptance of material, and the complications of postal history. Specific items presented are the USA 1847 ‘Knapp shift’; the Belfort balloon mail of December 1870; 1870 smuggled mail from Metz; the ‘Union’ and ‘Armée de Bretagne’ balloon letters of 1870;p and mail carried from the siege of Paris by diplomatic pouch. Expertising is a developing art and science, requiring specialism, training, and facts, and it does have limitations.

FFE #2

SHORT NOTES ABOUT ARGENTINE FORERUNNERS FORGED HANDSTAMPS AND SOME URUGUAY STAMPS AND MARITIME COVERS Class: PH Mario D. Kurchan Elements marking stampless lettersheets with forged postmarks are described and illustrated. The British post office in Montivideo (C28) is considered.

FFE #2

“VII CONGRESS UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION”. 1920 ISSUE Class: TR Enrique Soro Bergua The history of this Spanish issue and its forgeries, manipulations and fantasies are explained with extensive illustration.

FFE #2

BDPH SEMINAR ON FORGERIES Class: Other Reinhard Schmidt The Association of German Philatelists seminar of November 1998 is summarised. This include the protection of collectors, a model contract for stamp swapping clubs and for purchase, the recognition of forgeries, and the use of technology in identifying fakes.

FFE #2

FAKED FRANKINGS WITH ZÜRICH CANTONAL AND TRANSITIONAL ISSUES Class: PH Emil Rellstab The Canton of Zurich issued its first stamps in 1843, and in 1875 a collector in the city was able to acquire many stamps of these early issues from an archive. They were used to create entires with Zurich 4 and 6. Modern techniques reveal these to be fakes, despite previous classification as genuine.

FFE #2

THE WAR OF THE PACIFIC. THE “EDWAR WALKER FORGERIES” Class: PH Jörg Maier Covers from Chile, from the Pacific War of 1879-1884 addressed to ‘Edward Walker’ in Lima are demonstrated to be forgeries.

FFE #2

THE BOHNE SALE Class: Other Claes Arnup The Werner Bohne reference collection of forgeries was brought to the market by Postiljonen, the Swedish auction house. Claes Arnrup describes the circumstances, and the sale.

FFE #2

MISUSE OF (OLD) MARKING DEVICES Class: PH John Lievsay The author comments on the use of old cancellers and marking devices to create forgeries. He suggests that these should be donated to expert services or postal museums. A Philadelphia piece of 29th August 1861 with additional forged handstamps is illustrated and described in support of this proposition.

FFE #2

THE CONNELL STAMP Class: TR Vincent Graves Green Philatelic Research Foundation The unissued Connell stamp of New Brunswick was sent for expertising and the importance of philatelic literature in this case is presented.

FFE #2

AN OBOCK FAKE Class: PH Jean-François Brun R.D.P. An entire fabrication from Obock dated 25th February 1892 sent to Lyons is described. Other similar items from other colonies may be on the market.

FFE #2

CZECHOSLOVAKIAN STAMPS AND THEIR FORGERIES 1918-1939 Class: TR Jan Karásek A book by Jan Karásek describing all forgeries of Czech stamps from 1919-1939 has been published to critical acclaim.

FFE #2

FRENCH-ARGENTINE POSTAL HISTORY “LETTER” Class: PH Mario D. Kurchan A ‘Barquito’ cover from Buenos Aires dated 12th November 1858 is described with the stamp and its canceller shown to be a forgery.

FFE #3

THE STAMPS OF THE SUEZ CANAL CO.: GENUINE AND FORGED Class: TR Peter A.S. Smith FRPSL Four stamps issued by the Suez Canal Company in 1868 were valid only for 40 days prior to suppression of the postal service on 15th August, and the opening of government post offices on the following day. These are one of the most extensively forged stamps in the world. The types, cancellations and forgeries are described. Only 21 genuine covers are known. There were never any reprints, and the distinguishing marks for genuine and forges stamps areillustrated.

FFE #3

WENDEN LETTERS WHICH ARE NOTHING LIKE Class: PH Harry v. Hofmann BPP, FRPSL An obvously forged letter from 1912 bearing a Wenden 1863 parcel stamp is illustrated and described. When offered at auction it was described as RRR.

FFE #3

BEWARE THE FORGED SCOUT MACHINE POSTMARK Class: TR Harry v. Hofmann BPP, FRPSL Forged machine postmarks from Latvia’s 1934 scout camp are known. The forgery is described and six points of difference from the genuine cancellation are listed.

FFE #3

THE LIEPAJA BISECT Class: PH Harry v. Hofmann BPP, FRPSL The 10 Kopek dragonslayer stamp was bisected for use at Liepaja in Latvia in 1920. Seven postmarks were franked in this way, of which three are in collections. Five points of difference in a forged postmark are described.

FFE #3

MODERN METHODS OF EXPERTISATION III Class: Other Max Hertsch RDP While expertisation requires experience and knowledge of the material, technical advances have enhanced this. Scanning technology and quartz light have helped. The writer describes the use of carbon 14 beta particle radiation in identifying repairs and improvements.

FFE #3

ARGENTINE STAMPS: THE RIVADAVIA IMPERFORATE 15C.; 1864 Class: TR Mario D. Kurchan The identifying characteristics of genuine and forged stamps of this issue are described and illustrated.

FFE #3

PHILATELIC FORGERY Class: Other Richard J. Weiss Similarities between identifying fakes in art and philately are noted. Technological advances have provided instruments such as the Raman and infrared microprobes. The Raman probe has become portable and inexpensive and can extract information from pigmentation, gum, paper, overprints, cancellation and manipulation. DNA marks can be placed on art objects making them impossible to reproduce.

FFE #3

ROMANIA: FORGERIES OF THE BULL’S HEAD ISSUES OF THE PRINCIPALITY OF MORAVIA Class: PH Fritz Heimbüchler A cover bearing a 27 Parale black on pale rose paper postmarked BAKEU 20/10 has been shown to be a forgery for 25 years, but it still reappears in auction catalogues. Another 108 Parales cover cancelled GALATZ 23/3 is shown also to be faked. Reprints from 1891 made under circumstances as yet unknown are the source of these stamps which are illustrated and described.

FFE #3

LIKE THE HEADS OF MEDUSA Class: TR Pierre Guinaud The forged rectangular VEVEY canceller was wrongly illustrated in FFE #2. Its distinguishing features are listed and illustrated as it is becoming ubiquitous.

FFE #3

FORGERIES OR MANIPULATION OF STRUBEL BISECTS Class: TR Erhard Keller Bisected sitting Helvetia stamps, often ‘on piece’ are divided into three groups which are considered, illustrated and described in turn. The use of genuine stamps with genuine cancellations, genuine stamps and cancellations with additional hand drawn cancellations, and cancellation forgeries on unused stamps is shown.

FFE #3

WHEN SOMEONE USES A RAZOR BLADE, THINGS BECOME DANGEROUS! Class: TR Jürgen Straub Forgeries of the 700th anniversary of St Mary’s Church Lübeck can be identified with the use of a watermark detector, perforation gauge and UV lamp. Those from Peter Winter, with FAUX in the lower left front margin have the word removed with a razor blade. These are tabulated and illustrated.

FFE #3

POSTMARK FORGERY, “KÖNIGSEE”, ON BLOCK 10 DEUTSCHES REICH Class: PH Jürgen Straub The circular insert from the machine canceller KÖNIGSEE of 1933 is in private hands and is used for forged cancellations. This is demonstrated through examination of genuine marks and a forged item dated 28 5 37.

FFE #3

FALSIFICATION OF A STAMP OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY: MI NO 1628 F Class: TR Jürgen Straub The 100 Pf 225th anniversary of the jewellery and watch industry (Mi. 1628) of 10th September 1992 is listed with the dark brown colour, Deutsche Bundpost, missing. This is easily faked and is known as such, with expert certificate.

FFE #3

FALSIFICATIONS ON BOLIVIA STAMPS Class: TR Eugenio von Boeck Parada Forged overprints and forged stamps of Bolivia from 1925 to 1946 are illustrated, listed and described. These are predominantly overprinted airmail issues with false overprints and cancellations.

FFE #3

FRAUDULENT USE OF BISECTED STAMPS IN THE HOLY LAND Class: TR Geo. H. Muentz Fraudulent and genuine bisected stamps from the Turkish, French, Austrian and British post offices in Palestine are illustrated and described, as are items from the interim period in 1948 and from the State of Israel.

FFE #3

EXPERTISING AT THE PHILATELIC FOUNDATION, NEW YORK Class: Other John E. Lievesay The work of the Philatelic Foundation of New York, its history and reference collection is considered.

FFE #3

THE EXTENT OF FACELIFTING PERFORMED ON A COVER – A PRICE FACTOR? Class: PH Mag. Klaus Schöpfer In 1996 a cover from Trieste to Manila (10th August 1857) was correctly described and sold at auction for DM 5700. The filing crease, wrinkled 9 Kreutzer stamp, damaged 2 Kreutzer stamp, and missing 2 Kreutzer stamp were “cured” and the cover offered for sale at auction in 1998. Described as “a cover and destination rarity of the first order, presumably unique”, it sold for DM 15000. The author urges registration of defective covers.

FFE #3

KNOWLEDGE OF HISTORY – AN IMPORTANT EXPERTIZING TOOL Class: TR Zbigniew S. Mikulski The history of the Boy Scout mail of Warsaw during the rising of 1944 is related. In south Warsaw, blank souvenir cards were created with censor cachets and special handstamps. ‘Rarities’ were created later by the addition of fictional addresses and messages. Knowledge of history allows the forgeries to be identified since senders in streets over run by German soldiers could not have sent cards. The history of the 1919 ‘Heinze’ forgeries of Poznan overprints is explained and illustrated with both genuine and forged items.

FFE #3

EXPERT-TEAMS AT FIP-EXHIBITIONS CHINA 99 Class: Other N/A Photographs of the expert team and equipment at China 99.

FFE #3

MODERN FRENCH POSTAL FORGERIES MADE IN THE PERIOD 1990-1998, COMPARED WITH GENUINE STAMPS Class: TR H.W. van der Vlist Genuine stamps and postal forgeries created between 1990 and 1998 are described, illustrated in great detail and comprehensively listed in an extensive piece of research. The first was made for the ‘amusement of collectors’, but like all of the others was subsequently used to defraud the postal service.

FFE #3

THE ARTHUR SALM FOUNDATION Class: Other Bernard A. Henning R.D.P. The five reports so far published by the Arthur Salm Foundation are listed. These include tests of paper and hinges, lists of non-existent stamp issuing entities, and the chemistry of US pressure sensitive stamps. These are available from the Foundation.

FFE #3

DISCOVERING FAKES, FORGERIES, AND BOGUS POSTAL HISTORY Class: Other Ernst M. Cohn Defining fake as genuine, but altered, forgery as counterfeit or imitation, and labels made to look like stamps, and markings made to look like cancellations as bogus, the article considers a range of philatelic items. These include pieces from the French Commune of 1871, World War One Zeppelin flights, the siege of Paris 1870-71, British propaganda forgeries of World War Two (The Himmler heads), and stamps and covers from the Sultanate of Wituland and the nearby Malakote area.

FFE #3

ECUADOR A FORGERY “AUTHENTICATED” BY THE POST OFFICE Class: TR Jean-Pierre Mangin In 1958 the Ecuador post office issued an airmail stamp to mark the Guayaquil philatelic exhibition. The 1866 four Reales illustrated thereon is in fact a forgery! The differences between the genuine and forged stamp are considered.

FFE #3

SCIENTIFIC DETECTION OF PHILATELIC FORGERIES Class: Other Mercer Bristow The history of the American Philatelic Society expertising service is told, and its technical resources described. This include the CS-16 CrimeScope, a light source used for testing luminescence which excels in showing cleaned cancellations, altered postmarks of counterfeit overprints. 300 volumes of genuine reference material are held for comparison purposes. The APS has seen a significant increase in forgeries produced by laser printers.

FFE #3

LETTERS TO KAROLINE LETTERS OF NORWEGIAN MISSIONARIES Class: PH Jean-François Brun R.D.P. A stamped Norwegian missionary cover addressed to Fort Dauphin, Madagascar, was sent to the author for expertisation. Comparison with a letter sold previously, especially the paper and handwriting, shows it to be a forgery copied from an original bearing a genuine unused stamp. Look out for it in a sale catalogue or exhibition. It was offered for sale with two expert certificates by a German auction house.

FFE #3

CERTIFICATES AT F.I.P. EXHIBITIONS Class: Other F. Burton Sellers R.D.P. FIP rules for indicating the presence of an expert certificate for items in exhibitions. (e) in bold.

FFE #3

A SIMPLE NEW METHOD TO IDENTIFY FAKES – U.F.M. Class: Other Chang Min There are ten million collectors in the People’s Republic of China. Prices have risen, and significant numbers of forgeries have appeared. The use of ultra-violet fluorescence in identifying forgeries is discussed and illustrated.

FFE #3

FORGED AND FAKED 20TH CENTURY PHILATELIC MATERIAL OF AUSTRALIA & RELATED AREAS Class: TR Krzystof (Chris) Ceremuga Relatively few Australian stamps have been faked or forged, but increasing numbers are appearing on the market. This is a problem since collectors and dealers in Australia seldom get items expertised. The £2.00 Kangaroo, OS official overprints, Perfins, specimens, BCOP overprints, varieties, errors and first day covers are considered in an extensive piece. The article concludes with the 1960 Papua New Guinea postal charges overprints, the 1995 bird of paradise surcharges, the 1914-15 GRI overprints, and the overprinted 1916 George V stamps of Nauru.

FFE #10

THE “FORERO” REPRINTS OF 25 JANUARY 1923 Class: Aero Dieter Bortfeldt The article is about the definition and identification of the unauthorized REPRINTS or Forgeries of the SCADTA Provisional surcharges by C.FORERO of 25 January 1923. 1.) The GENUINE Provisional Surcharges were only used at the end of 1921 and ALL SCADTA stamps of the first issue were demonetized on 1 March 1922. 2.) The GENUINE surcharges were applied by a RUBBER handstamp from a toy printing set – the Forero Reprints / Forgeries by means of a metal cliché. 3.) The FORERO Reprints – Forgeries are only found cancelled by a red datestamp of 25 January 1923 of Barranquilla. 4.) In addition to normal surcharges he produced 11 varieties or ERRORS and a large quantity of Mint stamps – there are more FORERO stamps known than GENUINE stamps of 1921. 5.) These Reprints – Forgeries are of much lesser value than the Genuine stamps of 1921 and the catalogues should be adjusted to that reason.

FFE #10

THE FORGERIES OF POONCH Class: TR Wolfgang Hellrigl The brief philatelic history of the Indian State of Poonch is detailed and the characteristics of the forgeries of the 1880-88 issues are examined, both as a whole issue, and then by each value in turn. Forged cancellations are also separately considered. The earlier forgeries were probably made during the late 1880s or 90s while there are more recent imitations which are also shown. The forgery of the 1876 issue is considerably later and its key features are listed. There appear to be no forgeries of the 1877 and 1879 stamps, as yet.

FFE #10

THE RIEL ESSAY Class: TR Charles J. G. Verge The history of the Riel rebellions of 1869 and 1885 in Manitoba is briefly told and the ‘Riel Essays’ known in red, green and black are considered, both in particular in respect to an individual stamp attached to a newspaper submitted to the author for an opinion, and in general to the issue as a whole. The stamp provided for expertisation is accepted as genuine while it is shown that the newspaper to which it was attached does not belong. The origin of the issue is considered with the balance of probability pointing to a philatelic source in the 1890s rather than to the ‘Postmaster General’ Bannatyne. The author asks readers for further information on this rare and contentious woodcut essay.

FFE #10

THE RIDDLE OF THE “FORTY SAINTS” IN NORTHERN EPIRUS/SOUTHERN ALBANIA Class: TR Andrew Cronin The Forty Saints are Greek islands which came to philatelic prominence during the Balkan wars of 1912-13. The history of the official and bogus issues valid in the port of Aioi Saranta is retold with particular reference to the three cancellers used there at the time. All three cancellers appear genuinely to have been issued by the Greek authorities. Type II shows only genuine usage, but type I is used on the ‘dubious’ skull and crossbones issue and type III on the Argyrokastro issues. Despite a patina of respectability arising over time, the se usages remain dubious.

FFE #10

THE FAKED SWEDISH “STEINBERG COVERS” Class: TR Helena Obermülle-Wilén More than 200 covers bearing classic Swedish material came to the market in Malmö in the early 1970s from a German named Steinberg. All are false. The majority are still on the market and the author has examined perhaps 120 of these covers. Cancellations and other postmarks are painted on, and are entirely false. Arrival marks are generally genuine, but altered. Using examples , the general characteristics of these covers are shown.

FFE #10

SOME BRAZILIAN FAKES AND FORGERIES Class: TR Paulo Comelli Nine Brazilian ‘bulls eye’ covers are illustrated and described. All are false. Fraudulent additions of stamps and postmarks are described.

FFE #10

THE INVESTIGATION OF THE GRINNEL “MISSIONARIES” Class: TR Patrick Pearson There has been more written since 2004 on the subject of the Grinnell Hawaiian missionary stamps than in the entire previous history of the controversy. The author sets out the methodology of the investigation into these stamps by the expert committee of the Royal Philatelic Society of London in reaching its conclusion that the stamps are forgeries.

FFE #10

ARE YOUR STAMPS GENUINE? Class: TR Iwan Feddersen A SENSATIONAL INVENTION CAN REVEAL FORGERIES. Computer vision is competing with the eye A new patented Danish invention based on Multispectral imaging (MSI) has been implemented in unique instrument called VideometerLab. The instrument uses up to 20 different wavelengths from 370 nm to 1050 nm. (1 billion nanometers = 1 meter). In the near infrared wavelengths 780 nm to 1050 nm the light will go through the printing on the stamp and penetrate the surface to reveal structures that are not visible to the human eye under normal circumstances. The acquired image is made out of pixels with a dimension of 50 micrometer (1 million micrometer = 1 meter). Thus subtle details may be seen.

FFE #10

COLONIAL PRE-PHILATELY OF THE VICEROYALTY OF PERU Class: PH Jesùs Sitjà Prats When we studied the set up dates of the post offices in the Viceroyalty of Peru (1769-1824), we realized that some letters from “Cristobal Francisco Rodriguez, General Manager of Temporalidades of Lima” file, had impossible dates; this means the letter date was previous that the establishment of the post office. We followed studying this file and found that some letters from different places have the same calligraphy, this means, wrote for the same person. After that, we compared the inks of strikes of these letters (the ones of writing ink) with the ink of documents of these post offices in the same dates, kept in Seville Archive, they do not match. We also compare the size of the strikes with genuine ones, we found slightly differences. At the end we realized the Cristobal Francisco Rodriguez, General Manager of Temporalidades of Lima” file was manipulated.

FFE #10

THE INWARD COMBINATION COVERS TO JAPAN AND THEIR AUTHENTICITY Class: PH jun Ichi Matsumoto The postal matters to and from foreign countries were treated by the Foreign Post Offices located at Yokohama, etc. The origin of these Post Offices was the Consular Packet Agenciy operated for the benefit of foreign residents in Japan. When the addressee was residing at Yokohama or at other treaty ports, they could receive mail directly from the Foreign Post Office. But, when the mail was addressed to someone residing far from Yokohama, the letter had to be transported by the Japanese domestic postal service. Thence occurs the necessity of mixed franking or combination covers bearing the postage stamps of two different postal bodies which were varied for each individual postal section. Today, we know the existence of Inward Combination Covers; Franco – Japanese, Anglo – Japanese and U.S. – Japanese. They are scarce in number, only 19 in total. This rarity attracts special attention of philatelists and the market price becomes inevitably expensive. This situation arouses doubtful sentiment against these incoming combination covers. But when scientifically and logically examined, the above-related 19 examples are judged all authentic.

FFE #10

EXPERTISED, BUT STILL NOT RIGHT Class: TR Michael Jäschke-Lantelme With the help of a well known stamp, Michel #1.I on a German Post Office in China cover, the article shows which methods can be employed today as proof of forgery. Not everyone will be pleased that these latest test methods can unmask many well known “rarities” as fakes or forgeries, but it shows how important the use of such methods is when carrying out tests using the latest technical advances.

FFE #10

MYSTERY OF THE BRAZILIAN PARAHYBA PROVISIONAL Class: TR Wolfgang Maassen The articles presents new results of the historical research about the circumstances of the origin of the Brazilian Parahyba Provisional issue from May 1930. The author, Wolfgang Maassen, makes clear that the famous Parahyba provisional does not owe its existence to any philatelic influence. And for the first time he presents a complete listing of all known provisionals.

FFE #10

ON REPAIRED NUMERICAL OVAL BAR OBLITERATIONS Class: TR J. Miranda da Mota The article shows the different types of numerical oval bar obliterations in Portugal, known as characteristics of the second postal reform, the time context of usage of these postal marks in the correspondence and some repaired numerical oval bar obliterations in comparison with unrepaired marks of the same post office. It’s made evident the macroscopic characteristics of the authentic black ink used to apply obliterations and the black ink used to repair these obliterations. It’s also pointed out the computer part, as additional diagnostic way, to determine the quantitative composition of colours, both in RGB and CMYK.

FFE #10

PRINCIPALITY OF MONTENEGRO, OVERPRINT FORGERIES Class: TR Dr. Jovan Velickovic Montenegro celebrated two events with commemorative stamps, 400 years of printing in Montenegro (1893) , so called Прослава Штампарије, and its first Constitution, Устав, in 1905. For both events current stamps were overprinted locally in Cetinje. Primitive overprint settings , black and red overprints and basic stamps resulting from four printings, 1880, 1890, 1893 and 1894, produced an abundance of genuine varieties among which forged overprints can hardly be identified. Four forged overprints were established, from minute details of some letters. For the 1905 issue current stamps were taken , all uniform, however the overprinting plates of 100 contained five different types. Several types of detected forged overprints mostly appear on stamps with double and inverted overprints, one genuine the second fake, or on overprint “essays”.

FFE #10

FROM THE ROBSON LOWE REFERENCE COLLECTION Class: TR Carl Walske A Nova Scotia cover and a Mexico wrapper originating from the Burrus collection is presented and discussed. Both were once believed genuine, but subsequently found to be manipulated. For the Mexican wrapper a rare stamp was consumed to produce a fake.

FFE #10

HOW TO DISCERN FLOWN COVERS FROM NOT FLOWN COVERS Class: TR Igor Rodin The article is concerned with five space flights where the Soviet operated jointly with another country: Hungary (1980), Vietnam (1980), Cuba (1980), France (1982), and India (1984). For each flight it is indicated which postmarks were only used on-board the vessel – so indicating a flown cover – and which postmarks were also used for ground mail. The article is extensively illustrated.

FFE #10

POSTAL DECEPTION IN IMPERIAL AUSTRIA 1850-1863/64 Class: TR Dr. ulrich Ferchenbauer This extensively illustrated article discusses, by example, items without, or with no certain evidence of, fraudulent intent: (1) Underpaid letters, (2) Use of stamps in wrong currency, (3) Use of already invalid stamps, (4) Use of foreign stamps, (5) Mistaken use of newspaper stamps for letter postage, (6) Use of revenue stamps for postage, (7) Bisects and trisects. – Also items with obviously fraudulent intent: (1) Heavy to extremely heavy cut into items, (2) Use of previously used stamps, (3) Use of joined together or incomplete stamps, (4) Use of newspaper stamps as postage stamps, (5) Use of St. Andrews Cross as postage stamp, (6) Postal forgeries.

FFE #10

COMMENTS ON THE RISE AND FALL OF A PRINTED PIECE OF PAPER Class: TR Heinz ErwinJungjohann The article describes the unfortunate case of certain exhibition covers from the 1934 philatelic exhibition in Katowice. The covers had printed on them, in various colours, natural sized illustrations of contemporary Polish stamps. Subsequently cut-outs from such covers have surfaced as essays, proofs, etc. – at times even supplied with a certificate from a misled expert!

FFE #10

A BEAUTIFUL LETTER FROM RIGA, BUT… Class: TR Harry von Hoffmann The article describes a WW2 ‘Feldpost’-letter, which was just too nice to be genuine. E.g. it was not possible for civilians to post mail from a field post office – plus six other important details.

FFE #10

OPINIONS ON TOLERABLE RESTORARION. VIEWS ON THE PROF. JOHN WEST PAPER Class: TR Carl Aage Møller The article discusses a possible conflict between collector’s aesthetics and exhibition rules on one hand and the needs of philatelic science and postal history documentation on the other. By authoritative and convincing examples from Schleswig-Holstein’ian philately concern is expressed that misguided aesthetics should not lead to exclusion, devaluation and eventually the likely destruction of important philatelic objects, – e.g. entires where the fine aesthetics of the stamps are contrasted by a lamentable condition of the covers.

FFE #10

PRODUCER OF FORGERIES OF THE EARLY JAPANESE POSTAGE STAMPS Class: TR Mamoru Sawa This article concerns forgeries of early Japanese stamps from the Dragon, Cherry Blossom and Koban issues. The article presents a thorough examination of two of the top producers of forgeries, Wada Kotaro, top maker of forgeries in the Meiji Era, and Maeda Kihei, founder of the Kamigata-ya shop. The world renown Wada Kotaro produced, marketed and distributed forgeries of early Japanese postage stamps, as did the Kamigata-ya shop. Among other things, the Kamigata-ya dealt in forgeries of the Koban 45 sen stamps, and some Cherry Blossom stamps.

FFE #11

BALANCING PROBABILITIES Class: TR Christopher King A previously unlisted postmark from Aarhus in Denmark is shown on a folded letter from the Three Years War of 1848-1851. In the absence of other evidence, the author considers how this might be authenticated by context, history, other material from the same war, the writer and the recipient.

FFE #11

ONEGLIA’S FAC-SIMILÉS FOR THE PROVINCE OF CANADA Class: TR Richard Gratton Erasmo Oneglia, a Torino printer, produced many engraved forgeries between 1897 and 1907. Those for the Province of Canada, being Scott numbers 1-20 are considered in detail with a technical description and large colour illustrations. Paper, printing technique, cancellations and rarity are considered, with current sale prices for each example. A table lists each facsimile with design, colour, paper, rarity and original cost in 1907, together with notes on the genuine stamps.

FFE #11

MADAME JOSEPH AND HER FORGED CANCELLATIONS Class: TR Brian Cartwright The museum of the Royal Philatelic Society London includes a collection of postmarking implements acquired in 1993. 438 of these are postmarking devices in wood, copper, zinc, lead and rubber, together with other related materials dated from 1852 to 1967. The majority are from the 1885 to 1935. The history of these implements is recounted, including their use by Madame Joseph and other dealers to postmark stamps. Sheets bearing 120 postmarks (illustrated), including examples of those held by the RPSL, have been discovered in the Stanley Gibbons Reference collection, and these are considered together. Identification of the marks, their use on stamps with errors and varieties, substituted and suppressed dates are covered. The author advises care in purchasing stamps which are catalogued more highly used than mint.

FFE #11

BELGIUM, FORGERIES OF THE FIVE FRANCS LEOPOLD II 1878 Class: TR James Van der Linden The five francs Leopold II is the most forged Belgian stamp with 17 different forgeries listed. Usage of the genuine stamp is described, as are the 17 key points in distinguishing it, which are illustrated. The five most dangerous forgeries are illustrated and described in detail.

FFE #11

HOLY LAND AND ISRAEL FAKES AND FORGERIES – EXAMPLES FROM 1860-1948 Class: TR Yacov Tsachor The complex postal history of the Holy Land is sketched out and examples of forgeries are illustrated and described. These include forged postmarks and covers with examples from the Austrian Post, the French Post Jaffa 3768 and 5089 postmarks, the Turkish Post boxed Acre postmark, British Palestine 1918 overprint, Egyptian Expeditionary Force Jerusalem postmark, the Dead Sea postmark of 1941, the OVER LAND MAIL Haifa-Baghdad cachet, a 1948 transition period Ma’abarot registered cover, the 1948 1st coins issue including essays, first day cover and imperforate varieties, the 1948 provisional postage dues, the 1948 Israel first festivals and the use of the tête-bêche stamps on first day cover.

FFE #11

GREAT BRITAIN DEFINITIVE FORGERIES 1993-2004 Class: TR Gavin Fryer Forgeries of the Machin definitive 24p chestnut (10 September 1991), the 1989 second class blue in booklet panes, and 1997 gold first class adhesives are considered and illustrated. It is believed that first and second class self adhesive stamps are being produced in China in large quantities.

FFE #11

THE RARE ROTARY PRESS 2¢ BLACK HARDING STAMP WITH GAUGE 11 PERFORATIONS Class: TR Ken Lawrence A unique strip of three rotary press 2 cents black Warren G Harding memorial stamps, perforation 11, was sold by Matthew Bennett Auctioneers in the United States for US$150,000 plus commission on 20 October 2007 after a protracted expertisation. The article gives an historical background to the stamp and its production, followed by a very detailed technical account of the lengthy expert examination. Expert opinion was divided and the owner finally identified the stamps as originating on the rotary press by matching plate flaws from the original plate proofs at the National Postal Museum. The resulting certificate from Philatelic Foundation noted that the stamps had been lightly cleaned. The new owner and auction house dispute this, and further expert opinion is to be sought.

FFE #11

FROM THE ROBSON LOWE REFERENCE COLLECTION Class: TR Carl Walske Two covers are illustrated, one from France with 20 centimes black Ceres from 6 January 1849, the other a 1847-48 large eagle 5 centimes from Geneva. Both have certificates from experts who were well thought of in their day, both are forgeries. The author urges humility on expertisers.

FFE #11

AN ONEGLIA OR SPERATI NEW ZEALAND FORGERY? Class: TR Robin Gwynne The writer notes that there are few dangerous forgeries of New Zealand stamps where manipulation is a greater threat. The article considers a 1878 two shillings first side face design produced photographically from a genuine stamp on genuine NZ and star watermarked paper originating probably from a bleached out two penny stamp. It has a forged cancellation with the letters TU in a vertical barred oval. The question is, who produced it? Probably not Sperati, but perhaps Oneglia, although it is not listed in the ‘Catalogue des Imitations’. Can anyone help?

FFE #11

SOME BRAZILIAN FAKES AND FORGERIES Class: TR Paulo Comelli Four Brazilian covers and a number of individual stamps are illustrated, considered and described as fakes or forgeries. These include: a vertical strip of three 280 réis in red on a cover from Bahia to Marseilles – dated 12 July 1866, a folded letter from Rio de Janeiro to Bordeaux with a horizontal pair of 60 réis in black – arriving 4 November 1862, a folded letter from Rio de Janeiro to Bordeaux with a vertical strip of three 60 réis in black – arriving 18 January 1863, and a cover from Pernambuco to Le Havre with a 260 réis D. Pedro II. All were originally unstamped and the stamps have been added later. The reasons for these conclusions are explained. The individual stamps bear postmarks from IGUASSÚ, CACHOEIRA, C.G. da PARAHYBA DO NORTE 21 1 1847, SAO SEBASTIÃO DA PARAHYBA, CORREIO GERAL DA CORTE – 8 18EM62 11 – BRAZIL, RIO CLARO, and MAILED AT SEA – S.S. COLOMBIA – COLOMBIAN LINE. None of these stamps was ever on a cover, all are genuine and all of the postmarks are frauds.

FFE #11

A REAPPRAISAL OF THE STATUS AND USAGE ON THE SURCHARGED QUEEN VICTORIAN POSTAL STATIONERY – PART ONE – THE 1879 PROVISIONAL POSTCARDS OF CEYLON Class: TR Alan Huggins and Kurt E. Kimmel The background and philatelic history of these 8 cents and 12 cents surcharges in 1879 on postal stationery cards is considered, beginning in 1881 when they were first reported. The authors have reviewed the early literature from 1881-1897 and consider all examples recorded to date, with a inventory of HG (Higgins and Gage) 2, 8c/2c with “Naples/Marseilles/or/Southampton” and HG3 12c/2c with “Via Brindisi”. Eleven used cards are illustrated and described as are four unused cards. These are cards with “Ceylan” incorporated in the surcharge. The existence of cards as early as 1892 with “CEYLAN” or “CEYLON” in the overprint is also considered with five such cards illustrated together with three others with differing overprints. Their history in the literature is discussed and the description of these variously as varieties, errors and essays is considered. In commenting on these cards it is difficult to come to a definitive conclusion since the rationale for their production is unclear and the attribution of essay status needs to be treated with great caution.

FFE #11

PHILATELIC CONSERVATION – RESTORATION Class: TR David R Beech The article continues Carl-Aage Møller’s piece on acceptable conservation and restoration within philately. He considers the differences between conservation, restoration and improvement emphasising that the prime motivation is what is good for the item in question with all other considerations being secondary. It is suggested that a certificate in the future might include an opinion as to genuineness, a record of provenance, a record of treatments used in conservation, photographs, and records of scientific analysis.

FFE #11

QATAR – THE POLITICAL OFFICER’S DATESTAMP Class: TR Greg Todd The usage and forgery of the rare date stamp “OFFICE OF THE POLITICAL OFFICER – QATAR” is chronicled. Two cancelled by favour items are illustrated, two genuine covers and one forgery are shown, with the latter being explained.

FFE #11

THE ‘JAMMU SEAL PROVISIONAL’, AN EMERGENCY ISSUE OR A POSTAL FORGERY Class: TR Wolfgang Hellrigl The use of the provisional Jammu hand struck seal in red cancelled with an identical seal in black is considered by some experts and catalogues as genuine, while others have doubts. Fourteen copies are known on 13 covers and these are listed in a table, together with the three items known on piece. The philatelic history of this issue is set out beginning with David Masson in 1900, Sefi and Mortimer in their handbook of 1937, Dawson and Smythe of the same year, and others more recently. Doubts were raised in 1981, and more technically in 1983. A mixed franking is illustrated and explained, and a possible provisional described. In conclusion the author balances the argument between a postal fraud and genuine usage, leaning towards a theoretical support for the former.

FFE #11

THE STAMPS OF THE SPECIAL DETACHMENT OF THE BELORUSSIAN NATIONAL REPUBLIC Class: TR Andrew Cronin Unlisted by Michel, the background to these stamps is reviewed including their printing by the Latvian State Printing offices in a million copies of each except for the 10 Kopek value which numbered 750,000. The origin, printing, postcards, the only day of usage, and forgeries for the packet trade are considered together with unauthorised postmarks. The author wonders why they were used only for a single day.

FFE #11

RAILWAY POST GULBENE – VALKA 1924? Class: TR Harry v. Hofmann A superficially attractive, but clearly faked postcard is shown from Latvia. The postmark on the stamp is not aligned with that on the card, it is over franked, and two postmarks are added together to make a non-existent route.

FFE #11

THE SWEDISH FAKED LANDSTORM COVERS Class: TR Helena Obermüller Wilén The article reports and illustrates forgeries made by Gunnar Fellenius who was convicted of forgery in 1987 and who had been producing forgeries since the late 1970s. After the trial he continued to make forgeries until his death in 2001. From the beginning of 1980 he used the Landstorm stamps of 1916 and 1918 added to a correspondence between Thyra Gradin and her fiancée Gösta Drakenberg. He also bought the typewriter of Sven Åkerstedt, a well known philatelist and expert, who died in 1977, and used this to make long winded expert certificates. Other covers are signed by Strandell, the most famous philatelist in Sweden who died in 1963. Covers and stamps are illustrated and explained.

FFE #11

SOME NEW ASPECTS OF STUDIES ON “DEGRON-KUN COVERS” OR FRANCO-JAPANESE MIXED FRANKED COVERS Class: TR Jun Ichi Matsumoto Following on from an earlier article in FFE8, the author reviews the evidence for the “special” nature of the postal arrangements between Japan and the wider world through the French postmaster M. Degron, at the French Post Office in Yokohama. The author concludes that this was a simple process of ordinary mail with Japanese postage prepaying the carriage to Yokohama and French postage prepaying the onward conveyance. The writer believes that these “Mr Degron Covers” are not the subject of official sanction for military personnel only but that the service was available to the general public. A domestic letter to Sweden is cited as an example demonstrating this. This system operated for five years from 1873-1878, 83 covers are known, six “Degron-Kun” handstamps are recorded which are illustrated together with statistical tables and covers.

FFE #11

PAPAL STATES – FAKED AND PROBLEMATIC POSTAL-HISTORY COVERS Class: TR Thomas Mathà In considering covers from the Papal States knowledge of methods of noting rates on covers, and the postal conventions, routes and rates is essential. Forgers were often clumsy and simply added stamps to covers which an understanding of the postal history unmasks. Nineteen forged covers are illustrated and explained in detail.

FFE #11

A SOPHISTICATED FORGERY Class: TR Heinz Erwin Jungjohann Forged cancellations on material from the early liberation period in Poland are compromised. Collectors should have a detailed knowledge of the state of individual cancellers over time especially LUBLIN 1 r.

FFE #11

AUSTRIA: ALLIED CENSORSHIP 1945-1953 – MISUSE OF A SOVIET CENSOR STAMP 1946 Class: TR Helmut Seebald Offered items of post war mail censored in Wiener Neustadt with an oval handstamp, the author noted that the items were earlier than they ought to be. The seller, a former post office worker had found the handstamp in the 1960s, and had taken it home. The handstamp is now in the possession of the author. Examples of the genuine mark are shown as is its use 35 years later, and a recent imprint from 2007. Genuine and misused items are illustrated. The article further considers Allied and Soviet censorship in Vienna especially the use of an oval handstamp OESTERREICHISCHE ZENSURSTELL W.N. and the same with W.N. removed. It concludes with six points of advice on how to decide whether a censored item is genuine or a fake.

FFE #11

ROMANIA: 150 YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE BULLS HEADS OF MOLDAVIA Class: TR Fritz Heimbüchler The history of the Bulls Heads is told and the number of stamps known of each of the values is recorded. A forgery of the 27 Parale is demonstrated, the 1891 reprints in original colours is discussed as is the need for up to date certificates. The article follows on from an earlier piece in FFE3. The Importance of Historical Geography in the Expertisation of Postal History Charles J. G. Verge FRPSC, FRPSL In the author’s opinion historical, economic, political and geographical context are import factors in philatelic expertising. Two covers from Nova Scotia with bisected two cent stamps are considered, both not properly tied to the cover and one lacking a backstamp. Without researching the history of the post offices and their date of operation, together with the use of contemporary maps, allows the destinations to be identified. Consideration is also given to the use and changing shape of cork cancellers. Both covers have been given certificates of authenticity by the Greene Foundation.

FFE #11

THREE WAYS Class: TR Jean-François Brun The writer divides expertising into three periods; the nineteenth century for the most part graphic design was sufficient to distinguish forged from genuine; the early part of the twentieth century when distinguishing between printing methods became essential; and between the wars when printing became more sophisticated with lithographic reproductions by Sperati and Paul. Nowadays with specialist auction catalogues in colour, with specialised studies of rates and issues, more material than ever is available to the forger, faker and repairer. While it is still necessary to study older printing techniques for printing classic stamps, it is necessary also to be familiar with the modern techniques used to forge them.

FFE #11

THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY IN THE EXPERTISATION OF POSTAL HISTORY Class: TR Charles J. G. Verge In the author’s opinion historical, economic, political and geographical context are import factors in philatelic expertising. Two covers from Nova Scotia with bisected two cent stamps are considered, both not properly tied to the cover and one lacking a backstamp. Without researching the history of the post offices and their date of operation, together with the use of contemporary maps, allows the destinations to be identified. Consideration is also given to the use and changing shape of cork cancellers. Both covers have been given certificates of authenticity by the Greene Foundation.

FFE #11

THE PERKINS-BACON “PROOFS” OF THE 1906 OLYMPIC ISSUE OF GREECE: A CLARIFICATION Class: TR Michalis E. Tsironis The question of the timing of the delivery of the 1906 proofs is addressed, especially if they predated or post-dated the delivery of the actual stamps. Are these proofs or reprints? See also FFE9.

FFE #11

COLOMBIA: THE “AR” PROVISIONALS OF 1902-03 Class: TR Dieter Bortfeldt and Alan D. Anyon Colombian stamps overprinted AR are offered on the Internet with high prices. The authors give the historical background to these stamps which are listed in detail in the Temprano catalogue and mentioned in Scott and Yvert. Stamps used on documents are scarce, and the writers conclude that only types used on documents serve to identify genuine AR stamps. Four such are illustrated. Using overlays derived from copies on forms it is possible to determine that only one type is genuine, and this is also known forged. Genuine, forged and bogus items are illustrated. All AR SCADTA and telegraph stamps are bogus. All mint stamps must be considered doubtful.

FFE #11

AN INCOMING SMALL DRAGON POSTCARD: A CHINESE FORGERY Class: TR Michael Ho The article concerns a French postcard sent to Naumburg in Germany, and redirected to Shanghai, China. On receipt in Shanghai a three Candarins stamp was affixed, cancelled with a customs canceller, marked “T” and handstamped “To Pay” in red. With reference to genuine material the customs cancellation is shown to be forged, and the stamp deliberately added.

FFE #12

GUARD AGAINST FORGED COVERS Class: TR Li Shuguang Philatelists should learn how forgers try to trick them, based on stamps from The People’s Republic of China, the author describes how forgers fabricate, graft, alter and plagiarise to trap collectors. Knowledge of the historical and philatelic record can detect many forgeries of military covers, but today’s forgers are getting cleverer, and philatelists need to study literature on forgeries in order to stay ahead. Beware of covers made by using illustrations from magazines and catalogues used to synthesize forged items.

FFE #12

FROM THE ROBSON LOWE REFERENCE COLLECTION Class: TR Carl Walske Adrian Albert Jürgens was a South African collector who late in life improved many covers with forged cancellations and bisected postage stamps. The article illustrates three such covers.

FFE #12

FRIEDRICH SCHMIEDL ROCKET MAIL Class: TR Walter Hopferwieser The author describes rocket mail sent by Friedrich Schmiedel illustrating 24 items initiated by him. The text describes how forgeries may be distinguished from genuine items.

FFE #12

FORGED NORWEGIAN COVERS Class: TR Hans J. Enger Two previously unknown forgeries of Norwegian covers from the 1860s are illustrated, one to France with incorrect postage and stamps which do not belong, and the other with redrawn cancels.

FFE #12

SERBIA, 1869/1880, THE PRINCE MILAN ISSUE, FAKES AND FORGERIES Class: TR Dr. Jovan Velickovic Forged stamps from this issue are known for all values. The article describes forged perforations, complete forgeries, fake and fantasy cancellations and faked covers, and usages on newspaper are illustrated and described.

FFE #12

A NEW FORGERY OF THE SWEDISH PRINTING ERROR 20/TRETIO Class: TR Helena Obermüller-Wilén Fournier forged stamps showing the 20/tretio error of 19 December 1879 exist. In 2008 a new forgery appeared which is more dangerous and is illustrated here.

FFE #12

FORGED AND BOGUS POSTAL MARKINGS OF MONGOLIA Class: TR Wolfgang Hellrigl Forgeries for stamps and covers from Mongolia before 1939 are omnipresent. There are forged cancellations and bogus markings. The article presents an overview of these both illustrated and described in detail.

FFE #12

ICELAND 5 AURAR OVAL ISSUE: BLACK PRINTS – NOT A FAKE BUT NEW DISCOVERY Class: TR Orla Nielsen & Ebbe Eldrup The five aurar black prints of Iceland are illustrated and discussed. The authors suggest that the Facit catalogue adds to the description of the Berne reprints from 1904 that black prints exist of the five aurar on thick and thin paper without watermark. The authors conclude that black prints without the split EAST frame are proofs for the Berne reprints probably produced during the reprinting in 1904.

FFE #12

THE EXPERT COMMITTEE OF THE RPS AND THE CHANGING FACE OF FORGERIES Class: TR Patrick Pearson Patrick Pearson, Chairman of the Expert Committee of the Royal Philatelic Society London, describes the work and working practices of the Committee together with its forensic equipment.

FFE #12

THE BOGUS SURCHARGES OF THE ISLAND OF CASTELLORIZO Class: TR Andrew Cronin Turkish stamps surcharged during the period March-September 1913 are reviewed and covers, stamps and pieces are illustrated. The conclusion sums up the available data by suggesting that the catalogues which ignore these surcharges are thoroughly justified.

FFE #12

“DEGRON-KUN COVERS” OR FRANCO-JAPANESE MIXED FRANKED COVERS Class: TR Jun Ichi Matsumoto Information provided on the Degron-kun covers in FFE 11 is updated in this article together with illustrations of the seven hand stamps, three covers and an update of previous statistics covering 91 known items, broken down into types, colours, years and senders.

FFE #12

IMPLICATIONS OF IMPOSSIBLE Class: TR Morten J. Lintrup The author examines Belgium’s 1915 Red Cross semi-postals printed by Waterlow Bros. and Leighton Ltd., often referred to as the Albert I large medallion series. The issue is described and ‘impossible’ items discussed together with recommendations for additions to the COB/OCB official catalogue listing of Belgium’s World War I Red Cross issues.

FFE #12

EXPERTIZING “MURAOKURI” SHEET OF JAPAN Class: TR Kazuyuki Inoue The Muraokuri courier system was introduced on Shiakoko Island in 1584. Between 1 June 1872 and 15 November 1874 local stamps were issued by the Kochi prefectural government, also called Muraokuri. In 1917 an article appeared with photographs of three Muraokuri stamps. In 1941 a photograph in red showing 18 stamps appeared in “The Yubin Kitte”. The article refers to the appearance of the original of this sheet in 2003 and its subsequent expertising. This sheet is identical with that published in 1941 and will aid the plating of these stamps in future.

FFE #12

CAN PLASTIC FILMS DAMAGE MY STAMPS? Class: TR Ib Krarup, comments by John West The author, formerly production manager for a plastics company, reviews the use of PVC hard film pockets for long-term storage of stamps. The chemical attributes are discussed, and advises against all uses of PVC for long-term storage of stamps. Polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polystyrene, glassine and cellophane are discussed with reference to an article in Philatelie, a German magazine, as is an article by Professor John West.

FFE #12

HOLLANDS TRACK-BOAT MARKINGS A CONUNDRUM SOLVED Class: TR Kees Adema The hand stamps for the carriage of mail from Amsterdam to The Hague and Rotterdam for the postilion and track boat service are illustrated and described. A definite forgery of the 2S Schuyt marking is described and the two types of this mark are discussed. Using x-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (XRF) is explained in examining letters from 1693 and 1695 with the conclusion that the marks and paper were genuine. The 3S hand stamps applied only in Amsterdam are illustrated. Further investigation of the ink using Raman spectroscopy was used to demonstrate that the previous results were wrong since the ink contained an artificial blackening agent rather than 17th century pigments.

FFE #12

COLOMBIA – 3RD ISSUE OF 1861 NOTES ON FORGERIES Class: TR Dieter Bortfeldt Forgeries of the third issue of Columbia of 1861 are reviewed. Forgeries by Sperati, Fournier, Senf and Schroeder are considered and illustrated together with their characteristic features.

FFE #12

AN GUIDELINE FOR THE EXPERT GROUP AT WORK AF FIP WORLD STAMP EXHIBITIANS Class: TR Tay Peng Hian & Lim Sa Bee An operational guideline for the use by expert groups at FIP and continental exhibitions is described together with advice on procedures, forms and other paperwork together with a four-day timetable for the process.

FFE #12

COVERS FROM SOUTH BULGARIA – A RARE VARIETY OF BALKAN POSTAL HISTORY Class: TR Thomas Hitzler A brief history of the south Bulgarian ¢Lions¢ overprints together with illustrations of faked and genuine covers is given. Genuine covers and postcards correctly used, cancellations by favour on genuine overprints and genuine cancellations by favour on faked Lions overprints are explained and illustrated together with faked cancellation on both genuine and faked Lions overprints. Finally, the manipulation of a genuine cover is shown. The postal history is described up until the end of September 1885.

FFE #12

A LUCKY REUNION – AND HOW PATIENCE PAYS OFF Class: TR Carl Aage Møller A cover bearing a pair of Holstein No. 1 sent to Christiansfeld in Schleswig and lacking a stamp is shown. The discovery of the missing stamp and its positioning on the only cover known sent to the Duchy of Schleswig is described. A remarkable reunion of a very rare cover expertised by Carl Aage Møller.

FFE #12

THE MISUSE OF THE DATESTAMP BAUSCHOWITZ A.D. EGER/BOHUSOVICE N.OHRI, UB: G Class: TR Hans-Hermann Paetow Forged examples resulting from the misuse of the date stamp Bauschowitz a.d. Eger/Bohusovice n.Ohri, Ub: g are reviewed and illustrated together with the eleven registered strikes. The letter ‘g’ cancellor was in private hands between April-May 1945 and possibly 1947 resulting in a very large number of forged items.

FFE #12

FAKE 1932 PARAGUAYAN CHACO WAR COVERS Class: TR Roberto C. Eaton K. Faked covers from the Paraguayan-Chaco War from 1932 are illustrated and described and any use of postmarks from the Paraguayan Posta Militair prior to 1933 is a fake.

FFE #12

NOT ONLY HOLES Class: TR Wista The use of perforation by Wista involving differently shaped security holes in conjunction with standard perforations is described.

FFE #12

A REAPPRAISAL OF THE STATUS AND USAGE ON THE SURCHARGED QUEEN VICTORIAN POSTAL STATIONERY OF CEYLON – PART TWO – THE 1885 LOCAL 10 CENT SURCHARGES Class: TR Alan Huggins & Kurt E. Kimmel Alan Huggins and Kurt Kimmel continue the reappraisal of surcharged Queen Victoria postal stationery of Ceylon began in FFE 11. Bogus and philatelic items are illustrated and described together with the history of the known items. A useful bibliography supplements the piece.

FFE #12

FORGED SWEDISH STAMPS 2004-2008 Class: TR Ingvar Larsson A large-scale fraud of Swedish post stamps involving ten issues between 2004 and 2008 are described and illustrated. The genuine and false stamps are compared, and the size and distribution of the fraud are estimated.

FFE #13

A FORGED CANCEL ATTRIBUTED TO SPIRO Class: TR Hans J. A. Vinkenborg A reconstruction of a fantasy canceller is presented, of which only fractions are to be found on individual stamps – but on such a variety of different stamps that it is clearly the work of a forger. Without conclusive evidence, it is argued that Spiro is the most likely culprit.

FFE #13

FORGED FAROE ISLANDS #1 ON 1919 POSTCARD TO DENMARK Class: TR Geoffrey Noer Even a certificate from a recognised expert is not a 100% guarantee. Experts do have bad days, and forgers excel at times. But the truth may still prevail, as was the case with an unusual #1 postcard with VESTMANHAVN cancellation.

FFE #13

GREAT BRITAIN – POSTAL STATIONERY FAKES Class: TR Alan Huggins An alert to the fact that postal stationery material is available and “authentic” – also to forgers who can use it as a foundation upon which to construct more unusual and seemingly attractive items by adding more stamps and cancellations. With two examples.

FFE #13

THE LAST LETTER DISPATCHED FROM THE FRENCH POST OFFICE OF YOKOHAMA, AND ITS HAPLESS TRIPS Class: TR Jun Ichi Matsumoto A thorough and imaginative trace of what must – by deduction – be the last of a series of letters with French postage stamps mailed from Japan. With 9 stations on its 1880 way from Japan to France – and back to the unhappy sender in Japan!

FFE #13

THE ENGRAVED FORGERIES OF SICILY Class: TR Carl Walske Classic Sicilian stamps – Bomba heads – are as popular with forgers as with collectors. Seven different types of engraved forgeries are illustrated and discussed.

FFE #13

FORGERIES IN MAXIMAPHILY Class: TR Jos Wolff By four examples – from Latvia, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy – it is demonstrated that forgeries are also an issue within maximaphilately, some are more obvious than others and can be identified with just the right combination of scepticism and awareness.

FFE #13

THE PROSSER FANTASIES Class: TR Charles J. G. Verge The story of the Prosser fantasies within Canadian philately is told. The quality and nature of these works of art make them all the more dangerous to collectors, since they are really made by a qualified artist just to develop his professional skills, not to defraud collectors!

FFE #13

SOME BRAZILIAN FAKES AND FORGERIES Class: TR Paulo Comelli With much detail and many elaborate arguments, thirteen examples are presented of fakes and forgeries within classic Brazilian philately – even some with misguided certificates.

FFE #13

THE GREAT BRITAIN 1883 HIGH VALUES ON BLUED PAPER – A STORY OF FORGERY AND DECEIT Class: TR Trevor I. Harris Just what the title says! – With special emphasis on forgeries, their background and their appearance.

FFE #13

ISSUES OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF PORTUGAL 1926-1928 Class: TR Pedro Vaz Pereira The interesting story behind these early Portuguese commemoratives and their speculative character is laid out. A warning is signalled for forged “proofs”, which appeared in the market 1955, then disappeared but resurfaced in 1989.

FFE #13

ABOUT THE HOMONNAY CANCELLATIONS SHOWN IN FEPAPOST 94 Class: TR Hendrik W. van der Vlist A presentation of pre-philatelic Hungarian HOMONNAY cancellations – and their fakes.

FFE #13

FORGERIES OF NORWEGIAN FIRST DAY COVERS – THE “1975-FORGERIES” Class: TR Peer-Christian Ånensen An interesting story and a tabular listing of forgeries found of modern material not often attracting the attention of forgers. But Norway is different, and the details are found here, including suspicious if not totally conclusive evidence such as how stamps are positioned and cancellations are placed on FDCs.

FFE #13

A SOMEWHAT EARLY, OR VERY LATE, KURLAND LETTER Class: TR Harry v. Hofmann A nice-looking eBay offering of a rare WW2 cover is figuratively torn to pieces by a subject matter expert.

FFE #13

THE PERKINS BACON 3 PENCE ON FOURPENCE STAMP Class: TR Anthony D. Presgrave The article, though dealing with all of the rare 3 Pence on Four Pence stamp (from South Australia), is primarily aimed at settling once and for all the status of the O. S. overprints. It will not be popular with collectors who possess examples of these O. S. stamps…

FFE #13

DESIGNS, PROOFS, ESSAYS Class: TR Jean-François Brun A thorough and well argued piece about the pitfalls of this increasingly popular subject – with many examples from within French philately.

FFE #13

THE FAKER WHO SHOT HIMSELF IN THE FOOT Class: TR Robin Gwynn An entertaining exposition of a faker who manipulated a VICTORIA LAND overprint to simulate a variety – and in doing so he overlooked and ruined a rare plate flaw in the original stamp, which was twice as rare as the would-be overprint error!

FFE #13

CANCELLATION MANIPULATIONS Class: TR Roland Frahm Cancellation manipulations found on modern Scandinavian stamps – with many examples.

FFE #13

ELEMENTARY ANALYSIS OF THE RICHARDSON INKS Class: TR Robert P. Odenweller An example of X-ray fluorescence assisted expert work on the subject of New Zealand Chalon Heads. The work is experimental and results are not totally conclusive.

FFE #13

GREAT BRITAIN POSTAL STATIONERY – A W. H. SMITH & SON ADVERTISING COLLAR MYSTERY Class: TR Alan Huggins The true mystery of an exotic British stationery cut (two examples seen), which must be a reproduction, yet without any possible significant financial gain attached.

FFE #13

PHILIPPINES: THE EMISSION 5 & 10 CUARTOS 1858-1862 Class: TR Eduardo Escalada-Goicoechea NB! Correction for the article: The figure text for figure 6 says it is a forgery. THIS IS NOT CORRECT – it is genuine. The figure with the wrong figure text is shown here. The article content is just as the title says. It is a story well told and with first rate illustrations.

FFE #13

GREAT BRITAIN MEDICINE TAX – FORGERIES OF THE ENGRAVED ISSUES Class: TR Chris Harman An unusual story about revenue seals and contemporary falsification of them – primarily executed outside the British realm to signal British origin and official approval of products without risking the heavy penalty imposed within Britain for such falsification.

FFE #13

MISUSE OF GENUINE CANCELS – EXAMPLES FROM PREVIOUS YUGOSLAVIA Class: TR Jovan Velickovic (I) A forged cover with the “Listopad” stamp, only valid 29 November 1918, is presented. (II) The story of forged 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics FDCs, and similar faked modern items, is given. (III) Serbian telegram forms 1941-44 franked with provisionals are analyzed and shown to be faked.

FFE #13

ECUADOR: THE SEEBECK 1894 REPRINTED CARD Class: TR Bernie Beston Type B of the stationery card in question – widely regarded as a fabrication to defraud collectors – is shown to exist genuinely used and is thus rehabilitated!

FFE #13

MOST SEDUCTIVE DOUBLE FRANKINGS Class: TR Michèle Chauvet By numerous examples – all concerning France and a second country – it is shown that such attractive objects as covers with stamps from two countries are particularly prone to be the “artistic” work of scrupulous forgers, and may even come with certificates from misled “experts”.

FFE #13

THE LOWDEN FORGERY – THE FULL STORY TOLD FOR THE FIRST TIME Class: TR Trevor I. Harris The entertaining crime story behind a particular forgery, of which only the few copies that played an active part in the ensuing court case are still in existence today.

FFE #13

THE FORGERIES OF GENERAL BALBOS 1933 FLIGHT FROM NEWFOUNDLAND Class: TR Richard Gratton Full explanation and illustrations pertaining to all four types of this rare provisional and their most prevalent falsifications.

FFE #13

THE “UN PRANC” ERROR Class: TR Raymond Goebel A detailed explanation and some wonderful illustrations of this most attractive and rare overprint error from Luxembourg, of which – perhaps surprisingly – less than a dozen are estimated to exist today.

FFE #13

MODERN STAMP FORGERIES OF GREAT BRITAIN Class: TR Hendrik W. van der Vlist Detailed information on false Machin stamps, denominations 24p, 2nd, and 1st.

FFE #13

MIXED FRANKINGS BELGIUM & FRANCE Class: TR Jan Huys A warning about early covers from France to Belgium with stamps from both countries, of which at least one does not belong on the cover. At least three are supposed to exist, and at least one has been offered for sale at several occasions in recent years.

FFE #13

THE FIRST “FORGERS”: PHILIP SPIRO, HAMBURG Class: TR Wolfgang Maassen The interesting story of one of the notorious classic wholesale reproducers of early stamps, and a description of the philatelic dilemmas associated with early falsification of stamps.

FFE #13

A GREAT HELIGOLAND COVER IS LOST FOR THE FUTURE Class: TR Lars Peter Svendsen A great collection was dissolved and a well-known item long regarded by all as a gem stone of Heligoland philately proved to be something else.

FFE #13

FIGHT AGAINST FAKES AND FORGERIES ON INTERNET SALES Class: TR Andrew M. T. Cheung A story from Hong Kong about how dispersion of fakes and forgeries through internet sales are combated there. With many concrete examples, both new and old, and richly illustrated.

FFE #13

NEW ASPECTS OF IDENTIFYING THE SLOVENIAN 15 AND 20 KRONEN FORGERIES Class: TR Per Friis Mortensen Story of an attempt to use 1200 dpi scanning and subsequent RGB colour separation to identify genuine and forged examples of two Slovenian stamps. Unfortunately, in this case the method did not prove to be a feasible means of doing so.

Class: TR

FFE #14

A NEW FORGER? Class: TR Jean-François Brun New very dangerous French forgeries of first issues with a very sharp warning for possible future discoveries of classis issues from other countries from the same forger. A very thorough investigation and report.

FFE #14

A NEWLY APPEARED “DEGRON- KUN” COVER OF TYPE 3 Class: PH Jun Ichi Matsumoto Another piece in the always ongoing puzzle of our expert´s study of these very rare Franco-Japanese mixed covers.

FFE #14

EAGLES, FIRST POSTAGE STAMPS OF THE FRENCH COLONIAL EMPIRE Class: TR Michèle Chauvet An excellent description of the first general issue for the French colonies. Besides explaining differences between genuine and forged stamps our expert also shows a lot of faked postmarks on genuine as well as on forged stamps.

FFE #14

GREAT BRITAIN POSTAL REFORM OF 1870 – 71 Class: PH Gavin Fryer A very detailed report about the postal reform, facilitating especially more heavy mail, in combination with the issue of a ½ d. stamp.

FFE #14

A MOST SPECTACULAR REUNION Class: TR Carl Aage Møller Three unique Danish philatelic crown jewels are proven to have belonged together. Our expert tells the history of them and the story about how they were put together to become one of the greatest rarities in Danish philately.

FFE #14

THE FORGERIES OF THE HIGH VALUES OF THE PAPAL STATES’ FIRST ISSUE Class: TR Thomas Mathà An advanced study of the forgeries of these two attractive stamps, which were all made to defraud collectors. No postal forgeries exist.

FFE #14

A WONDERFUL FANTASY/FORGERY Class: PST Stephen D. Schumann An exciting trip around the world for this postcard from the Netherlands was just a dream.

FFE #14

NOTES ON FORGERIES OF THE SCADTA PROVISIONAL ISSUES OF 1921 – 1923 Class: Aero Dieter Bortfeldt & Santiago Cruz A. Showing an array of forgeries of this popular issue. Forged stamps as well as forged surcharge and /or cancellations on genuine as well as forged stamps.

FFE #14

HOLY LAND FAKES AND FORGERIES – NEW EXAMPLES 1896 – 1938 Class: PH Yacov Tsachor & Zvi Aloni A selection faked and manipulated covers and postal stationery, mostly with faked postmarks, but also one with faked perfins.

FFE #14

THE THREE VALUES OF BULL’S EYES ON A COVER (MEYER’S COVER) Class: PH Paulo Comelli Our expert is tracing this fantastic cover back in time and share with us a lot of interesting anecdotes and stories about historical sales as well as about the owners. Also about the famous Swedish-American collector colonel Lagerlöf who through his donations made the Swedish Postal Museum exceptional. He is however is explained in spite of rumours not to have owned this remarkable cover.

FFE #14

SERBIA, THE 1866/69 PRINCE MICHAEL ISSUES, FORGERIES AND FAKES Class: TR Jovan Velickovic A very detailed study of the first issue of Serbia including the newspaper stamps. Identifying genuine stamps and describing various fakes including cancellations and bisects.

FFE #14

NEW CANADIAN POSTAL COUNTERFEITS Class: TR Richard Gratton This article is a follow up on the articles published in FFE number 8 and 9.These articles included a summary of all Canadian postal forgeries known to date. We will see that year 2010 has been a big year in Canada for postal forgeries with a total of eleven new forgeries!

FFE #14

3 SKILLING YELLOW OF SWEDEN Class: TR Jean-François Brun Another examination of this very famous stamp. Especially interesting as it starts from scratch and our expert works his way through all possibilities and hypothesis. Therefore also very interesting as a study of basic as well as advanced philatelic expert work.

FFE #14

COLORIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AN ENHANCED CANCEL ON A MAURITIUS1D STAMP Class: TR Thomas Lera The Smithsonian National Postal Museum (NPM) recently obtained a VSC6000 (video spectral comparator) for philatelic research. This article shows how it can be used to examine a postmark.

FFE #14

THE EXPERT OPINION ON ‘ONE’- SURCHARGE DEFINITIVE STAMPS OF DAEHAN EMPIRE Class: TR Yoon-Hong Kahn A very advanced report by the Korean Philatelic Society´s Expert Committee about the examination of 6 items with the one-surcharge. It includes a detailed inventory of the manufacturing and delivery/sale of these stamps.

FFE #14

CANADA’S LUNAR NEW YEAR OF THE PIG FAKES Class: TR Richard Gratton Believe it or not – also less than 5 year old stamps are faked to defraud collectors. Interesting story about faked modern varieties from Canada 2007 and earlier.

FFE #14

THE ROBERT CLARKSON BEQUEST – THE PLATES USED FOR THE FORGERIES OF GEORGE KIRKE JEFFRYES AND THE CULLUM STREET GANG Class: TR Christopher G. Harman Interesting inventory of the plates used by the infamous forgers Benjamin, Sarpy & Jeffryes for production of forgeries from English colonies and some south American countries.

FFE #14

FALSE ICELANDIC POSTMARK FROM REYKJAVIK Class: TR Roland Frahm Faked postmarks have been discovered on many different semi-modern issues from Iceland.

FFE #14

AN EXTENSION TO “A NOTE FOR YOUR ATTENTION” Class: TR Enrique Soro Bergua Spanish falsifications. A continuation of the article in FFE # 6, May 2003 with more forgeries and manipulated covers with the earliest Spanish issues including some from former colonies.

FFE #14

THE FILA-VIEW (PROTOTYPE) Class: Other Dieter Bortfeldt Our expert is showing and giving some details about this equipment, which can be very helpful in expert work.

FFE #14

THE SETTINGS OF THE AMIRI OVERPRINT Class: TR Hany Salam Showing in details the setting of these scarce Egyptian overprints with descriptions as well as pictures of some complete sheets.

FFE #14

MANIPULATED COVERS: A WARNING FLAG FOR EXPERTS Class: PH Robert P. Odenweller An interesting documentation of pieces and covers from New Zealand with lifted stamps. All well explained with information and knowledge that could be used for pieces from any country.

FFE #14

BELGIAN COMICS 1908-1915 Class: PH Morten J. Lintrup A relaxed and interesting description of a few peculiar items from this period.

FFE #14

THE FIRST YURI GAGARIN FLIGHT OFFICIAL POST MARK Class: Astro Igor Rodin Already now many faked cancellations exist on covers from this historic flight in 1961 with the first man in space.

FFE #14

POSTAL COUNTERFEITS OF THE 2C U.S. FIRST BUREAU ISSUE OF 1894-1902. A GUIDE TO IDENTIFICATION Class: TR John M. Hotchner A detailed description of these counterfeits, which are the earliest U.S. postal forgeries.

FFE #14

“MARTINSYDE” MANUSCRIPT OVERPRINT ON THE 3¢ NEWFOUNDLAND CARIBOU STAMP APRIL 12, 1919 Class: Aero J. Edward Nixon & Charles J. G.Verge A comprehensive report about this fascinating \”stamp issue\”. Also showing how things could be done during this historical epoch of pioneer flying and how much research it takes nowadays to sort out the corn of gold from the sand.

FFE #14

A FORGED SWEDISH SAW-TOOTHED CANCELLATION STAMP Class: TR Helena Obermüller Wilén Our expert is describing a fake of this unusually designed postmark the end@copyright 2012 8 Comments

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The Rare Stamps Of The world,all collectors must read this articles Posted on February 9, 2012 | 8 comments

Rare Stamps

The Rare Phillatelic Thematic Collections Created By Dr Iwan suwandy,MHA Private limited edition in CD-ROM special for Phillatelic Collectors Jakarta 2011 @ copyrighr Dr Iwan 2011 THIS THE SAMPLE OF PRIVATE LIMITED E-BOOK EDITION IN cd-rom, THE COMPLETE cd WITH ILLUSTRATION EXIST BUT ONLY FOR PREMIUM MEMBER, iF YOU NEED THIS EXITING INFO PLEASE SUBSCRIBED VIA COMMENT TO TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT STAMPS AND PHILLATELY ,PLEASE YOU TELL THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE STAMPS. uNTUK MENGKAJI KEMAMPUAN PARA KOLEKTOR PRANGKO INDONESIA,SILAHKAN ANDA MENEBAK ILLUSTRATSI DRAI PRANGKO YANG NARASINYA TERLAMPIR DIBAWAH INI, DAN ADAKAN ANDA MEMILIKI PRANGKO TERSEBUT,BILA ADA SILAHKAN KOMENTAR LIWAT COMMENT,TETAPI BILA TIDAK TAHU DAN PENEASARAN DAFTARKAN DIRI ANDA UNTUK MENJADI ANGGOTA PREMIUM LIWAT COMMENT. INTRODUCTIONS I started collecting stamps in 1955 at the age of ten years, first acquiring the stamp of the Italian priest in the form of cuttings Ganizaro old letters, based on this collection I started feeding a stamp collection that has a beautiful picture of Swiss design, especially the flora, fauna and natural scenery , then the collection develops after Pasto italy obtain a catalog of Italian who began collecting stamps is based on catalog prices were high that the Italian and swiss KLIhatlah my profile with my teacher pack Sofyanto while in middle xekolah Upper Don Bosco Padang 1960-1963 Pengetahuna philatelic collection thematik me about the first time when I followed the practice of medicine at the Faculty of the University of Indonesia in 1970-1972 kedoktera look at profile pictures always say that time that I use in each of my books as the beginning of nostalgia when given increased knowledge philatelic catalog Yvert and Tellier by my Uncle Drs Abdisa look at my profile then The biggest collection I have after I graduated and began the practice of medical education in Solok General West Sumatra, as it has funds to buy stamps at that time still relatively cheap, I memeproleh two major collections owned by collectors around the world in the old one album and a collection schauberk Switzerland . Collection terseburt growing up as I went on to study a master S2 Hospital Administration 1989-1990 and continued during sya duty in West Kalimantan 1990-1994, and served in the Police Headquarters of the Republic of Indonesia 1994-2001 During the period of nearly fifty years I have read and my study of rare stamps thematik every night sebelu m tridur to understand her. After retired I start adventuring around asia for postal history and stamp collecting rare thematik, when my visit in 2008, when singah in Bangkok, say to find a book of stamps that acquiring thematik Large Gold medals in International competitions, because the book is very expensive at nearly U.S. $ 400 , – say the record just kind of say thematik breastfeeding use as the basis of electronic books CD-ROM. Look at my profile before the war museum in Ho Chi Minh City

In 2010 I built a web blog for up to three MUSEUM DUNIA MAYA DR IWAN S. Dr IWAN ‘S CYBERMUSEUM hhtp: / / http://www.Driwancybermuseum.wordpress.com hhtp: / / http://www.iwansuwandy.wordpress.com hhtp: / / http://www.uniquecollection.wordpress.com I have been showing a lot of my collection in Cybermuseum above. I realize this is still a lot lack of paper , therefore, corrections and suggestions as well as additional information so I would expect I thank the various parties who telang emndukungd memebrikan an encouragement to me to be able to menyelesiakan paper electronic book preformance CRF-ROM. May be useful for philatelists koletor thematik in developing the collection so the highest award win the Large Gold medal.

One article I have upload before the rare Indonesian stamps THE RARE 19 th CENTURY DUTCH EAST INDIE STAMPS INDONESIAN VERSION 1. Prangko Pertama tanpa perforasi Raja Willem 2. ATAS DEI KEDUA Raja Willem III UNPERFORATED PRANGKO . II. BAB DUA ATAS AWAL ABAD 20 RARE DEI PRANGKO 1. JUBILEUM Ratu Wilhelmina 5 Gulden 2. BANDUNG Jaarbeurs 10 CENT 3. Ratu Wilhelmina KONIJNENBERG PRANGKO 1942 (1) 20 CENT (2) 35 CENT (3) 5 Gulden (4) 25 Gulden BAB TIGA DAI NIPPON PEKERJAAN INDONESIA SEMUA KOLEKSI RARE MEREKA ATAS PHILLATELIC POSTALLY DIGUNAKAN PADA COV ER ATAU fragmen ATAU PENUTUP MATI, PRANGKO MINT TIDAK RARE KARENA PRANGKO MINT TERLALU BANYAK TIDAK BISA DIGUNAKAN SELAMA PERANG, MENGAPA YANG ATAS PRANGKO MINT SELALU STAMP UMUM KECUALI Overprints SMOE PHILLATELICT. CHPAPTER EMPAT INDONESIA KEMERDEKAAN PERANG Situasi yang sama dengan era pendudukan dai nippon. BAB LIMA 1. RIS 2 RUPIAH MINT KONDISI 2. RIAU mencetak di (1) 5 CENT PADI Kapas (2) 10 CENT PADI Kapas (3) 25 CENT PADI Kapas (4) POST 50 CENT KANTOR BANGUNAN 3. Belum ditempatkan PRANGKO (1) SALAK 1976 AKHIR CONTOH HAK CIPTA Dr @ IWAN S 2010 September 2010 Dr Iwan suwandy Versi Indonesia saya MULAI mengumpul prangko Tahun 1955 PADA USIA Sepuluh Tahun, Date Nilai Kali memeroleh prangko bahasa Dari pendeta Italia Ganizaro berupa guntingan surat-surat lama, berdasarkan koleksi Suami mulailah saya menyusu suatu koleksi prangko Yang memiliki Gambar Yang indah terutama bahasa Dari Swiss desain flora, fauna Dan Pemandangan alamnya , kemudian berkembang koleksi Penghasilan kena pajak memeperoleh katalogus bahasa Dari Pasto italy mulailah mengumpulkan prangko Italia Yang harganya Tinggi berdasarkan katalogus Italia Dan swiss tersebut KLIhatlah profil saya Mencari Google Artikel guru saya pak Sofyanto saat di xekolah menengah Atas Don Bosco di Padang 1960-1963 Pengetahuna saya tentang koleksi filateli thematik Date Nilai Kali saat saya mengikuti praktek kedokteran di Fakultas kedoktera Universitas Indonesia Tahun 1970-1972 lihatlah foto profil tersebut mengatakan saat Yang selalu saya pergunakan di terkait masih berlangsung Buku saya sebagai nostalgia mulainya peningkatan Pengetahuan filateli saat diberikan katalogus Yvert dan Tellier Dibuat Paman saya Drs Abdisa lihatlah profil saya saat ITU Koleksi terbesarnya saya Miliki Penghasilan kena pajak saya tamat Pendidikan kedokteran Dan MULAI praktek Umum di Solok Sumatera barat, KARENA memiliki dana untuk membeli prangko Yang saat ITU Masih relatif yang murah harganya, Saya memeproleh doa koleksi Besar Milik kolektor lama Satu seluruh Dunia dalam album schaubek Dan Satu koleksi Swiss . KOleksi terseburt berkembang sampai saat saya melanjutkan studi menjabarkan S2 Master Administrasi Rumah Sakit Tahun 19891990 Dan dilanjutkan saat saya bertugas di Kalimantan Barat 1990-1994, Dan bertugas di Markas Besar Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 1994-2001 Selama kurun Terbalik hampir lima Puluh Tahun saya membaca Dan memepelajari prangko thematik Yang Langka terkait masih berlangsung Malam sebelu m tridur sampai memahami nya. Setealh pensiun mengatakan MULAI bertualang keliling asia untuk mengumpulkan pos sejarah Dan prangko thematik Langka, saat kunjungan saya Tahun 2008, saat singah di Bangkok, Saya menemukan sebuah Buku tentang prangko thematik Yang memeroleh Medali Emas besar PADA perlombaan Internasional, KARENA Buku sangat mahal hampir US $ 400, – mengatakan mencatat Saja JENIS thematik Yang mengatakan jadikan ditempatkan dan penyusuan Buku Elektronik CD-ROM inisial. Lihatlah profil saya didepan museum perang di Ho Chi Minh PADA Tahun 2010 saya membangun web blog sampai Tiga hhtp

/ http://www.Driwancybermuseum.wordpress.com

hhtp

/ http://www.iwansuwandy.wordpress.com

hhtp

/ http://www.uniquecollection.wordpress.com

Saya telah menampilkan BANYAK koleksi saya di Cybermuseum tersebut Diatas. Saya menyadari Karya tulis Suami Masih BANYAK ekurangannya, Dibuat KARENA ITU koreksi Dan Saran Serta Informasi tambahan sangat saya harapkan Saya mengucapkan Terima kasih kepada berbagai pihak Yang telang emndukungd sebuah memebrikan Semangat kepada saya untuk dapat menyelesiakan Karya tulis Buku Elektronik dalm CRF-ROM inisial. Semoga ADA manfaatnya * Bagi koletor filatelis thematik dalam mengembangkan koleksinya sehingga dapt memperoleh penghargaan tertinggi Medali Emas Besar. Ada doa JENIS prangko langka yaitu prangko terkenal (terkenal) Dan prangko Langka (jarang), untuk lebih jelas Tukang pilih Lihat Artikel dibawah Suami dalam bahasa penerjemah Jakarta Agustus 2010 Dr Iwan suwandy Para Terkenal dan Perangko Langka Terkenal Prangko Penny Hitam Kantor Pos Mauritius Treskilling Kuning Inverted Jenny Gronchi Rosa Basel Dove Benjamin Franklin Z Grill Inggris Guyana 1c Magenta Inverted Kepala Empat Hanas Scinde Dawk Kendali Daftar Perangko Langka Perangko Langka Treskilling Kuning Benjamin Franklin Z Grill Inverted Swan Kantor Pos Mauritius Inverted Jenny Perot Sementara Red Mercury Inggris Guyana 1c Magenta Hawaiian Missionaries Woodblocks Cap Nama Penny Hitam Basel Dove Kantor Pos Mauritius Perot Sementara Cottonreels Hawaiian Missionaries Scinde Dawk Inverted Kepala Empat Hanas Inverted Swan Treskilling Kuning Red Mercury Inggris Guyana 1 Magenta persen Woodblock Prangko Z Grill Uganda cowrie Inverted Jenny Bluenose Gronchi Rosa Swedia $ 2.500.000 Franc Swiss Austria $ 40.000 Dolar AS Inggris Guyana $ 935.000 Dollar AS Tanjung Harapan £ 15.000 sterling Amerika Serikat $ 2.970.000 Uganda ? Amerika Serikat $ 525.000 Dolar AS Kanada $ 700 Dolar Kanada Italia £ 890 Euro “Salah Satu Perangko paling langka di dunia.” Mengapa? Senior Member Lanjutan Stamp Dewan Guru Joined: Wed Jul 29, 2009 22:48:13 am Tulisan: 194 Lokasi: Hamilton, Kanada Saya melampirkan sebuah pic dari artikel ini di Stamp Gibbon itu Bulanan majalah-April 1998. Judul-“Salah Satu Perangko paling langka di dunia”. Islandia-1 Gildi cap. Apa yang membuat cap ini begitu langka? Puncak David Benson Post subject: Re: Salah Satu Perangko paling langka di dunia Posted: Fri 21 Agustus 2009 07:32:40 am Shooting Star GREEN Posting orang gila! Joined: Tue 29 Mei 2007 09:05:46 am Tulisan: 1996 Lokasi: Sydney Ini adalah definisi yang tepat dari kata “RARE”. Karena hanya satu contoh dari cap ini dikenal maka harus langka. Ada banyak prangko dengan hanya satu contoh dikenal walaupun hanya beberapa dari mereka mungkin berhak untuk mendapatkan nomor katalog terpisah. Item Islandia adalah kesalahan dan digunakan saham lebih tua sebagai dasar untuk, mencetak di 1902 biasanya Perf tersebut. 14 x 13 1/2 6a. ini overprinted di Carmine, yang juga sangat langka tapi yang satu ini overprinted di Black yang hanya 1 contoh yang pernah dicatat. Sebagian besar overprinted pada 6a tersebut. berada di cetak nanti yang berlubang 12 1/2, David B. Puncak Greg Ioannou Post subject: Re: “. Salah Satu Perangko paling langka di dunia” Mengapa? Posted: Fri 21 Agustus 2009 18:18:49 WIB GOLD Shooting Star Stampboards LEGENDA! Joined: Thu Apr 18, 2007 12:18:56 Tulisan: 2219 Lokasi: Kanada Para perfs di bagian atas agak kasar. Saya pikir saya akan menunggu lebih bagus satu. Greg Puncak mikestein Post subject: Re: “. Salah Satu Perangko paling langka di dunia” Mengapa? Posted: Fri 21 Agustus 2009 19:11:38 WIB Saya online selama 3 Jumlah kami Ulang Tahun! Joined: Fri 18 Mei 2007 17:12:19 WIB Tulisan: 605 Lokasi: Melbourne, Australia Greg Ioannou wrote: Para perfs di bagian atas agak kasar. Saya pikir saya akan menunggu lebih bagus satu. Greg ho, ho! Agaknya lembar keseluruhan harus dicetak, tapi yang lain tidak bertahan …. meskipun yang satu ini tampaknya tidak digunakan, sehingga membuat Anda bertanya-tanya apakah itu menyelinap keluar dari printer oleh seseorang pada saat itu. Puncak GlenStephens Post subject: Re: “. Salah Satu Perangko paling langka di dunia” Mengapa? Posted: Fri 21 Agustus 2009 22:25:56 WIB Saya online selama 3 Jumlah kami Ulang Tahun! Joined: Wed Sep 6, 2005 19:46:12 am Tulisan: 14120 Lokasi: Sunny Sydney …. baik Castlecrag harus tepat. Seperti Swedia Tre Skilling Yellow, cap ini juga memiliki sejarah kontroversial. Tapi TIDAK unik. http://www.scc-online.org/old/ph05feb.pdf Mencolok dengan ketiadaan dari daftar atau bahkan menyebutkan dalam katalog besar, misalnya, Scott, Gibbons, Michel, dan Yvert, adalah Islandia sangat menarik dan relatif jarang Ã?? Gildi mencetak di berbagai warna. Ini adalah cap 16-aur kontroversial, ½ 14×13 berlubang, overprinted dengan warna merah, bukan hitam. Perangko tersebut sering disebut sebagai salah satu Ã?? Gildi “Ferrarities,” memiliki pertama kali muncul diantara koleksi prangko kolektor terkenal Philipp von la Rénotià ¨ re Ferrary. Hal itu disertai ada oleh tiga merah lainnya varietas warna bukan-of-hitam biaya tambahan (di 14×13 berlubang ½ 50 – dan 100-aur perangko dan di atas materai 12 berlubang ¾ 10-aur), yang dikelompokkan dalam kategori yang sama “kesalahan” dan dianggap unik. Sayangnya, koleksi besar Ferrary, yang dilelang pada awal tahun 1920 setelah nya kematian pada tahun 1917, mencakup tidak hanya beberapa langka dunia terbesar, tetapi palsu juga banyak. Akibatnya, selama bertahun-tahun setelah itu, semua empat dari merah surcharged varietas dipandang oleh banyak pakar terkemuka Islandia filateli, termasuk Lundgaard pada tahun 1941 laporan yang tidak diterbitkan dan kemudian oleh Pihl pada tahun 1946 publikasi, Kepulauan Frimerker, sebagai palsu langsung. et, dll, Puncak Lakatoi 4 Post subject: Re: “. Salah Satu Perangko paling langka di dunia” Mengapa? Posted: Fri 21 Agustus 2009 22:37:51 WIB 15 RIBU CLUB – Supremo Poster Stamp! Joined: Thu Apr 19, 2007 20:41:04 am Tulisan: 16377 Lokasi: bintang Pertama di sebelah kiri kemudian lurus sampai pagi … GlenStephens wrote: Sayangnya, koleksi besar Ferrary, yang dilelang pada awal tahun 1920 setelah nya kematian pada tahun 1917, mencakup tidak hanya beberapa langka dunia terbesar, tetapi palsu juga banyak. Akibatnya, selama bertahun-tahun setelah itu, semua empat dari merah surcharged varietas dipandang oleh banyak pakar terkemuka Islandia filateli, termasuk Lundgaard pada tahun 1941 laporan yang tidak diterbitkan dan kemudian oleh Pihl pada tahun 1946 publikasi, Kepulauan Frimerker, sebagai palsu langsung. et, dll, [/ i] Ini pemalsuan bisa dengan mudah dilakukan oleh Benjamin & Sarpy dan dijual ke Ferrari (Ferrary) sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam posting terakhir dari topik saya – klik di sini: http://www.stampboards.com/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=13463 Langka perangko investasi sekarang ‘lebih baik dari pasar saham Kita melihat mengapa prangko tertagih menawarkan tingkat keandalan pasar keuangan tradisional tidak bisa cocok Sampai saat ini, Anda mungkin tidak pernah berpikir untuk berinvestasi dalam perangko langka. Namun dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, semakin banyak investor telah berpaling perhatian mereka untuk melakukan diversifikasi portofolio aset mereka dengan berinvestasi di pasar cap – dan dengan alasan yang baik. Merrill Lynch, cabang investasi dari The Bank of America, menyarankan investor tinggi layak untuk mencari investasi 10% dari modal dalam sumber-sumber alternatif – istilah umum yang mencakup perangko langka. Dan ketika Anda melihat angka-angka, mudah untuk melihat mengapa. Para GB30 Rarities indeks adalah panduan definitif untuk nilai 30 perangko Top Inggris jarang direkomendasikan untuk investasi. Dan itu membuat bacaan menarik untuk setiap investor melihat ke arah dunia perangko langka bagi peluang. Selama periode 2007-2008, indeks GB30 menunjukkan peningkatan keseluruhan 38,6% untuk 30 langka atas Inggris. Nilai dari daftar meningkat lebih jauh pada 2009-2010, dengan peningkatan 7% lebih lanjut. Para Kirkudbright terkenal Penny Hitam Sampul Hari Pertama Para GB30 diperbarui langka indeks untuk 2010 menunjukkan bahwa lebih dari empat puluh tahun terakhir, telah terjadi peningkatan 6.403% dalam nilai dari tiga puluh perangko langka terdaftar. Selama periode yang sama, pasar harga rumah mengalami peningkatan dari 3,559%. Angka-angka untuk periode ini juga menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang stabil dalam nilai perangko langka, di samping mengalami fluktuasi di pasar perumahan dan emas. Jika kita menganalisis persentase pertumbuhan lima tahun dari pasar selama empat puluh tahun terakhir, 1995 angka menunjukkan bahwa nilai harga rumah turun sebesar 12% dari £ 58.982 – £ 51.633. Selama periode yang sama, GB30 langka menikmati peningkatan nilai 5% dari £ 370.750 untuk £ 390.500. Harga emas berfluktuasi sangat selama 40 tahun terakhir. Pada tahun 1985, pengurangan 38% dalam nilai dari Gold terjadi dengan harga bergerak dari £ 514 sampai £ 317. Selama periode yang sama, GB30 Rarities indeks menikmati pertumbuhan 10% dalam nilai dari £ 309.750 untuk £ 341.500. Baru-baru ini masih, pada tahun 2000 sebagai gelembung pecah e-commerce, kami juga melihat Harga emas turun 29% dari £ 385 sampai £ 275, dan belum daftar Rarities GB menikmati peningkatan nilai 29% dari £ 390.500 untuk £ 505.250 dalam periode ini. Para GB30 Rarities indeks telah memberikan pertumbuhan senyawa rata-rata tahunan sebesar 11%. Untuk menempatkan angka ini ke dalam perspektif berdetak inflasi oleh 4,4% rata-rata per tahun. Perangko investasi booming di Asia, dengan besar penjualan termasuk Pendapatan Merah ini terkenal Sementara pasar emas, perumahan dan saham terus berfluktuasi, dalam sejarah 40 tahun dari indeks Rarities GB30 tidak pernah ada penurunan nilai dari setiap perangko dalam indeks. Bahkan selama periode terakhir mengalami inflasi yang tinggi di Inggris – 1975-1980 – nilai perangko langka naik sebesar 593% luar biasa. Hal ini karena sumber investasi tradisional tunduk pada variasi tergantung pada masalah ekonomi seperti inflasi atau crash di pasar saham. Para GB30 Rarities indeks dan nilai-nilainya didukung oleh pasar konsumen barat sekitar 30 juta kolektor prangko. Oleh karena itu, ada sedikit kemungkinan dari nilai-nilai dari setiap perangko langka, semalam menghilang. Yang benar adalah bahwa sementara sumber investasi tradisional telah menyebabkan sakit kepala bagi dunia keuangan, pasar perangko langka tidak bisa lebih sehat. Pada bulan Juni tahun ini, Robert A Siegel diselenggarakan Dunia tahunan mereka Rarities lelang cap, yang sudah berjalan sejak tahun 1964 di Amerika. Secara keseluruhan, banyak 352 terjual, membawa sejumlah tokoh lima besar dan bahkan enam digit hasil. Dari banyak bagian tunggal, kedua penjual terbesar keduanya membalikkan dari seri Pan-Amerika, ditemukan di setidaknya empat kantor pos yang berbeda di seluruh Amerika Serikat. Dan dari dua, yang pertama adalah untuk menjadi salah satu banyak atas: strip dari empat cetakan 1c hijau, yang memiliki serangkaian huruf plat sketsa hitam dan “1c” jejak denominasi – contoh hanya dikenal karena cap 1c. Banyak yang dijual hampir persis perkiraan pada $ 145.000. Namun, ia dikalahkan oleh contoh kualitas permata dari 2c Pan-Amerika invert. Perangko tersebut memiliki harga diperkirakan sebesar $ 55.000 tetapi pada akhirnya dijual seharga $ 105.000. Di Inggris, pasar juga terus booming. Hanya sebulan lalu, dealer cap Stanley Gibbons menyimpulkan kesepakatan untuk salah satu prangko terlangka Inggris: Edward II pada 1904 6d Purple kusam Pucat, seharga £ 400.000. Juga dikenal sebagai Resmi IR, cap ditarik segera setelah masalah itu pada tanggal 14 Maret 1904. Menurut para ahli, sebagai sedikit 19 lembar cap dibuat, dan semua lembar hancur setelah overprints resmi telah berakhir. Contoh lain yang dikenal dari cap yang beredar dapat ditemukan di Koleksi Royal dan museum seperti National Postal Museum. Angka diterbitkan oleh Stanley Gibbons menunjukkan bahwa sejak 2005, Ungu Kusam 6d Pale telah tiga kali lipat nilai. Sementara sejak tahun 2007 telah meningkat sebesar 150%. Pada ujung bawah pasar, perangko langka yang menikmati keberhasilan di lelang. Yang sangat langka dan penuh warna 1d oranye merah terang, dengan tepi kiri lurus, pergi untuk pelelangan dengan perkiraan 3.500 presale £. Cap, yang telah melakukan perjalanan surat dari Sydney ke Bologna, dijual seharga £ 13.000, hampir empat kali harga perkiraan. Sejarah di tangan Anda: Vermilion Oranye 1d Pasar perangko langka selanjutnya disahkan melalui kolektor profil tinggi seperti, Bill Gross, pendiri dari Pacific Investment Management (PIMCO). Pada tahun 2007, Gross dijual koleksi perangko langka awal Inggris untuk $ 10.500.000 di lelang. Dalam New York Times, ia menggambarkan perangko langka sebagai “lebih baik dari pasar saham.” Anda bisa memahami maksudnya. Hanya tujuh tahun sebelumnya, ia telah membeli koleksi langka perangko Persemakmuran Inggris hanya di bawah $ 2.500.000 – mengubah keuntungan lebih dari 300% dalam waktu kurang dari satu dekade. Sementara minat perangko langka sebagai kendaraan investasi terus berkembang di dunia barat, dekade terakhir telah melihat perkembangan pasar di China dan India pengisian bahan bakar permintaan. Dalam dekade terakhir, kelas menengah dasar kolektor baru telah muncul dari Brazil, Rusia, India, dan China, atau dikenal sebagai negara-negara BRIC. Jim O’Neil Kepala Riset Ekonomi Global di Goldman Sachs pertama menciptakan istilah “BRIC” dalam tahun 2001. Dalam laporan 2003 “Dreaming dengan BRICs: Jalan untuk tahun 2050,” Goldman Sachs menduga hal berikut: “Selama 50 tahun ke depan, Brasil, Rusia, India dan China-BRICs ekonomi-bisa menjadi kekuatan yang jauh lebih besar dalam perekonomian dunia. Menggunakan proyeksi demografi terbaru dan model akumulasi modal dan pertumbuhan produktivitas, kita merencanakan pertumbuhan PDB , pendapatan per kapita dan pergerakan mata uang di negara-negara BRIC sampai 2050. Jika ada yang benar, dalam waktu kurang dari 40 tahun, ekonomi BRICs bersama-sama dapat lebih besar dari G6 dalam dolar AS. Pada tahun 2025, mereka dapat menjelaskan lebih dari setengah ukuran G6. Saat ini mereka bernilai kurang dari 15%. Dari G6 saat ini, hanya AS dan Jepang mungkin di antara enam perekonomian terbesar dalam dolar AS pada 2050. “ Dari jumlah tersebut Bangsa BRIC, Cina telah muncul dengan pasar langka yang luas dan cepat berkembang cap kolektor yang diperkirakan sekitar 18 juta kolektor. Pasar cap Cina adalah menciptakan harga rekor dunia juga. Pada bulan September 2009, salah satu kolektor Cina, dibayar $ 331.671 untuk satu cap Pendapatan Merah, yang merupakan salah satu dari 32 kiri dari dinasti Qing 1897 Cina. Ini adalah Rekor Dunia Harga untuk penjualan perangko Cina tunggal, tetapi lebih dari tiga bulan kemudian, contoh lain, dijual seharga $ 711.600, lebih dari dua kali lipat jumlah yang dibayar hanya empat bulan sebelumnya. Sementara pasar Cina baru terus tumbuh, pasar cap Barat langka segera juga mengalami peningkatan jumlah kolektor. Di AS dan Inggris, angka pensiun diatur untuk meledak pada dekade berikutnya, dengan sekitar 95.000 dari generasi baby boomer 1950 pensiun setiap minggu dari negara-negara saja. Ahli Koleksi mengantisipasi tingkat peningkatan minat pada hobi dan barang-barang nostalgia di antara kelompok ini. Tambahkan ke ini tingkat tinggi dari pendapatan yang tersedia ke grup besar dan Anda memiliki potensi untuk permintaan lebih lanjut untuk prangko langka. Museum dan lembaga yang mengambil minat dalam perangko langka juga. Bill Gross baru-baru ini menyumbangkan $ 8.000.000 senilai perangko langka untuk sebuah galeri di Smithsonian Museum Pos Nasional yang akan dibuka pada 2012. The Yellow Treskilling sangat berharga Hari ini, perangko langka juga merupakan komoditas yang paling berharga di dunia dengan berat badan. Hal ini disebabkan salah satu Stamp semacam “Treskilling Kuning”, yang baru saja terjual di lelang seharga £ 1.600.000. Perangko tersebut sebelumnya dijual seharga $ 2.330.000 pada tahun 1996 dan disamakan menjadi senilai $ 71000000000 per kilogram. Para minat baru dalam perangko langka berasal dari kekayaan global yang baru ditemukan, minat baru di pasar dan daya tarik keuangan jelas memiliki toko sangat portabel dan diakui kekayaan. Seperti setiap investor yang bijaksana akan memberitahu Anda, masih tentang membuat pilihan yang tepat dalam investasi perangko langka Anda. Membeli apapun perangko dapat meninggalkan Anda siap untuk daftar kartu Natal tahun depan, tapi kunci untuk investasi apapun adalah untuk penelitian pembelian Anda. Cobalah untuk mendapatkan pendapat kedua dari seseorang dengan pengetahuan perangko koleksi langka. Adrian Roose, cap investasi ahli Paul Fraser Koleksi, menjelaskan: “itu pasokan sempurna dan permintaan pasar Permintaan meningkat terutama dari Cina dan pasokan berkurang sebagai koleksi lebih besar yang disumbangkan ke museum..” Dengan pasar diatur untuk boom, investasi semacam ini mungkin saja kesempatan Anda untuk mencari tahu mengapa Bill Gross memandang investasi perangko langka sebagai “lebih baik dari pasar saham.” FilateliRaja Hobi Mengumpulkan perangko memiliki hari ini Menjadi salah satu hobi yang paling populer di dunia. Hal ini secara luas dikenal sebagai “Raja Hobi dan Hobby of Kings”, meskipun Raja dan Maharajas kini telah menjadi obyek sejarah. Tiga terakhir raja-raja Inggris adalah kolektor tajam seperti Ratu ini. Di Amerika Serikat, mantan Presiden Franklin Roosevelt adalah pendukung dalam filateli dan mantan presiden Ford adalah seorang kolektor perangko rahasia. Selama bertahun-tahun, Kings, Queens, Politisi, miskin, kaya, pengusaha, akuntan, bintang film, ilmuwan dan banyak orang lain di bidang yang berbeda telah mengejar hobi ini dengan minat. Singkatnya, anak-anak, muda, tua dan semua orang yang terlibat dalam hobi terlepas dari usia atau posisi. Ini benar-benar secara benar disebut ‘Filateli-Raja Hobi. Koleksi perangko tidak hanya memberikan kenikmatan tetapi juga meningkatkan pengetahuan kita. Orang mungkin mendapatkan kenikmatan dengan melihat prangko tetapi tidak akan menjadi pengetahuan dengan melihat itu. Untuk ini, kita harus mencari pengetahuan dalam literatur masa lalu dan sekarang filateli. ————————————————– —————————— Filateli dan Filatelis yang Filateli adalah nama yang diberikan untuk mengumpulkan perangko. Siswa perangko disebut filatelis. Kata ‘Filatelis’ berasal dari dua kata Yunani, “Philos ‘, yang berarti’ cinta ‘dan’ atelos ‘atau” bebas pajak, atau dibayar. Prangko adalah tanda-tanda bahwa perangko atau pajak, telah dibayar. Ini adalah studi dan koleksi perangko dan pendapatan, label dan sampul hari pertama. MG Herpin orang Perancis telah memberikan nama ini “Filateli” untuk mengumpulkan perangko. Bahkan, filateli sangat erat terkait dengan layanan pos dan Departemen. Kata “Postia” berasal dari kata Latin “Pos” berarti “Tempat”. Ini diperoleh makna yang tepat terhubung dengan membawa Surat di bagian akhir dari usia pertengahan. Filateli adalah hobi yang sangat baik. Ini menyebarkan kebosanan yang, sesuatu yang tak hidup dan kelemahan. Ini memberikan waktu keterlibatan penuh dan kenikmatan. Apakah itu hujan atau bersinar atau apakah itu siang atau malam, menyebabkan gangguan tidak untuk siapa pun. Bit-bit kecil dari kertas (Prangko) yang elegan dan imajinatif penonton merasa seolah-olah ia bepergian di negeri-negeri jauh saat ia melihat pemandangan indah, piramida, pigmi, kanguru, teratai, potret burung patriot dan berbagai tema lain. Prangko adalah utusan perdamaian Internasional baik, kehendak dan persahabatan dan telah menjadi media komunikasi gagasan budaya, sastra, agama, ilmu pengetahuan, perdagangan, sejarah dan industri. Berbagai jenis ide menyebar melalui perangko yang pergi ke semua pria dan wanita di seluruh dunia dan itu benar-benar global. Pemenang Hadiah Nobel fisikawan Hans Bethe “kata, “Stamp mengumpulkan adalah hobi tertib dan album saya adalah satu-satunya tempat aku tahu pada saat mana bangsa-bangsa di dunia bersama tongkat damai”. Ini hobi yang unik mengembangkan ‘Lima Hs’ yaitu Kepala, Tangan, Jantung, Kebiasaan dan Kesehatan. Pengetahuan melalui pengumpulan stempel, adalah slogan pengumpulan Tropis Amerika, Asosiasi Tematik (koleksi berdasarkan tema tertentu atau atas a) meningkatkan nilai-nilai pendidikan dan memberikan insentif untuk hobi ini. Bagi mahasiswa di India, disarankan untuk mengumpulkan prangko Pos India periode Pasca Kemerdekaan sebagai perangko ini tidak hanya mudah tersedia dan murah tetapi juga menanamkan minat berkelanjutan dalam hobi itu sendiri. ————————————————– —————————— Hari Pertama Meliputi Sampul hari pertama adalah amplop khusus bantalan stempel digunakan dan pasca ditandai pada hari masalah juga dapat dikumpulkan. Folder khusus dibawa keluar pada saat isu tersebut harus dikumpulkan dan dipelajari karena memberikan banyak informasi dan meningkatkan pengetahuan umum. Sebuah SAMPUL HARI PERTAMA DITERBITKAN DI 1981 (Dari koleksi PV) Filateli bukan hanya subjek seni tetapi juga ilmu pengetahuan itu sendiri. Pertanyaan seperti “Apa, Kapan, Mengapa dan mana”, yang Ws lima selalu ditanyakan dan dijawab “Sebuah gambar adalah seribu kata” adalah pepatah dan ini pepatah lama dapat tepat diterapkan pada setiap halaman album dari setiap koleksi topikal, ditata secara artistik dengan baik menulis-up. Hobby perangko pengumpulan menjadi lebih dan lebih populer di negara kita. Beberapa tahun lalu ada tidak begitu banyak kolektor atau masyarakat atau klub seperti sekarang dan pada hari naik hari. Hal ini menunjukkan popularitas dan kemajuan filateli. Beberapa masyarakat utama dan filatelis banyak dan tentu saja Post & Telegraph Departemen telah memberikan kontribusi luar biasa terhadap pertumbuhan hobi ini. Tingkat kabupaten ke negara, Nasional dan Pameran Internasional di sepuluh tahun terakhir telah tercerahkan ribuan orang yang tertarik pada semua aspek hobi ini. Saat ini ada majalah dan masyarakat banyak literatur untuk memandu orang yang ingin tahu lebih banyak tentang negara kita ini juga bangsa lain itu filateli. Sebuah Filatelis baik mengumpulkan perangko untuk kesenangan murni mereka berasal daripada aspek nilai yang insidentil. Salah satu kolektor prangko pertama tercatat dalam sejarah adalah seorang wanita dari Isle of Wight (U. K.) yang memulai perangko bersasaran mengumpulkan pada tahun 1841. Saat itu, ada beberapa prangko yang diterbitkan di seluruh dunia. Dia pergi untuk kuantitas dengan sebuah ide untuk kertas dinding kamarnya dan dia meminta bantuan dari teman-teman dan kerabat dan menerima paket perangko digunakan. Salah satu bidang tersebut meledak di Kantor Pos mengakibatkan penyelidikan polisi. Pada akhirnya ditemukan bahwa dia bukan penipuan tapi hanya penggemar tidak berbahaya. Dari awal naas sedikit, cap pengumpulan hari ini telah menjadi salah satu hobi yang paling populer di dunia. ————————————————– —————————— Evolusi cap . PERTAMA POSTAGE STAMP DUNIA ADHESIVE ‘SATU Penny Black’ Perangko pertama di dunia perekat, Black Penny diterbitkan di Inggris pada tanggal 6 Mei 1840. Ini hanya sedikit kertas, dicetak dengan motif hitam kepala Ratu, namun memiliki keindahan tersendiri dan pesona dan merupakan kepemilikan untuk pamer. Ini menandakan kedatangan era baru dalam sejarah komunikasi. Tidak hanya itu mengurangi bahaya dari mengumpulkan perangko tetapi juga merevolusi sistem komunikasi. Kisah kelahirannya adalah salah satu yang menarik. Pada awalnya biaya untuk pengiriman surat-perangko-dihitung dengan cara yang rumit. Dispatcher akan mengambil surat itu ke kantor pos. Ada orang yang bertanggung jawab akan berat atau kadang-kadang jumlah halaman akan dihitung dan kemudian jarak surat itu harus bepergian akan dihitung sesuai biaya ongkos kirim dibebankan. Jika ongkos kirim dibayar di muka ‘prabayar’ pejabat pos akan menandai muatan pada huruf warna merah dan hitam. Kadang-kadang jika uang itu akan pulih dari penerima, sebagian besar waktu itu mengarah pada kerugian sebagai pembayaran ditolak atau surat ditolak. Ini menyebabkan orang untuk menemukan beberapa metode baru untuk menyederhanakan sistem email melelahkan. Dua penerbit James Chalmers dan Charles Ksatria menyarankan adopsi pembungkus untuk prabayar harga mengirimkan surat kabar. Chalmers menyarankan sepotong potong kertas dalam lingkaran menyerupai kursi, yang akan memungkinkan pengirim untuk prabayar prangko. Dia membuat beberapa sampel pada pers, tapi sayangnya, tidak pernah terwujud. Dengan demikian, James Chalmers ayah evolusi cap. ————————————————– —————————— Ayah dari perangko perekat Setelah Rowland Hill (Bapak Stempel Pos perekat, anggota masyarakat untuk pendidikan populer berlibur di sebuah desa kecil di Skotlandia pada 1836. Sementara mengambil pagi berjalan ia menyaksikan adegan menyedihkan, yang membuka jalan untuk yayasan untuk saat ini sistem pos. Pemandangan itu sangat menarik seorang tukang pos menyerahkan surat kepada seorang gadis desa dan meminta pembayaran bea pos Gadis-gadis terus terang menolak surat dan biaya pos, di bawah alasan yang dia tidak mampu membayar.. Melihat penderitaan para gadis itu Rowland membayar biaya untuk tukang pos dan memberikan surat itu kepada gadis itu Gadis jengkel dengan perilaku Hill, membuka surat itu,. menunjukkan Hill, dan berkata, lihat, tidak ada tertulis di dalam dan apa pun tunangannya di London inginkan, untuk menyampaikan itu ditandai pada surat dengan kode Kami berkomunikasi dengan cara ini.. Versi lain dari cerita ini adalah bahwa, karena gadis yang miskin dan dia tidak bisa membayar ongkos kirim. Namun, Hill tegas memutuskan untuk menyederhanakan sistem dan membuat layanan pos dalam jangkauan untuk masyarakat umum. ————————————————– —————————— Rowland Hill Pos Reformasi Rowland Hill menyiapkan kertas yang disebut “Reformasi Pos” pentingnya dan obat yang tepat dari reformasi sistem pos ‘(Judul lain dari makalahnya dikatakan’ Kantor Pos, pentingnya dan kepraktisan ‘). Dia menekankan akuntansi memberatkan terlibat dalam mengirimkan surat dan mengusulkan agar evaluasi ongkos kirim sesuai dengan jumlah halaman dan jarak yang ditempuh harus berhenti, melainkan tarif tetap harus diperbaiki terlepas dari jarak. Dia merasa bahwa adalah wajar untuk biaya tambahan untuk lebih huruf berat badan. Pembentukan tarif seragam sehingga menghilangkan sistem sulit biaya dan mendorong pembayaran di muka bahwa ia berharap akan menjadi aturan daripada pengecualian. Dia juga mengusulkan penerapan lembar surat dicap dan pembungkus, yang masyarakat bisa membeli di muka, dan berita-berita setiap saat di kotak pos ditempatkan di tempat yang nyaman, bahkan ketika kantor pos ditutup. Selain reformasi ini, dia juga menunjukkan bahwa saat lembar surat prabayar tidak tersedia, perekat label kecil dapat dibuat tersedia. Dia menyatakan lebih lanjut bahwa kesulitan mungkin dicegah dengan menggunakan sedikit kertas. Hal ini dapat ditutupi dengan mencuci di belakang lengket, yang pembawa tersebut mungkin penerapan kelembaban kecil, menempel pada bagian belakang surat itu sehingga untuk menghindari perlunya mengarahkan (dalam kasus penolakan ongkos kirim) saran ini telah memberikan Rowland bukit kredit disebut sebagai “Bapak cap pos perekat”. Meskipun ada pertentangan yang kuat, parlemen enggan menerima usulan untuk sistem ongkos kirim seragam. Ia pada 10 Jan 1840 Post Penny sistem mulai berlaku. Sebelum itu pada tahun 1839, Departemen Keuangan Inggris memutuskan untuk melakukan kompetisi untuk prangko mungkin. Ada yang sekitar 2.600 karya yang dikirim tetapi hanya empat puluh sembilan yang berhubungan dengan perangko perekat dan sembilan belas untuk perangko perekat. Dari yang hanya sembilan belas orang terpilih dan akhirnya empat hadiah seratus pon diberikan ke entri. Desain Rowland Hill juga juga salah satu di antara mereka. Rowland Hill dan saudaranya Edwin membuat beberapa sketsa Ratu muda. Kemudian pada tahun 1839 pekerjaan mereka telah diterima dan mencetaknya Mar 1840, (Penny Black dan Dua Penny Blue) oleh menyemangati, Bacon dan Perch di Air Crown Ditandai Keamanan Kertas dan imperf-orated dan harus dipotong dari lembaran dengan Gunting . Pada bulan-bulan berikut ini produksi dimulai dan didistribusikan kepada kantor pos dan tersedia untuk umum di tanggal satu Mei 1840 sehingga Rowland Hill menjadi Hero dan Bapa perangko perekat. Rowland Hill Credit.Rowland Bukit Prangko. Rowland Hill mengembangkan sistem ongkos kirim seragam pada tahun 1840. Ini adalah bagaimana Stamp Pos ini berasal dan ditakdirkan untuk memiliki masa depan yang besar di bidang komunikasi di seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 1979 tahun dunia merayakan seratus tahun kematiannya dan banyak negara menerbitkan perangko dalam nama-Nya. Amerika Serikat tidak datang ke dalam gambar sampai 1847. Pada saat itu banyak negara merilis perangko mereka sendiri. Di antara mereka adalah Brasil, Mauritius dan kanton-kanton (negara) dari Swiss. Di tahun 1860 hampir setiap negara mengadopsi perangko sebagai metode membayar biaya pos. Jika Anda berencana untuk menjual dari koleksi Anda dengan sebagian atau penuh atau berencana untuk menambah tambahan baru ke dalam koleksi Anda di sini adalah sebuah situs untuk check in Rowland kesepakatan Stamps.co.uk Hill dengan membeli dan menjual dengan harga realistis. ENGLIAH VERSION 1. THE FIRST STAMP UNPERFORATED KING WILLEM ONE STAMPS

1.

2. THE SECOND DEI KING WILLEM III UNPERFORATED STAMPS . II. CHAPTER TWO THE RARE EARLY 20th CENTURY DEI STAMPS 1. JUBILEUM QUEEN WILHELMINA 5 GULDEN 2. BANDUNG jAARBEURS 10 CENT 3. QUEEN WILHELMINA KONIJNENBERG STAMPS 1942 (1) 20 CENT (2) 35 CENT (3) 5 GULDEN (4) 25 GULDEN CHAPTER THREE DAI NIPPON OCCUPATION INDONESIA ALL THE RARE COLLECTION WERE THE PHILLATELIC POSTALLY USED ON COV ER OR FRAGMEN OR OFF COVER, THE MINT STAMPS NOT RARE BECAUSE TOO MANY MINT STAMPS CANNOT USED DURING THE WAR,THAT IS WHY THE MINT STAMPS ALWAYS COMMON STAMP EXCEPT SMOE PHILLATELICT OVERPRINTS. CHPAPTER FOUR INDONESIA INDEPENDENCE WAR The situation same with the dai nippon occupation era. CHAPTER FIVE 1. RIS 2 RUPIAH MINT CONDITION 2. RIAU OVERPRINT (1) 5 CENT PADI KAPAS (2) 10 CENT PADI KAPAS (3) 25 CENT PADI KAPAS (4) 50 CENT POST OFFICE BUILDING 3. UNISSUED STAMPS (1) SALAK 1976 THE END OF SAMPLE@COPYRIGHT Dr IWAN S 2010 September 2010 Dr Iwan suwandy versi indonesia saya mulai mengumpul prangko tahun 1955 pada usia sepuluh tahun, pertama kali memeroleh prangko dari pastor Italia Ganizaro berupa guntingan surat-surat lama, berdasarkan koleksi ini mulailah saya menyusu suatu koleksi prangko yang memiliki gambar yang indah terutama dari Swiss desain flora,fauna dan pemandangan alamnya, kemudian koleksi berkembang setelah memeperoleh katalogus dari Pasto italy mulailah mengumpulkan prangko Italia yang harganya tinggi berdasarkan katalogus Italia dan swiss tersebut KLIhatlah profile saya dengan guru saya pak Sofyanto saat di xekolah menengah Atas Don Bosco di Padang 1960-1963 Pengetahuna saya tentang koleksi filateli thematik pertama kali saat saya mengikuti praktek kedokteran di Fakultas kedoktera Universitas indonesia tahun 1970-1972 lihatlah foto profile say saat tersebut yang selalu saya pergunakan di setiap buku saya sebagai nostalgia mulainya peningkatan pengetahuan filateli saat diberikan katalogus Yvert and Tellier oleh Paman saya Drs Abdisa lihatlah profile saya saat itu Koleksi terbesar saya miliki setelah saya tamat pendidikan kedokteran dan mulai praktek Umum di Solok Sumatera barat,karena memiliki dana untuk membeli prangko yang saat itu masih relatif murah harganya,saya memeproleh dua koleksi besar milik kolektor lama satu seluruh dunia dalam album schaubek dan satu koleksi Swiss. KOleksi terseburt berkembang sampai saat saya melanjutkan studi S2 master Hospital Administration tahun 1989-1990 dan dilanjutkan saat sya bertugas di kalimatan Barat 1990-1994,dan bertugas di Markas Besar Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia 1994-2001 Selama kurun waktu hampir lima puluh tahun saya membaca dan memepelajari prangko thematik yang langka setiap malam sebelu m tridur sampai memahami nya. Setealh pensiun say mulai bertualang keliling asia untuk mengumpulkan postal history dan prangko thematik langka,saat kunjungan saya tahun 2008,saat singah di Bangkok,saya menemukan sebuah buku tentang prangko thematik yang memeroleh medali large Gold pada perlombaan International,karena buku sangat mahal hampir US $ 400,- say mencatat saja jenis thematik yang say jadikan dasar penyusuan buku elektronik CD-ROM ini. Lihatlah profile saya didepan museum perang di Ho chi Minh City Pada tahun 2010 saya membangun web blog sampai tiga hhtp://www.Driwancybermuseum.wordpress.com hhtp://www.iwansuwandy.wordpress.com hhtp://www.uniquecollection.wordpress.com Saya telah menampilkan banyak koleksi saya di Cybermuseum tersebut diatas. Saya menyadari karya tulis ini masih banyak ekurangannya,oleh karena itu koreksi dan saran serta tambahan informasi sangat saya harapkan Saya mengucapkan terima kasih kepada berbagai pihak yang telang emndukungd an memberikan semangat kepada saya untuk dapat menyelesaikan karya tulis buku elektronik dalm CRF-ROM ini. Semoga ada manfaatnya bagi koletor filatelis thematik dalam mengembangkan koleksinya sehingga dapt memperoleh penghargaan tertinggi medali Large Gold. Ada dua jenis prangko langkla yaitu prangko terkenal(famous) dan prangko langka(rare),untuk lebih jelas lihat artikel dibawah ini dalam bahasa inggris Jakarta Agustus 2010 Dr Iwan suwandy The Famous and The Rare stamps



Famous Stamps



Rare Stamps

















Penny

Post

Treskilling

Inverted

Gronchi

Treskilling

Benjamin

Inverted

Post Office

Inverted

Black

Office

Yellow

Jenny

Rosa

Yellow

Franklin

Swan

Mauritius

Jenny

Mauritius

Z Grill













Basel

Benjamin

British

Inverted

Scinde

Perot

Red

British

Hawaiian

Dove

Franklin

Guiana 1c

Head

Dawk

Provisional

Mercury

Guiana

Missionaries

Z Grill

Magenta

Four

1c

Annas

Magenta

Full List of Rare Stamps







Woodblocks



Stamp

Name



Penny Black



Basel Dove



Post Office Mauritius



Perot Provisional



Cottonreels



Hawaiian Missionaries



Scinde Dawk



Inverted Head Four Annas



Inverted Swan



Treskilling Yellow



Red Mercury



British Guiana 1 cent Magenta



Woodblock Stamps



Z Grill



Uganda Cowries



Inverted Jenny



Bluenose



Gronchi Rosa

Sweden

$2.5 million Swiss Francs



Austria

$40,000 US Dollars



British Guiana

$935,000 US Dollars











Cape of Good Hope

15,000 pounds sterling



United States

$2.97 million



Uganda

?



United States

$525,000 US Dollars



Canada

$700 Canadian Dollars











Italy

£890 Euros



“One Of The World’s Rarest Stamps.” Why?



I attached a pic of this article in Gibbon’s Stamp Monthly magazine-April 1998.Title-“One Of The World’s Rarest Stamps”.Iceland-1 Gildi stamp.What makes this stamp so rare?

Senior Member Advanced Stamp



Board Guru

Joined: Wed Jul 29, 2009 22:48:13 pm Posts: 194 Location: Hamilton, Canada

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David Benson

Post subject: Re: One Of The World’s Rarest StampsPosted: Fri Aug 21, 2009 07:32:40 am



It is the exact definition of the word ” RARE “. As only one example of this stamp is known then it has to be rare. There are many stamps with only one example known although only some of them

GREEN Shooting

may be entitled to a separate catalogue number. The Iceland item was an error and used older

Star Posting

stock as the basis for the 1902 overprint, normally the perf. 14 x 13 1/2 6a. was overprinted in

MADMAN!

Carmine, which is also very scarce but this one was overprinted in Black of which only 1 example has ever been noted. Most of the overprinted on the 6a. were on the later printing which was



perforated 12 1/2,David B.

Joined: Tue May 29, 2007 09:05:46 am Posts: 1996 Location: Sydney

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Greg Ioannou

Post subject: Re: “One Of The World’s Rarest Stamps.” Why?Posted: Fri Aug 21, 2009 18:18:49 pm



The perfs along the top are a bit rough. I think I’ll wait for a nicer one.Greg

GOLD Shooting Star

Stampboards LEGEND!

Joined: Wed Apr 18, 2007 12:18:56 pm Posts: 2219 Location: Canada

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mikestein

Post subject: Re: “One Of The World’s Rarest Stamps.” Why?Posted: Fri Aug 21, 2009 19:11:38 pm



Greg Ioannou wrote:The perfs along the top are a bit rough. I think I’ll wait for a nicer one.Gregho, ho!

I was online for our

Presumably a whole sheet must have printed, but the rest did not survive….though this one is not

Birthday Number 3!

apparently used, so it makes you wonder if it was snuck out of the printers by someone at the time.





Joined: Fri May 18, 2007 17:12:19 pm Posts: 605 Location: Melbourne, Australia

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GlenStephens

Post subject: Re: “One Of The World’s Rarest Stamps.” Why?Posted: Fri Aug 21, 2009 22:25:56 pm





I was online for our

Like the Sweden Tre Skilling Yellow, this stamp also has a controversial history. But is NOT

Birthday Number 3!

unique.

http://www.scc-online.org/old/ph05feb.pdf



Conspicuous by its absence from listing or even mention in major catalogs, e.g., Scott, Gibbons, Joined: Tue Sep 06, 2005

Michel, and Yvert, is an especially interesting and relatively rare Iceland à Gildi overprint color

19:46:12 pm

variety.

Posts: 14120 Location: Sunny Sydney

This is the controversial 16-aur stamp, perforated 14×13½, overprinted in red instead of black.

…. well Castlecrag to be

The stamp is often referred to as one of the à Gildi “Ferrarities,” having first appeared among

precise.

the collection of well known stamp collector Philipp la Rénotière von Ferrary. It was accompanied there by three other red instead-of-black surcharge color varieties (on the perforated 14×13½ 50- and 100-aur stamps and on the perforated 12¾ 10-aur stamp), which were lumped into the same “error” category and thought to be unique. Unfortunately, Ferrary’s massive collection, which was auctioned off in the early 1920s following his death in 1917, included not only some of the world greatest rarities, but many fakes as well. As a result, for many years thereafter, all four of these red-surcharged varieties were viewed by many prominent Iceland philatelic experts, including Lundgaard in his 1941 unpublished report and subsequently by Pihl in his 1946 publication, Islands Frimerker, as outright fakes. et, etc,



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Lakatoi 4

Post subject: Re: “One Of The World’s Rarest Stamps.” Why?Posted: Fri Aug 21, 2009 22:37:51 pm



GlenStephens wrote:Unfortunately, Ferrary’s massive collection, which was auctioned off in the early 1920s following his

15 THOUSAND

death in 1917, included not only some of the world greatest rarities, but many fakes as well.As a

CLUB – Supremo

result, for many years thereafter, all four of these red-surcharged varieties were viewed by many

Stamp Poster!

prominent Iceland philatelic experts, including Lundgaard in his 1941 unpublished report and



subsequently by Pihl in his 1946 publication, Islands Frimerker, as outright fakes.et, etc,[/i]These



discussed in the last post of my topic – click here:

forgeries could have easily been done by Benjamin & Sarpy and sold to Ferrari (Ferrary) as

Joined: Thu Apr 19, 2007 20:41:04 pm Posts: 16377 Location: First star on the left then straight on till morning …



Rare stamps investments are now ‘better than the stock market’ We look at why collectible stamps offer a level of reliability the traditional financial markets can’t match Until now, you have probably never thought of investing in rare stamps. However in recent years, more and more investors have turned their attentions to diversifying their asset portfolio by investing in the stamp markets – and with good reason. Merrill Lynch, the investment branch of The Bank of America, advises their high worth investors to seek a 10% investment of capital in alternative sources – an umbrella term that includes rare stamps. And when you look at the figures, it’s easy to see why. The GB30 Rarities index is a definitive guide to the value of the Top 30 rare British stamps recommended for investments. And it makes interesting reading for any investors looking towards the world of rare stamps for opportunities. During the period of 2007-2008, the GB30 index showed an overall increase of 38.6% for the top 30 British rarities. The value of the list increased even further in 2009-2010, with a further 7% increase.

The famous Kirkudbright Penny Black First Day Cover

The updated GB30 rarities index for 2010 shows that over the past forty years, there has been a 6,403% increase in the value of the thirty rare stamps listed. Over the same period, the house price market has seen an increase of 3,559%. The figures for this period also indicate the steady growth in the value of rare stamps, alongside the fluctuation experienced in the housing and gold markets. If we analyse the five-year growth percentages of the market over the past forty years, the 1995 figures show that the value of house prices went down by 12% from £58,982-£51,633. During the same period, the GB30 rarities enjoyed an increase in value of 5% from £370,750 to £390,500. Gold prices have fluctuated greatly during the past 40 years. In 1985, a 38% reduction in the value of Gold occurred with prices moving from £514 to £317. During this same period, the GB30 Rarities index enjoyed a 10% growth in value from £309,750 to £341,500. More recently still, in the year 2000 as the e-commerce bubble burst, we also saw Gold prices dropping 29% from £385 to £275, and yet the GB Rarities list enjoyed a 29% value increase from £390,500 to £505,250 within this period. The GB30 Rarities index has delivered average annual compound growth of 11%. To put this figure into perspective it beats inflation by an average 4.4% per annum.

Stamps investments are booming in Asia, with big sales including this famous Red Revenue

While the gold, housing and stock markets continue to fluctuate, in the 40 year history of the GB30 Rarities index there has never been a decrease in the value of any stamps within the index. Even during the last period of high inflation experienced in Britain – from 1975 to 1980 – the value of rare stamps rose by an incredible 593%. This is because traditional investment sources are subject to variation depending on economic issues like inflation or a crash in the stock market. The GB30 Rarities index and its values are underpinned by a western consumer market of some 30 million stamp collectors. Therefore, there is little chance of the values of any rare stamps, disappearing overnight. The truth is that while traditional investment sources have been causing headaches for the financial world, the rare stamp market could not be healthier. In June this year, Robert A Siegel held their annual World Rarities stamp auction, which has been running since 1964 in America. Overall, 352 lots were sold, bringing a number of substantial five-figure and even six-figure results. Of the single piece lots, the two biggest sellers were both inverts from the Pan-American series, found in at least four different post offices around the United States. And of the two, the first was to be one of the top lots: a strip of four green 1c imprints, which has a string of vignette plate letters in black and “1c” denomination imprint – the only known example for the 1c stamp. The lot sold for almost exactly its estimate at $145,000. However, it was upstaged by a gem quality example of the 2c Pan-American invert. The stamp had an estimated price of $55,000 but in the end sold for $105,000. In the United Kingdom, the market also continues to boom. Just a month ago, stamp dealers Stanley Gibbons concluded a deal for one of Britain’s rarest stamps: the 1904 Edward II 6d Pale Dull Purple, for £400,000. Also known as the IR Official, the stamp was withdrawn almost immediately after it’s issue on March 14, 1904. According to experts, as little 19 sheets of the stamp were made, and all the sheets were destroyed once the official overprints were ceased. Other known examples of this stamp in circulation can be found in the Royal Collection and museums like the National Postal Museum. Figures published by Stanley Gibbons show that since 2005, the 6d Pale Dull Purple has trebled in value. While since 2007 it has increased by 150%. At the lower end of the market, rare stamps are enjoying success at auction. An extremely rare and colourful 1d orange-vermilion, with a straight left edge, went up for auction with a £3,500 presale estimate. The stamp, which had travelled on a letter from Sydney to Bologna, sold for £13,000, nearly four times the estimated price.

History in your hands: the 1d Orange Vermilion

The rare stamp market is further endorsed through high profile collectors like, Bill Gross, co founder of Pacific Investment Management (PIMCO). In 2007, Gross sold a collection of early British rare stamps for $10,500,000 at auction. In the New York Times, he described rare stamps as “better than the stock market.” You could understand his point. Just seven years earlier, he had bought the collection of rare British Commonwealth stamps for just under $2,500,000 – turning a profit of just over 300% in less than a decade. While interest in rare stamps as an investment vehicle continues to develop in the western world, the last decade has seen the development of rising markets in China and India fuelling the demand. In the past decade, a new middle class collector base has emerged from Brazil, Russia, India, and China, otherwise known as the BRIC nations. Jim O’Neil Head of Global Economic Research at Goldman Sachs first coined the term “BRIC” in 2001. In the 2003 report “Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050,” Goldman Sachs surmised the following: “Over the next 50 years, Brazil, Russia, India and China—the BRICs economies—could become a much larger force in the world economy. Using the latest demographic projections and a model of capital accumulation and productivity growth, we map out GDP growth, income per capita and currency movements in the BRICs economies until 2050. If things go right, in less than 40 years, the BRICs economies together could be larger than the G6 in US dollar terms. By 2025, they could account for over half the size of the G6. Currently they are worth less than 15%. Of the current G6, only the US and Japan may be among the six largest economies in US dollar terms in 2050.” Of these BRIC Nations, China have emerged with a vast and quickly developing rare stamp collectors market which is estimated at around 18 million collectors. The Chinese stamp market is creating world record prices too. In September 2009, one Chinese collector, paid $331,671 for one Red Revenue stamp, which was one of 32 left from the 1897 Chinese Qing dynasty. This was the World Record price for the sale a single Chinese stamp, but just over three months later, another example, sold for $711,600, over double the amount paid just four months earlier. While the new Chinese market continues to grow, the Western rare stamp market may soon also experience an increase in the number of collectors. In the US and UK, retirement figures are set to explode over the next decade, with approximately 95,000 of the 1950s baby boomer generation retiring every week from these countries alone. Collectibles experts anticipate an increased level of interest in hobbies and items of nostalgia amongst this group. Add to this the high levels of disposable income available to this large group and you have the potential for further demand for rare stamps. Museums and institutions are taking an interest in rare stamps too. Bill Gross recently donated $8,000,000 worth of rare stamps to a gallery at the Smithsonian’s National Postal Museum that is to open in 2012.

The exceptionally valuable Treskilling Yellow

Today, rare stamps also represent the most valuable commodity in the world by weight. This is due to the one of a kind “Treskilling Yellow” Stamp, which recently sold at auction for £1,600,000. The stamp had previously sold for $2,330,000 in 1996 and equated to being worth $71,000,000,000 per kilogram. The renewed interest in rare stamps comes from newfound global wealth, a renewed interest in the market and the obvious financial appeal of possessing a highly portable and recognized store of wealth. As any wise investor will tell you, it is still about making the right choice in your rare stamp investment. Buying up any stamps may leave you well prepared for next year’s Christmas card list, but the key to any investment is to research your purchase. Try to get a second opinion from someone with knowledge of rare collectible stamps. Adrian Roose, stamp investment expert at Paul Fraser Collectibles, explains: “it’s the perfect supply and demand market. Demand is increasing especially from China and the supply is diminishing as more great collections are donated to museums.” With markets set to boom, an investment of this kind might just be your chance to find out just why Bill Gross views rare stamp investment as “better than the stock market.”

PhilatelyThe King of Hobbies Stamp collecting has today Become one of the most popular hobbies in the world. It is widely known as “The king of Hobbies and the Hobby of Kings”, even though Kings and Maharajas have now become a historical object. The last three kings of England were keen collectors as is the present Queen. In the United States, former President Franklin Roosevelt was a stalwart in philately and ex-president Ford was a secret stamp collector. Over the years, Kings, Queens, Politicians, poor, rich, business persons, accountants, film stars, scientists and many others in different field have pursued this hobby with keen interest. In short, children, young, old and everyone is involved in this hobby irrespective of their age or positions. It truly is correctly called ‘Philately-The King of Hobbies. Stamp collection gives not only enjoyment but also it increases our knowledge. One may get enjoyment by looking at the stamps but will not become knowledgeable by looking at it. For this, one has to search for knowledge in the past and present literatures of philately.

Philately and the Philatelist Philately is the name given to postage stamp collecting. Students of stamps are called philatelists. The word ‘philatelist’ come from two Greek words, ‘Philos’, meaning ‘loving’ and ‘atelos’, meaning ‘free of tax, or paid’. Stamps are the signs that the postage or tax, has been paid. It is the study and collection of postage and revenue stamps, labels and first day covers. M G Herpin the French man has given this name “Philately” for stamp collecting. In fact, philately is very closely associated with postal services and Department. The word “Postia” is derived from the Latin word “Postal” means “Place”. It obtained the exact meaning connected with the carrying of Letters in the later part of the middle age. Philately is an excellent hobby. It disperses ones boredom, lifelessness and weakness. It gives full time engagement and enjoyment. Whether it rains or shines or whether it is day or night, causing no disturbance to anybody. These tiny bits of papers (Stamps) are elegantly imaginative and the viewer feels as though he travels in distant lands as he seen beautiful landscapes, pyramids, pygmies, kangaroos, lotus, birds portraits of our patriots and a variety of other themes. Stamps are messengers of International good will, peace and amity and it has become a medium of communication of ideas of culture, literature, religion, science, commerce, history and industry. Different kinds of ideas spread through stamps that go to all men and women all over the world and it is truly global. Nobel Prize winner physicists ‘Hans Bethe’ said, “Stamp collecting is an orderly hobby and my album is the only place I know at the moment where the nations of the world stick together peaceably”. This unique hobby develops the ‘Five Hs’ namely Head, Hands, Heart, Habit and Health. Knowledge through stamp collecting, is the slogan of the American Tropical Association, Thematic collecting (collection on the basis of a particular theme or a top) improves the educational values and gives a incentive to this hobby. For a student in India, it is advisable to collect Indian Postage stamps of the Post-Independence period as these stamps are not only easily available and cheap but also inculcate a sustained interest in the hobby itself.



First Day Covers First day covers are special envelopes bearing stamps used and post marked on the day of issue may also be collected. The special folders brought out at the time of the issue must be collected and studied as it gives a wealth of information and increases general knowledge.

A FIRST DAY COVER ISSUED IN 1981 (From the collections of PV)

Philately is not only a subject of art but also a science in itself. Questions like “What, When, Why and Where”, the five Ws are always asked and answered “A picture is a thousand words” is a proverb and this old saying can be aptly applied to each album page of any topical collection, artistically arranged with a good write-up. Hobby of collecting stamps is become more and more popular in our country. Few years ago there were not so many collectors or societies or clubs as they are today and on increase day by day. This shows the popularity and progress of philately. Some of the premier societies and many philatelists and of course Post & Telegraph Department have contributed tremendously towards the growth of this hobby. District level to state, National and International Exhibitions in the last ten years have enlightened thousands of interested persons on all aspects of this hobby. Today there are society magazines and plenty of literature to guide one who wants to know more about our country’s as well as other nation’s philately. A good philatelist collects stamps for the pure pleasure they derive rather than the value aspect which is incidental. One of the first stamp collectors recorded in history was a lady from the Isle of Wight (U .K.) who started colleting stamps in 1841. At that time, there were few stamps issued around the world. She went for quantity with an idea to paper the walls of her room and she asked for help from her friends and relatives and received parcels of used stamps. One of such parcels bursting in the Post Office resulted in a police enquiry. Ultimately it was found that she was not a fraud but just a harmless enthusiast. From this little ill-fated start, stamp collecting has today become one of the most popular hobbies in the world.



Evolution of the stamp .

WORLD’S FIRST ADHESIVE POSTAGE STAMP ‘ONE PENNY BLACK’ The world’s first adhesive postage stamp, the Penny Black was issued in Great Britain on May 6, 1840. It is just a bit of paper, printed with a black motif of Queen’s head, yet it has its own beauty and charm and is a possession to show off. It heralded the arrival of a new era in the history of communication. Not only did it ease the hazards of collecting postage but also revolutionized the communication system. The story of its birth is an interesting one. In the beginning the charge for transmission of letters—postage—was calculated in a complicated way. The dispatcher would take the letter to the post office. There the person in charge would weigh it or sometimes the number of page will be counted and then the distance the letter had to travel will be calculated accordingly the postage charge is charged. If the postage is paid in advance ‘pre-paid’ the postal official would mark the charge on the letter in red and black. Sometimes if the money was to be recovered from the addressee, most of the time it leads to losses as payment was refused or letter was rejected. This lead people to find some new method of simplifying the tiresome mail system. Two publishers James Chalmers and Charles Knight suggested adoption of wrappers to prepay postage on newspapers. Chalmers suggested a piece of paper cut in a circle resembling a seat, which would enable the sender to prepay the postage. He made some samples at his press, but unfortunately, it never materialized. Thus, James Chalmers fathered the evolution of stamp.



Father of the adhesive postage stamp Once Rowland Hill (Father of adhesive Postage Stamp, a member of a society for popular education was holidaying in a small village in Scotland in 1836. While taking a morning walk he witnessed a pitiful scene, which was pave way to the foundation for the present postal system. The scene was very interesting a postman handed over a letter to a village girl and asked the payment of postal charges. The girls bluntly refuse the letter and the postal charges, under the excuse she could not afford to pay. Seeing the plight of the girl Rowland paid the charges to the postman and gave the letter to the girl. The girl irritated with Hill’s behavior, opened the letter, showed Hill, and said, see, there was nothing written inside and whatever her fiancé in London wanted, to convey was marked on the letter with codes. We communicate this way. Another version of the story is that, since the girl is poor and she could not pay the postage. However, Hill firmly decided to simplify the system and make the postal service within reach to the common people.



ROWLAND HILL’S POSTAL REFORMS Rowland Hill prepared a paper called “Postal Reform” its importance and the suitable remedy of reforming postal system’ (The other title of his paper is said to be ‘Post Office, its importance and practicability’). He stressed the burdensome accounting involved in sending out letters and proposed that the evaluation of postage according to the number of pages and the distance traveled should stop; instead, a flat rate should be fixed irrespective of distance. He felt that it is reasonable to charge extra for over weight letters. The establishment of uniform tariffs thus eliminated the difficult system of charges and encouraged prepayment that he hoped would become the rule rather than the exception. He also proposed the adoption of stamped letter sheets and wrappers, which the public could purchase in advance, and dispatches it at any time in post boxes placed at convenient places, even when the post office is closed. Apart from these reforms, he also pointed out that when these prepaid letter sheets are not available, small adhesive labels can be made available. He further stated that the difficulty might be prevented by using a bit of paper. It can be covered at back with sticky wash, which the bringer might be the application of a little moisture, attach to the back of the letter so as to avoid the necessity of redirecting (in case of refusal of postage) this suggestion has given Rowland Hill the credit of being called the “Father of adhesive postal stamp“. Though there was an intense disagreement, the parliament unwillingly accepted the proposal for a uniform postage system. It was on January 10 th 1840 the Penny Post system come into force. Prior to that in 1839, the British Treasury decided to carry out a competition for the probable stamps. There was about 2,600 entries submitted but only forty nine related to adhesive stamps and nineteen to adhesive stamps. Out of that only nineteen were short-listed and finally four prizes of one hundred pounds each were awarded to the entries. Rowland Hill’s design too was also one among them. Rowland Hill and his brother Edwin created some sketches of young Queen. Later in the year 1839 their work was accepted and printed it in March 1840, (Penny Black and Two Penny Blue) by perking, Bacon and Perch on Crown Water Marked Security Paper and imperforated and had to be cut from the sheet by Scissors. In the following months it production started and were distributed to post offices and was available to the public in May first 1840 thus Rowland Hill become the Hero and Father of adhesive stamp.

Rowland Hill Credit.Rowland Hill Stamps.

Rowland Hill developed a uniform postage system in 1840. This is how the Postage Stamp was originated and destined to have a great future in the field of communication all over the world. In the year 1979 the world celebrated his death centenary and many countries issued commemorative stamps in his name. The United States did not come into picture until 1847. By that time many countries released their own stamps. Among them were Brazil, Mauritius and the cantons (states) of Switzerland. By 1860 almost every country adopted stamps as a method of paying postal charges. If you are planning to sell from your collection by part or full or planning to add new additions to your collection here is a site to check in. Rowland Hill Stamps.co.uk deal with buying and selling at realistic prices. Also read more about the ‘Father of adhesive Postage Stamp’ and other stamp trading in fine commonwealth stamps. Here is the link to their site: Rowland Hill Stamps.



Stamp collecting – an exciting hobby

Sports Events Depicted on Stamps

Stamp the insignificant piece of paper brings some kind of energy and enthusiasm into the modern man’s mechanical life. Stamp collecting is so exciting that there won’t be any dull or boring situation if you enter or involve in it. Stamps come in different designs, colors, shapes, themes and sizes. It will definitely keep one absorbing fully in it. Its educational and informative nature of this hobby will attract many to involve in it. Through the study of stamps one can obtain the knowledge of different countries and its people, their history geography, arts, customs and its flora and fauna. In short everything one wanted to know about a country can obtain through the collection and study of stamps.

A Page from Authors Collection.

Its unique feature of telling the story is not in the dull and it teaches us not in the dull and boring way of routine school text books but through the fascinating pictorial presentation. It tells everything about the world we live in. In the recent times the educational value of this interesting hobby has been widely accepted and many countries have adopted or prescribed this subject ‘philately’ as an academic curriculum. It not only gives knowledge but also promote international understanding and brotherhood.

A Page from Author’s Collection

One can select this hobby according to his choice or interest. It has got different wings and themes like, children on stamps, birds and animals on stamps, flowers on stamps, fruits and vegetables on stamps, paints and arts on stamps, national and international patriots on stamps and the list of subjects do not end here, what to say even nudes are depicted on stamps. In a present stressful world stamps and it study or collection gives a soothing or relaxing experience. In a routine and mechanical way of life stamps plays an important role to bring the tense situation into a relaxed and refreshed situation. Philately like a miracle tonic refreshes the mind and heart of the individuals.

President Roosevelt in connection with this hobby He used to carry his collection of stamps wherever he went and during the world War II time whenever he gets some spare time he involve in checking these stamps and it tremendously reduced his mental tension and maintained a balanced life in those tedious days. There are a number of stories about the hidden treasures of stamp collection. “Expect a Miracle” The eminent Indian Philatelist Jal Cooper ones said. Yes there is always a chance to pick up bargains if you have the necessary knowledge about stamps. Its really surprising to note that the costliest philatelic cover the Post office Mauritius over which realized US $ 3,00,000/= in 1968 was addressed to the Bombay Auxiliary Bible Society was picked up from Mumbai’s famous Chor Bazar (A market place were goods sold on very lowest price–believed to be a place were stolen articles were transacted) for few rupees. Due to a minor mistake occurred on the stamps its price value increased tremendously. More and more people involved in this hobby and non-availability of some rare stamps increased the collectors’ curiosity and that automatically increased the price value. A One Penny1856 British Guiana stamp sold for $ 935,000 in 1980. People discovered that the mistakes on the stamps increase the value. In 1918 United States issued 100 24 cent stamps with airplane mistakenly printed upside down.

iNDONESIAN VERSION RARE PRANGKO BRITISH Guyana STAMP SATU YANG PALING BERHARGA Penny STAMP Inggris Guyana Stamp cap persen satu perangko termahal di dunia yang hanya satu salinan sekarang tersedia. Asal-usulnya adalah sangat menarik bahwa postmaster sabar yang tidak bisa menunggu set baru perangko untuk tiba menjadi ciptaan yang tidak direncanakan dari cap pos paling mahal di dunia. Hari ini nilai cap yang sama harga yang lebih tinggi dari Diamond Kohinoor. Itu semua terjadi pada 1856 ketika postmaster ED Wright tidak bisa menunggu set baru perangko tiba. Perangko dicetak oleh Inggris Guyana habis stok 4 sen dan perangko postmaster tidak bisa menunggu untuk jangka waktu lebih dan ia memutuskan untuk mencetak cap di negeri ini, sehingga lahir perangko dengan sejarah aneh. Sungguh menarik untuk dicatat bahwa kesalahan yang tidak terduga dalam pencetakan prangko ini menciptakan sejarah. Alih-alih mencetak denominasi sebagai Empat sen itu dicetak sebagai Satu persen. Yang paling menarik adalah bahwa kesalahan ini tanpa terasa lama tujuh belas tahun bahkan oleh postmaster sendiri. Seorang anak muda adalah pemilik pertama dari perangko langka. Dia menemukan stempel ini dari salah satu surat dari orang tua grand. Itu pada tahun 1872 dan dia memutuskan untuk menjual perangko untuk pembelian perangko lebih dari negara lain. Dia mendekati sebuah Filatelis lokal Mr NR Mechinon dan menjualnya dalam pertukaran beberapa prangko harga lebih rendah. Ekonomi Times melaporkan terbaru mengatakan bahwa ini paling terkenal dari semua prangko unik, 1856 “British Guyana 1 Magenta persen,” telah terkunci di lemari besi sejak tahun 1980 ketika dibeli untuk hampir $ 1 juta oleh John du Pont. Pewaris keberuntungan Pont du kimia. Laporan lebih lanjut mengatakan ia saat ini menjalani 13 – untuk 30-tahun kalimat untuk kasus pembunuhan tingkat ketiga “ ————————————————– —————————— ‘Langka’ di dunia Stamp Terjual untuk Harga Rekam ‘Treskilling Kuning’ The Swedia dianggap-antara objek-objek dunia yang paling berharga pon pon. Kredit Telegraph. Foto: EPA “Salah satu prangko terlangka dunia, (The Swedia” Treskilling Kuning “) akan dilelang akhir pekan ini dan bisa mengambil harga yang memecahkan rekor, kepala rumah lelang Jenewa mengatakan. The Swedia “Kuning Treskilling” diyakini menjadi salah cetak yang masih hidup hanya dari cap tiga shilling 1855 yang seharusnya menjadi hijau. Memiliki status legendaris di kalangan kolektor dan dianggap antara objek-objek dunia yang paling berharga untuk ukurannya. Ini perangko langka dijual kepada sekelompok pembeli untuk setidaknya 2.875.000 franc Swiss (waktu itu sekitar $ 2,3 juta) ini harga rekor untuk tahun 1996, kata juru lelang David Feldman. Hal ini diyakini menjadi salah cetak yang masih hidup hanya dari cap tiga shilling 1855 yang seharusnya menjadi hijau. Memiliki status legendaris di kalangan kolektor dan dianggap salah satu objek dunia yang paling berharga untuk ukurannya. Rumah lelang senilai cap di euro1.5 juta untuk Euro2 juta ($ 1.870.000 menjadi $ 2,5 juta) sebelum penjualan, tetapi penjualan aktual harga dapat sangat bervariasi tergantung pada apa yang pembeli merasa barang-barang unik tersebut layak. “ Feldman mengatakan kepada The Associated Press bahwa lelang hari Sabtu “terjadi sangat cepat karena pembeli jelas tahu berapa banyak mereka siap untuk membayar.” Laporan Telegraph ————————————————– —————————— 2 SEN Hawaiian Missionaries STAMP Namun lain berbagai perangko langka adalah “Hawaii Misionaris”. Hawaii mengeluarkan perangko ini dalam 2,5 dan 13 sen di tahun 1851. Mereka dicetak secara lokal di Honolulu dan sangat primitif. Sayangnya setelah pencetakan itu perangko ini disimpan api mendapat dan dihancurkan. Namun beberapa perangko sudah dijual kepada para misionaris untuk mengirim surat mereka dengan US A. Akibatnya set perangko menjadi langka dan mahal. Pada tahun 1935 pada kesempatan Raja Inggris perayaan Jubilee Perak stempel khusus sedang dipersiapkan. Selembar sampel perangko yang ditampilkan untuk dicetak George V, tapi ia tidak bisa suka warna biru mencolok dan lebih suka biru muda sehingga lembaran tidak dijual kepada publik beberapa yang tetap dan menjadi langka dan mahal. ————————————————– —————————— SCINDE DAWK SETENGAH ANNA stempel STAMP ASIA PERTAMA INDIAN DAN PERTAMA Pada Juli 1952 di bawah wewenang Sir Bartley Frere Komisaris Scind (Provinsi Scindh-sekarang di Pakistan Barat modern) mengeluarkan India pertama dan cap Asia. Itu adalah un-dilekatkan imperforated kertas cap santai bernama Setengah Stamp Scinde Dawk Anna. Scinde Dawk Setengah Anna Stamp The Stamp India dan Asia Pertama Termotivasi oleh cap ‘Satu Penny’ diperkenalkan oleh Rowland Hill di Inggris Sir barit Frerre berpikir untuk membuat stempel denominasi tunggal untuk sirkulasi di provinsi Scind. Dalam konsultasi dengan Desrd maka postmaster Kofee menyiapkan desain bulat dengan Motif menyandang tanda bal VE Perusahaan India Timur IC dengan tulisan melingkar “SCINDE KABUPATEN DAWK” di bawah tulisan denominasi ½ (setengah) Anna ditandai. Karena tidak diizinkan oleh East India Company perangko ditarik pada bulan Oktober 1954. Hari ini hanya ada satu spesimen yang tidak terpakai dan perangko digunakan beberapa ada. ————————————————– —————————— QUEEN VICTORIA STAMP QUEEN VICTORIA STAMP DENGAN KEPALA TERBALIK Ini adalah prangko terlangka kedua India, 4 Anna cap dengan pencetakan rusak (kepala Ratu Victoria dicetak terbalik). Ini dicetak pada tanggal 1 Oktober 1854 dan hanya tiga perangko yang tersisa di dunia dan kebetulan ini adalah cap bi berwarna pertama di dunia dan menjadi salah satu prangko terlangka dan mahal di dunia. ————————————————– —————————— Uncirculated SETENGAH STAMP ANNA Setelah Dawks Scinde ada masalah umum perangko di India. Stamp Anna Setengah dengan desain pohon palem dan singa dicetak pada tahun 1853. Ini dicetak dalam jumlah terbatas dan tidak pernah dimasukkan ke dalam penjualan atau untuk sirkulasi karena kekurangan mesin. Cap ini tidak diketahui yang harus dimiliki oleh setiap kolektor perangko atau dealer. ————————————————– —————————— Bapu (GANDHI) STAMP Lain cap India langka adalah Mahatma Gandhi atau Bapu serangkaian Rs.10.00 Stamp Layanan Pos. Ini dicetak secara khusus penggunaan Gubernur Jenderal akhir Shri Rajagopalachari. Hanya seratus prangko diterbitkan dan hari ini hanya beberapa spesimen yang tersedia. ————————————————– —————————— PERTAMA AIR POST India juga memiliki perbedaan langka menjadi negara pertama di dunia untuk membawa pos udara resmi. Saat itu pada Februari 1911 dari Allahabad kepada Naomi penerbangan oleh Pilot Monsieur Prancis “H. Piquet “. Sekitar 65.000 surat dan kartu pos diterbangkan dari Allahabad untuk Naini. Hal ini tidak hanya hanya stempel yang penting bahkan pembatalan di atas materai biasa sering dapat meningkatkan ‘ratusan’ nilainya bahkan ribuan kali. Penandaan pos ditemukan dalam surat India adalah Mark Uskup 1775 dan dianggap sebagai salah satu langka yang beredar di India. Item termahal dalam hubungan dunia bobot adalah perangko-perangko klasik adalah sebagian “Standar Emas” mereka tidak hanya mempertahankan nilai mereka tetapi jika diperlukan bijaksana menghargai cukup jauh nilainya. Perangko terbukti investasi yang aman, mudah diangkut dan lindung nilai terhadap inflasi. Seperti daerah lain di sini juga spesialis dalam mengumpulkan prangko dengan pengetahuan yang luas melalui membaca dan penelitian dapat membuat sejumlah besar uang pada prangko. Jumlah yang dibelanjakan untuk prangko bernilai lebih baik daripada membuangnya pada beberapa apa yang disebut kita hiburan dan perjudian. Koleksi perangko juga hobi mengumpulkan terbesar di Dunia dan di tersebut adalah salah satu bidang yang paling aman investasi di dunia mengumpulkan; lebih dari satu juta orang mencoba-coba dalam perangko di Inggris. Di India, juga telah menjadi hobi yang sangat populer dalam beberapa tahun terakhir karena penyelenggaraan pameran regional dan nasional dan prestise dibawa ke negara itu oleh pertunjukan dari filatelis India di Pameran Internasional. Beberapa orang mungkin mengatakan bahwa prospek hobi ini sangat suram karena popularitas internet dan bentuk-bentuk komunikasi elektronik dalam pemakaian penuh. Tetapi argumen ini tidak benar bahwa penggunaan perangko pada surat masih lazim bahwa ada berbagai perangko dirilis cukup sering dan alirannya meningkat setiap tahun. Sekarang ada sejumlah organisasi filatelis ‘yang menyediakan berbagai layanan untuk cap kolektor di seluruh dunia? Filatelis dapat menampilkan produk mereka untuk dijual, dan membeli berbagai perangko dan bahan terkait lain melalui web portal. http://stampListing.com adalah salah satu web portal seperti filateli. Melalui halaman mereka satu dapat membeli bahan filateli dan dapat menjual dan menampilkan prangko mereka dan bahan filateli terkait. Mereka menyediakan fasilitas lain seperti kontak dengan filatelis lainnya dan klub filateli, cap dagang / cap pertukaran dll http://Stamps2Go.com yang belum situs web lain adalah seorang Filatelis dapat menjual dan membeli prangko dan materi terkait lainnya. Satu dapat bergabung dengan mendaftarkan di sini dengan id mereka. dan bahkan dapat bertukar prangko. Baru-baru ini mereka meluncurkan kampanye iklan di facebook dan situs lainnya. Kolektor perangko bisa menjadi penggemar halaman mereka di fb dan dapat memiliki interaksi yang baik pada baris ini. Baca lebih lanjut di situs mereka. Tidak diragukan lagi, dengan seperti fasilitas terbaru tersedia sekarang filateli memiliki masa depan cerah. PV (A Kertas Studi disusun oleh penulis pada tahun 1985. Knol ini adalah bentuk terbaru dari sama dengan beberapa tambahan). ————————————————– —————————— Berguna Komputer Perangkat Lunak Untuk Koleksi Prangko Seperti kita hidup di abad 21 dan kebanyakan orang juga memiliki komputer, mengapa tidak menggunakan beberapa perangkat lunak khusus untuk koleksi perangko, berikut adalah beberapa proposisi perangkat lunak yang baik: ————————————————– —————————— World Federation Of Anggota Koleksi Prangko F.I.P. Hari Ini dan Besok … The “Federation Internationale de Philatélie” (FIP) telah tampak setelah kolektor prangko dan filatelis sejak 1926 – tumbuh dari masyarakat dari segelintir Federasi Eropa Philatelic untuk Federasi dengan jaringan di seluruh dunia dengan: 87 Reguler Anggota (National Philatelic Federasi) 3 Asosiasi Anggota (Federasi Kontinental) Promosi Anggota (tipe baru Keanggotaan Administrasi Pos) Link terkait: Federasi Internasional Kolektor Prangko dan filatelis [GM]: BTW: apakah Anda tahu bahwa satu presiden dari itu dari Luksemburg (maaf itu adalah negara saya []) Namanya Jos Wolff, RDP, kehormatan presiden sekarang (2010) … ————————————————– —————————— Filateli Sekarang adalah Stempel Kelas dan Uang Sebuah laporan terbaru di Times of India mengatakan: “Filateli adalah cap kelas dan uang. nya investasi yang selamat resesi pada 2008, dan benar-benar diperbesar 39% tahun itu, ketika kelas aset semua pasar saham global, harga properti AS dan bahkan emas jatuh. Dianggap “kurang dihargai tetapi kelas aset yang sangat stabil, investasi dalam perangko langka adalah penangkapan yang mewah dari orang Asia, khususnya Asia India, manajer investasi portofolio merasa bahwa dengan pertumbuhan cerita India dan kelas aset yang kuat, investasi di prangko langka akan berikutnya aset besar kelas untuk baik sembuh. Daftar penggemar perangko yang memegang “koleksi berharga, termasuk Ratu Elizabeth dari Inggris, Presiden Prancis Sarkozy, Rusia petenis Sharpova dan miliarder fund manager Bill Gross, yang mengelola obligasi terbesar di dunia dana di Pacific Investment Management Co Selama bertahun-tahun, diperkirakan akan bergerak dari hanya berada di bawah bidang dinasti kerajaan untuk individu berpenghasilan tinggi. Ratu Elizabeth Pic Kredit. topnews.in Sarkosy GoogleImage Sharpova pic.credit.vtennin.uk Koleksi perangko langka Catur juara Anatoly Karpov Salah satu pemain terbesar yang pernah, Karpov memiliki koleksi yang sangat berharga dipimpin oleh prangko Belgia Anatoly Karpov Yevgenyevich lahir pada 23 Mei 1951 di wilayah Ural dari Uni Soviet. Dia unggul di catur dari usia muda, belajar permainan di empat dan menjadi Guru Calon pada usia 11. Karpov tidak membiarkan catur mengganggu sekolah, mendapatkan medali emas untuk keunggulan akademik sebelum mempelajari matematika dan ekonomi di universitas. Tapi masa remajanya sebagian besar dihabiskan belajar di sekolah catur Mikhail Botvinnik terkenal itu meskipun penilaian sendiri Juara Dunia Botvinnik bahwa, “Anak itu tidak memiliki petunjuk tentang catur, dan tidak ada masa depan sama sekali baginya dalam profesi ini.” Menjadi Guru Nasional termuda dalam sejarah Soviet pada 15 tahun 1966 Karpov selesai pertama dalam turnamen internasional pertamanya di Trinec, dan meniti karier peringkat sampai ia dianggap kandidat terbaik untuk mengambil Juara Dunia, Amerika Bobby Fischer. Fischer, meskipun dianggap salah satu pemain terbesar dalam sejarah, adalah tidak menentu dan tidak percaya, terutama di pertandingan besar melawan pemain Soviet. Dia gagal menyusul perselisihan dengan badan FIDE selama aturan, menyerahkan kemenangan rivalnya itu. Para Karpov frustrasi memasukkan nomor fenomenal turnamen catur selama dekade berikut untuk legitamise statusnya sebagai Juara dimana ia menjadi kekuatan menakutkan dan selama beberapa waktu memegang rekor kemenangan turnamen paling berturut-turut (sembilan). Stamp Belgia Termonde 1920 invert Ia dianggap salah satu pemain terbesar sepanjang masa. Memang hanya saingannya oleh statistik banyak adalah pemain dengan siapa ia memiliki panjang ditarik, close-berjuang persaingan untuk Kejuaraan Dunia: Garry Kasparov. Karpov selalu menjadi kolektor, mencurahkan dedikasi tanpa henti yang sama untuk koleksi karena dia harus catur. Seperti kebanyakan teman-teman sekelasnya dia mengumpulkan pin dan menghasilkan koleksi yang menampilkan sekitar 30.000 olahraga, Olimpiade dan pin catur. Dia juga mengumpulkan perangko bagaimanapun, dan cap pertama dalam koleksinya adalah cap Uni Soviet merayakan 40 tahun Tentara Merah pada tahun 1958. Tapi itu tidak perangko Soviet yang benar-benar meraih kepentingan Karpov itu. Sebaliknya perhatian Karpov itu diambil oleh koloni Kerajaan Inggris, dan juga perangko menampilkan hewan yang tidak bisa dilihat di Rusia seperti ular, kanguru atau zebra. Dia telah pergi untuk mengumpulkan catur dan Olimpiade perangko dari Olimpiade moderen di Athena, Yunani (1896). Karpov juga memiliki berbagai perangko dari Uni Soviet, Perancis, Monako, dan Belanda, tapi seleksi yang paling berharga adalah dari Belgia dan Kongo Belgia, dimana ia memiliki koleksi yang ada terbesar. Perangko awal (sampai sekitar 1869) yang terkenal untuk desain menarik mereka. Karpv telah dirinya muncul di perangko, seperti yang satu ini dari Guinea Salah satu prangko Belgia-nya adalah salah satu dari hanya empat belas contoh Termonde terkenal invert yang menunjukkan salah satu bangunan terbalik. Hal ini diduga bernilai sekitar $ 100.000. Dengan beberapa estimasi koleksi Karpov tentang perangko dan barang lainnya yang bernilai $ 15m. Tapi dia tidak dikumpulkan terutama sebagai investasi. Karpov telah menghabiskan beberapa tahun 2010 finishing dari sebuah buku yang akan menempatkan semua koleksi dalam konteks sejarahnya. Buku itu tertunda ketika teks asli dicuri, tapi buku ini sekarang substansial telah selesai. Pada tahun-tahun Karpov telah memiliki beberapa keterlibatan dengan politik termasuk pada satu titik sebagai Presiden Dana Perdamaian Soviet, dan memiliki minat pada hubungan internasional. Karpov telah sering mengatakan ia melihat prangko sebagai alat yang berguna untuk menghubungkan dengan budaya lain, dan rute ke berkomunikasi dengan orang sepanjang dunia. USA Balikkan # 294a Cap amerika berharga yang dijual di Ebay untuk US $ 3,201.00. Its Amerika Serikat 1c Pan American Balikkan # 294a (Scott). Sebuah invert kesalahan terjadi ketika bagian dari perangko yang dicetak terbalik. Membalikkan mungkin adalah yang paling spektakuler dari kesalahan perangko, bukan hanya karena penampilan visual yang mencolok, tetapi karena mereka hampir selalu cukup langka, dan sangat dihargai oleh kolektor perangko. Invert kesalahan, atau “membalikkan” singkatnya, paling sering timbul ketika memproduksi multi-warna melalui perangko melewati beberapa melalui mesin cetak. Itu semua terlalu mudah bagi seorang pekerja pabrik percetakan untuk menyisipkan lembar setengah jadi dengan cara yang salah sekitar, sehingga membalikkan. Seperti kesalahan yang begitu jelas, hampir semua lembar salah cetak yang tertangkap dan hancur sebelum mereka meninggalkan pabrik, dan masih lebih terjebak selama distribusi atau di kantor pos sebelum dijual. membaca lebih dari “USA Balikkan # 294a” Popularity: 1% [?] Rhodesia SG 146, 161 dan 162 Perangko Rhodesia menarik dan langka yang dijual kemarin di Ebay. Ini adalah Rhodesia SG 146, 161 dan 162 dengan lem penuh dan tidak pernah berengsel. Memenangkan tawaran: US $ 3,300.00, $ 1,197.22 dan $ 2,800.00, masing-masing. Stanley Gibbons nilai: £ 4750, £ 650 dan £ 2250. membaca lebih dari “Rhodesia, SG 146 161 dan 162” Popularity: 1% [?] 1938 Mesir Farouk & Farida Royal Wedding Perangko Mesir yang sangat menarik dan langka yang dijual hari ini di Ebay. Its imperforated 1 Pound cap dengan lem penuh. Memenangkan tawaran: US $ 2,750.00. Ebay description: Mesir 1938 Farouk & Farida Royal Wedding 1 Pound Iperforate w / Frame Hanya MNH Mesir 1938 Farouk & Farida Royal Wedding 1 Pound imperforata w / frame hanya dalam mint benar-benar luar biasa tidak pernah bergantung kondisi. Sebuah barang yang sangat langka karena hanya 50 keluar eksemplar. A true gem yang sangat jarang ditawarkan (belum pernah di eBay). Popularitas: 51% [?] Inggris Afrika Tengah # 69 Inggris Afrika Tengah # 69 dijual di eBay hari ini. Kondisi mint, ringan berengsel cap. Katalog nilai: $ 6500,00. Keterangan: Inggris Afrika Tengah # 69 mint sangat halus, ringan berengsel, jarang yang besar. Katalog: $ 6.500,00 Popularity: 1% [?] 1897 Kanada Scott 63 Cap Kanada berharga yang dijual di Ebay beberapa hari lalu. Its cantik mint Scott 63 cap. Memenangkan tawaran: US $ 2,750.00. Ada 28 tawaran dari 14 penawar! Keterangan: Kanada SG138 (Scott 63) 1897 $ 3 Bistre VFNH Cat £ 950 Unitrade $ 6.000 Kuat warna dan contoh yang luar biasa. Popularity: 1% [?] US # 263 Mint OG dengan sertifikat Lain cap amerika berharga: Scott # 263 Mint OG berengsel dengan tahun 2008 Sertifikat PSE. Memenangkan tawaran: US $ 3,325.50. # 263 Mint OG Berengsel w / 2008 PSE Cert Dinilai VF-80 Nilai Katalog Scott adalah $ 5.000. Sebuah Kecantikan, baik terpusat, dengan sangat kesegaran dan warna, benar-benar suara dengan NO sisa-sisa engsel. Masalah tanpa tanda air Perekat 5 $ sulit untuk menemukan dalam kondisi gusi suara penuh asli Popularity: 1% [?] US # 293 Mint OG Cap amerika langka itu dijual seharga US $ 2,858.08 di eBay. Ada 38 tawaran dari 10 peserta tender. Perangko tersebut memiliki PF 2007 & 2008 PSE sertifikat. Ebay description: # 293 Mint OG sebelumnya berengsel w / 2007 PF Cert & 2008 PSE Cert Dinilai XF-90 Nilai Katalog Scott adalah $ 2.100 untuk VF, ini adalah XF! Apa perangko! sangat baik berpusat di dalam margin seimbang lebar untuk masalah ini erat spasi, benar-benar suara dengan warna yang indah & kesan. Sebuah cap sangat sulit untuk menemukan dengan centering & margin Popularity: 1% [?] RaritanStamps, Lelang # 39, 22 Mei 2009 Lelang RaritanStamps # 39, Lelang Prangko Stamp triwulanan Seluruh Dunia Langka dan Sejarah Pos, cukup berhasil. Saya memilih 10 perangko yang paling menarik dan berharga dari 1341 lot. 1. Siprus. SG # 117a. 1928, Raja George V, 5 £ hitam di atas kertas kuning, menyalin cantik, penuh OG, jejak cahaya dari engsel, VF. Winning bid – $ 2600,00. (Menambah premi 12,5% pembeli). membaca lebih dari “RaritanStamps, Lelang # 39, 22 Mei 2009” Popularitas: 48% [?] Jerman Cina Kiauchau 5 Pf Lihat ini perangko tahun 1900. Para mencetak sempurna, Jäschke-Lantelme BPP sertifikat dan harga mengesankan. Pembeli akan membayar US $ 2,950.00 untuk ini banyak eBay. Penjual description: Sebuah contoh yang tidak digunakan segar dan menarik dari prangko yang sangat langka overprinted 5 Pf. dalam huruf besar di bagian Misionaris Tsingtau: dengan warna segar VF berpusat dan ringan berengsel gusi (ternyata kembali dilekatkan). Didampingi oleh Jäschke-Lantelme BPP cert dan ditandatangani beberapa kali di sebaliknya oleh Hoffmann, Giesecke & Georg Buhler-semua tanda tangan-dan dihormati ditawarkan dengan jaminan penuh kami. Michel € 10.000 (saat ini apprx $ 14.000) Popularitas: [?] 34% Cara Lihat Perangko Langka & Nilai mereka X Si Kingston Si Kingston telah menjadi kontributor konten online sejak tahun 2004, dengan pekerjaan yang muncul pada website seperti MadeMan. Dia adalah seorang penulis skenario profesional dan muda-dewasa novelis dan dianugerahi Penghargaan Marion-Hood Boesworth untuk Fiksi muda pada tahun 2008. Kingston memegang gelar Bachelor of Arts dalam bahasa Inggris dari Mills College. Melihat dan menemukan nilai untuk prangko langka. Bendera foto ini Untuk menjadi seorang kolektor perangko sukses, Anda harus dapat mengidentifikasi perangko langka dan memiliki indikasi nilai mereka. Cara terbaik untuk menjadi akrab dengan perangko langka adalah untuk mempelajari gambar dari mereka. Ada beberapa database online yang menyediakan gambar perangko langka. Sumber-sumber online juga memberikan beberapa indikasi nilai. Ada sumber daya online yang benar-benar menjual perangko, dan ada satu yang hanya berfungsi sebagai indeks penelitian. Instruksi 1.View langka perangko dan belajar nilai mereka di Cari Nilai Stamp Anda itu. Website ini memiliki database lengkap tentang prangko paling langka, tapi tidak menjual prangko. Anda dapat mencari nilai cap dengan menggunakan alat pencarian mereka. Cukup masukkan adegan atau gambar yang digambarkan pada cap (misalnya, bendera) dengan denominasi, dan alat pencarian akan mencari database untuk hasil yang sama. Semua hasil yang sesuai dengan query akan terdaftar dengan gambar dan cap tanggal penerbitan. Untuk mempelajari nilai cap, Anda harus menjadi anggota. Keanggotaan pada 2010 biaya $ 19,98 untuk 31 hari. 2 Browse perangko langka dan belajar nilai mereka menggunakan situs web Cherrystone Lelang. Lelang Cherrystone mengkhususkan diri dalam melelang koleksi perangko. Ia memiliki database dari semua lelang masa lalu cap, yang terdiri dari perangko paling langka di dunia. Setiap banyak lelang masa lalu memiliki tanggal gambar, deskripsi dan masalah untuk stempel, bersama dengan perkiraan nilai dan harga penjualan aktual. Situs ini akan memberikan ide yang baik dari apa perangko langka untuk benar-benar menjual, yang dapat sering dengan kurang dari nilai yang diperkirakan. Tidak ada biaya untuk melihat isi direktori ini. 3 Lihatlah perangko langka dan mengetahui nilai mereka dengan menggunakan database pada Perangko Langka Mystic. Situs ini benarbenar menjual perangko langka dari Amerika Serikat dan dari bagian lain dunia. Website ini menampilkan foto dari semua prangko langka terdaftar, dan beberapa perangko juga akan daftar nilai katalog beserta harga jual website. Tidak ada biaya untuk melihat isi database ini. 4 Mencari foto cap dan nilai-nilai menggunakan indeks Delcampe. Delcampe adalah pasar online untuk kolektor perangko dan penjual. Setiap cap yang ditampilkan di situs tersebut memiliki foto bersama dengan harga eceran. Delcampe memiliki ribuan perangko langka dari seluruh dunia dan akan menampilkan nilai eceran perangko langka. Tidak ada biaya untuk menelusuri indeks ini Cara Pilih Perangko Langka X Hobi eHow, Game & Mainan Editor Artikel ini diciptakan oleh seorang penulis profesional dan diedit oleh editor copy berpengalaman, baik anggota yang memenuhi syarat dari komunitas Demand Media Studios. Semua artikel melalui proses editorial yang mencakup pedoman materi pelajaran, review plagiarisme, fakta-memeriksa, dan langkah lain dalam upaya untuk memberikan informasi yang dapat dipercaya. Mengumpulkan perangko langka adalah salah satu investasi paling bijaksana yang dapat Anda buat, dan juga merupakan hobi populer dan menarik. Belajar untuk memilih perangko langka dapat membantu meningkatkan nilai koleksi perangko Anda. Instruksi 1. Memahami Jenis Perangko Langka 1 Memahami bahwa langka perangko secara langsung berhubungan dengan nilai pasarnya. Menurut American Philatelic Foundation, perangko dianggap langka hanya jika nilainya lebih dari $ 5.000. 2 Tahu bahwa ada beberapa jenis perangko langka dicari oleh kolektor. Ini termasuk perangko dari kuantitas terbatas, kesalahan, perangko dengan pembatalan khusus, perangko pertama yang dikeluarkan suatu negara dan perangko antik dari semua jenis. Jenis kesalahan termasuk desain terbalik, kesalahan warna dan kesalahan pencetakan. 3 Gunakan katalog perangko untuk mencari dan mengidentifikasi perangko langka dan berharga yang mungkin Anda ingin mendapatkan untuk koleksi Anda. 2. Pilih Dealer Stamp Reputasi 1 Pilih agen perangko dengan siapa mereka melakukan bisnis berdasarkan reputasinya dan asosiasi yang dia milik. Philatelic Society Amerika dan Amerika Stamp Dealers Association dua kelompok yang memegang anggota mereka untuk kode etik yang kuat dalam urusan bisnis mereka. Dengan dealer, Anda biasanya terjamin keasliannya. Negara-negara lain juga memiliki asosiasi profesi yang sama untuk dealer cap. 2 Cari tahu beberapa informasi penting tentang agen perangko atau penjual di lelang sebelum Anda membeli prangko, khususnya hak-hak Anda untuk memiliki cap dinilai dan dikembalikan jika sudah ditemukan berbeda dengan cara apapun dari bagaimana itu diiklankan oleh penjual. 3. Dapatkan Perangko expertised 1 Ambil perangko langka yang telah tertular dari dealer terkemuka untuk expertised. Sebuah expertiser akan menilai prangko Anda untuk keasliannya, kelas dan nilai, dan juga dapat membantu Anda mengkategorikan mereka juga. Setelah menyelesaikan proses expertising, Anda akan menerima sertifikat keaslian untuk setiap perangko. 2 Pilih expertiser berdasarkan tahun pengalaman dan reputasi dalam komunitas filateli. Perlu diketahui bahwa expertisers mengenakan biaya yang umumnya berdasarkan persentase dari nilai katalog perangko itu. . Petunjuk: Sangat berhati-hati dari pemalsuan dan palsu. Perangko langka adalah jenis yang paling sering dipalsukan karena sering mereka membawa v tinggi Bagaimana Menjual Perangko Pos Digunakan X Helen Jain Helen Jain telah menulis artikel online sejak Desember 2009 untuk berbagai website. Dia telah mempelajari bahasa Inggris dan psikologi dan berharap untuk mendapatkan gelar Ph.D. dalam bahasa Inggris di masa depan. Kolektor prangko membeli prangko yang tidak digunakan dan sering digunakan. Bendera foto ini Mengumpulkan perangko adalah hobi yang populer. Meskipun perangko biasanya lebih berharga ketika mereka tidak digunakan, tua dan perangko langka yang digunakan masih mempertahankan nilai sebagai akibat dari kelangkaan cap. Kolektor akan tetap membeli stempel digunakan untuk koleksi, jika cap sulit ditemukan. Bahkan perangko umum dan baru dijual ke kolektor setelah digunakan, meskipun mereka tidak menjual dengan harga tinggi seperti perangko langka dan jarang dilakukan. Instruksi Apa yang Anda butuhkan Gunting Scott Postage Stamp katalog Sarankan Editan 1. 1 Lepaskan cap dari kertas sehingga tidak rusak. Jika rusak, cap kehilangan nilai. Jika menghapus terlalu sulit, merobek amplop itu sekitar cap meninggalkan banyak ruang sehingga cap tidak rusak. Kemudian memotong kertas ke bawah sampai di dekat tepi cap, tetapi tidak dipotong menjadi cap. Tinggalkan kertas ekstra di sekitar tepi untuk memastikan tidak ada kerusakan. Menjualnya di kertas sehingga kolektor dapat menghapus cap. Perangko Rusak memiliki nilai yang sangat sedikit. 2 Mengatur cap atau stempel. Jika menjual perangko digunakan beberapa, mengatur mereka sehingga perangko sama ditempatkan bersama-sama. Jual perangko individu biasanya kurang berharga daripada menjual prangko bertema sebagai kumpulan kecil. Misalnya, pembeli akan membayar lebih banyak uang untuk satu set enam perangko burung dari tahun yang sama dari mereka akan membayar untuk prangko individu. 3 Lihat perangko di Katalog Prangko Pos Scott. Para Pos Scott Katalog Prangko menunjukkan perangko dari seluruh dunia dan memberikan nilai dasar untuk prangko. Perangko Digunakan biasanya tidak berharga, kecuali mereka sangat jarang, tetapi mengidentifikasi nilai potensi penting untuk proses penjualan. Jika ada perangko langka atau mahal, katalog akan menunjukkan kepada mereka. Hal ini memberikan titik harga yang baik untuk menjual perangko masuk 4 Ambil perangko ke dealer American Society Philatelic. Para dealer yang bergabung dengan Masyarakat Philatelic Amerika sering akan membeli perangko untuk menjualnya kepada kolektor dan bertindak sebagai perantara. Perlu diingat, mereka akan membeli dengan harga lebih rendah dari mereka akan menjual sehingga mereka dapat membuat keuntungan. Jual perangko ke dealer jika harga tampaknya cocok. Jika tidak, ada tempat lain untuk dijual. 5 Tempelkan perangko pada sebuah situs lelang. Salah satu cara terbaik untuk menjual koleksi perangko adalah melalui eBay atau situs lelang dan menjual Web serupa. Kolektor akan menemukan perangko digunakan dan membuat tawaran atau membeli sesuai dengan harga pembelian yang tercantum jika mereka ingin prangko. 6 Cari klub perangko lokal dan mengambil prangko untuk klub. Kolektor berkumpul di klub cap dan mungkin ingin membeli perangko untuk koleksi pribadi mereka. Ini adalah menjual langsung ke kolektor, sehingga keuntungan bisa lebih tinggi dari penjualan melalui dealer. Perlu diketahui beberapa klub cap mungkin menerima sumbangan, seperti klub cap sekolah untuk anak-anak, dan mungkin tidak ingin membeli atau anggota klub cap mungkin tidak ingin perangko jika mereka prangko baru atau perangko umum Dr Iwan catatan: Saya sarankan tidak pernah memotong perangko dari depan pos digunakan karena nilai yang lebih tinggi jika stakp masih di sampulnya. Bagaimana Menjual Perangko Pos Lama X Jessica Kolifrath Jessica Kolifrath adalah copywriter yang kompeten yang telah menulis secara profesional sejak tahun 2008. Dia berbasis di daerah Atlanta tapi perjalanan di seluruh Amerika Serikat Tenggara secara teratur. Dia saat ini memegang gelar asosiasi dalam psikologi dan sedang mengejar gelar sarjana di lapangan. Perangko tua dapat tidak berharga, atau senilai uang kecil, tergantung pada kelangkaan dan kondisi. Bendera foto ini Mengumpulkan perangko, juga dikenal sebagai philatelism, adalah hobi yang memuaskan dan populer. Banyak orang mengumpulkan prangko tidak terlalu berharga, tetapi beberapa prangko langka dan tua dapat bernilai banyak uang. Perangko paling tua yang lebih tinggi dalam nilai ketika bertanda, dan misprints mungkin patut bahkan lebih. Jika Anda telah mewarisi atau membeli koleksi perangko, menjual sebagian atau semua spesimen koleksi yang paling mungkin ide yang baik. Instruksi 1. 1 Menganalisis koleksi manapun berkumpul. Periksa tema, seperti negara asal atau tahun biasa. Koleksi lengkap perangko terkait biasanya bernilai lebih dari koleksi atau buku yang berisi perangko cocok atau acak, tidak peduli usia mereka. 2 Pertahankan bahan lain yang mungkin bernilai sebanyak atau lebih dari prangko sendiri. Menurut para ahli di website Domain Stamp, dikirim amplop dapat memiliki perangko langka terpasang. Ketika utuh dan dalam kondisi baik, mereka dapat bernilai lebih dari stempel saja. Literatur filateli tua, seperti pamflet atau buku, juga bisa sangat berharga. 3 Menilai perangko sendiri menggunakan salinan “Katalog Prangko Pos Scott.” Masyarakat Philatelic Amerika merekomendasikan buku ini enam ditetapkan sebagai metode terbaik untuk menilai senilai perangko tanpa bantuan seorang profesional. 4 Bawa koleksi atau prangko tertentu yang menarik bagi dealer cap atau penilai profesional. Peter Aitken menjelaskan pada cap nya mengumpulkan website yang seorang juru taksir dapat memberikan perkiraan yang lebih adil karena mereka tidak tertarik untuk membeli koleksi. Dealer dapat menawarkan jumlah yang segera membeli koleksi, tetapi bisa menjadi sulit untuk mengetahui jika mereka membuat penawaran yang adil. 5 Daftar perangko yang paling berharga, atau seluruh koleksi, untuk dijual di situs lelang cap. Ada juga berbagai majalah jual prangko diterbitkan di seluruh negeri yang akan menerbitkan penawaran Anda dengan biaya kecil. Menghubungi klub cap, terutama untuk prangko khusus, adalah cara lain yang baik untuk menghasilkan penjualan dan bunga. Petunjuk: Secara acak dikumpulkan, rusak, dan perangko baru ini mengeluarkan jarang bernilai dengan harga tinggi. Carilah terorganisir, koleksi bertema atau amplop dicap dan digunakan. Cara Menentukan Nilai Prangko Lama X Linda Richard Penilai barang antik dengan di tembikar, porselen dan kaca, Linda Richard telah memberikan kontribusi foto dan informasi untuk beberapa publikasi di bidang keahliannya. Dia telah bekerja di penelitian hukum dan medis-hukum menulis selama 25 tahun, dan telah bekerja online selama 12 tahun terakhir. Tentukan Nilai Prangko Lama Bendera foto ini Seperti banyak sisa kertas, perangko mengungkapkan sejarah kemajuan. Alexander M. Greig mengeluarkan perangko swasta pertama pada tahun 1842 di New York. Departemen Kantor Pos menerbitkan prangko AS perangko pertama di 1847. Ini adalah 10 tahun setelah Sir Rowland Hill diusulkan perangko perekat atau amplop pra-cetak di Inggris. ENGLISH VERSION

RARE STAMPS BRITISH GUIANA STAMP MOST PRECIOUS ONE PENNY STAMP British Guiana Stamp the one cent stamp is the world’s costliest stamp of which only one copy is now available. Its origin is very interesting that an impatient postmaster who could not wait for the new set of stamps to arrive became the unplanned creation of the most costly postal stamp in the world. Today the same stamp score a price higher than the Kohinoor Diamond. It all happened in 1856 when the postmaster E D Wright could not wait for the new set of stamps to arrive. The stamps printed by Britain’s Guiana exhausted the stock of 4 cents stamps and the postmaster could not wait for a longer period and he decided to print the stamp in the country, thus born a stamp with a freak history. It’s interesting to note that an unexpected error in the printing of this stamp created history. Instead of printing the denomination as Four cents it printed as One cent. Most interesting thing is that this mistake went unnoticed for long seventeen years even by the postmaster himself. A young boy was the first owner of this rare stamp. He found this stamp from one of the letters of his grand parents. That was in the year 1872 and he decided to sell the stamp for purchasing more stamps from other countries. He approached a local philatelist Mr. N R Mechinon and sold it in exchange of few lesser priced stamps. The latest Economic Times reports says that this best-known of all unique stamps, the 1856 “British Guiana 1 cent Magenta,” has been locked away in a vault since 1980 when it was bought for nearly $1 million by John du Pont. The heir to the du Pont chemical fortune. The report further says he is currently serving a 13- to 30-year sentence for third degree murder case”

World’s ‘Rarest’ Stamp Sold for a Record Price

The Swedish ‘Treskilling Yellow‘ is considered- among the world’s most valuable objects pound for pound. Credit Telegraph. Photo: EPA

“One of world’s rarest stamps, (The Swedish “Treskilling Yellow“) is going up for auction this weekend and could fetch a recordbreaking price, the head of a Geneva auction house said. The Swedish “Treskilling Yellow” is believed to be the only surviving misprint of an 1855 three shilling stamp that was supposed to be green. It has fabled status among collectors and is considered among the world’s most valuable objects for its size. This rare stamp was sold to a group of buyers for at least the 2.875 million Swiss francs (then about $2.3 million) price it set a record for in 1996, said auctioneer David Feldman. This is believed to be the only surviving misprint of an 1855 three shilling stamp that was supposed to be green. It has fabled status among collectors and is considered one of the world’s most valuable objects for its size. The auction house valued the stamp at euro1.5 million to euro2 million ($1.87 million to $2.5 million) before the sale, but actual sales prices can vary greatly depending on what the buyers feel such unique items are worth.” Feldman told The Associated Press that Saturday’s auction “happened very quickly because the buyers clearly knew how much they were prepared to pay.” Reports Telegraph

2 CENTS HAWAIIAN MISSIONARIES STAMP Yet another variety of rare stamps are the “Hawaii Missionaries”. Hawaii brought out these stamps in 2.5 and 13 cents in the year 1851. They were printed locally at Honolulu and were very primitive. Unfortunately after the printing were these stamps were stored got fire and destroyed. However few stamps had already been sold to the missionaries to post their letters to U S A. Consequently this set of stamps became rare and costly. In the year 1935 on the occasion of King of England’s Silver Jubilee celebration a special stamp was being prepared. A sample sheet of the printed stamps were shown to George V , but he could not like the striking blue color and preferred a light blue thus the sheets were not sold to the public, few of which were remained and become rare and costly.

SCINDE DAWK HALF ANNA STAMP THE FIRST INDIAN AND FIRST ASIAN STAMP On July 1952 under the authority of Sir Bartley Frere the Commissioner of Scind (Province of Scindh—now in Modern West Pakistan) issued the first Indian and the Asian stamp. It was an imperforated un-gummed laid paper stamp named as Scinde Dawk Half Anna Stamp.

Scinde Dawk Half Anna Stamp The First Indian and Asian Stamp Motivated by the ‘One Penny’ stamp introduced by Rowland Hill in Great Britain Sir Barite Frerre thought of making a single denomination stamp for the circulation in the Scind province. In consultation with the then postmaster Desrd Kofee prepared a round design with a Motif bearing the bale mark of the East Indian Company V.E. I.C with a circular writing of “SCINDE DISTRICT DAWK” below the writing the denomination ½ (half) Anna was marked. Since it was not authorized by the East India Company the stamps were withdrawn in October 1954. Today there is only one unused specimen and a few used stamps exist.

QUEEN VICTORIA STAMP

QUEEN VICTORIA STAMP WITH INVERTED HEAD This is the second Indian rarest stamp, a 4 Anna stamp with a faulty printing (the Queen Victoria’s head printed inverted). This was printed on October 1 1854 and only three stamps are remaining in the world and incidentally this is the first bi-colored stamp in the world and become one of the rarest and costly stamps in the world.

UNCIRCULATED HALF ANNA STAMP After the Scinde Dawks there was a general issue of stamps in India. The Half Anna Stamp with the design of a palm tree and lion was printed in 1853. This was printed in a limited quantity and never put into sale or for circulation due to shortage of machinery. This stamp is not known to be possessed by any stamp collector or dealer.



BAPU (GANDHI) STAMP Another rare Indian stamp is the Mahatma Gandhi or Bapu series of Rs.10.00 Service Postage Stamp. This was specially printed of the use of the late Governor General Shri Rajagopalachari. Only hundred stamps were issued and today only a few specimens are available.



FIRST AIR POST

India also has the rare distinction of being the first country in the world to carry an official Air post. It was on February 1911 from Allahabad to Naomi flight by the French Pilot Monsieur “H. Piquet”. About 65,000 letters and post cards were flown from Allahabad to Naini. It is not only just the stamp that is important even a cancellation on an ordinary stamp can often increase its value ‘hundreds’ if not thousands of times. The postal marking found in Indian mail is the Bishop Mark of 1775 and is considered as one of the outstanding rarities of India. The costliest item in the world relation of its weights is a stamp—classic stamps are partially a “Gold Standard” they not only retain their value but if required judiciously appreciate quite considerably in value. Stamps are proved safe investment, easily transportable and a hedge against inflation. Like any other area here also a specialist in stamp collecting with knowledge through vast reading and research can make considerable amount of money on stamps. The amount spent on stamps is worth better than throwing it away on some of our so-called amusements and gambling. Stamp collection is also the World’s biggest collecting hobby and on such is one of the safest fields of investments in the collecting world; more than a million people dabble in stamps in England. In India, also it has become a very popular hobby in recent years due to the holding of regional and national exhibitions and the prestige brought to the country by the performances of Indian philatelists at International Exhibitions. Some may say that the prospect of this hobby is very bleak since the popularity of internet and other forms of electronic communications are in its full usage. But this argument is not true that the usage of stamps on mail is still prevalent that there are a variety of stamps released quite often and its flow is increasing every year. Now there a number of philatelists’ organizations which provides different services to stamp collectors around the world? Philatelists can display their products for sale, and purchase variety of stamps and other related materials through web portals. http://stampListing.com is one such philately web portal. Through their pages one can buy the philately materials and can sell and display their stamps and philately related materials. They provide other facilities like contact with other philatelists and philately clubs, stamp trade/stamp exchange etc. http://Stamps2Go.com is yet another website were a philatelist can sell and buy stamps and other related material. One can join here by registering with their ids. and can even exchange stamps. Recently they launched an ad campaign on the facebook and other sites. Stamp collectors can become a fan in their fb pages and can have good interaction on these lines. Read more at their sites. No doubt, with such latest facilities available now philately has a bright future. PV (A Study Paper prepared by the author in the year 1985. This Knol is an updated form of the same with few additions).

Useful Computer Software For Stamp Collections As we are living in the 21st Century and most people also have a computer, why not using some specialized software for stamp collections, here are some good software propositions:

World Federation Of Stamp Collection Members F.I.P. Today and Tomorrow… The “Fédération Internationale de Philatélie” (F.I.P.) has looked after stamp collectors and philatelists since 1926 – growing from a society of a handful European Philatelic Federations to a Federation with a network throughout the world with: 87 Regular Members (National Philatelic Federations) 3 Associated Members (Continental Federations) Promotional Members (a new type of Membership for Postal Administrations) Related links: International Federation of Stamp Collectors and Philatelists [GM]: BTW: did you know that one president from it was from Luxembourg (sorry it is my country [ ]) His name is Jos WOLFF, RDP, honorary president now (2010)…

Philately Now is Stamp of Class and Money A recent report in the Times of India says: “Philately is stamp of class and money. its an investment that survived the recession in 2008, and actually zoomed 39% that year, when all asset classes global stock markets, US property rates and even gold fell. Considered to be “under-valued but a highly stable asset class, investing in rare stamps is catching the fancy of Asians, particularly Indian Asians, investment portfolio managers feel that with India’s growth story and robust asset classes, investing in rare stamps will be next big asset class for the well-healed. The list of stamp buffs who hold “valuable collections, include Queen Elizabeth of England, French President Sarkozy, Russian tennis player Sharpova and billionaire fund manager Bill Gross, who runs the world’s biggest bond fund at Pacific Investment Management Co. Over the years, it is expected to move on from just being under the realm of royal dynasties to high net worth individuals.

Queen Elizabeth Pic Credit. topnews.in

Sarkosy GoogleImage

Sharpova pic.credit.vtennin.uk





The rare stamp collections of Chess champion Anatoly Karpov One of the greatest players ever, Karpov owns a hugely valuable collection led by Belgian stamps Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov was born on May 23, 1951 in the Urals region of the Soviet Union. He excelled at chess from a young age, learning the game at four and becoming a Candidate Master by age 11. Karpov didn’t let chess interfere with school, earning a gold medal for academic excellence before studying maths and economics at university. But his teenage years were mostly spent studying at Mikhail Botvinnik’s famous chess school despite World Champion Botvinnik’s own assessment that, “The boy does not have a clue about chess, and there’s no future at all for him in this profession.” Becoming the youngest Soviet National Master in history at 15 in 1966 Karpov finished first in his first international tournament in Třinec, and worked his way up the rankings until he was considered the best candidate to take on the World Champion, American Bobby Fischer. Fischer, though considered one of the greatest players in history, was erratic and distrustful, especially in major matches against Soviet players. He defaulted following a dispute with governing body FIDE over the rules, handing his rival the victory. The frustrated Karpov entered a phenomenal number of chess tournaments over the following decade in order to legitamise his status as Champion where he was a daunting force and for some time held the record for most consecutive tournament victories (nine).

Stamp Belgium Termonde 1920 invert

He is considered one of the greatest players of all time. Indeed his only rival by many statistics is the player with whom he had a longdrawn, close-fought rivalry for the World Championship: Garry Kasparov. Karpov has always been an avid collector, devoting the same relentless dedication to collectibles as he has to his chess. Like most of his classmates he collected pins and generated a collection featuring about 30,000 sport, Olympic and chess pins. He also collects stamps however, and the first stamp in his collection was the USSR stamp celebrating 40 years of the Red Army in 1958. But it wasn’t Soviet stamps which really grabbed Karpov’s interest. Instead Karpov’s attention was drawn by colonies of the British Empire, and also stamps showing animals which could not be seen in Russia such as snakes, kangaroos or zebras. He has gone on to collect chess and Olympic Games stamps from the first modern Olympic Games in Athens, Greece (1896). Karpov also has a range of stamps from the USSR, France, Monaco, and the Netherlands, but his most valuable selection is from Belgium and the Belgian Congo, of which he has the largest existing collection. The earliest stamps (until around 1869) are notable for their attractive designs.

Karpv has himself appeared on stamps, such as this one from Guinea

One of his Belgian stamps is one of just fourteen examples of the famous Termonde invert which shows one of the buildings upside down. It is thought to be worth around $100,000. By some estimations Karpov’s collections of stamps and other items are worth $15m. But he has not collected primarily as an investment. Karpov has spent some of 2010 finishing off a book which will place all the collectibles in their historical context. The book was delayed when the original text was stolen, but the book is now substantially complete. In his later years Karpov has had some involvement with politics including at one point being the President of the Soviet Peace Fund, and has an interest in international relations. Karpov has often said he sees stamps as a useful tool for connecting with other cultures, and a route into communicating with people all round the world.

USA Invert #294a Valuable american stamp was sold on Ebay for US $3,201.00. Its a United States 1c Pan American Invert #294a (Scott). An invert error occurs when part of a postage stamp is printed upside-down. Inverts are perhaps the most spectacular of a postage stamp errors, not only because of the striking visual appearance, but because they are almost always quite rare, and highly valued by stamp collectors. Invert errors, or “inverts” for short, most commonly arise when producing multi-colored stamps via multiple passes through the printing press. It is all too easy for a printing plant worker to insert a half-finished sheet the wrong way around, resulting in the inverts. Such an error being so obvious, nearly all misprinted sheets are caught and destroyed before they leave the plant, and still more are caught during distribution or at the post office before being sold. read more from “USA Invert #294a” Popularity: 1% [?]

Rhodesia SG 146, 161 and 162 The interesting and rare Rhodesian stamps were sold yesterday on Ebay. It are Rhodesia SG 146, 161 and 162 with full glue and never hinged. Winning bids: US $3,300.00, $1,197.22 and $2,800.00, respectively. Stanley Gibbons value: £4750, £650 and £2250. read more from “Rhodesia SG 146, 161 and 162” Popularity: 1% [?]

1938 Egypt Farouk & Farida Royal Wedding The very interesting and rare Egyptian stamp was sold today on Ebay. Its a imperforated 1 Pound stamp with full glue. Winning bid: US $2,750.00. Ebay description: Egypt 1938 Farouk & Farida Royal Wedding 1 Pound Iperforate w/ Frame Only MNH Egypt 1938 Farouk & Farida Royal Wedding 1 Pound imperforate w/ frame only in truly superb mint never hinged condition. A very rare item as only 50 copies exits. A true gem that is very rarely offered (never before on eBay). Popularity: 51% [?]

British Central Africa #69 The British Central Africa #69 was sold on eBay today. Mint condition, lightly hinged stamp. Catalogue value: $6500.00. Description: British Central Africa #69 Very fine mint, lightly hinged, a great rarity. Catalog: $6500.00 Popularity: 1% [?]

1897 Canada Scott 63 Valuable canadian stamp was sold on Ebay a couple of days ago. Its a gorgeous mint Scott 63 stamp. Winning bid: US $2,750.00. There are 28 bids from 14 bidders! Description: Canada SG138(Scott 63) 1897 $3 Bistre VFNH Cat £950 Unitrade $6,000 Strong color and a magnificent example. Popularity: 1% [?]

US #263 Mint OG with certificate Another valuable american stamp: Scott #263 Mint OG Hinged with 2008 PSE Certificate. Winning bid: US $3,325.50. #263 Mint OG Hinged w/ 2008 PSE Cert Graded VF-80 Scott Catalogue Value is $5,000. A Beauty, nicely centered, with exceptionally freshness & color, completely sound with NO hinge remnants. The $5 unwatermarked issue is difficult to find in sound full original gum condition Popularity: 1% [?]

US #293 Mint OG The rare american stamp was sold for US $2,858.08 on eBay. There are 38 bids from 10 bidders. The stamp have 2007 PF & 2008 PSE certificates. Ebay description: #293 Mint OG previously hinged w/ 2007 PF Cert & 2008 PSE Cert Graded XF-90 Scott Catalogue Value is $2,100 for VF, this is XF !! What a stamp !!! very well centered within wide balanced margins for this tightly spaced issue, completely sound with beautiful color & impression. An exceedingly difficult stamp to find with this centering & margins Popularity: 1% [?]

RaritanStamps, Auction #39, May 22, 2009 The RaritanStamps Auction #39, quarterly Stamp Auctions of Rare Worldwide Stamps and Postal History, was quite successful. I pick out 10 most interesting and valuable single stamps from 1341 lots. 1. Cyprus. SG #117a. 1928, King George V, £5 black on yellow paper, gorgeous copy, full OG, light trace of hinge, VF. Winning bid – $2600.00. (add 12.5% buyer’s premium).

read more from “RaritanStamps, Auction #39, May 22, 2009” Popularity: 48% [?]

Germany China Kiauchau 5 Pf Look at this 1900 year stamp. The perfect overprint, Jaschke-Lantelme BPP certificate and impressive price. Buyer will pay US $2,950.00 for this eBay lot. Seller description: A fresh and attractive unused example of this very rare stamp overprinted 5 Pf. in large letters at the Tsingtau Missionary: with fresh colors VF centering and lightly hinged gum ( apparently re- gummed) . Accompanied by Jaschke-Lantelme BPP cert and signed several times on reverse by Hoffmann, Giesecke & Georg Buhler -all respected signatures- and offered with our full guarantee. Michel 10,000 euros (currently apprx $14,000) Popularity: 34% [?]

How to View Rare Stamps & Their Value X Si Kingston Si Kingston has been an online content contributor since 2004, with work appearing on websites such as MadeMan. She is a professional screenwriter and young-adult novelist and was awarded the Marion-Hood Boesworth Award for Young Fiction in 2008. Kingston holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from Mills College. View and find the value for rare stamps. Flag this photo To become a successful stamp collector, you must be able to identify rare stamps and have an indication of their value. The best way to become familiar with rare stamps is to study images of them. There are several databases online that provide images of rare stamps. These online sources also provide some indication of value. There are several online resources that actually sell stamps, and there is one that just serves as a research index.

Instructions 1.View rare stamps and learn their value on Find Your Stamp’s Value. This website has a complete database of the rarest stamps, but does not sell stamps. You can search for a stamp’s value using their search tool. Just enter the scene or picture portrayed on the stamp (for example, flag) with its denomination, and the search tool will search the database for similar results. All results that match the query will be listed with a picture of the stamp and issue date. To learn the value of the stamp, you must be a member. Membership as of 2010 cost $19.98 for 31 days. 2 Browse rare stamps and learn their value using the Cherrystone Auctions website. Cherrystone Auction specializes in auctioning off stamp collections. It has a database of all of its past stamp auctions, which is comprised of the world’s rarest stamps. Each past auction lot has a picture, description and issue date for the stamp, along with an estimated value and the actual sales price. This site will give you a good idea of what rare stamps actually sell for, which can often by less than their estimated value. There is no fee to browse this directory. 3 Look at rare stamps and find out their value by using the database on Mystic Rare Stamps. This site actually sells rare stamps from the United States and from other parts of the world. This website displays photos of all rare stamps listed, and some stamps will also list a catalog value along with the website’s sales price. There is no fee to browse this database. 4 Search for stamp photos and values using the Delcampe index. Delcampe is an online marketplace for stamp collectors and sellers. Each stamped featured on the site has a photo along with its retail price. Delcampe has thousands of rare stamps from all over the world and will display the retail value of a rare stamp. There is no fee to browse this index How to Select Rare Stamps X eHow Hobbies, Games & Toys Editor This article was created by a professional writer and edited by experienced copy editors, both qualified members of the Demand Media Studios community. All articles go through an editorial process that includes subject matter guidelines, plagiarism review, fact-checking, and other steps in an effort to provide reliable information. Collecting rare stamps is one of the wisest investments that you can make, and is also a popular and interesting hobby. Learning to select rare stamps can help increase the value of your stamp collection.

Instructions 1. Understand Types of Rare Stamps 1 Understand that the rareness of a stamp is directly related to its market value. According to the American Philatelic Foundation, a stamp is considered rare only if its value is over $5,000. 2 Know that there are several different types of rare stamps sought by collectors. These include stamps of limited quantity, errors, stamps with special cancellations, first-issued stamps of a country and antique stamps of all kinds. Types of errors include inverted designs, color errors and printing errors. 3 Use a stamp catalog to find and identify rare and valuable stamps that you may want to acquire for your collection.

2. Select a Reputable Stamp Dealer 1 Choose a stamp dealer with whom to do business based on his reputation and associations to which he belongs. The American Philatelic Society and American Stamp Dealers Association are two groups that hold their members to a strong code of ethics in their business dealings. With these dealers, you are generally assured authenticity. Other countries also have similar professional associations for stamp dealers. 2 Find out some important information about the stamp dealer or seller at auction before you buy a stamp, particularly your rights to have the stamp appraised and returned if it is found to differ in any way from how it was advertised by the seller.

3. Get Stamps Expertised 1 Take the rare stamps that you have a acquired from a reputable dealer to be expertised. An expertiser will appraise your stamps for authenticity, grade and value, and can also help you categorize them as well. Upon completion of the expertising process, you will receive a certificate of authenticity for each stamp. 2 Select an expertiser based on years of experience and reputation within the philatelic community. Keep in mind that expertisers charge a fee that is generally based on a percentage of the stamp’s catalog value. .

Tips & Warnings Be extremely cautious of forgeries and fakes. Rare stamps are the type most often counterfeited because often they carry a high v

How to Sell Used Postage Stamps X Helen Jain Helen Jain has been writing online articles since December 2009 for various websites. She has studied English and psychology and hopes to get a Ph.D. in English in the future. Stamp collectors buy unused and used stamps. Flag this photo Stamp collecting is a popular hobby. Though stamps are usually more valuable when they are not used, old and rare stamps that are used still retain value as a result of the rarity of the stamp. Collectors will still buy a used stamp for a collection, if the stamp is hard to find. Even common and new stamps are sold to collectors after being used, though they do not sell for high prices like rare and uncommon stamps do.

Instructions Things You’ll Need Scissors Scott Postage Stamp Catalog Suggest Edits 1. 1. 1 Remove the stamp from the paper so that it is not damaged. If damaged, the stamp loses value. If removing is too difficult, tear the envelope around the stamp leaving plenty of room so that the stamp is undamaged. Then cut the paper down until it is near the edge of the stamp, but does not cut into the stamp. Leave a little extra paper around the edges to ensure there is no damage. Sell it on the paper so that the collector can remove the stamp. Damaged stamps have very little value. 2 Organize the stamp or stamps. If selling several used stamps, organize them so that similar stamps are placed together. Selling individual stamps is usually less valuable than selling themed stamps as a small collection. For example, a buyer would pay more money for a set of six bird stamps from the same year than they would pay for the individual stamps. 3 Look the stamps up in the Scott Postage Stamp Catalog. The Scott Postage Stamp Catalog shows stamps from around the world and gives a basic value for stamps. Used stamps are usually not valuable, unless they are very rare, but identifying the potential value is important to the selling process. If there are rare or expensive stamps, the catalog will show them. This gives a good price point to sell the stamps in. 4 Take the stamps to an American Philatelic Society dealer. The dealers that have joined the American Philatelic Society will often buy stamps to sell them to collectors and act as a middleman. Keep in mind, they will buy at a lower price than they will sell so that they can make a profit. Sell the stamps to the dealer if the price seems appropriate. If not, there are other places to sell. 5 Post the stamps on an auction site. One of the best ways to sell a stamp collection is through eBay or a similar auctioning and selling Web site. Collectors will find the used stamps and make a bid or purchase according to the purchase price listed if they want the stamps. 6 Locate a local stamp club and take the stamps to the club. Collectors gather at a stamp club and might want to buy the stamps for their personal collections. This is a direct sell to a collector, so the profits might be higher than selling through a dealer. Keep in mind some stamp clubs might accept donations, such as a school’s stamp club for children, and might not wish to buy or the members of the stamp club might not want the stamps if they are newer stamps or common stamps Dr Iwan note: I suggest never cutting the stamps from postal used cover because the value more high if the stakp still on the cover.

How to Sell Old Postage Stamps X Jessica Kolifrath Jessica Kolifrath is a competent copywriter who has been writing professionally since 2008. She is based in the Atlanta area but travels around the Southeastern United States regularly. She currently holds an associate degree in psychology and is pursuing a bachelor’s degree in the field. Old postage stamps can be worthless, or worth a small fortune, depending on rarity and condition. Flag this photo Collecting postage stamps, also known as philatelism, is a satisfying and popular hobby. Many stamps people collect are not particularly valuable, but some rare and old postage stamps can be worth a lot of money. Most old stamps are higher in value when unmarked, and misprints may be worth even more. If you’ve inherited or purchased a stamp collection, selling some or all of the most collectible specimens may be a good idea.

Instructions 1. 1. 1 Analyze any gathered collections. Check for themes, such as country of origin or common year. Complete collections of related stamps are usually worth more than collections or books containing mismatched or random stamps, no matter their age. 2 Preserve other materials that may be worth as much or more than the stamps themselves. According to the experts at the Stamp Domain website, sent envelopes can have rare stamps attached. When intact and in good condition, they can be worth more than the stamp alone. Aged philatelic literature, such as pamphlets or books, can also be very valuable. 3 Appraise the stamps yourself using a copy of the “Scott Postage Stamp Catalog.” The American Philatelic Society recommends this sixvolume set as the best method for appraising the worth of postage stamps without the help of a professional. 4 Bring the collection or particularly interesting postage stamps to a stamp dealer or professional appraiser. Peter Aitken explains on his stamp collecting website that an appraiser may give you a more fair estimate because they are not interested in purchasing the collection. A dealer may offer you an amount immediately to purchase the collection, but it can be hard to know if they are making a fair offer. 5 List the most valuable stamps, or the whole collection, for sale on a stamp auction website. There are also a wide variety of stamp selling periodicals published around the country which will publish your offers for a small fee. Contacting a stamp club, especially for specialty stamps, is another good way to generate sales and interest.

Tips & Warnings Randomly gathered, damaged, and recently issued stamps are rarely worth a high price. Look for organized, themed collections or stamped and used envelopes.

How to Determine the Value of Old Stamps X Linda Richard An antiques appraiser with a specialty in pottery, porcelain and glass, Linda Richard has contributed photos and information for several publications in her area of expertise. She has worked in legal research and medico-legal writing for 25 years, and has been working online for the last 12 years. Determine the Value of Old Stamps Flag this photo Like many scraps of paper, postage stamps reveal a history of progress. Alexander M. Greig issued the first private postage stamps in 1842 in New York. The Post Office Department issued the first U.S. postage stamp in 1847. This was 10 years after Sir Rowland Hill proposed adhesive stamps or preprinted envelopes in Great Britain. Stamp value is based on condition, scarcity, denomination and subject matter.

Instructions 1. 1. 1 Check for damage such as wear and tear or adhesive residue. Stamps are rated “superb,” “fine” and “good.” A used stamp must have light canceling, perfect centering and otherwise look undamaged to be superb. 2 Identify the stamps through the Scott catalog, which is the standard identification guide for postage stamps worldwide. Stamps are often referred to by its Scott number. 3 Compare the face value and the catalog value of the stamp. Use the higher of the two to establish the value. 4 Watch for errors in postage stamps as these are worth a premium. Starting in 1975, the U.S. Postal Service issued Christmas stamps without a face value, but these are not errors. They were sold for 10 cents that year. Nondenominated stamps issued since have letters “A” through “H.” 5 Find and value commemorative stamps. These often have value greater than the face. For example, the American Music series commemorative stamps from 1994 were issued at 29 cents and are valued at $1.60 each in unused condition in 2010.

Tips & Warnings Most dealers and shops willing to buy stamps will only offer about 50 percent of calculated value. You may need a specialized guide if you collect varieties other than postage stamps, like revenue stamps, cigarette stamps or labels and seals.

How to View Old Postage Stamps & Their Value X Jeffery Keilholtz Jeffery Keilholtz began writing in 2002. He has worked professionally in the humanities and social sciences and is an expert in dramatic arts and professional politics. Keilholtz is published in publications such as Raw Story and Z-Magazine, and also pens political commentary under a pseudonym, Maryann Mann. He holds a dual Associate of Arts in psychology and sociology from Frederick Community College. Handle postage stamps carefully. Flag this photo Postage stamps are the essential component for ensuring a letter is delivered from one location to another. As early as 1837, postage stamps were included on letters and other mailed objects. Postage stamp costs increased as time went on, and today — with the invention of the Internet and electronic mail — postage stamps are fast becoming a thing of the past. Viewing old postage stamps and determining their value is a straightforward process that can bring any individual a bounty of financial rewards — depending upon the stamps they possess.

Instructions Things You’ll Need Stamp tongs Magnifying glass Binder Plastic sheets Suggest Edits 1. 1. 1 Pinch the corner of the stamp with a polished pair of stamp tongs. Hold a magnifying glass over the stamp to observe its nuances. Lift the stamp with the tongs and slide it carefully into the plastic sheet encased in a binder. Handle all old postage stamps similarly to prevent soiling or damage. 2 Visit websites like Stampcatalogue.org to browse old postage stamps and their value. Pull the cursor to the right side of the home page to the “Browse U.S. Stamps by Year” menu. Click on the year in which your stamp was issued. 3 Scroll through the various collection of stamps. Identify the original cost and value of the stamp and compare it to its current value as determined by each listing. Look through your own collection to find stamps identical to those included on the website

How to Use Outdated Stamps X Kayar Sprang Kayar Sprang has been a professional freelance writer and researcher since 1999. She has had articles published by clients like Kraft Foods, “Woman’s Day” magazine and Mom Junction. Sprang specializes in subjects she has expertise in, including gardening and home improvement. She lives on and maintains a multi-acre farm. Outdated stamps can be defined as postage stamps that are no longer being printed by the United States Postal Service. Some outdated stamps, especially if they are very old, or are rare, are valuable. They should be not be used as ordinary postage on a letter or package. Otherwise, outdated stamps can always be used. They still have their value. The biggest problem is, not all stamps have the postage value printed on them. You may have some outdated stamps you want to use, but you don’t know how much postage you have. There’s an easy way to find out.

Instructions 1. 1. 1 Gather together any outdated postage stamps you have on hand. The stamps must be uncancelled and unused. 2 Take them to a local branch of the U.S. Postal Service. The clerk has a stamp chart. She can compare the outdated stamps to the pictures on the chart and determine their postage values. 3 Turn in the stamps to the post office. A clerk will give you current stamps in return. You’ll get the same value. For example, if your outdated stamps add up to $3.75, the post office will give you the same amount in newer stamps.

Tips & Warnings You can use outdated stamps to send letters and packages. However, they might get held up in the postal system while their postage value is determined

How do I Determine the Price of an Unmarked Postage Stamp? X Linda Richard An antiques appraiser with a specialty in pottery, porcelain and glass, Linda Richard has contributed photos and information for several publications in her area of expertise. She has worked in legal research and medico-legal writing for 25 years, and has been working online for the last 12 years. Most postage stamps have a value on their face. Flag this photo The business of postage stamps and creation of new and varied stamps started simply but has become complex over the 150-plus years of operation. In recent years, some postage stamps and preposted postcards have not shown a value on the stamp. You can determine the postage value and use unused postage stamps, regardless of their age.

Instructions 1. 1. 1 Refer to the Domestic Mail Manual provided by the U.S. Postal Service. The Quick Service Guide 604a shows pictures of nondenominated postage (see Resources). 2 Review the stamps that have no denomination shown. In 1978, the Postal Service started the ABC series. The A stamp was the eagle on an envelope with a 15-cent value. The B stamp was issued in 1981 with the same appearance as the A stamp, but with the letter B and a value of 18 cents. The B postcard issued at the same time did not have an initial but was otherwise the same eagle stamp, with a denomination of 12 cents. The C stamped envelope issue arrived in 1981, carried the same eagle in flight and a 20-cent value. The last time the eagle appeared on this postage was for the D stamp, issued in 1985 on an envelope at 22 cents. The earth stamp was E, issued in 1988 for 25 cents. F had two designs–a tulip and a flag–both issued in 1991 at 29 cents, and to accompany the F was a “makeup stamp” for 4 cents. G carried the American flag design, and had three formats. There was a 20-cent postcard price, a 25-cent presorted first-class price and a 32-cent for U.S. addresses only. The G makeup stamp has a dove and is valued at 3 cents. Uncle Sam’s hat is on the H stamp issued in 1998 for 33 cents. There was also an H makeup stamp of 1 cent, with a rooster weather vane. 3 Look for semi-postal stamps. The best-known stamp in the semi-postal series is the breast cancer stamp, “Fund the Fight, Find the Cure,” issued in 1998 at 40 cents, with 32 cents for postage and eight cents for the breast-cancer cause. In 2002, the Postal Service issued “Heroes of 2001” with a postage value of 37 cents and a purchase price of 45 cents. “Stop Family Violence” had a stamp value of 37 cents and a price of 45 cents. These stamps help fund the cause on the stamp. The breast cancer stamp is available at 55 cents in 2010, with 44 cents in postage value. 4 Find forever stamps with the Liberty Bell. Purchase these postage stamps at one value, and use them as first-class postage on a 1-oz. letter at any time. They do not require a “makeup stamp” or extra cost. These stamps first issued in 2007 continue to be available at the current first-class postage rate. 5 Locate other Postal Service stamps with no denomination marked on the face. There are others shown on the Quick Service Guide that are no longer available at the post office, but are usable if you have some. These include some Christmas issues, the antique toys in four versions issued in 2002 at 37 cents and a 41-cent American flag issued in 2007

How to Mount Clear Stamps X Lisa Schwalbe Lisa Schwalbe has been writing since 2007. She is a freelance writer and librarian with articles about green living, gardening and food appearing on various websites. She is involved in local horticulture clubs and environmental awareness groups for children. Schwalbe took classes on sustainability and policy at Southern Oregon University and attended a Oregon State master gardener workshop. Make your clear polymer stamps more versatile and less bulky than rubber stamps. Flag this photo Clear stamps are gaining popularity among the stamping industry. Unmounted stamps are cheaper for you to buy and ship. Clear stamps must be mounted before they can be used, however. Mounting clear polymer stamps is not a difficult process. Once the stamps are mounted they can be used just like rubber stamps. Clear stamps can be removed from the mount for storage, and the mount can be used with several different stamps.

Instructions Things You’ll Need Double-sided mounting foam Scissors Stamp mount Suggest Edits 1. 1. 1 Remove the clear stamp from the backing material without tearing the stamp. 2 Clean both sides of the clear stamp with a mild cleanser to remove all dust and debris. 3 Lay a piece of cling mount foam on your stamping surface. Pull up the corner on one side. Cling mount foam has two sides; one is a sticky permanent adhesive, and the other side has a slightly tacky surface. Find the side with the permanent adhesive. Mark the adhesive side with a pen. 4 Place the mounting foam adhesive side up on the stamping surface. Do not remove the backing to the adhesive. Lay the clear stamp on the mounting foam. Trace around the stamp using a using a pen. 5 Cut the piece of mounting foam so that it fits the stamp. 6 Remove the backing on the super sticky side of the mounting foam. 7 Stick the back side of the stamp to the adhesive mounting foam. The back side is the side with the flat surface. The stamp is now attached to the mounting foam permanently. 8 Peel off the backing from the tacky side of the stamp. 9 Adhere the tacky side of the stamp to the mounting block.

How to Store My Unmounted Stamps X Tammy Moore Tammy Moore is a writer, crafter, and artist in Austin, Texas. She has worked within the craft and hobby industry for over seven years. Her articles and projects have been published online at http://www.scrapjazz.com and in “Creative TECHniques Magazine.” Moore attended the University of Central Oklahoma in Edmond, Oklahoma. How many times have you used an unmounted stamp only to misplace it due to its small size? While traditional wood-mounted rubber stamps are large and bulky, unmounted stamps (rubber or photopolymer stamps that do not require a wooden handle but rather use a clear acrylic block for positioning) are slim and lightweight. By storing unmounted stamps in transparent compact disc jewel cases and labeling each one you will use very little space and be able to quickly find even the smallest stamp in your collection.

Instructions Things You’ll Need Unmounted rubber stamps 10 millimeter thick clear compact disc jewel case Double-sided tape (if necessary) Clear window decal sheet Suggest Edits 1. 1 Open the CD case; remove and discard the CD-holding section. 2 Lay a window decal sheet on a hard, flat surface with the plastic side facing upward. Apply double-sided tape to the back of your stamps if not already adhesive. Stick the stamps, closely together, onto the decal sheet. 3 Peel the cling sheet backing apart from the plastic side. Lay the stamps face-down on a hard surface. Carefully cut around each stamp. 4 Stick stamps to the inside of the CD case; close and store.

Tips & Warnings Stamps backed with mounting foam will fit on one side of the CD case. Stamps without mounting foam may be attached to both sides of the CD case. Stamp each image onto paper cut to fit in the front of each CD case, or write the stamp set title on the front with permanent marker for quick reference.

Rare Stamps Up For Auction For Charity –––

PIMCO Founder Bill Gross or as I call him, the philanthropic philatelist, is at it again selling off more rare and valuable postage stamps for good causes. The latest auction being held by Spink Shreves Galleries of New York City and Dallas features stamps from France, Germany and China. The auction on May 19 in New York City is conservatively estimated to bring $1 million or more. All proceeds from the sale will be donated by Gross and his wife, Sue, to the Emergency Relief Fund of the nonprofit organization, Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). The historic stamps, including some dating back to the earliest days of French postal history, will be displayed in London, England and New York prior to the sale. The stamp above overprinted “CHINA” and postmarked in Shanghai is a rare three Pfennig denomination stamp from 1898 was used for German offices in China. It has a catalog value today of $23,000.

“Through their generosity, Bill and Sue Gross already have donated over the past three years a combined total of over $15.5 million to charities and non-profit organizations from five previous auctions of stamps from his collection. The May 19th auction will offer some of the most famous and valuable French and French colonial stamps and covers (stamped envelopes), special stamps issued for German overseas offices and colonies, early 20th century stamps from China as well as rare stamps of Italy, Spain and Turkey,” said Charles Shreve, president of Spink Shreves. “The auction includes France’s rarest stamp, an exceptional mint condition, vermilion-colored one Franc denomination from 1849, the first year France issued postage stamps. It’s a world famous, classic rarity and is expected to sell for $75,000 or more.” A pair of 1849 French one Franc carmine-colored stamps with one of them printed upside down has a pre-sale estimate of $125,000. “The ‘ttebche’ (face-to-face) pair is one of the greatest of all French philatelic rarities. Only four such pairs are known in mint condition,” explained Shreve. The pair of postage stamps, shown above, are expected to sell for $125,000. Other highlights include dozens of rare 19th and early 20th century Reichspost (German Postal Service) stamps used for mailings from German government offices in China and other countries, each with a bold counter-mark indicating the name of the specific country where the office was located. The stamps will be displayed at the London 2010 International Stamp Exhibition, May 8 – 15, and at the New York City offices of Spink Shreves Galleries, May 17 and 18.

Two-day Sale at Philip Weiss Auctions Realizes a Record $5.2 Million As Rare Stamps, Peanuts Comic Strips and More Bring Dizzying Prices The top lot was an exceptionally rare vertical coil pair of 1908 2-cent stamps that brought $644,100 (Oceanside, N.Y.) – Rare stamps, original “Peanuts” comic strips, rare books, autographs and more combined for a dizzying $5.2 million gross at a two-day sale held May 17-18 by Philip Weiss Auctions. It was a record take for the firm. “Not long ago, $5 million would have represented an entire year for us,” said Philip Weiss, “and we did that in a single weekend. I’m tired, but it’s a good tired.” The key to the weekend’s success was Part 2 of The Newport Stamp Collection, which featured some of the most rare and coveted philatelic U.S. examples in existence. Five stamps alone accounted for nearly $2.3 million The Chesapeake Collection (so-named because it was compiled in that region of the country, in Maryland) brought $425,000. One of the 50+ albums alone made $53,675. Part 1 of The Newport Collection made headlines when, on February 9, an unused 1869 24-cent inverted stamp, #120, one of only four known, soared to $1.271 million. It was a new record for a U.S. invert and the highest price ever paid for a single U.S. stamp. Part 2 did not record any million-dollar stamps, but many strong sellers did cross the block. Part 3 will be held sometime in September. In all, about 1,000 lots were offered at the weekend event, held in Philip Weiss Auctions’ spacious showroom in Oceanside. Around 150 people attended the auction over the course of the two days, plus there were strong online bidding components (through LiveAuctioneers.com and the Stamp Auction Network). The 1,500 combined registered phone and absentee bidders made about 3,000 bids. Following are highlights from the sale. All prices quoted include a 13% buyer’s premium. The top lot of the sale was a 1908 2-cent vertical coil pair, with original gum (Scott Catalog #321). Valued by Scott at $375,000, the stamps – the rarest coil in U.S. philately, with only four pairs known – sold for an astounding $644,100. The stamps, depicting George Washington, had been graded Extremely Fine. A small crease didn’t deter bidders, who were impressed by the exceptional centering. The second top lot was another coil pair – two 4-cent stamps from 1908 depicting U. S. Grant (Scott Catalog #314A) – that changed hands for $497,200. The horizontal pair, with original gum, had been graded Extremely Fine and was one of only six unused pairs known. And of those, this is the finest centered pair. The last time a pair hit the auction block was 1975 (hammer price: $30,000). Two lots realized identical prices of $440,700. One was an 1875 Continental special printing of a 5-cent stamp featuring an image of President Zachary Taylor (Scott Catalog #181). The stamp, graded Extremely Fine, is one of only nine 5-cent Continental special printings in existence (a tenth is in The Miller Collection). This example was perfectly centered, top to bottom and side to side. The other was a 5-cent American special printing of an 1880 stamp, also depicting Zachary Taylor.The stamp (Scott Catalog #204) was graded Extremely Fine and had been printed on soft, porous paper, adding to its desirability. It is either the finest or the second-finest centered example of the 18 that are recorded. Only a tiny margin nick prevented it from commanding an even higher price. The Chesapeake Collection comprised more than 50 super U.S. albums, loaded with foreign mint sets, singles and other premium material. Additional stamp, coin and paper money lots crossed the block – all on May 17 – in addition to The Newport and Chesapeake Collections. Part 3 of The Newport Collection, in September, will feature more ultra-rare U.S. stamps. Philatelists take note. The May 18 session was more eclectic, with many fresh-to-the-market offerings in a broad range of categories. As in many Philip Weiss sales, this one included more than one original “Peanuts” comic strip by Charles Schulz. A Sunday page, dated 6-3-62 and featuring a classic kite flying scene, sailed to $79,100; and a daily strip, dated 1-11-64 and showing Snoopy in the doghouse, hit $36,160. An early Kentucky long rifle, made and signed by S. Miller in the early 19th century, hit the mark at $8,756.50. The all original rifle, exhibiting just a little edge wear, was about 57 inches in overall length. Also, a large edition copy of “Big Game Hunting” by Theodore Roosevelt (Putnam, 1899), signed by the former president and #457 of just 1,000 copies printed, changed hands for $5,650. An original Disney production cel from the classic 1930s film “Fantasia” achieved $5,085. The cel, featuring an image of the Pegasus family, measured about 13 inches x 9 inches (framed, 24 inches x 19 inches), with a certificate of authenticity attached to the back. Also, a signed studio photo of Humphrey Bogart, black and white and taken by photographer Henry Waxman, gaveled for $2,835. Philip Weiss Auctions’ next big sale will be a three-day event scheduled for the weekend of June 20-22. The Friday evening session (June 20, beginning at 6 p.m.) will feature about 300 lots of high-end art; pottery; porcelain; silver; and more. Already consigned are original works by Emilio Grau Sala; Eduardo Cortes; and Caroline Bell; plus an important Spanish painted panel from the 16th century. The Saturday session (June 21, starting at 10 a.m.) will include 700-900 lots of mostly vintage trains; toys; and toy soldiers. Highlights will include Part 3 of The Steve Rathkopf Collection, comprising 1940s-’60s TV and comic character material; 200 pieces of mint-in-box or on-card Corgi, Matchbox, Hot Wheels, Solido, Schuco and Johnny Lightning cars; and outstanding sets and box lots. On Sunday (June 22, beginning at 10 a.m.), 700+ lots will be sold, starting with the Ken Schultz Collection of ocean liner and World’s Fair memorabilia; then Part 2 of a vintage collection of porcelain and metal litho advertising signs; thousands of sports autographs, to be sold in group lots; more original “Peanuts” comic strips; Golden Age comic books; and historical Long Island material. Looking a little further into the year, Philip Weiss Auctions also has sales planned for September and October (times and dates to be announced). The September auction will feature a military collection that, according to Mr. Weiss, “must be seen to be believed.” Also on tap for autumn is a pair of fantastic aviation collections. Watch the website as fall approaches: http://www.prwauctions.com. Philip Weiss Auctions conducts its sales in a spacious showroom facility, located at #1 Neil Court, In Oceanside, N.Y. (on Long Island). The firm is always accepting quality consignments for future sales. To consign an item, estate or collection, you may call them directly, at (516) 594-0731, or e-mail them at [email protected]. To learn more about the firm, Investment Opportunities: As director of American Philatelic Foundation I have over a forty-five year period helped serious collectors form very valuable collections for pleasure and investment. As an example I am currently working on obtaining one of the Worlds rarest stamps Mauritius Islands first stamp on full cover printed in 1847 and currently worth $3,000,000.00 In my opinion the buyer of this fabulous treasure might double his investment in as little as five years!

As a professional appraiser I am aware of where many of the Worlds rarest stamps are held and can obtain items for as little as several thousand dollars for those who wish to make serious investments but not in the range of the Mauritius item.

Newly acquired: one of the World classic rarities from the John Boker estate REUNION #2 the finest copy known. #2 1852 30c Black on Blue, Type II, without gum as issued, another fabulous mint single, being in a state of preservation enjoyed by few others, featuring lavishly large and even margins a;; around which are most uncharacteristic of this issue, plus its color is particularly strong and the impression is highly detailed on uncommonly fresh paper that still retains its original bluing, entirely free of the numerous faults that are typically associated with this frail issue. Extremely Fine;a true gem possessing tremendous visual appeal and clearly one of the very finest mint examples available; signed Calves and Sismondo and accompanied by 2004 Sismondo certificate. First stamp in Asia – The Scinde Dawk India is the first country to issue the first stamp in Asia . These stamps are popularly known as the Scinde Dawks . It was July 1, 1852 when Mr. Bertle Frere , the commissioner of Sind ( now in Pakistan ) introduced paper stamps which were limited to Sind district only for circulation . The central design of the stamp was the East India Company’s wide arrow and the stamps were embossed in different colours . The value of the stamp was 1/2 anna and the words ‘Scind District Dawk’ were printed on it in a circle . Vermillion stamps were issued first but they had a very short life because they were embossed on very fragile paper . White stamps were issued later on but embossing on white paper could not be seen clearly . So stamps were finally issued in blue colour on white paper . These stamps are famous among stamp collectors as Scinde Dawks were not only first in India but also in Asia . Scind Dawks were withdran by Sind Posts Department on September 30, 1854 because regular stamps of India were issued on October 1, 1854 . Scind Dawk is one of the rarest stamps of the world . India issued on October 19, 1977 a 100 paise stamp on the occassion of Asiana -77 depicting this famous Scind Dawk stamp . MOST FAMOUS STAMP OF THE WORLD ( One cent British Guiana) In the nineteenth century, the stamps of British Guiana were printed by a British printer, Waterlow & Sons. In early 1856, the stock of stamps was sold out before the fresh shipment from England arrived. The postmaster of British Guiana E.T.E. Dalton, needed stamps in a hurry so he asked the firm of Joseph Baum and William Dallas, publishers of the Official Gazette in Georgetown, to print an emergency issue. Dalton printed one-cent and four-cent stamps; the one-cent stamps were for newspapers and the four-cent stamps were for letters. On these stamps were printed the existing designs “the name British Guiana, the seal of the colon” a ship, and the Latin motto of the colony, “Damus Petimus que Vicissim”, (translated as “We give and we seek in return”). Usually, stamps of different values of the same design were printed in different colours, but the printing firm did both values in black ink on coloured or “magenta” paper. Since the quality was very poor the postmaster, to prevent forgery, asked the post office workers to initial each stamp before selling it. Thus, as a security measure each stamp was initialed by a post office employee. (Known initials are “E.T.E.D.” for Dalton, “E.D.W” for Wight, “W.H.L.” for Lortimer and “C.A.W.”for Watson). In 1873, Vernon Vaughan, a 12-year-old Scottish schoolboy collector living in Georgetown, discovered the octagon-shaped one-cent “Black on Magenta”, postmarked April 4, 1856, among some family papers. It was in poor condition, ink-smudged and slightly damaged and bore the initials “E.D.W”. He soaked out the stamp and kept it in his album with his other stamps. Shortly thereafter, Vaughn decided to sell it in order to purchase foreign stamps. He sold it to N. R. McKinnon, a local collector, for six shillings, which at that time was less than one US dollar. Five years later, McKinnon sold his entire collection to his friend Wylie Hill who lived in Glasgow, Scotland. Some time later, a London stamp dealer, Edward Pemberton, studied the collection and identified the one-cent Black on Magenta as a rare stamp. Hill later sold it to Thomas Ridpath, a dealer in Liverpool, England, for 120 British pounds. In the early 1900s this dealer then sold it to the Frenchman Count Philip La Renotiere Von Ferrari, the most well-known stamp collector at that period, for 150 pounds. After Ferrari’s death in 1917, his collection was auctioned in Paris between 1921 and 1925. In one of these auctions, the stamp was purchased in 1922 by millionaire Arthur Hind of Utica, New York, for 7,343 British pounds. Around that time, rumours circulated that because Hind was obsessed with the stamp, he had bought a second one-cent Black on Magenta and destroyed it so that his remaining one- cent Black on Magenta would remain as the only one in the world. Arthur Hind died in 1933 and left his stamp-collection as a part of his estate. His widow, however, claimed that the one-cent British Guiana stamp had been given to her by her husband. The court upheld her claim and in 1940 the stamp was sold to Frederick Small, an Australian living in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, for a price ranging between US$40,000 to US$75,000. In an auction held by Robert Siegel Galleries in 1970, the stamp was sold for $240,000 to Irwin Weinberg and a group of investors from Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania. The one-cent Black on Magenta remained in their collection for ten years when John E. du Pont of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, bought it at an auction for $935,000. The story of ‘POST OFFICE’ Mauritius Stamp The ‘Post Office’ Mauritius stamps are the rarest stamps of the world .These were the first to be issued by British Colony of Mauritius. It was the year 1847 when lady Gomm, wife of the Governer of Mauritius planned to hold a fancy dress ball on 30th september 1847 to mark the Island Government Fifth Anniversary .She wanted to use the first postage stamps of Maritius on her letters of invitation. The time was very short , so it was decided to have the first postage stamp printed locally . There was a man named J.Barnard in Mauritius who knew how to engrave design on plates . Lady Gomm asked him to engrave the design for the stamps and print 500 stamps of 1d and 2d value each. The design selected had Queen Victoria Head in the centre , the inscription Postage at the top and value at the bottom, Maurutius on the right and Post paid on the left . He completed the design and printed the stamp but made mistake of engraving Post office instead of Post Paid . The story behind the engraving of post office on stamp is that the J.Barnard lost the paper on which the words to be inscribed were written by the Post Master and he could not remember what was to be engraved on the left hand side , so he decided to go to Post Master and ask him the actual words to be engraved on stamps . As he reached the Post Office he noticed that Post Office was written on the building . Soon he convinced himself that these were the words which were written on the paper he lost . He rushed back and engraved the word Post Office on the design . This mistake was not detected for about seventeen years . In 1864 Madam Borchard wife of bordeaux merchant found 12 pieces of these rareties among her husband letters. Only 27 of the stamp pairs, are known to exist in the world. These are the rarest philatelic items. Gallery of Rarities From June 2008 auction: Russia 1924 10k on 5r green type II, basic stamp wide “5”, complete pane of 25, unique Price Realized: $805,000.00 rare stamp information

From our June 2008 auction: Russia 1935 San Francisco surcharge, small Cyrillic “f” in “San Francisco”, surcharge inverted Price Realized: $718,750.00 From our June 2006 auction: Russia Unique Combination Cover, #1,4 Mikulski Sale Price Realized: $517,500.00 From our March 2006 auction: United States 1893 4c blue, error of color, n.h. imprint block of four (233a, cat. $145,000) Price Realized: $165,000.00

HEADLESS KANGAROO TAKES CENTRE STAGE AT DAVID FELDMAN’S RARE STAMPS AUCTION Philatelic rarities from around the world are on offer, including one from Count Ferrary’s collection What do a headless kangaroo, an item from a schoolgirl’s scrapbook, and an envelope printed by the postmaster of a tiny town in Canada have in common? They are all among the top lots in the upcoming Autumn auction series held by David Feldman SA of Geneva, Switzerland on November 17-20. Several thousand lots, including over 1000 collections, large lots and estates, are accompanied to the auction block by specialised catalogues. These are full of pieces from Switzerland (featuring numerous choice Cantonals as well as 20th century rarities), France and Colonies (with superb Ceres issues including numerous mint 1849 One Franc stamps with tete-beche pair and varieties of shades including the “vervelle”) plus a catalogue of Great Britain & Colonies rich in Penny Blacks by plate and position. The All World catalogue is made up mostly of collections offered by country or region plus single items from several countries, both European and Overseas. A catalogue of Olympics and Tennis Memorabilia provides ample opportunity for lovers of medals, posters, art and similar collectables to add to their philatelic holdings. Finally, the auctions include a special offer of “Rarities of the World” which includes important specialised collections offered intact as well as choice classics throughout.



The headless kangaroo? Discovered over 60 years ago, certified genuine by the Royal and by use of Raman micrography, it is the only example of this dramatic printing variety ever found.

Stanley Gibbons Acquire Britain’s Rarest Stamp Stanley Gibbons are proud to announce their recent acquisition of the mythological 1904 6d Pale Dull Purple (I.R. Official) which is on display on their stand (Number 79) at the London 2010 International Stamp Exhibition at the Business Design Centre, London until Saturday 15th May. Issued on 14 May 1904, the Edward VII 6d purple, overprinted I.R. Official, has earned the handle “Britain’s rarest stamp” due to the fact that it was issued on the very day that an official order came into effect withdrawing all official stamps from use. The only known examples of this stamp in existence today belong to the Royal Collection and one or two museums such as the National Postal Museum. ‘Examples of this rarity just don’t come on to the open market’ said Stanley Gibbons Director of Great Britain Stamps, Vince Cordell. This wonderful philatelic treasure is the key stamp for any collector hoping to build a complete collection of Great Britain. ‘This is an extraordinary opportunity to acquire one of the rarest and most coveted stamps in the world’ said Mr Cordell. This stamp is the only known example to have been in private hands, which came from a collection in Switzerland in the 1950s and has been passed from one private collection to another before being offered to Stanley Gibbons earlier this year. For these reasons, the 6d I.R. Official has become known as a ‘mythological’ stamp. Collectors from around the world, visiting the London 2010 International Stamp exhibition have been fascinated by this rarity on the Stanley Gibbons stand. ‘It’s great to see people’s eyes widen when they see we have the 6d I.R. Official here on the stand. They can see that it really is here and we do have it for sale’ said Stanley Gibbons Director of Group Sales and Marketing, Keith Heddle. So far no one has parted with the £375,000 needed to own Britain’s rarest stamp but collectors around the world are enjoying the spectacle of seeing this rare philatelic treasure for themselves.

Sharjah gears up for rare stamps exhibition 1 of 11 Stamp collectors from around the world will be flocking to Sharjah later on this month, as the emirate prepares to show some of the Middle East’s most prestigious collections. (supplied The first Sharjah Arabian Stamp Exhibition, launched by the Emirates Philatelic Association (EPA), will take place at the Sharjah Mega Mall from 22 to 27 September. (supplied) 3 of 11 3 of 11 ‘We are very excited about organising the first ever Arabian stamp exhibition, and delighted that Mega Mall is hosting it,’ said local businessman and president of the EPA, Abdulla Khoory 4 of 11 4 of 11 ‘The exhibition forms part of an ambition to encourage locals to embrace their history and Islamic culture, which we believe stamps play a major role in. This event is about education,’ Khoory added. 5 of 11 5 of 11 Khoory, who has been an avid stamp collector since his school days, hopes that this event will inspire those who already take an interest in cultural history, to come forward and join the association to broaden the knowledge base. 6 of 11 6 of 11 ‘The association has a little over 250 members at the moment, although not all of them are active members. In addition to that, we believe there to be several interested philatelists in the region who have not made contact with us. We are here to benefit them, so we hope many of them will come forward after this event.’ (supplied) 7 of 11 7 of 11 The new event is another booster for the emirate’s reputation as a centre for Arabic cultural events. Sharjah was named as Capital of Islamic Culture 2014 last year. 8 of 11 8 of 11 Among the exhibits is a rare collection of stamps made in Iraq during the 1917-1923 British occupation of the country, including one stamp that is entirely unique 9 of 11 9 of 11 ‘My two most valuable items would be a cover with a pair of Baghdad in British Occupation stamps, one of which has the word Baghdad missing, which is the only copy known,’ said Iraqi Freddy Klatastchy, a collector who moved to London in 1973 aged 16 10 of 11 10 of 11 ‘The other item is a multiple of eight of the 6 annas Iraq in British Occupation stamp issued in 1918 with two stamps missing the central vignette. Again these are the only two known copies,’ Klatastchy added. 11 of 11 11 of 11 EPA president Abdulla Khoory hopes the exhibition would encourage the local Emirati population to take a more active interest in the study and preservation of stamps and develop their understanding of the cultural relevance stamps have within the UAE. The exhibition will welcome exhibitors from all over the world to Sharjah for the five day event, taking place from 22nd to 27th September, that will for the first time exclusively feature stamp collections synonymous with Arabic cultural history. (

Old and Rare Stamps from Jordan To Be Continued…..

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Unusual covers franked with Pošta Československá 1919 stamps The Pošta Československá 1919 stamp issue was valid only few months and because of surcharge paid to face values it was not widely used in postal operations. Majority existing covers franked with the issue was produced by stamp collectors for two main reasons: 1) To get rare stamps “on covers” – at that time it was quite common to collect cancelled stamps and many owners of rare stamps preferred them postally used. 2) To use cheap stamps for franking of philatelic mail ; this was caused by need to buy many normal stamps to get few rare stamps ; sometimes the collectors was pushed to buy 100 “normal stamps” to be allowed to buy stamps with low press run. Typical example of such covers you can see at fig. 1 . Fig. 1 – philatelic cover franked with Hradcany stamp and with one Austrian and one Hungarian stamp overprinted with Pošta Československá 1919 overprint (correct postage of 25 Heller for domestic letter) There is no wonder, that the stamp collectors of that time hated the stamp issue and some of them stopped collecting of Czechoslovak stamps, because they were sure, that they can never get all issued stamps and their collection will be never complete. Very hard for collecting of stamp country, which first stamps were issued only one year before the stamp set … . Sometimes we can find a cover really went through postal system franked with the stamp issue. I don´t talk about rare covers being sold now at leading international auctions houses for many thousands of dollars, but about “normal” covers being franked with usual values of the set and being really sent for postal purposes. Example of such covers you can see at fig. 2. Fig. 2 This is original Austrian field post card being franked with 15 Heller Pošta Československá 1919 stamp and mailed in Jan. 1920 as confirms not very clear machine cancel of Prague. The franking is correct, 15 Heller was standard postal rate for domestic postcards. This card was sent without any philatelic interest, the sender remembers his friend, that he has not return him a book and strongly asked him to do it immediately. The other example is yet more interesting, however this card is situated on the edge of philatelic and non-philatelic covers. But because it has not been returned to sender and the message seems like normal correspondence between two collectors of postcards, we can believe, that main purpose for its mailing was the message and not the stamp (fig. 3a+b). The card was sent from Prague to Beyrouth in Syria (today in Lebanon). Covers franked with the issue mailed abroad are very unusual. In addition, this card was prepared in way very popular at that time – with postage stamp being affixed on picture side. The postal cancel belongs to Praha – Hrad post office (PragueCastle), which nicely accompanies the picture side showing Charles Bridge being situated below the castle. The postage rate of 20 Heller corresponds to the international postcard rate of that time. Fig. 3a + b However the above examples will never be sold at any auction for high amount of money, such cards are always welcome by collectors and there is no reason for their discrimination in our collections. Rare VI stamp sells for $225,000 Missing Virgin Cripps On June 28, one of the four existing ‘Missing Virgins’, the rarest Virgin Islands stamp, sold for £140,490 ($225,000) at Spink of London during a fiercely fought auction. A spokesperson at Spinks said that this is “a new world record price” for this great rarity. The stamp belonged to the Chartwell Collection of British Empire stamps formed by Sir Cyril Humphrey Cripps, a well known investor, philanthropist, and avid philatelist who regularly visited the BVI since the early 1970s. Of the three examples of the Missing Virgin that were auctioned during the last decade this is believed to be the finest. Described as “one of the world’s greatest and most sought after rarities” this variety occurred on the 1867 1 Shilling, one of the earliest two-colour stamps, when the letterpress black silhouette of the “Virgin” was omitted leaving the incomplete stamp with only its rose carmine lithographed background. The Cripps example had not been on the market for almost half a century.Other Virgin Islands highlights of the Cripps collection did well: a stampless 1864 cover with the extremely rare Crowned Circle postmark “PAID/AT/TORTOLA” (estimated at £6,000-8,000) fetched about £20,500 ($32,500); and the double 4D overprint on 1 Shilling found a new home for £7,800 ($12,300), this being an underestimated stamp that is just about as rare as the Missing Virgin when the overprint is clearly double and not skidded. According to reports, none of the great rarities made it back to the Virgin Islands and only one interesting lot was secured by a BVI-based collector. The ‘Missing Virgin’ actually did better than the very popular Bermuda rarities which included the Perots on cover — with the highest price paid being £128,790 ($206,000) for a cover with an 1853 One penny. The legendary 2 pence Mauritius “POST OFFICE” sold for £1,053,090 ($1,684,000) — a new record price for a stamp sold in the United Kingdom. However, most impressively, this segment of the Cripps Collection of British Empire stamps brought a sale total of £1,750,0005 ($2,800.000). The following day Spink sold the first segment of the Chartwell Collection of Great Britain stamps with a deluge of great rarities. This sale also attracted record prices. Over the next 18 months Spink will be offering more items from the Cripps Collection with a schedule that includes no less than nine sales. The prices listed above include the 20% commission charged on the hammer price.

Stamps to turn your world upside-down… Classic invert errors star at Spink Shreves The upcoming rare stamps auction in New York is led by Greek, Jamaican and Australian beauties As every collector and investor knows, some of the finest sales are those in which a whole private collection is on offer, such that those bidding can see in context how its owner saw every item. Spink Shreves’ December 2010 Collector’s Series Sale is filled with an exceptional range of highly desirable United States, British Empire and Worldwide postage stamps and postal history with several named collections highlighting this particularly valuable and comprehensive sale of 1,503 lots.

£2 Deep rose and black, large perforated OS kangaroo stamp Rich colours & original gum, est: $5,750.00

Some of the many collections featured are: The George J Berger Collection of United States Postage Stamps. Many of the more valuable and higher quality stamps found in the sale come from this wonderfully comprehensive collection – the vast majority of which are accompanied by certificates from the PF and/or the PSE. The Susan S Menson Collection of Premium Quality US Stamps. Formed with excellent taste over many years, the Menson collection is characterized by exceptional stamps of freshness, brightness of colour and outstanding centring. Again, most are accompanied by certificates.

Jamaican $1 orange central invert with excellent centring, brilliantly rich colours, est: $27,500

The Thomas W Flattery Collection of United States Postal Stationery. Mr Flattery’s collection is filled with a wide array of scarce postal stationery cut squares – many of which are full corner examples – along with a number of unusual entires. His offering concludes with a substantial and valuable collection balance. The William O Schuman Collection of Specialized Washington-Franklin Issues. The majority of exceptional Washington- Franklin issues in the auction – plate blocks, varieties and errors – come from noted award winning exhibitor and collector, William O Schuman, one of the nation’s foremost authorities on plate numbers.

Yellow orange on bluish ‘Zante error’ with ’10’ inverted on front of the stamp est: $23,500

The auction concludes with some exceptional specialised offerings from such diverse areas as Great Britain (with many Line Engraved rarities), Greece (classic singles and multiples), Jamaica (including the two rarest stamps of the country) and Korea (souvenir sheets and complete sheets). Those interested in collecting rare stamp errors like the two shown here may be interested to know that an exceptional example of the famous 1932 Newfoundland $1.50 on $1 deep blue surcharge invert is currently available. InterAsia Auctions Hosting Rare Stamp Sale in HK InterAsia Auctions is hosting a spectacular sale of rare stamps this weekend – one of the largest auctions of its kind ever held in Hong Kong. Spanning 2,200 lots from Asian postal history, the auction is expected to realize in excess of HK$45,000,000 (US$5,750,000). The two-day auction will be headlined by the exceedingly rare 1897 Red Revenue 2c Green Surcharge, “The Red Lady in a Green Dress” (top). Harking back to the Qing Dynasty, only seven such examples remain and with a presale estimate of HK$8,000,000 – it is set to become the most valuable stamp in Chinese history. The auction also includes a second major rarity from the Qing Dynasty, the only known envelope affixed with the legendary “Emerald Lady” (valued at HK$2,500,000) as well as a 150-lot offering of the 1878-85 Large Dragons: China’s first stamps. It is the first time in roughly 15 years that such a major series has appeared on the auction market and it boasts a presale estimate in excess of HK$4,700,000. The Qing Dynasty pieces are also complemented by Jane and Dan Sten Olsson’s collection which dates back to the Early Republic period of China and is headlined by the “Five Treasures of the Republic”. These rarities from 1911-1949 have been given a presale estimate of HK$3,000,00, while the rarest of the five, the 1925 3c on 4c Inverted Surcharge, boasts a presale estimate of HK$1,000,000 alone. Only five unused examples exist today. Dr. Jeffrey Schneider, Interasia’s director said: “Collectors from all over the world are inquiring about these rare stamps. Stamps have always been significant in Chinese culture, being seen as important cultural icons and treasures and in fact are often referred to as art in miniature.” “We are also no doubt seeing the results of the almost unprecedented economic growth of Mainland China and the resultant investment boom in almost anything China-related not only in Greater China but throughout the world from Chinese and non-Chinese alike, whether it be stocks, real estate, art, stamps, or coins.” The auction will be held at The Park Lane Hotel, Hong Kong from July 31- August 1. Rare stamps of China China have issued more than 1000 sets of definitive, commemorative and special stamps since 1949. The charming China stamps with distinctive themes, rich content and unique artistry are records of the over-five-thousand-year history from the very ancient times to modern China. Among them, some stamps become very rare and out of the common.

Blue military stamp, 21mm*32mm, Perforation 14. In 1953, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications issued the first set military stamp, total 3 stamps, and the third bule military stamp was the last.

In 1952, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications planned to issue one set stamp in commemoration the 35 Anniv. of the October Revolution. Before the issue, the Propaganda Department of China indicated the title “the Great Soviet October Relolutionn” is in error and all stamps need to destroied and reprinted. About 40,000 stamps were sold at last.

On June 15th 1956, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications planned to issue the special stamp S15 Scenic Spots of Beijing , when the stamp was printed, the third Morning of Tianan Men looks bad and was called “the nuclear glare of Tiananmen”, so this stamp was not issued.

In 1962, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications issued stamp C92 Scientists of Ancient China. Before the issue, a mistake was found in the first stamp when print in works. The birth time of Cai Lun should be Gongyuan (pinyin, A.D. ) was printed as Gongyuan Qian(B.C.), and the workers corrected the printing plate luckily they missed one and noone found this. Later when this stamp set issued, there is one variety item in each stamp sheet. My dad is an avid stamp collector. While he does have some US stamps in his collection, he mainly focuses on older stamps from China. He used to purchase stamps exclusively from reputable stamp companies, but recently he’s been looking for good deals on rare stamps through eBay. In the world of stamps, errors often cause the stamp to be worth much more than its face value since they’re highly sought after by collectors. One such stamp is a 1962 stamp showing Tsai Lun, the inventor of paper. Right before the stamps were to begin the printing process, they discovered that the birth date had an extra character that erroneously listed the birth date as BC rather than AD. They had to correct the printing plates manually, but omitted one of them, causing a single error stamp to be printed with each batch. Here’s a photograph of an actual error stamp compared to a “photoshopped” version showing the difference: That single erroneous character causes this stamp to be listed among the rarest of Chinese stamps, and causes its value to be upwards of $5,000 rather than tens of dollars for the normal stamp. Earlier this week my dad bid in an auction for one of these stamps. While he knows eBay is filled with counterfeit goods, everything seemed to point towards this stamp being legitimate. The user who had it up for auction was a top-rated eBay seller with over 1,000+ feedback ratings and a 100% positive feedback history. He also had a number of other listings for much more expensive stamps. After bidding $1,000 for this $5,000 stamp, my dad ended up winning for $400. While he was happy about his “steal”, we both felt unease regarding whether or not the stamp was genuine. Luckily for us, the listing had a photograph of the stamp. Here’s the photo of the stamp side-by-side with a photo of a genuine error stamp: At this point, my background in Photoshop came into play. I realized I could examine the stamps extremely closely and compare them using Photoshop. In fact, Photoshop has a feature that is perfect for this type of comparison. It’s called Auto-Align Layers. What it does is magically align multiple layers based on similar features. Here’s what I did: 1. 1. Have each stamp as a separate layer 2. 2. Select the two layers 3. 3. Click Edit and then Auto-Align Layers 4. 4. Set Projection to “Auto” and click Ok Voila! The two stamps became magically aligned, allowing me to turn the top layer on and off for easy comparison. Here’s the exact same comparison after Photoshop’s auto alignment (hover your mouse over it to compare): Minor variations in the appearance of a stamp are acceptable, since there are slight variations in the printing plates. Also, though we were initially suspicious of the difference in color, we discovered that it was probably introduced in the imaging process after finding the exact same color variation in an official stamp book. However, what caught my eye was the single error character in the upper left hand corner. If you examine it during the comparison, you’ll see that it looks different and is shifted upwards in the eBay auction version. We suddenly realized that the same was in fact a legitimate stamp… A legitimate non-error stamp with the error character added in. With this evidence my dad gave the seller a phone call (yeah, they responded with a number when we asked for it), and confronted them about the forgery. They feigned ignorance and stated that they didn’t know much about stamps, which was hardly believable considering they had other listings for $80,000 stamps. However, they were willing to cancel the transaction and did so immediately. What I realized through this whole experience was how useful Photoshop can be for fields seemingly unrelated to photography or graphics. I’m sure there are still many stamp experts out there who use magnifying glasses to try and detect counterfeit or altered stamps, while Photoshop can do the same thing much more accurately and efficiently

On November 23th, 1968, the period of Culture Revolution, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications issued one stamp The Whole Country is Red. When the stamp started to be sold, in the same day, one editor of Sinomaps Press found they missed the Xisha Islands and the Nansha Islands on the stamps, he reported this to the Post and the issue was stopped.

The big “Whole Country is Red” stamp.Unofficially Issued.

The epigraph for the workers of Japan by Mao Zedong. Unofficially Issued

Long live of the complete victory of the great proletarian culture revolution. Unofficially Issued

C94 Stage Art of Mei Lanfang imperf issue

C94M Souvenir Sheet of Stage Art of Mei Lanfang

C106 Souvenir Sheet of 15th Anniv. of Founding of PRC

Miniature Sheet of 26th World Table tennis Championships, C86m

Landscapes of Huangshan, S57

Peonies, S61m

T41m Study Science from Childhood

T46 Gengshen Year (Year of the Monkey

Rare tiger stamp leaps to £34,000 in Singapore collectors’ sale Torn in half, but rejoined into an attractive whole, the 5 cent blue is one of the great rarities of Pahang At the weekend, Spink held two substantial auctions of rare stamps in Singapore, a growing centre for collecting. The grandeur of the Stolz collection with its sale of a cover worth nearly £100,000 has slightly overshadowed the other. However, as it was too significant to overlook, it’s time to redress the balance. Although there were a couple of covers with Indian stamp used in Singapore (overlapping with the Stolz auction), the key lots in the collectors’ sale were unattached rarities. The first key lot was a strip of rare stamps from Brunei, specifically a strip of 1896 (1 October) overprints on stamps of Labuan issue. The black and vermilion strip of ten, being a complete vertical row of the sheet with margins at both top and toe has a ‘two cents’ overprint on each of the eight cents stamps. Except that there is a slight variation in this case: The fifth stamp received two overprints whilst the final stamp received none. This is because the surcharging was made from a setting of fifty in two operations. On one sheet the misplacement of the plate resulted in the fifth row receiving a second surcharge, and the tenth row receiving none. One of the greatest rarities in Brunie philately, the strip sold for S$27,000 (£13,006) – in the middle of its estimate range. Another rarity sporting an overprint double is a block of British Military Administration 1945-48 Issue 25c dull purple and scarlet. The multiple, numbering twenty (2×10) being rows three and four of the sheet with margins at left and at right, stamps 1, 2 and 10 in each row show the overprint double whilst stamps 4 to 9 in each row shows partial ink impressions of the overprint in reverse on the face. Only a single sheet is known with doubling of the overprint, and this block shows the effect the best, which explains why it achieved a winning bid of S$46,000 (£22,158).

Reunited rare stamp bisect

The top lot however is both attractive and fascinating, being a diagonal bisect of an 1897 Kuala Lipis Provisional from which the two halves have been reunited. The 5 cent blue has ‘3 c’ in black manuscript on one half and ‘3c’ on the other. Fine and exceptional, with fresh colour and with part of its original gum, the unused stamp is unique and one of the great rarities of Pahang philately – even having graced the great collection of Count Ferrary. The piece hit the top of its estimate range: S$70,000 (£33,719), and will make a fine investment for its new owner. Have a look at this picture of New Zealand’s rarest stamp – see anything unusual about it? Image reproduced courtesy of New Zealand Post Group It’s a bit hard to see because of the post marks but the centre scene is actually upside down. It’s known as the Taupo Invert and it’s the only survivor out of the 80 incorrectly printed stamps. The stamp was formally presented to Te Papa by New Zealand Post’s Chief Executive, Brian Roche, today. The stamp will be immediately available to researchers, and will feature prominently in a book on the 1898 pictorial issue which is currently being written. It will also take pride of place in future philatelic exhibitions, both at Te Papa and potentially in the wider community. Brian Roche, NZ Post’s Chief Executive, hands the Taupo Invert stamp to Te Papa’s Acting Chief Executive and Kaihautū, Michelle Hippolite. Photo reproduced courtesy of NZ Post Group. The image was originally printed in 1898 as part of a 14-stamp pictorial issue showing a variety of New Zealand scenes. In a 1903 reissue, a single sheet of 80 Lake Taupo stamps was incorrectly printed when the sheet was passed through the printing press for the second stage the wrong way around. The error was not discovered until 1930 when a farmer in England came across it while searching for stamps in his childhood album to sell for cash during the Great Depression. A year later it fetched £161 at an auction in London – a large sum at the time. Dr Patrick Brownsey, Te Papa’s stamp curator, holding the Taupo Invert. Image reproduced courtesy of NZ Post Group. It was then sold to the Marquis De Rosny and did not reappear for sale until 1980 when it was sold to an American buyer by French stamp dealers for 110,500 francs (then about US$18,000). It was subsequently referenced at a number of international shows and in sales lists until finally, in 1998, it was purchased by New Zealand Post for a record $125,000 to coincide with a centenary commemoration reprint of the 1898 pictorial issue. At Te Papa, the stamp will form part of an existing collection representing the 170 years history of the New Zealand Post Group.

World class New Zealand rare stamp collection to sell The second section of Joseph Hackmey’s assembly of Commonwealth stamps goes under the hammer Early last year, Spink Shreve Galleries sold the first of two parts of the greatest collection of New Zealand rare stamps ever assembled – as recognised by an International Award that owner Joseph Hackmey received for the Commonwealth selection. On Thursday – the very next day after they sell some of Bill Gross’s fantastic collection of European stamps – the second part of the collection is to go under the hammer. The stamps, dating from 1855-1872 include rarities from Ferrary, de Worms, Caspary, Dale-Lichtenstein, Pack, Stanley, Agabeg, Pearson and John Woolfe. Two of the most exciting examples are: An 1855 1d dull carmine on white paper. Actually, two unused examples are on offer in the auction, of which one is from the collection of Sigmund Adler. However, it is the other which is truly exceptional, with a fresh bright colour. One of the finest examples known, it bears an estimate of $50,000-60,000, whilst the Adler piece is pegged at $30,000-40,000. There are also some two penny dull blues for sale from the same date.

Three penny lilac stamp of New Zealand

Secondly, from 1862 is a 3d lilac, unused without gum, with clear to large margins all round except at upper left. It is of fresh bright colour and, despite slight thinning at the top and minor soiling, is as desirable as anything in the sale, being one of only two examples recorded. This, one of the rarest of all British Commonwealth stamps, is listed at $40,000-50,000. The auction takes place in New York and over the internet. ← David Feldman will be at Sheffield 6th-7th May 2011 ABPS National Philatelic Show at Sheffield Õ

The Suez Canal In our May 19th-21st 2011 Auction series, we have the Samir Fikry Collection of Postal Services in the Suez Canal Zone. Including some of the rarest and most attractive items in Egyptian philately. The following is a brief history of this massive undertaking. Suez Canal Company Stamp Nowadays, over 140 years after it’s coming into existence, the Suez Canal has developed into an obvious feature of geography, comparable to the Straits of Gibraltar. However, for the greater part of the 19th century it was barely a dream. And it was not the English who dreamt about it, but the French. Although the direct waterway to India eventually proved to be one of the most important pillars of the British Empire, conventional thinking in early Victorian London did not like the idea. The dreaming, though, was done by the most famous of Frenchmen, the likes of Talleyrand, Napoleon I, Saint-Simon, Thiers, Napoleon III, and, of course, Ferdinand de Lesseps, following in his father’s footsteps. To understand what seems to be one of those inexplicable ironies of history, it helps to have a feeling for the typically French delusions of grandeur. While Britannia ruled the waves, the French revolution was less a thrust of power and enrichment than the celebration of science and rationality embodied in the idea of progress. If Bonaparte’s engineers had not miscalculated the level of the Red Sea as opposed to the level of the Mediterranean, work at the isthmus would have begun then and there. If the disciples of Saint-Simon had not elected Cairo of all places to make a stand for the total liberation of womanhood, perhaps the Egyptians would have lent an ear to their clamours for “a faster way to hold hands with our brethren in China”. If, in 1840, a bellicose Adolphe Thiers had not dangerously tried to cater to French public opinion bent on revenge for Waterloo, Lord Palmerston would probably have been more lenient with Mohammed Ali and less adamant against the Canal. And finally, if Napoleon III had not indisposed the Divan at Constantinople by promoting direct French intervention in Syria, Tunisia, and the Holy Land, Ferdinand de Lesseps might have obtained from the Sultan the necessary firman (royal decree) to start work at an earlier date. To measure the disbelief de Lesseps was up against, let us relish in the comment made by the London Daily News in 1855, after one of his fund raising tours to the City: “The literature of fiction is not dead in the land of Alexandre Dumas. The most extravagant romancers are children compared with the great discoverer of new Pelusium (de Lesseps*), trying to convince his audience that 250 sick Europeans and 600 conscripted Arabs will accomplish this stupendous work, without money, without water, without stones.” In 1854 and 1856 Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained a concession from Viceroy Mohammed Said Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, to create a company to construct a canal open to ships of all nations. The Suez Canal Company (Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez) came into being on 15 December 1858 and work started on the canal on April 25, 1859. Inauguration of the Suez Canal in 1869 at Port Said The canal opened to shipping on 17 November 1869, and not only had the Canal been inaugurated in grand pomp, in the presence of de Lesseps’ cousin, empress Eugenie, but also world opinion had changed drastically as to it’s commercial and strategic significance. On Sunday, November 14, 1875, the British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli was supping with his old friend Lionel Rothschild at 148 Picadilly, as they did almost every weekend. During the main course the butler approached with the telegram salver. It was a message from one of the Barons’s Paris informants. “French government hesitating.” Both men instantly knew what it was all about. The debtridden Khedive wanted to sell his 177’000 Suez shares for one hundred million gold francs. Since he needed the money desperately, he would be in no position to refuse an equivalent offer of four million pounds if it came within 48 hours. Disraeli was aware that the French, still reeling under the crushing 1871 defeat of their armies by the hands of the Iron Chancellor Bismarck, would need more time than that to raise such an amount. On the other hand, the popular Prime Minister was sure of the support of his Queen and his cabinet. He looked at Lionel. They had stopped eating. The Baron nodded. A guttural, lengthy “aahhh” escaped his lips. “We will take them” concluded his friend. In those times, no country in the world would have been able to dish out four million pounds in cash within 48 hours. But N. M. Rothschild & Sons could do it. With one stroke of pen, Her Majesty’s Government obtained control of the Suez Canal Company. And the Queen received a triumphant note from her beloved “Dizzy”: “You have it, Madam. The French Government have been out-generalled. From now on, the globe’s life line is yours.” (*) Reference to the Pharao Sesostris, who lived in the 19th Century B.C., and whom Herodot credited with the construction of the very first Suez canal. The Suez Canal Between Kantara and El-Ferdane One might wonder why this place, for hundreds of years, had remained a forlorn little fishing village. At the northern tip of the Red Sea it could certainly have developed earlier into a busy transit harbour between East and West. The explanation is somewhat technical. Prior to 1835, the frightlully hot climate, the rocky and uncharted seabed, the numerous and fierce bands of local pirates, the unpredictable winds (with endless stretches of absolute calm) proved too much of an obstacle for the ordinary sailing ship. Since Waghorn knew about this, he first planned to start his Overland Road not in Suez, but several hundred miles to the south in Cossair, which would have imposed some strenuous mountain and desert crossing in order to reach the Nile. It finally needed the arrival of the paddle-steamer to radically change the problem, awaking Suez from it’s dreamy past. Ferdinand de Lesseps Ferdinand de Lesseps Ferdinand de Lesseps, without whom the Suez Canal would never have taken shape in his century, died insane at the respectable age of 89 years. His life had been graced by three great strokes of luck: to have been the son of the first French consul in Egypt, a friend of Mohammed Ali, to have been a distant cousin of Eugenie de Montijo, who became the wife of Napoleon III, and to have been able to win the total trust of Said Pasha, who as a little boy had depended on him as a friend, protector and spiritual guide. De Lesseps knew very well how to take advantage of all these circumstances, which made him the most popular man in France at the out start of the 3rd Republic. His tragedy was to believe that miracles could happen twice. The ruinous Panama Canal turned out to be quite another matter. After having sunk over one billion gold francs of public contributions into his American dream with out any tangible results, and before even his condemnation for fraud and embezzlement, he totally despaired, to the point of losing his mind and his the end @ copyright 2012 THE COLPMETE INFO WITL ILLUSTRATIONS EXIST BUT ONLY FOR PREMIUM MEMBER

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