INTRODUCTION Human, as he evolved as forest animal, gathered vast knowledge about wild edibles of all types of ecological niches. We share massive amount of our genetic profile with our related plant food subsisting apes, and we are therefore genetically programmed to exploit plant food as part of the primate omnivorous capabilities. The microscopic wear marks on Australopithecus afarensis front teeth is suggestive of an intake of similar highly selected, nutrient dense shoots, bulbs and leaves (Ungar et.al1996, Ungar et al. 1998). Vegetables are an important perhaps key- part of our ‘genera list’ evolutionary niche, in that, the reliable carbohydrate source of bulbs and roots (and certain seeds) acted as insurance against failure in the high value but much more uncertain hunt. On the top of this ,humans need more energy to fuel brains than any other primate. We can not forever abandon eating plants. Plants are ‘Power Houses’ of many and complex ‘life enhancing compounds’ and we almost instinctively ‘know’ that we need them (van Zeist and Casparie 1984).
During the hunter and gatherer stage of evolution, man must have collected the knowledge about edibles by observation-i.e. observing the eating habits of related herbivores- and by the way of preferred test, with agriculture man became somewhat selective, but still was dependent on wild edibles for unfavourable seasons, scarcity periods and famine.
With evolution of culture, part of which is agriculture, man very quickly learned to ‘keep the best’ for replanting. Selective pressure resulted in chosing the plants with least bitter or toxic chemicals to survive to pass on their genes (Lovelock 1
Yann 1972, de Candolle. 1989). However, in doing so we may eliminate some friendly ‘bitter principles’. Strong smell of Brussels’ sprouts is due to a chemical called ‘sinigrin’ whose break down product is ‘allyl isothiocyanate’. The allyl isothiocyanate has shown to destroy pre-cancerous colon cells. Occasional meals of Brussels’ sprouts may exert a powerful anticolon cancer effect.
Tribal groups all over the planet have their own inheritant knowledge, culture and life style. Quest for documentation of traditional knowledge, has been concentrated especially around traditional health practices. Rest of the knowledge regarding food habits and lifestyles has not been given much of the attention. Because of modernization and modern technologies of communication, these lifestyles are subjected continually to the pressure of modernization. The major factor in shifting from traditional habits and styles to the modern one is mainly nonrecognition of traditional cultures. Human development report 2004 states, “living mode exclusion occurs when the state or social cultures denigrates or suppresses a groups’ culture, including its language, religion or traditional customs or lifestyles. Needed are policies that give some form of public recognition, accommodation and support to a groups culture” (Sakiko FuKudo-Parr 2004).
Around 300 million people belong to the world indigenous groups representing about 4000 languages in more than seventy countries. At the same time worlds nearly 200 countries include some five thousand ethnic groups .These groups are higher to unique cultures and unique ways of relating to other people and the environment. One of the ways to respect this cultural identity is scientific evaluation of their knowledge heritage; so that the so called modern world can understand the importance and values of these cultures and traditions. One of the aspects of
2
indigenous cultures is their food habits. Scientific evaluation of these food habits and foods can easily achieve two important goals . 1. Providing respectable scientific basis to the tribal foods and food habits and 2. To preserve the traditional food habits that can play important role in food security (Sakiko FuKudo-Parr 2004).
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE Most of the ethnobotanical reviews and surveys are concentrated around medicinal herbs. Comparatively little attention was given to documentation of wild edibles till recently. However, as a part of ethnobotanical studies, many of the research papers deal with wild edible plants of the region. Jain (1991) has reviewed the ethnobotanical literature published till early 1990’s. He has listed 616 genera where one or the other species is edible. The list includes cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, spices, beverages and also the plants used in local drinks, quenching thirst in desert etc. ‘A Status Report’ of all India co-ordinated research project on ethnobiology conducted by Ministry of Environment and forests, New Delhi, has recorded about 3900 wild plant species used as edibles (Anonymous 1994).
Saklani and Jain (1994) reported 255 plant species used for food and 16 for drinks from Arunachal Pradesh and 91 edible species and 29 for drinks from Assam. In Darjeeling District 73 species are used as food and 3 for drinks; while from Manipur 177 species are noted as edible and 5 for drinks. Total 287 species are used as food and 41 for drinks in North-East India.
Sood et al. (2000) enlisted 78 wild edible plants belonging to 38 genera and 20 families from North –West Himalaya. Usually flowers and fruits are consumed in raw state, while tubers, leaves and seeds are utilized in cooked form in the region.
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, carried out studies on Teesta Basin in Sikkim (Anonymous 2006). The study resulted in reporting 128 plant
4
species as edible wild plants out of which 63 are fruits, 22 vegetables and 19 pickled. Remaining 24 are used as condiment and herbal materials.
During case study of Kharias, Varghese (1996) found that out of 280 ethnobotanical species 89 species are used for human consumption.
Lalramanghinglova in (2002) carried out ethnobotanical study on the wild edible plants of Mizoram. He has noted 78 wild plants as edible; including famine food plants.
Patole and Jain (2002) listed 45 plant species used by tribals as edible in Panchmarhi Bioreserve, Madhya Pradesh.
Sharma et.al (2001) found that 20 plant species of every-day diet of tribals of Dadra, Nagar Haveli and Daman(U.T.) are also popular in traditional medicine.
Sheela et.al. (2004) noted 38 leafy vegetables from southern Karnataka.
Angami et.al (2006) enlisted 118 wild edible plant species of Arunachal Pradesh. He reported 28% of wild vegetables used as medicine by the local people.
21 leafy vegetables with medicinal uses from the tribal folk-lore of Achanakamar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (M.P and Chhattisgarh) have been noted by Bondya et.al (2006).
Arinathan et.al (2007) described 171 wild edible species of Western Ghat, Tamilnadu belonging to 67 families. Of these, 54 species are used as leafy vegetables, 19 species for underground bulbs, 45 species for seeds, 41 species for unripe fruits and pods; while apical meristems of 12 plant species are edible. 5
Reddy et.al.(2007) reported 156 wild food plants from Andhra Pradesh, out of which fruits of 65 species, leaves of 54, tubers of 11species, and flowers of 7 species are edible.
Kayang (2007) of Meghalaya enlisted 110 wild edible species.
Ballabh et.al.(2007) recorded 44 species belonging to 20 families used as edible.
Ramchandran (2007) described about 74 plant species from Western Ghat, Tamil Nadu including 25 leafy vegetables, 4 fruit yielding and 45 fruit/seed yielding varieties.
Sinha et.al (2007) identified 43 species of weeds belonging to 36 genera and 26 families that are commonly consumed by the tribal population of Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal.
Barua et.al.(2007) noted 38 wild edible plant species of Majuli island and Darrang districts of Assam.
Kala (2007) reported 15 wild edible fruit species as the most preferred species by the local people in the Uttaranchal hills of Himalaya.
Kar and Borthakur (2007) enlisted 29 wild vegetables which are used by the Karbi tribe and are also sold in markets of Karbi Anglong, Assam.
Paliwal and Hemalata (2007) recorded 110 species of wild edible plants of angiosperms which are of great economical value among local people of Bageshwar district of Uttaranchal. 6
Maharashtra
region
also
has
been
surveyed
by
several
authors
ethnobotanically. These surveys as well as some of the floristic surveys also have reported the wild edibles of the region.
Most of the surveys have concentrated on Western Maharashtra. Vartak (1980) surveyed hilly areas of Western Maharashtra and Goa. He observed 120 species of flowering plants and ferns used as edibles by tribals. Out of these, 58 are in common use while 27 species are used occasionally while 35 species are consumed only during severe food scarcity.
Vartak and Gadgil (1981) made a survey of relic forest pockets of Panshet water-catchment area of Pune district. They noted that 4 plant species are used as famine food by locals. Gunjikar and Vartak (1982) recorded 33 wild edible legume species from Pune district. Sharma and Lakshminarasimhan (1985) reported 35 wild edibles from Nasik district, of which 19 are leafy vegetables, 12 fruits, 1 seed, 5 are used for pickles, 1 as condiment and 3 species for beverages. Ethnobotanical survey of Khandala (Ved Prakash and Mehrotra 1987) reports only two species as edible.
Sharma and Mujumdar (2003) studied Toranmal area of north Maharashtra. They reported 8 uncommon edible species used in the region. Kulkarni and Kumbhojkar (1992) reported 25 wild edibles used by Mahadeokoli tribe. Later in 2003, Kulkarni et al. report 86 wild edibles used by Mahadeokolis of Western Maharashtra; out of which 19 are leafy vegetables, 13 tuberous plants, 9 flowers and 45 fruits.
Fruits of Meliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) J. sincl. are choice food fruits, liked by children of Sinhagad hill area (Nipunage et al. 1993).
7
Tribals of Karjat taluka (distt. Raigad) are reported to use 80 wild species as edible out of which 10 are tuber plants, 22 are fruits, 22 are leafy vegetables, 8 flower vegetables, 16 fruit vegetables and 2 mushrooms (Palekar 2004).
Deore and Somani (2006) reported 19 wild edible species from Nandurbar district.
Melghat (dist. Amaravati) region of Vidarbha has been comparatively satisfactorily surveyed. Patel (1968) noted 96 species used as edibles, while Dhore and Joshi (1988) reported only 55 edible species from the same region in their floristic surveys. Recently Devarkar (2001) listed 29 wild edibles while Marathe (2007) enumerated 42 species used by tribals of Melghat.
Kadam (2003) has noted 27 wild vegetables from Umarkhed region (Yavatmal dist.).
However, rest of the Vidarbha and overall entire region needs to be surveyed.
8
PRESENT ATTEMPT Present study deals with inventorization and documentation of wild edibles used by rural and tribal people from Vidarbha. For this, some villages were selected so as to represent a cross section of the region. Survey of Amravati district covers plains only, since documentation from Melghat has already been done by Devarkar (2001) and Marathe (2007). Also the earlier floristic studies make mention of edible species.
Villages of six districts (out of 11) were surveyed representing a cross section of Vidarbha.
Akola district was split and separate district Washim was created in 1998. Washim has been selected for survey representing old Akola district. Among the districts bordering Chattisgarh; Gadchiroli was selected for survey.
District Wardha is surrounded by Nagpur, Amravati and Yavatmal.Villages bordering Wardha have been covered in the survey; though not Wardha district proper.
9
MATERIAL AND METHODS Survey of ethnic food plants was carried out during July 2004 - November 2006. Six districts representing a cross section of Vidarbha were selected for survey. A data sheet/enquiry sheet was carefully prepared for documentation. The places selected for survey include rural as well as tribal areas. Fortnightly; sometimes, weekly tours were organized for visiting the locals of the region. Field trips were made with the locals to observe the wild edibles in nature.A data sheet/survey sheet was prepared to note down the details. Locals were interviewed in most formal way. Personal details about informant were also entered on data sheet. Information like the name (common name, vernacular name and local name) of wild edibles, the parts used as food and the mode of use was noted down. Distribution of species in study area is mentioned in enumeration. Specimens were collected during the field trips and were brought to laboratory. Species were identified using state floras as well as district floras. (Patel 1968, Dhore and Joshi 1988, Ugemuge.1986, Karthikeyan., and Anand kumar 1993, Naik 1998, Sharma et.al.1996, Singh et.al vol I, 2000 and vol II 2001, Diwakar and Sharma 2000, Mukharjee. 1984.)
For nomenclature recent publications were followed. Herbarium specimens were prepared and deposited in Department of Botany Govt. Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati.
List of informants has been prepared. Names of informants and relevant personal information is presented in tabular form. Names are arranged alphabetically with the surname first. 10
Though several species are used as food; the mode of preparation i.e. the recipes described by informants are restricted. To avoid repetition, recipes are described in the documentation part before species enumeration. Each recipe is denoted by Roman number. This recipe number/s is mentioned along with plant species in enumeration. To be specific, informant numbers are given against all recipes. In certain cases speciallised process of recipes are followed in practice. Such specialized information is given wherever applicable.
Some of the local names of plants are from a particular language. In such cases along with local name,the language has been indicated by abbreviations ( Andh =Andh adiwasi, Ban.= Banjara, Gon.= Gondi, Korku=Kor, Par.= Pardhi, Wan.= Wanjari). Wherever the names are common in the region, the region is mentioned against local name.
Some of the species are used throughout Vidarbha, while use of some is restricted. This also has been mentioned in the text.
Most of the species reported as edible, also possess medicinal value. For convenience and to emphasize the importance of these wild medicinal edibles, i.e. nutraceuticals; medicinal uses of the species (all plant parts) from available literature are given in enumeration part itself. Properties/uses of edible part are highlighted in bold type. Also information about edible parts of the species from earlier literature is also reviwed. At the end references are given in bracket by their numbers from bibliography. This is to avoid repetation of long lists. Literature reffered from on-line journals and Web sites is listed separately and is mentioned as ‘int’(internet) number.
11
No: - _______
SURVEY SHEET STUDENT’S NAME:-__________________________________________________ Date: Time:Name of the Informer: ___________________________________________________ Address: _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Place: - ______________________________________________________________ Age: - __________Income: - ______________ Occupation:___________________________ Other Information: _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ Name of the plant: -
Local: - __________________________________________ Botanical: - ________________________________________
Nutritional use:-______________________________________________________ Parts used: _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Medicinal parts used: - _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Other Importance: - ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Recipe of the Vegetable: - ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
12
LIST OF INFORMANTS Sr.
Name
Age
Occupation
Caste
32
Farmer
Kanwar
Village / Town
No . 1
Smt.Bagdeheri Chandrakala Baijnath
2
Smt.Barare Chandrakala
Dist.Gadchiroli 52
Worker
Baijnath
Pardesi
Shri. Bhoyar Chandu
24
Farmer
Kunbi
4
Smt.Bijwe Shakuntala
70
Housewife
Teli
Pundlikrao Shri Bhuskate Samaybai
Amravati
Thakur
3
5
Koranchi
Botezari Dist.Nagpur Mahuli Jahangir Dist. Amravati
50
Tikaram
Farm
Gond
worker
Pala, Shirajgaon Kasba Tq.Achalpur Dist. Amravati
6
Shri.Bhussum Kanun
42
Worker
Gond
Labu 7
Shri. Brahmateke
Kamida,Melghat Dist.Amravati
34
Vanmajoor
Annarao Ramrao
Andh-
Temburdara
Adivasi
Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
8
Smt.Chavan Sheela
35
Farm-worker
Banjara
Sahebrao 9
Smt.Darao Jamabai
Dist. Washim 50
Farmer
Gond
Sonaji 10
Smt.Darsimbhe Rupali
Waki Tq. Manora
Mendha Tq.Dhanora Dist.Gadchiroli
40
Farm worker
Korku
Kashiram
Pala, Post Shirajgaon Kasba Tq.Achalpur Dist.Amravati
11
Shri. Deshmukh
24
Umakant 12
13
Shri. Devre Ashok
Shri. Dhikar Kalama
College
Kunbi
Student 42
43
Lecturer
Farmer/ 13
Botezari ,Tq.Umred Dist.Nagpur.
Rajput –
Karanja Lad
Bhamta
Dist.Washim
Korku
Chonita, Melghat
Hunkar 14
Shri. Dorik Avdoot
Labour 36
Vanmajoor
Dist.Amravati Koli
Keola
Bittergaon, Tq.Umarkhed, Dist.Yavatmal
15
Smt.Dugga Sundera Dajji
30
Farmer
Gond
Mendha, Dist.Gadchiroli
16
Shri. Dugga Dajji Sona
40
Farmer
Gond
Mendha, Dist. Gadchiroli.
17
Shri. Dugga Maqnjiram
36
Farmer
Gond
Bandu 18
Shri. Dugga Jaywanta
Dist. Gadchiroli 30
Farmer
Gond
Dayaram 19
Smt. Dugga Tanabai
Mendha,
Mendha, Dist. Gadchiroli.
32
Farmer
Gond
Mendha, Dist. Gadchiroli.
20
Shri. Dugga Dajirao Sarju
40
Farmer
Gond
Mendha, Dist. Gadchiroli.
21
Smt.Dugga Sirgobai
60
Farmer
Gond
Bandu 22
Shri. Gawhale Kamaji
Mendha, Dist. Gadchiroli.
37
Service
Kanbaji
AndhAdiwasi
Ningnur Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
23
Shri. Gedam Raju
34
Peon
Bouddha Amdapur, Dist. Amravati.
24
Smt.Ghule Sindubai
41
Farmer
Wanjari
Lonar Dist. Buldhana
42
Service
Gosawi
Zadgaon,
Madhukar 25
Shri. Giri Chandu
Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal 26
Shri. Nandu Purushottam
40
Driver
Gosawi
Giri
Zadgaon, Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
27
Shri. Goregaonkar
45
R.B.I. officer 14
Wani
Ramnagar, Nagpur
Sudhakar 28
Smt.Gulhane
60
Housewife
Teli
Chandrakala Bapurao 29
Shri. Hadse Sambhaji
Dist. Amravati 47
Forest Gaurd
Buddha
Limbaji 30
Shri. Jadhav Jaywant
Morshi
Jewli Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
34
Farmer
Banjara
Sakharam
Warud Bibi Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
31
Shri. Jadhav Keshav
61
Farmer
Banjara
Medha
Warud Bibi Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
32
Shri. Jadhav Sakharam
58
Farmer
Banjara
Medha
Warud Bibi Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
33
Shri. Jadhav Sakru
30
Farmer
Banjara
Somnath 34
Shri. Jadhav Vilas
Rui, Tq.Manora, Dist. Washim
23
Farmer
Banjara
Sakharam
Warud Bibi Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
35
Shri. Jadhav Dhulsingh
50
Vaidu
Banjara
Harisingh
Warud Bibi Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
36
Jadhav Devisingh Dhena
38
Vaidu
Banjara
Warud Bibi Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
37
Smt.Jadhav Kamlabai
48
Farmer
Banjara
Sakharam
Warud Bibi Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
38
Smt.Jadhav Tanabai
35
Worker
Banjara
Mendha, Dist.Gadchiroli
39
Smt.Jamkatan Shamabai
35
Farmer
Gond
Koranchi, Dist. Gadchiroli
15
40
Smt.Jamkatan Kamlabai
40
Farmer
Gond
Koranchi,Dist. Gadchiroli
41
Shri. Jaibhaye Mahada
50
Farmer
Wanjari
Chandrabhan 42
Smt.Jaibhaye Asrabai
Deulgaon Tq.Lonar, Dist.Buldhana
75
Farmer
Wanjari
Chandrabhan
Deulgaon Tq. Lonar, Dist.Buldhana
43
Shri. Jiwtode Shankar
36
Farmworker
Kunbi
Papal Tq. Nandgaon Khandeshwar Dist.Amravati.
44
Smt. Joshi Swati
60
Housewife
Brahman Bhaisdehi Vidarbha border
45
Smt.Kalsurpe Sushilabai
50
Worker
Kunbi
Chandur Rly. Dist. Amravati
46
Shri. Karmore Rajiv
20
College
Kunbi
Botezari Dist.Nagpur
Wanjari
Deulgaon Tq.Lonar,
Student 47
Shri. Kayande Uddhav
36
Vishwanath 48
Smt.Khirade Vatslabai
Veternery compounder
55
Farmer
Dist. Buldhana Boudha
Papal, Tq. Nandgaon Khandeshwar Dist.Amravati.
49
Smt.Khelurkar
80
Housewife
Wani
Amravati
62
Vaidu
Gond
Mendha
Kausalabai 50
Shri. Kumre Keshav Deoru
51
Smt.Lokhande
Dist.Gadchiroli. 40
Farmer
Kunbi
Manoramabai
Watkhed(Bujrukh) Tq. Babhulgaon, Dist. Yavatmal
52
Shri. Madavi Bapurao
43
Farm-worker
Jugga
Gond
Mendha Dist.Gadchiroli
16
53
Shri. Mahadik Dilip
21
Wan-majoor
Gond
Jeweli, Tq.Umarkhed Dist. Yavatmal
54
Shri. Marathe Anil
31
Farmer
Maratha
Jalka Bhadang
Patil
Tq. Khamgaon Dist. Buldhana
55
Shri. More Baliram
42
Farmer
Thakur
Lonar Dist.Buldhana
45
Farmer
Kunbi
Warud bibi
Shriram 56
Shri. Mutkule Sahebrao Keshavrao
Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmall
57
Shri. Nyamadkhan
55
Farmer
Muslim
Karanja Tq. Manora Dist.Washim
58
Shri. Padda Haridas
25
Farm-worker
Gond
Kandru 59
Shri. Patil Suresh
Mendha Dist. Gadchiroli
41
Farmer
Kunbi
Baburao
Pala, Post. Shirasgaon Kasba Dist. Amravati
60
Smt. Pawar Vandu
50
Farm worker
Pardhi
Aseraoji 61
Shri. Pilwand Parasram
Hingaspur Dist. Amravati
73
Vanmajoor
Bhil
Jewli, Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
62
Shri. Puri Kisan Sitaram
40
College Lab-
Gosavi
attendant
Marsud, Tq.Umarkhed Dist.Yavatmal
63
Shri. Rathod Mohan Kotu
50
Farm-worker
Banjara
Fulumri Tq. Manora Dist. Washim
64
Shri. Rathod Suresh
30
Sheferd
Bhika
Banjara
Shingad Tq. Digras, Dist. Yavatmal
17
65
Shri.Rathod Pandit
30
Sheferd
Banjara
Poladi, Tq.Manora, Dist. Washim
66
Smt. Sayam Muktabai
67
Farmer
Gond
Purnachandra 67
Shri. Sasane Sheshrao
Dist. Gadchiroli 75
Vaidu
AndhAdiwasi
68
Smt Sayam Gangabai
50
Farmer
Gond
Jagan 69
Shri. Sayam Suresh
Ranwahi
Rui, Tq. Manora , Dist. Washim Ranwahi Dist. Gadchiroli
35
Farmer
Gond
Ranwahi Dist. Gadchiroli
70
Shri. Singankar Waman
55
Farm-worker
Mali
Amdari, Tq. Umarkhed Dist. Yavatmal.
71
Smt.Sonar Sukhmabai
42
Farmer
Kanwar
Koranchi, Dist. Gadchiroli
72
Shri. Sontakke
50
Farmer
Bouddha Ratanwadi,
Chandrabhan Datta
Tq.Manora, Dist. Washim.
73
Shri. Tembhare Namdeo
50
Farmer
Bouddha Shingad,
Waman
Tq. Manora, Dist. Washim
74
Shri. Thaware
55
Farmer
Kunbi
Pandurangji
Vyahad, Tq. Hingna , Dist. Nagpur
75
Shri. Ther Shrikrushna
35
Farmer
AndhAdiwasi
76
Shri. Toffa Devaji
48
Farmer
Gond
Girda Tq.Manora, Dist. Washim Mendha, Dist. Gadchiroli
77
Shri. Tole Khansingh
35
Farmer
Banjara
Sheshrao
Murli, Tq. Umarkhed Dist. Yavatmal.
78
Smt. Toffa Janibai
50
Farmer
Gond
Mendha, Dist Gadchiroli
18
79
Shri. Yusuf Sheikh
56
Farmer
Muslim
Pala, Post. Shirajgaon Kasba Tq.Achalpur Dist.Amravati
80
Shri. Zalke Shalik
40
Cow-keeping
Suryabhan
Andh-
Ratanwadi,
Adiwasi
Tq.Manora, Dist Washim
19
RECEIPE I- Chopped onion is cooked in oil till brownish with chilly and turmeric powder, add cut leaves (any edible part) and mix properly, add salt as per taste and steam cook. II- Edible part is cut into pieces and boiled for few minutes. Water discarded . Boiled part is used to prepare vegetable. Heat oil, add mustard seeds and chopped onion, cook till golden brown, add chilly powder and turmeric powder, add boiled vegetable, mix properly, add salt as per taste and steam cook for few minutes. III- Cook channa/tur dal with cut vegetable (edible part mostly leaves). Heat oil, add mustard seeds, chopped onion, add turmeric powder, chilly powder and cook dal with vegetable, salt as per taste and steam cook for few minutes. IV- Prepare paste of fried onion, chilly and grated coconut, add paste of garlic and ginger. Heat oil and fry this for few minutes and then add chopped vegetable, turmeric powder and salt; steam cook for few minutes. V- Take oil; heat it, add mustard seeds and chopped onion, chilly and allow to shallow fry, then add turmeric powder, salt and cut vegetable. Steam cook for few minutes, add channa flour and mix properly; if needed sprinkle water and again steam cook for few minutes. VI- Pakoda with channa flour- Take channa flour add chilly powder, turmeric powder, salt and add cut vegetable (edible part). Mix it properly and then deep fry the pakodas. VII-
Chutney-Grind with chilly powder and salt. While eating add some oil.
VIII- Pickle- Cut the plant part into moderate sized pieces. Mix with chilly powder. Add sufficient salt so that fungus will not grow. Add little amount of lime juice or raw mango pieces if need (i.e. if the pickled plant part is not sour).
20
STUDY AREA Amravati District Geography:-
Amravati district is situated on the state border of Madhya Pradesh. It lies between 2030 2′ and 210 46′ north latitude and 760 37′and 780 27` east longitude. It occupies an area of 12,210,000 Sq. Km. It is divided in two major parts; the first an expanse of plain, almost square in outline; the second a stretch of mountainous region extending along the whole of Vidarbha. District is bounded with Tapti River along North-West boundary while Wardha River forms entire eastern boundary.
The main mountainous region is the Gavilgarh hills, which runs East West of the South. The Melghat is situated in the niche of Gavilgarh hills, which is a southern off shoot at the Satpura range. Melghat is one of the first eight tiger reserves of India.
Purna, the largest river of the district flowing through the plains is regarded as holy river. Wardha is another major river that flows through the plains of the district.
Geology: -
The main geologic formations represented in the district are Deccan trap and the alluvium of Purna valley. Apart from this, there are two inliers of Lometa, Gondwana and Metamorphic rooks along the northern border of the district.
Rainfall:-
Climate is characterised by a hot summer and general dryness throughout the year, except during the south-west monsoon. Climate features change as the hilly 21
tracts of Chikhaldhara and Dharni tahsils are quite different because of the totally different topography of the two regions.
As far as rainfall is concerned Melghat exhibits two distinct tracts. The average annual rainfall at chikhaldhara is about 1784 mm, and the average rainfall at Dharni is 1300 mm.
The average annual rainfall for the plains is 877.4 mm.
Temperature: -
The temperature, like the rainfall varies considerably with the altitude. There is marked difference in day and night temperatures in summer. Maximum temperature for hot season can be up to 350 C and minimum 130 C. Temperature as low as 2.20 C was noted in 1954 and 1967. In plains, maximum temperature can be up to 470 C and minimum up to 10 to 120 C.
Soil: -
Hilly tracts of Chikhaldhara and Dharni Tahsils show some variation of soil like red brown soil, bouldary soil, clayey soil, murrum soil and alluvium type soil.
In general, the soils in major parts of Melghat are fairly good in nutrient contents. The soils occurring in the plains of the district are variously classified as heavy soils, medium and light soils. In general, the soils of the plains are favourable for plant growth.
22
Vegetation:-
Dry deciduous forest.
People:-
According to census 2001, total population of Amravati district is 2,607,160. Its
urban population is 8,99,579 and rural population is 1,707581. The Major
communities of tribals those reside in the district are Korku 80%) and other like Gond, Nihal, Balai, Gaolan, Gawali, Halbi, Wanjari etc.
Buldhana District Geography:-
It is the most western district of the Vidarbha, the district has been named after Buldhana town, is derived from the corrupt form of Bhil-Thana i.e. the place of Bhils. Part of district lies on the state border of Madhya Pradesh. The district is situated between 190.51` and 210.77` north altitudes and 750.57` and 760.49` east longitude. The district extends over an area of 9,661 Sq.Km. It is bounded on the north by Nimar district of Madhyapradesh, on east by the Akola, and Amravati districts, on the west by the Jalgaon District and Aurangabad districts. A ridge of low hills running from north-west to South-East through the Balaghat forms the water shed between the valley of the Penganga and the Katepurna.
Geology:-
The district is almost wholly occupied by the lava flows of the Deccan trap. District consists of two natural sub-divisions; Balaghat plateau and the Payanghat. 23
The curious crateriform Lonar lake lies (19059` N.-760 33` E) close to the southern boundary of the Buldhana district. The lake is the only instance of its kind in the world where meteoric crater lies in volcanic terrain. For this reason lake is being declared as “National monument”.
Soil:-
The soils are derived from trap rock of volcanic origin. There are three main categories of soil in the district; deep black soil, black cotton soil and shallow soil of the higher land of the plateau which is black brown or reddish in colour.
Rainfall:-
The climate of the district is dry and hot in general and considered to be healthy. The rainy season is pleasant. Average annual rainfall of the district is 754 mm.
Temperature:The maximum and the minimum temperatures of the district are 470 C and 90 C respectively.
Vegetation:-
Southern tropical dry deciduous forests and are generally confined to the hilly region.
People:-
According to census 2001 total population of Buldhana district is 2,232,480. Its urban population is 4,73,383 and rural population is 1,759,097. The Major 24
community of tribals those reside in the district are Andh, Banjara, Bairagi, Bedar, Dhangar, Gond and Ghisadi Bhil.
Gadchiroli District Geography:-
Gadchiroli District is located on the North-Eastern side of the State of Maharashtra. It is situated between 18.43` to 21.50' North latitude and 79.45' to 80.53' East longitude. It occupies an area of 14412.0 sq.km, having State borders of Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.
The district is categorized as Tribal and undeveloped district and most of the land is covered with forests and hills. Forests cover more than 75.96 % of the geographical area of the district. This district is famous for Bamboo and Tendu leaves.
The district is surrounded on West, South and East by the Wainganga, Godawari and Indrawati rivers respectively.
Geology:-
Geologically the district contains almost all geological formations except Deccan Trap. The area has varied rocks ranging from granite quartz and quartzite on the upper and stepeer slopes of the hills.
25
Soil:
The predominant soil cover in the district is clay, clay-gravel, sandy loam, deep black soil, reddish & yellowish brown soils on hill slopes, brown and gray soils of plains and laterite and lateritic soil.
Rainfall:-
Average relative humidity is 62 percent. The average annual rainfall in this area is 1063 mm.
Temperature:-
Gadchiroli District experiences extreme variations in temperature with very hot summers and very cold winters. The mean maximum temperature is 46.30C and the mean minimum temperature of the district is 90 C.
Vegetation:-
The vegetation of the area is of mixed deciduous type.
People:-
As per Census 2001 total population of the district is 9,70,294. Its urban population is 67,261 and rural population is 9,03,033. The Tribal Community population that resides in the district is 38.3 % The Major communities of tribals those reside in the district are Gond, Madia, Pardhan and Kolam. They have their own languages as "Gondi and Madiya".
26
Seven languages are spoken in the district i.e., Gondi, Madiya, Marathi, Hindi, Telugu, Bengali and Chhattisgadi.
Nagpur District:Geography:-
Nagpur is the most prominent district of eastern Maharashtra and is second capital of the state. Nagpur district lies between latitudes 200 35` and 210 44` and has an area of 989200 Sq. Km, on the state border of M.P.
The district is bounded on the north by Chhindwada and on the east by Bhandara district; on the south and west Wardha district and along a small strip on the North West by Amravati district.
Wainganga is the largest river flowing to north-east and Wardha River to North West flowing through the plains of district.
Geology:-
The district is occupied by ancient crystalline rocks to the north and east and by volcanic flows of the Deccan trap to the west and south. Besides, there are later formed sedimentary rocks; some of which are coal-bearing.
The central part of the district is a wide stretch of Biotite-gneiss, with hornblend gneiss and amphibolites, called the Tirodi Biotite-Gneiss.
The Deccan trap occupies almost half of the district to its west and south west. It gives rise to plateau type hills separated by broad valleys, which comprise of thick volcanic flows. 27
The district is well known for its mineral of economic importance. They are Manganese ore, Coal, Copper. Besides these, Tungsten ores are found in Umrer tahsil. Gold is found in the stream sands in Umrer tahsil and clay deposits are found in Kamthi.
Soil:-
The soil is mostly sandy loam which is eminently suited for growth of trees. In general soil is black cotton soil, a fine grained dark soil which varies greatly in colour, consistency and fertility.
Rainfall:-
Climate of the district is generally warm during major part of the year, except for the winter months. The heat of the day during April and May is rather unbearable, inspite of considerable dryness of the atmosphere .Climate is extremely pleasant from November to February.
The average total annual rainfall is 1254.41 mm. The major quantum of total annual rainfall is received between June and September.
Temperature:The highest mean temperature is 48.680 C and lowest mean 19.20 C. During winter season, the maximum temperature ranges from 270 C to 300 C and minimum between 90 C to 120 C.
Vegetation:-
Dry deciduous forests. 28
People:-
According to census 2001 total population of Nagpur district is 40,67,637. Its urban population is 26,13,751 and rural population is 14,53,886. The Major communities of tribals those reside in the district are Gond, Gowari, Halba and Pardhi.
Washim District Geography:This district was formed on 1st July 1998. The major part of the district is fertile plain country, but the satpura plateau rises abruptly on its northern border and a range of steep hills runs across the middle of the southern. The district lies between latitude 210.16` North and 190 51` South and longitude 770 44` East and 760 38`West. Its area is 5150 Sq. Km.
Adan, Nirguna, Katepurna, Kapsi, Morna are main rivers of the district. The Adan river rises in the Washim district and flows through a curve, North East and South and meets to Painganga river.
Geology:-
The district is almost wholly occupied by the alluvium. Upper cretaceouslower Eocene forms Deccan trap basalt. Deccan trap occurs as Basaltic lava flows, which are normally horizontally disposed over a wide stretch and give rise to table land type of topography, on weathering also known as plateau.
29
Soil:-
The soil of the district can be classified as medium black and deep black soil. The black soil supports agriculture. The medium black soil occurring in the plains in entire southwest and north west part of the district whereas shallow black soil occurs in restricted hilly part of the district.
Rainfall:-
The climate of this district is characterised by a hot summer and general dryness throughout the year except during the monsoon season. The average annual rainfall in this area is 1060 mm.
Temperature:The mean maximum temperature is 420C and the mean minimum temperature of the district is 120 C.
Vegetation:-
Dry deciduous forests.
People:-
According to census 2001 total population of Wahim district is 1,020,216. Its
urban population is 178,445 and rural population is 8,41771. The Major
communities of tribals those reside in the Washim district are Bairagi, Dakhani,
30
Dhangar, Gaoli, Gosavi, Kalkaris, Langoti Pardhi ,Pardeshi ,Patharkad, Rohilla, Sarodis, Takankar etc.
As Washim district is recently separated from Akola District, its gazetteer is not formed. The list of tribals given is common for Akola and Washim District.
Yavatmal District Geography:-
The district Yavatmal is situated in the eastern part of the Maharashtra between north latitudes 190 23` and 200 48` and longitudes 770 19` and 790 07`. It occupies an area of 13,582 Sq.Km.
Wardha and Painganga are major rivers of Yavatmal districts and forms the state boundry of Andhra Pardesh.
Geology:-
The volcanic flows occupy the entire district except for the small stretch along Penganga river. These constitute the Deccan trap and comprise seventeen basaltic flows in a vertical column. Along the bank of Penganga and Wardha river, alluvium is seen varying in thickness. Lime stone is the only mineral of economic importance found in this district.
Soil:-
The soil of the district can be classified as red soil, brownish sandy soil and black cotton soil. The black soil supports agriculture.
31
Rainfall:-
The climate of this district is characterised by a hot summer and general dryness except during the south-west monsoon. The average annual rainfall in this area is 1016 mm.
Temperature:-
May is the hottest month of the year. In May the mean daily maximum temperature is 41.80 C and mean daily minimum is 28.30C. After October, both day and night temperature decreases rapidly. December is usually the coldest month with 28.40C mean daily maximum temperature and 15.10 C the mean daily minimum.
Vegetation:-
Forests occurring in the district are dry deciduous forests.
People:-
According to census 2001 total population of Yavatmal district is 2,458,271. Its urban population is 26,13,751 and rural population is 1,453,886. The Major communities of tribal those reside in the district are Andha, Banjara, Bhil or Naikada and Kolam.
32
ANNONACEAE Juss Annona squamosa L. Sp.Pl.537. 1753.
(YMR-74)
Sitaphal
Small trees; leaves elliptic, alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary; sepals triangular small minute, pubescent. Petals greenish-white, fleshy; syncarp globose; areoles 5-6 gonous ; seeds black ,smooth. Flrs-Frts-June- December.
Cultivated through out the region, and found wild in hill forests. Used through-out Vidarbha. Fleshy petals and Fruits eaten raw. (Inf. 49.) Fleshy petal is called ‘kaju’; it tastes like Cashew-nut. Ripe fruits is a commodity of commerce. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root - Abortifacient. Branches - To cure pyorrhoea. Leaves - To kill lices, worms, ascariasis; on itches, boils, skin diseases, on wounds, mouth ulcers. Fruits - For quick delivery, stimulant, expectorant, given in diarrhoea, dysentery, hysteria, useful in spinal disease. Seeds - Abortifacient, on menstrual disorders, insectidial. (Ref.5,12,27,32,44,64,67,69,109,145,193,196,198,259,309,328, 338) Edible-: Flowers and Fruits edible (Ref-5,120,193,328)
33
MENISPERMACEAE Juss Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Theob. in Masion, Burma ed. Theob. 2:657.1883. synMenispermum hirsutum L., Cocculus villosus (Lam.) DC. (YMR-81) Wasan Vel
Woody twiner; leaves densely villous, variable in size, ovate, mucronate, base truncate. Flowers in racemes, small, green, unisexual, trimerous; ovaries free. Drupes purple, globose.
Flrs-Frts - August-May
Common on hedges; in fields. Used in Umarkhed Taluka. Distt. Yavatmal. Young leaves cooked into vegetable, (Recipe-I Inf 29) Leaves contain large amount of mucilaginous substance. They are cut in to comparatively big pieces and steam cooked before giving ‘tadka’. (Inf. 29) Uses from literatureMedicinal-:Whole plant-
Anti-diabetic, laxative, anti-periodic, refrigerant, used on
gonorrhoea, eczema. Root- Demulcent, anti inflammatory, anti rheumatic, laxative; used in mouth diseases, stomachache, bilious dyspepsia, blood and genito-urinary disorders, venereal diseases, for eczema, bed wetting. Leaves- Cooling, antirheumatic, febrifuge,stimulate saliva secretion, reduce bile and burning sensation, sprain, gonorrhoea, to overcome spermatorrhoea, red bleeding, skin burn, skin diseases, headache, diarrhoea scorpion sting. ( Ref. 5, 10, 22, 50, 79, 115, 121, 126, 127,198, 245, 264, 275, 281, 286, 328)
Edible-: Leaves, Stem,Tender shoots,Whole plant. (Ref- 5, 92, 120, 254)
34
FLACOURTIACEAE DC. Casearia tomentosa Roxb. Fl. Ind.2:421. 1832. (YMR-76) Vern. Chilla ( Umarkhed region) Small tree; bark thick, ash coloured; leaves elliptic; acute; flowers crowded in axillary fascicles, densely pubescent; petals absent; capsule ellipsoid, yellow, 3 valved; seeds embedded in soft, pulpy, aril scarlet. Flrs- Frts - March- May Common in forest, along stream bank. Used by Banjara tribe of Umarkhed Distt. Yavatmal. Aril is removed and seed is rubbed to remove seed coat and then white cotyledons are eaten raw. (Inf .22) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root bark – Tonic for anaemic condition; on diabetes, dropsy, fever. Leaves – Anthelmintic, on swelling, suppuration, employed in medicinal bath. Fruits – Diuretic, on sprains. (Ref. - 5) Edible-: Fruit (Ref-5,120, 234) Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 377. 1917, synGmelina indica Burm., syn- Flaccourtia ramontchii L., syn- F.ramontchi var. occidentalis Hook. F.ramontchi var. sapida (Roxb.)Hook., syn-F.sepiaria Roxb., syn-F.occidentalis Blatt., F.sepiaria var. integrifolia Blatt.
(YMR-)
Vern. Phetra (Nagpur and Yavatmal region) Large shrubs; leaves in whorls at end of branches. Flowers in axillary clusters; pedicels articulated near middle. In male flowers stamens numerous; anthers versatile. In female flowers ovary with 3-6 radiating styles. Berries ellipsoid. Flrs-Frts December- July Frequent in forest 35
Used in Nagpur,Yavatmal and Washim Distt. Young fruits boiled and vegetable prepared with ‘tur’dal. Recipe - I (Inf .29, 80)
Uses from literature-
Medicinal-: Roots -Useful on chronic abdominal pain. Stem bark - Used on dysentery, cholera, body pain, fever. Leaves- Useful on conjunctivitis. Fruits - Useful on jaundice, indigestion, liver disease, leprosy. (Ref. - 21, 22, 121, 137, 198, 286, 299, 324 )
Edible-: Fruits (Ref -64, 93, 120, 193, 228, 286, 300 )
MALVACEAE Juss. Abelmoscus manihot (L.)Medick.subsp. tetraphyllus (Roxb.ex. Hornem) Borss. In Blumea 14:98. 1966. var. tetraphyllus; syn-Hibiscus tetraphyllus Roxb. (YMR-30)
Raan Bhendi, Khupat mati (Gon.)
Erect, simple or branched, hispid, herbs. Leaves 3-5 lobed. Flowers solitary, axillary or in racemes. Petals yellow with dark brown centre. Capsules densely bristlly, beaked. Seeds reniform-globose with hairy concentric rings. Flrs- Frts - SeptemberFebruary
Frequent on waste lands and on bunds. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Root stock eaten raw after removing skin or it can be consumed after boiling. It is mucilagenous (Inf.18)
36
Uses from literature-
Medicinal-: Roots and leaves- Applied on boils, sores, sprains, inflammations, burns, cuts and wounds. Bark - Emmenagogue.(Ref-1,2,64,171)
Edible-:Leaves and Fruits (Ref-5, 64, 120, 232 )
BOMBACACEAE Kunth. Adansonia digitata L.Sp.Pl.1190.1753.
(YMR-64) Gorakh Chinch
Large deciduous trees; trunk irregularly shaped, broad below, rapidly narrowing upwards. Leaves digitate; leaflets 3-9. Flowers axillary, solitary, pendulous; pedicels stout, long, softly hairy. Petals white, obovate. Fruits oblong, pale greenish-brown, densely tomentose. Flrs- Frts -May-July Common along road side. Used in Amravati. Fruits eaten raw. Pulp is acidic i.e. sour in taste; therefore name ‘chinch’ (tamarind). Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Bark - Body pain, ringworms. Leaves – Given as astringent, febrifuge, sudorific, ophthalmic,on ear ache and skin irritation, rheumatic pain. Fruits – As appetizer, in fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, haemeptysis, bronchical asthama, severe itching in allergic dermatities, from urticaria. Seeds – As febrifuge, for cough in infants, for toothache, inflammed gums. (Ref-2, 5, 287.)
Edible-: Leaves and Fruits. (Ref-5, 287, int1)
37
Bombax ceiba L.Sp. Pl.511.1753. syn- B . malabaricum DC. , syn- Salmalia malabarica (DC.)Schott in Schott . (YMR-29) KateSavar,Vern. Savali (Umarkhed) Deciduous trees, trunk strongly prickly; prickles conical. Leaves crowded at the ends of branches, digitate; leaflets 5-7.Flowers large 5-7cm across, bright red, crowded at the ends of branches .Capsules woody. Seeds embedded in white silky cotton. Flrs- Frts - February-April Scattered through -out. Used in Gadchiroli and Umarkhed Yavatmal Distt. Flowers are eaten raw and cooked as vegetable. Recipe I. Root tuber of small plant is eaten after removing the outer skin. (Inf.21, 62)Tastes sweet with bit of sourness. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root - In menstrual disorder, restoring fertility, leucorrhoea, promotes conception, as nervine tonic, on liver enlargement, loss of vigour, dysentery. Rhizome - During hyperpyrexia and diabetes .Young bark- Demulcent, emetic and tonic, externally styptic. Bark - Gynaecological diseases, to cure chronic abdominal pain, bone fracture, skin diseases. Gum – Astringent, tonic, demulcent; in diarrhoea, dysentery, diabetes, bleeding piles,
influenza, menorrheagia.Leaves –
Used on ringworms. Flowers – On dysentery, blood dysentery, stomach disorders, diarrhoea, acidity; gynaecological problems, to promote conception, to induce permanent sterility; on snakebite, typhoid, skin diseases, and urinary problems. Fruits –Diuretic, in chronic abdominal pain, skin diseases, small pox, useful as painkiller, on spermatorrhoea, female diseases, snakebite. (Ref. -5, 21, 38, 44, 64, 96, 111, 137, 145, 152, 171, 227, 231, 267, 278, 286, 292, 327, 349)
38
Edible-: Root, Leaves, Flower bud, Calyx, Flower, Young fruit, Seeds and Bark. ( Ref- 5, 64, 92, 120, 145, 222 , 327)
STERCULIACEAE Bartl. Sterculia urens Roxb. Pl.Corom. 1:25,t.24. 1795 and Fl.Ind. 3:145.1832. (YMR-) Kandole, Guhera (Ban.) Small trees. Leaves simple,crowded at the ends of branches, digitately 3-5 lobed. Flowers small, polygamous, in glandular pubescent terminal panicles appearing before leaves. Follicles 5-6, densely covered with dark purple, shining, stinging hairs .Seeds black. Flrs-Frts -December – May Rare in deciduous forest. Used in Umarkhed, Yavatmal Distt. Root of young plant is some- what bulbous. It is eaten raw after removing the skin. For bulbous root 1-1 ½ feet tall young plant is selected. (Inf. 31, 62) Uses from literatureMedicinal -: Bark- Facliates delivery, used in vomiting, skin diseases. Gum - For dysentery, diarrhoea, piles, cooling effect, menorrhoegia and healthy uterus. (Ref. - 5, 191, 250, 287, 299, 340)
Edible-: Fruit, Seed, Seed oil (Ref- 5, 120, 228, 264, 292)
TILIACEAE Juss Corchorus olitorius L. Sp. PL.529. 1753.
(YMR-58) Vern. Chichu (Ban.)
39
Annual, pubescent, herbs; leaves simple, dentate, lowermost dent produced into a tail. Flowers yellow, in leaf opposed cymes.Capsules triangular,beaked.
Flrs-Frts -
August-March. Common in fields, in wet places. Used in Amravati, Yavatmal and Washim Distt. Leaves cooked into vegetable- (Recipe-I Inf 24, 32) Uses from literatureMedicinal -: Plants- Demulcent, lactagogue, purgative, for aches and pains, dysentery, enteritis, fever, tumor and as tonic. Leaves- Laxative, carminative, on stomachache, piles, stimulant, pain killer, on ascites; tumors, boils, cystitis, dysuria, fever and gonorrhoea, as tonic. Fruit- Check hair fall. SeedsContraceptive, purgative, on hair fall and to kill lice. (Ref. - int8, 32, 50, 86, 166, 196, 324 ) Edible-: Leaves (Ref- 38, int8, 120, 137, 196, 217, 292)
Corchorus trilocularis L. syst. Nat. 12:369.1764 and Mant.17.1767. (YMR-60) Vern.- Chichu (Ban.), Chikna (Par.) ,Chuchat (Ban.) Chunch ,(Ban.) Rajan. Annual, erect, hairy herbs. Leaves serrate, lowermost serration prolonged into tail. Flowers in leaf opposed cymes. Petals yellow. Ovary cylindric, hairy,3-loculed. Flrs-Frts - August-March Common weed of crop fields. Used in Amravati,Yavatmal ,Washim Distt. Young leaves cooked as vegetable(Recipe -I Inf.24,32,51,56,63,73) The vegetable is eaten especially in dysentery or to control loose motion. (Inf.64)
40
Uses from literatureMedicinal -: Seeds- Useful in fever, obstruction of the abdominal viscera. ( Ref. - 50, 67) Edible-: Leaves (Ref- 120, int1)
Grewia orbiculata Rott. in Ges. Naturf. Fr.Ber., Neve.Schr. 4:205. 1803. Dhaman ;Vern. Chikani Dhaman (Ban.) Tel Chhopdi. (Wan.)(YMR-32) Shrubs; young parts softly pubescent. Leaves serrate. Flowers in axillary, long peduncled cymes; petals yellow. Drupes globose, slightly two lobed. Flrs-Frts - May-October Along forest borders. Used in Buldhana, Umarkhed and Yavatmal Distt. Ripe fruits eaten raw. (Inf.25) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Nil. Edible-: Fruit( Ref -120)
Grewia serrulata DC.Prodr. t:510.1824.syn-G.lavigata auct. non Vahl . (YMR-33) Dhaman Vern.Choti Dhaman (Ban.) Large shrubs or under tree. Leaves acute at base, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved. Flowers in axillary cymes; petals white. Drupes often 2-lobed, glabrous. Flrs-Frts September-January Occasssional in hill forest Used through out Vidarbha. Ripe fruits eaten raw. (Inf. 25)
41
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Nil. Edible-: Fruit (Ref-120)
Grewia tilifolia Vahl,symb.Bot.1:35. 1790. syn- G.tilifolia var. leptopetala (Brandis) (YMR-31) Joddhaman, (Gon.) Darach maras ( Ban.,Wan.) Moderate sized trees; leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, serrate, base cordate, tomentose on both surfaces; flowers in axillary cymes; petals white. Drupes globose, purplish, somewhat bilobed. Flrs-Frts - May-September Occasssional in hill forest Used through-out Vidarbha. Ripe fruits eaten. (Inf. 25) Taste like apricot. All Grewia fruits are non-pulpy. There is comparatively large seed and edible part is dry thick skin; mostly testing sour – sweet. Mostly eaten by children roaming in forest. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Nil. Edible-: Fruit (Ref- 120)
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE R.Br. Tribulus terrestris L.Sp. Pl. 387. 1753. (YMR-83) Gokharu, Vern. Sarate(Yavatmal region.) Prostate, annual herbs; stem, terete, pubescent or glabret. Leaves in unequal pairs. Leaflets 3-6 pairs, rounded at base, pubescent on both surfaces. Flowers axillary or
42
leaf opposed; petals yellow, obovate, twice as long as the sepals. Fruit globose with 5 woody mericarps, each with 2 spines.Flrs-Frts - Almost through -out the year. Common everywhere on waste land. Leaves are used in Amravati, leaves and fruits are used in Buldhana Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable –(Recipe - I Inf. 54, 62) Fruits pounded into powder and made in ladoos. Supposed to be highly nutritious. Uses from literatureMedicinal -: Whole plant- As general health tonic, appetizer, aphrodisiac, in leucorrhoea, urinary problems, rheumatism, stomach ache, impotency.RootsDiuretic, demulcent, cooling, aphrodisiac, tonic, in asthma, body pain, kidney stone. Leaves- Tonic, diuretic, used on stones in gall -bladder, on wounds, jaundice, gonorrhoea, rheumatism, dyspepsia, acidity. Fruits - Diuretic, used on painful micturition, urinary disorders, impotency, spermatorrhoea, calculi, hemicrania, diarrhoea, respiratory system, fever, asthma,
leucorrhoea. Seeds - Cooling,
diuretic, used in kidney diseases ( Ref. - 5, 10, 59, 64, 67, 108, 112, 144, 151, 163, 170, 222, 227, 237, 279, 286, 287, 296, 369 ) Edible -: Leaves, Fruit, Seeds (Ref-3, 64, 120, 146, 237, 286)
OXALIDACEAE R. Br. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) Dc. Prodr. 1:690. 1824. syn- Oxalis sensitiva L. (YMR-) Lajwanti , Lajalu (Ban,Wan.) Small annual herbs.Leaves pinnate compound; leaflets in 4-15 pairs, oblong, the terminal pair being the largest. Flowers yellow, in terminal or axillary cymes,
43
bracteate , pedicillate; pedicels shorter than the bracts. Capsules slightly longer or as long as sepals. Seeds irregularly tubercled. Flrs-Frts - August-December Very common throughout. Used in Buldhana and Yavatmal Young leaves cooked into vegetable. (Recipe-I Inf. 25, 70) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Whole plant - Chronic skin troubles, induce sterility in men, diarrhoea, and as refrigerant. Root - To cure corns. Leaves - Anti-inflammatory, on eye infections, wounds, bilious fever, dysentery, piles, uterine discharges. (Ref. - 5, 18, 22, 79, 11, 51, 37, 282, 287 ) Edibles-: Leaves ( Ref- 120)
Oxalis corniculata L. Sp.Pl.435.1753 var. corniculata. (YMR-79) Tinpatti, Vern. Ambushi (Gon.) Small perennial herbs; stems creeping and rooting at nodes; branches erect or ascending. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate; leaflets subsessile, obovate, cuneate at base, hairy.Flowers 2-8, in umbellate cymes, bracteate, pedicllate.Petals yellow, oblanceolate; stamens in two whorls of 5 each, long and short alternating, connate at base. Flrs-Frts -Almost through-out the year. Common in shaded and wet localities. Used throughout Vidarbha. Young leaves edible; cooked into vegetable , also consumed as chutney. (Recipe – I and VII Inf. 6). Children prefer to eat raw as it tastes sour. Uses from literature-
44
Medicinal-: Whole plant - Astringent, vermifuge, emmenagogue, antiseptic, used in dyspepsia, diarrhoea, dysentery,
piles, indigestion; to cure skin diseases, cuts,
anaemia, scurvy, headache,bilious headache, to improve physical weakness, diabetes, paediatric diseases, jaundice, liver tonic, on eye complaints, tooth ache. Leaves Antiscorbutic, astringent, cooling,
refrigerant, appetizing, on stomachache,
dysentery, diarrhoea, piles, for curing infants cold, fever, scurvy, warts, on itching eye lids, opacity of the cornea, menstrual disorders, helps to enhance fertility, on snake bite. ( Ref. - 5, 38, 44, 50, 96, 125, 126, 131, 135, 137, 139, 151, 157, 171, 238, 244, 275, 304, 348, 359 ) Edible-: Leaves, Fruits (Ref-: 5, 14, 120, 149, 228 )
BALSAMINACEAE Rich. Impatiens balsamina L.Sp.Pl.938.1753.
(YMR-62)
Tiwadi, Vern. Terda , (Ban.) Therda. (Ban.) Erect annual herbs. Leaves alternate, elliptic lanceolate. Flowers 1-3 together, in leaf axill. Spurred sepal ovate- oblong, petaloid. Petals often pink or dark red, sometimes white, unequal; standard notched, mucronate or awned; wings obovate, auricled ,deeply notched at apex. Seeds globose, recticulate, grey brown. Flrs-Frts-AugustNovember. Common along banks of stream, in wet shady localities. Used in Nagpur and Yavatmal Distt. Young leaves cooked in to vegetable. (Recipe –I Inf. 35) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant-Emetic, cathartic and diuretic, antibiotic, on tuberculosis, carbuncles and dysentery. Roots - On irregular menstruation, to reduce muscular 45
pain. Leaves - Used on bruises, beri- beri, fever, to reduce muscular pain, inflammation of palms in women. Flowers - To improve circulation, relieve stasis, cooling, used for lumbago and internal neuralgia, applied for dermatitis including urticaria, burns and scald; antibiotic. (Ref. - 5, 51, 62, 216, 238) Edible-: Leaves and Seeds (Ref-5, 64,120)
BURSERACEAE Kunth. Boswellia serrata Roxb. Ex Colebr. In Asiat. Res.9: 379. t. 5. 1807. (YMR-82) Salai, Vern.Salphay (Amravati and Yavatmal region.) Deciduous balsamiferous trees with thin papery ash colored bark. Leaves odd pinnate; leaflets opposite, ovate-oblong. Flowers in axillary racemes; petals dull or greenish white. Drupes tri-gonous, ovoid, pale green.Pyrenes compressed, heart shaped. Flrs-Frts -February-June Common in hill forest and on slopes. Used in Amravati and Washim Distt. Young fruits are strongly scented and are pickled especially by Bari community. (Recipe-VIII Inf.5). Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Bark - Analgesic, deodorant, appetizer, digestive, carminative. Stem On fever, chronic cough and cold. Gum - Astringent, on rheumatism, cough, pulmonary diseases, bronchitis, asthma, ulcers, mouth sores, jaundice, convulsions , troubles of testis, menstrual and urinary disorders, skin eruption, skin diseases . Leaves – Eye infection, wounds, removes marks of burning. Seeds – Promote hair growth. (Ref. - 5, 33, 80, 100, 198, 227, 249, 269, 328, 358) Edible-: Flowers, Fruits and Seeds (Ref-14, 64, 80, 120 ) 46
Celastrus paniculata Willd. Sp.Pl.l:1125. 1798.
(YMR-)
Malkangni, Kanga (Ban.) Scandent or twinning ,glabrous shrubs .Leaves oblong to orbicular, entire and rounded or acute at base. Flowers unisexual ,in terminal panicles; pedicels slender, pubescent. Petals creamy-white, oblong , rounded at apex. Fruit a globose capsule, bright yellow when ripe. Seeds enveloped in scarlet red aril. Flrs-Frts - March – June. Common in hill forests Used in Umarkhed, Yavatmal Distt. Young Fruits edible (Inf 31,62), cooked as vegetable (Recipe – I Inf.62)and also pickled (Recipe-VIII Inf. 31,56) Uses from literature-
Medicinal-: Whole plant- Useful on blood clotting, skin diseases. Root barkEffective on abortion. Roots- Useful in treating impotency in male, on joint pains, memory and headache, on pneumonia, diabetes. Bark - On abortion and stomach pain. Leaves - Paralysis and weakness, nervine tonic, emmenagogue and antidysenteric in rheumatism. Fruits - Cooling, astringent, brain tonic; on joint pain, memory, headache, on snake bite, cold, cough, wound, on dysentery, on earache. Seeds On rheumatism, as brain tonic to increase memory, acute stomach pain, inner body swelling, on paralysis and weakness, joints pains, as blood purifier in gout, and leprosy; emetic, diaphoretic, febrifugal, and having nervine properties; on sores, ulcers, scabies, wound, eczema, beri-beri; in treating mental depression, hysteria; to cure arthritis swelling and muscular pain, leucoderma; to treat impotency in man, aphrodisiac tonic, for body pain, anti inflammatory, stomach pain, relives backache, on tuberculosis; as hair tonic. (Ref. - 5, 34, 44, 84, 110, 114, 115, 123, 137, 150, 190, 198, 219, 227, 242, 286, 292, 309, 338, 362, 367) 47
Edible-: Flowers, Fruits and Seeds (Ref- 5, 14, 120, 228, 282, 309)
RHAMNACEAE Juss. Ziziphus oenoplia (L.)Mill.,Gard.Dict.ed.8:3.1768,syn-Rhamnus oenoplia L. (YMR68) Yermule (Ban.),Vern. Yeruni (Gon.) Straggling shrubs; vegetative parts covered with brown velvety tomentum. Leaves alternate, ovate, margins serrulate, base oblique; stipules spiny, hooked. Flowers solitary axillary, greenish. Drupes globose, maturing to black;seeds 2. Flrs-Frts August- December Common on hill slopes along streams. Used in Gadchiroli, Umarkhed-Yavatmal Distt. Ripe fruits are eaten raw (Inf. 22, 50, 65) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plants - On fever, old wounds, ulcers. Root - Useful on abdominal pain, hyperacidity, worms. Bark -Used on eczema, wounds, abscess. Leaves – Antiseptic; used to treat madness. Fruits - Useful on dysentery, burning sensation during urination, stomachache.
(Ref. - 5, 21, 108, 193, 324, 339, 358, 371 )
Edible-: Fruit (Ref-: 5, 21, 120, 137, 196, 324 )
Ziziphus xylopyra (Retz.) Willd.Sp.Pl.1:1104.1798., syn-Rhamnus xylopyrus Retz. (YMR-) Ghat Bor. Vern. Aaroni (Gon.) Small, glabrescent trees; young branches armed.Leaves elliptic to orbicular; stipular spines in pairs of one straight and the other hooked. Flowers in short, axillary cymes. Petals greenish- white, spathulate, long, clawed, shorter than the calyx.Drupes globose. Flrs-Frts - March - June 48
Common on bounds of fields,in hill forests. Used in Amravati Distt. Ripe Fruits are eaten (Inf. 79). Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Fruits - For stomach ailments. (Ref. - 286) Edible-: Fruit and Seed (Ref- 93, 120 )
SAPINDACEAE Juss. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, Allg. Naturf. 3(2):1341, 1841; syn Pistacia oleosa Lour., syn- Schleichera trijuga Willd. Sp. Pl. 4(2) :1096. 1805. (YMR -4) Kusumb. Large trees, 12-15m tall. Leaves abruptly pinnate; leaflets 3 pairs, opposite, ellptic oblong to obovate, subacute or subcordate at base. Flowers minute, in axillary, in lax panicles, shorter than the leaves.Flrs-Frts - March –June Occasional, in hill forests Used in Amravati, Nagpur and Gadchiroli Distt. Young leaves cooked as vegetable. (Recipe- I Inf. 6 ) Seed oil edible (Inf. 50) Young leaves are beautifully copper coloured. These are made into vegetable. Fruit is called as ‘baro’. (Korku) (Inf.50) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Stem bark- Astringent, used on dysentery, itch, inflammation, ulcer, malaria, to cure fractured bone, scabies, skin diseases. Seeds - Used on skin troubles, itches, scabies, ulcers, wound, hair growth, on headache, cold, ringworms. (Ref. - 5, 12, 44, 190, 193, 248, 286, 292, 330, 358 ) Edible-: Young shoots, Leaves Fruit, Seed (Ref- 5, 120, 156 ) 49
ANACARDIACEAE Lindl. Buchanania cochinchinensis ( Lour.) Almeida,Fl.Mah.1:287.1996;syn- Toluifera cochinchinensis Lour.,syn-Buchanania lanzan spreng.,B.latifolia Roxb. (YMR-38) Charoli, Vern. Char, (Gon.) Reka (Gon.) Large shrubs or small trees; young parts silky pubescent; leaves thickly coriaceous, oblong- ovate to obovate. Flowers small, sessile in terminal and axillary panicles;panicles brown-tomentose, shorter than the leaves; petals greenish-white. Drupes lenticular, black , stone hard , 2 valved.Flrs-Frts - February -May Common in hill forests. Used in Amravati and Gadchiroli Distt. Ripen Fruits are edible, sweet in taste.Seeds used as ‘Meva’(dry fruit catagory)in preparation of sweets. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Stem - Bark used in headache caused by indigestion; in strains and pains, wounds. Leaves- As general and cardio tonic, on wounds. Fruits and seeds- Used as brain tonic, to cure itch of skin and remove blemishes from face. On muscular pain, rheumatism, glandular swellings of the neck.(Ref.-5, 92, 97, 190, 249,298) Edible-: Fruit and Seeds (Ref- 120, 228, 234, 286 )
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr, J. Arn. Arb. 19: 353. 1939 ; syn- Dialium coromandelicum Houtt..syn. Odina wodier Roxb. (YMR-41) Moi, Vern. Moin (Washim region.) Deciduous trees ; bark ash colored ; leaves imparipinnate; leaflets elliptic,in 3 to 5 pairs and an odd one, glabrous, acuminate. Flowers appear when all the leaves have fallen, arranged in cymose fascicles; male racemes pendulous; female ones erect; 50
petals greenish-white or purplish. Drupes reniform, reddish- brown.
Flrs-Frts-
February –April. Common in hill forests Used in Washim Distt. Young fruit eaten raw or pickled. (Recipe -VIII Inf .12) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Bark- Astringent, used in dysentery, diarrhoea, on bruises, wounds, ulcers and sore eyes, severe fevers. Stem latex - On wounds, asthma, for lactation. Leaves -On swellings, sprains, elephantiasis. Fruits-Useful on ulcers, eyesores, toothache, elephantiasis. (Ref. - 5, 79, 152, 205, 249, 372 ) Edible-: Flower buds and Fruits (Ref- 5, 51)
Mangifera indica L. Sp. Pl. 200.1753. (YMR-) Amba Evergreen trees. Leaves crowded at the ends of branches, oblong-lanceolate, shining. Flowers polygamous, in terminal panicles; fertile stamen single. Drupe large, fleshy,pyriform,stone compressed. Flrs-Frts-February-July. Around villages; planted as well as growing naturally. Used throughout Vidarbha. Young redish leaves are used to prepare chutney. It is acidic in taste and has typical aroma of raw fruit.Young and ripe fruits eaten; raw fruits made into pickles. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Bark- Astringent, used in dysentery, diarrhoea, gastro- intestinal disorders, fever, malaria, jaundice, diphtheria, rheumatism. Young stem- Used to
51
cure dental diseases. Leaves- Used in gastric disorders, acidity, vomiting, piles; gives relief from hiccups , affection of throat, dental care,
malarial fever,
reduces body weight, on scorpion sting, rabies . Fruits - Anti-inflammatory, laxative, useful on constipation, diarrhoea, dysentery, colic problems; cooling, preventing heat strokes, anthrax , pneumonia . Seeds –Retain sexual vigour, also used in urino-genital diseases, menorrhegia, diarrhoea , asthma .(Ref. - 2, 5, 21, 27, 50, 64, 69, 87, 110, 115, 152, 165, 177, 233, 248, 256, 267, 276, 308, 309, 339) Edible-: Leaves, Fruits and Seeds. (Ref- 5, 61, 80, 120, 196, 234)
Semecarpus anacardium L.f.Suppl.Pl.182.1781. (YMR-42) Bibba Small dioecious trees. Leaves oblong to oblanceolate. Flowers sub-sessile, clustered in pubescent panicles as long as or shorter than the leaves. Petals creamy white,ovate. Drupes shining black, obliquely ovoid, seated on a fleshy, orange coloured edible thalamus. Flrs-Frts - September – January. Common on hill slopes and around fields. Used in Gadchiroli and Umarkhed-Yavatmal Distt. Fleshy thalamus eaten raw. (Inf. 22, 26, 69) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Stem bark- On eczema. Fruits- Used on throat infection, rheumatism, asthma, neuralgia, epilepsy, psoriasis, dyspepsia, piles, skin diseases, nerve debility, anti rheumatic, bone fracture, ringworm, antipyretic. Seeds- On cold, cough, malaria, stomach pain, cuts, bone sprain, rheumatism, on lecrotic wounds, abortion, piles, skin disease, nervous debility, pain. (Ref. - 5, 21, 22, 44, 78, 242, 250, 275, 276, 284, 328, 330, 337 )
52
Edible-: Leaves, Flowers, Receptacle, Fruit and Seed (Ref- 120, 228, 276)
MORINGACEAE Dumort Moringa oleifera Lam. Encycl. 1:398.1785; syn - M. pterygosperma Gaertn.Fruct.. (YMR-66) Shevga ,Vern. Maungna, (Par.) Mungani, Mungwani (Ban.) Middle sized trees with corky bark; leaves 3-4 pinnate; rachis thickened and articulated at base; pinnae and pinnules opposite; leaflets orbicular to obovate. Flowers in large; lax, terminal, puberulous panicles; petals white; pods linear, obtusely triangular; seeds 3-angled and winged on angles. Flrs-Frts- Almost throughout the year. Planted in kitchen gardens, also naturalized around villages. Used in Amravati, Nagpur and Gadchiroli Distt. Leaves, Flowers, Pods, cooked into vegetable. Leaves used as salad. (Recipe Leaves I , Flowers I and II , Pods IV. Inf.60, 62) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Whole plant -Antiviral, antibacterial, used in jaundice, hepatitis, ascites, rheumatism,
cardiac and circulatory problems . Roots- Stimulant, astringent,
rubefacient; digestive, for dropsy, toothache, dental caries, rheumatic pain, quick delivery, snake bite. Bark- Anti-fertility, abortifacient, anti-inflammatory, emollient, on fever, stomachache , rheumatic pain, typhoid, dog bite, gout, swelling, warts, to increase lactation. Leaves -Purgative,
acrid,
emetic,
used in dyspepsia,
flatulence, colic, cholera, diarrhoea ; on redness of eyes, catarrhal affection, headache, tumors, sores, scurvy,
wounds, cold, cough, high blood pressure,
for heart ailment, menstruation, scorpion and snake bite. Flowers –Stimulant, 53
to promote sexual desire, as tonic, on tumors. Fruits - Used on various joint diseases, for heart ailments. Seeds - Antipyretic, purgative, to reduce joint pain, headache, acute rheumatism. (Ref. - 5, 18, int8, 27, 28a 44, 46, 50, 64, 82, 90, 96, 98, 116, 143, 162 ,191, 201, 232, 233, 238, 259, 273, 278, 281, 286, 287, 288, 296, 338, 340, 343 ) Edible-: Root, Tender shoots , Bark, Leaves, Flowers and Fruit. (Ref- 5, 14, 18, 64, 1nt8, 120, 286, int28 )
FABACEAE Lindl.(nom.alt.) Abrus precatorius L.Syst.Nat.ed.2,2:472.1767. (YMR-28) Gunj, Vern. Charmatdi (Ban.) Perennial twiners; leaves alternate, pinnate. Flowers pink, crowded on racems, shorter than the leaves; pods oblong; seeds globose, red with or without black spot. Flrs-Frts - September-January Common found in open grassland and hill forest. Inflorescence, Leaves, Roots are edible.Vegetable prepared from leaves and inflorescence. ( Recipe- I for Inflorescence Inf.66, 69. VII for leaves Inf.5, 44) Leaves and Flowers eaten raw (Inf.30) Root powder is used with jesthamadh and eaten with Betel leaves (Inf.30) Leaves also used in ‘pan’ preparation.
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Whole plant- On dysentery, Roots- Diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, antiseptic , emetic properties used for gonorrhoea, jaundice and haemoglobinic bile, used on inflamed eyes, rheumatism, cough, cold, asthma, wounds, menstrual 54
trouble, for snake bite, epilepsy, sunstroke, body pain, dental caries ,fever , headache, stomatis , thirst and tuberculous glands . Leaves- On burns and blisters , boils, painful swelling, rheumatism, body pain , muscle sprain, asthma, urinary complaints, dental caries,
fever, headache, stomatitis, thirsts and
tuberculous glands, on cough, cold, hoarseness, in biliousness,
leucoderma,
itching of skin, to improve eye sight, ring worm , snakebite, white and red blisters in mouth . Seeds- Purgative, emetic, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, antiseptic, abortifacient, antifertility, antitubercular, antidysentric, used in treatment of pneumonia, AIDS, hepatitis, nervous disorders, malaria , skin disease , sciatica, stiffness of shoulder joint and paralysis, baldness . (Ref. - 2, 5, 22, 23, 44, 61, 109, 137, 138, 145, 193, 238, 275, 296, 308, 313, 331, 332, 335, 338, 340, 347 ) Edible-: Root, Tender shoots, Leaves, Fruits and Seeds (Ref- 5, 23, 99, 120, 145, 234, 372)
Butea monosperma(Lam.)Taub.,Engl.&Prantl;Pflanzenf.3(3):365.1894, syn - Erythrina monosperma Lam., syn - Butea frondosa Koen. (YMR-27) Palas,Vern. Palas kanda.(Gon.) Moderate sized deciduous trees; bark ash colored, cracked. Leaves three foliolate; leaflets obovate- rhomboid,silky beneath. Flowers large, bright orange, in dense rigid racemes; pedicels densely brown, velvety. Fruit one seeded, stalked, silky tomentose pod. Flrs-Frts - March - June. Common in hill forests, along road sides Used in Amravati and Umarkhed-Yavatmal Distt. Young roots and (Inf.62) flowers are edible.
55
Small plants selected. Young root is eaten after removing skin.‘Sarbat’ prepared from flower used as cooling agent.2-3 flowers are soaked in a copper glass of water overnight.In the morning flowers are removed from water and water is sweetend by adding ‘Battasha’.This is given in the morning on empty stomach to combat body heat. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root-Used on elephantiasis, night blindness and other defects of sight, produces temporary sterility in women. Root bark- Aphraodisiac, analgesic, anthelmetic; used in piles, ulcers, tumors, dropsy, tuberculosis. Plant gum- Used in opthalmia,
after delivery, in dysentery, constipation. Stem bark- Healing,
antidiarrhoeal, haemostatic, aphrodisiac, twig used in gum disorder, bad breadth, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, swelling, ulcers, itches, on snakebite, tonic. Leaves- On diarrhoea, piles, worms, urinary diseases, diabetes, heart burn, liver problems, has anti- microbial activity. Flowers- Aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, used on ophthalmic trouble, night blindness, diarrhoea, piles, depurgative, on colic pains, heart burn, blood pressure, diabetes, worms, on sexual diseases, on hernia, urine regulation, urinary problems. Seeds- Anthelmintic, used on abdominal pain due to worms, on ascaris, on skin disease, on weakness, used on body ache, in urine complaints, abortifacient. (Ref. - 5, 22, 53, 64, 84, 100, 111, 137, 145, 150, 190, 219, 229, 238, 249, 265, 328, 339, 347 ) Edible-: Flowers and Fruits (Ref- 120)
Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.)Du Petit-Thou,Dict.Sci.Nat.6:617.1817, syn - Dolichos scarabaeoides L..syn- Atylosia scarabaeoides(L.)Benth. (YMR-49) Raantur, Janglitur
56
A slender twiner with all parts clothed with pale yellow pubscence. Leaves 3foliolate; leaflets obovate, oblong or elliptic. Flowers yellow, in axillary racemes. Legume densely pubescent, with deep lines between the seeds and obliquely septate internally;seeds 3-4. Flrs-Frts - September - November. Throughout ; very common among tall grasses of forests, in hedges and field. Used in Amravati and Gadchiroli Distt. Seeds eaten raw; also cooked. (Recipe-II Inf 15)
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant – Used in tuberculosis, to increase female fertility, helpful in dropsy, fever, pains, sores, anemia, cholera and dysentery. Root – To check hair fall.Stem – Venereal diseases. Pods -On fever, pains, sores, boils and dysentery, after delivery, as snake antidote. (Ref. - 5, 95, 193, 245, 340) Edible-: Young plant, Leaves, Young pods and Seeds (Ref- 5, 93, 120, 245, 254)
Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) Dc.Prodr.2:404:1825., syn- Dolichos gladiatus Jacq., synC.ensiformis out plur. non DC,Baker .(YMR-26) Kuda, Vern. Pahad Mul (Gon.) Large, annual, herbaceous twiner; stem hairy; leaves 3- foliolate; leaflets ovate elliptic. Flowers in axillary tumid racemes, loosely arranged; corolla lilac or white.Pods flattened, tetragonous. Flrs - Frts- July –December Common on bushes. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Flowers, Pods are cooked as vegetable. (Recipe I, III Inf.69) Uses from literature-
57
Medicinal-: Leaves – On intestinal worms, painful external piles. (Ref. - 5, 87, 198) Edible-: Leaves, flowers,Young pods and Seeds (Ref- 5, 38, 120, 286)
Cicer arietinum L.Sp.Pl.738.1753. (YMR-71) Channa, Harbhara Annual, much branched herb.Leaves pinnate; stipules lobed; leaflets 9-15 pairs, ovate-obovate. Flowers solitary, axillary; petals pink; pods 1- 2 seeded; seeds beaked. Flrs -Frts- November-April Cultivated for its edible seeds. Leaves Used in Amravati and Washim Distt. Young leaves used as salad. (Inf.24). Also vegetable is prepared with soaked gram dal or tur dal (pegion pea). Recipe- III. Young leaves are shade dried and used for vegetable in summer season; cooked especially with gram flour. (RecipeV Inf. 24, 49)
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Leaves- On stomach disorder, constipation. Seeds- Astringent, aphrodisiac, antibilious, to cure jaundice, leprosy, skin disease. (Ref. - 67, 110, 111, 309) Edible-: Tender shoots, Leaves and Seeds. (Ref- 5, 67, 120)
Crotolaria juncea L.Sp.Pl.714.1753. (YMR-35) Boru,Vern. Sonboru (Par.)
58
Erect shrub with slender, branches.Leaves linear- lanceolate. Flowers yellow, in lateral and terminal racemes. Fruit a sessile, inflated pod. Flrs-Frts- August – November Cultivated throughout the region for fibre and green manure, Naturalized in some parts around fields. Flowers are cooked into vegetable. (Inf-4, 23, 24, 28, 45) (Recipe- V. Inf. 4,24 II Inf. 23,28)
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root- Measles, paralysisLeafy- Analgesic, blood purifier, to cure cough, jaundice. Flowers- To expel intestinal worms. Seeds- Blood purifier; used in skin diseases, psoriasis and impetigo. (Ref - 5, 126, 137, 288, 299, 309, 347) Edible-: Nil.
Indigofera cassioides Rottle. Ex DC. Prodr. 2: 225. 1825., syn- I.leptostachya DC., I.pulchella sensu Baker. (YMR-) Vern.Ghirgholi (Gon.) Shrubs; branches erect, striate.Leaves pinnate; pinnae 9-21 pairs; obovate, apex mucronate . Flowers in axillary racemes; corolla pink- purple. Pods linear, glabrous; seeds dark brown, smooth. Flrs -Frts – September – October Common along stream banks in forest. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Flowers edible;cooked as vegetable. Recipe-I (Inf.40)
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Leaves- Used on piles. (Ref- 292)
59
Edible-: Flowers and Pods. (Ref-120, 123)
Indigofera glandulosa Wendl.Bot.Boeb.55.1748., var.glandulosa, Sanjappa,Legumes of India 189.1991 ; syn I.glandulosa Roxb.ex Willd. (YMR-25) Barbada. Erect, under shrub; leaves trifoliolate; stipules small; leaflets obovate oblong , punctate beneath. Flowers in dense axillary racems; corolla red. Pods tetragonous, slightly unevenenly winged along angles. Flrs-Frts-September-November Common on waste land and in fields. Used in Buldhana and Gadchiroli Distt. Seeds edible. Recipe-Namkin roti is prepared from grain flour. Seeds once upon a time was popular famine food. (Inf.20) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant- Used as tonic. Leaves - Useful on sores and ulcers. Fruit - Used on stomachache. (Ref - 23, 245, 292) Edible-: Young plant and Seeds (Ref- 23, 99, 120, 245)
Lablab purpureus (L.)Sweet, Hort.Brit.(ed.1),481.1827. syn – Dolichos purpureus L., syn-D.lablab L. (YMR-) Waal Extensive twiners.Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets broadly ovate-rhomboid. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes; corolla pink-white. Pods falcate. Flrs- FrtsSeptember-March Usually cultivated for pods and seeds. Used in Amravati Distt.
60
Young leaves (Inf.10), pods and seeds are edible. Young leaves cooked as vegetable (Recipe –I Inf.10). Pods and seeds are cooked as vegetable (Recipe-II Inf 23). Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Roots and leaves- On ear problems. Seeds - Ferbrifuge, aphrodisiac, antispasmodic, on stomachache. (Ref – 304,309) Edible-: Pods and Fruits ( Ref-120, 286)
Pueraria
tuberosa
(Roxb.ex
Willd.)DC.
Prodr.2:240.1825.,
syn-Hedysarum
tuberosum Roxb.ex Willd. Bidari Kand, Pidhi Kand, Vern.Ghod Kand (Ban.) Large shrubby twinner; roots tuberous; tuber growing upto 10 Kg. Leaves trifoliolate; leaflets ovate, glabrous above silky beneath.Flowers in lax racemes; corolla bluish. Pods oblong, constricted between the seeds, covered with silky brown hairs. Flrs-Frts – February-May. Occasional in forests. Used in Buldhana and Gadchiroli Distt. Tubers eaten raw. Chips prepared from tuber, dried and ground to make powder and stored for consumption (Inf.30). Tuber boiled and cooked as vegetable (Recipe-II Inf.80).
Uses from literatureMedicinal -: Whole plant - Useful in boils, ulcers. Tubers- Used on swelling of the body, on chest pain, spermatorrhoea. Roots - Demulcent, refrigerant, fever, for
61
swellings of joints, as galactagogue, anti- inflammatory, on weakness. (Ref - 5, 115, 151, 347 ) Edible-: Tuber (Ref- 99, 120, 123, 207)
Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek ,Fl.Cong. Belg. Raund . Uru.6:386.1954, Phaseolus rediatus L. (YMR-) Moong Annual herbs ; stem slender, angled, striate, covered with reddish brown hairs. Leaves 3 foliolate; stipules acute, hairy, leaflets rhomboid –ovate. Flowers in short axillary racemes with tumid nodes. Corolla yellow. Pods cylindric, dark green, erect, roughly hairy. Seeds 8-10, greenish yellow. Flrs-Frts-September – December Cultivated for seeds. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Leaves are cooked as vegetable. (Recipe I Inf. 4, 23, 28, 49 ) Especially traditional variety is used for leaves which is rarely cultivated now adays in villages. Seeds are cooked to make a curry. (Inf. 4,23,28,49) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Nil. Edible-: Seeds (Ref- 120)
CAESALPINIACEAE R.Br. Bauhinia racemosa Lam.Encycl.1:390.1785. (YMR-) Aapta, Shami,Vern. Bhosa, Bhosari (Ban,Gon.) Small trees;bark dark, fissured;branches numerous; leaves bilobed. Flowers small, in terminal racemes; calyx spathecious; corolla dull white. Pods stalked,linear,flat, smooth; seeds oblong, black. Flrs-Frts- March-July 62
Common in hill forests and around fields. Used in Amravati, Gadchiroli and Umarkhed-Yavatmal Distt. Flowers and very young leaves are cooked into vegetable. (Recipe-I,II Inf.22,23,40). Uses from literatureMedicinal -: Plant – Astringent, anti-inflammatory, in dysentery.Bark – It is used as tonic, purify blood, stomachache, indigestion. Leaves – Anthelminthic, in diarrhoea, malaria,on menstrual disorders after child birth, for normal urination, colic, headache, whooping cough. (Ref - 5, 143, 145, 229, 265, 287, 300) Edible-: Tender leaves, Stem bark, Buds, Flowers, Pods and Seeds (Ref-14, 92, 99, 120, 228, 287 )
Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arn.Prodr.297.1834.syn-B.racemosa Vahl, syn- Phanera vahlii (Wight & Arn.) (YMR-1) Veli Apta. Ver-Mahul vel (Gon,Kor). Huge climber with densely pubescent branchlets; tips of branches tendrilar . Leaves broader than long, rigidly sub-coriaceous, deeply cordate. Flowers in dense subcorymbose racems, white. Pods flat, dehiscent. Flrs-Frts- April-October Common in hill forest Used in Amravati and Gadchiroli Distt. Roasted seeds are eaten. It is said that handful of seeds are sufficient for days hard labour.
63
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root – Hydrocoel.Bark – To check bleeding, dysentery, diarrhea, to quench thirst. Leaves – To check bleeding, rheumatism. Seeds – Aphrodisiac, tonic, used in dysentery, stomach disorders. (Ref - 53, 138, 171, 190, 219, 278, 309, 366) Edible-: Pods and Seeds (Ref- 99, 120, 123, 219, 228)
Bauhinia variegata L.Sp.Pl.375.1753. (YMR-54) Kanchan ,Vern. Kachnar, Koilari (Ban,Kor.) Middle sized trees; branches glabrous;leaves bilobed. Flowers in axillary, few flowered, corymbose racemes. Corolla pink, upper petal dark pink, stripped with dark purple streaks,and broader than the rest.Pods linear, flat, black; seeds oblong. FlrsFrts - November-March. Scattered throughout. Used in Umarkhed-Yavatmal Distt. Tender leaves and flowers cooked into vegetable. (Recipe- I Inf.30, 32, 62)
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root – Useful on snake bite, as carminative; in dyspepsia, flatulence, obesity. Bark – Astringent, anthelmintic, in bleeding piles, dysentery, sore throat, cough, goiter, scrofula, skin diseases, ulcers, leprosy, leucorrhoea, tonic. Stem – To cure pyorrhoea. Leaves – For dysentery, fever. Buds – Laxative, used in diarrhoea,
dysentery,
worms,
piles,
tumors,
cough,
haematuria
and
menorrhagia. Flowers – Laxative. (Ref - 5, 22, 50, 114, 116, 136, 184, 201, 216, 259, 286, 288, 308, 343 ) Edible-: Leaves, Flowers and Flower buds (Ref- 5, 51, 92, 120, 222, 256, 267)
64
Cassia fistula L.Sp. Pl.377.1753. (YMR-2) Bahava, Aamlatash.Vern. Ramdanda (Ban) Bala (Gon), Koredanda (Ban.) Moderate sized deciduous trees. Leaves pinnate; leaflets in 4-8 pairs, opposite, ovate, acute, glabrous above.Inflorescence lax, drooping, long raceme. Corolla bright yellow; petals unequal, obovate, feebly clawed. Fruit a long cylindrical, pendulous, indehiscent pod. Flrs-Frts- May-June Commonly found in field and road sides. Used in Amravati ,Yavatmal and Washim Distt. Flowers are cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-I, III, V Inf.8, 63, 77) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant parts- Antiviral, antibacterial and also antifungal, used in skin diseases. Root- Febrifuge, strong purgative, in constipation, blood dysentery, joint pain, chest pain, migraine, skin disease, leprosy, liver disorders, jaundice, as tonic. Bark- Digestive antidysenteric, in dysentery, on pustules, insect bites, inflammation, paralysis and brain affection, ringworm, as tonic and in skin complaints , leprosy, jaundice, syphilis, heart disease,and headache. Stem bark- Amenorrhoea, chest pain, on swellings, laxative, for stomachache, to cure headache, dyspepsia, acute congestion of liver and pneumonia. Stem- On ringworms, swellings and acne. LeavesRingworms, constipation, on facial paralysis and rheumatism, brain affection, throat swelling, skin diseases, eczema, pruritis, on snake bite. Flowers- Astringent, purgative, febrifugal and anti-bilious, on stomach troubles, to cure scabies. Fruits- Purgative, laxative, antipyretic, cooling, antidysenteric, in bowel complaints, constipation, rheumatism , leprosy, skin diseases, asthma , cough, muscular and joint pains, diabetes, to cure boils, jaundice, biliousness, swollen throat, pimples, on snake
65
bite. Seeds- Laxative, given in dysentery, constipation, toothache, on throat-ache, jaundice.
(Ref - 2, 5, 18, 22, 27, 38, 50, 63, 64, 68, 79, 116, 121, 138, 190,193, 201,
205, 228, 248, 249, 286, 320, 366, 367, 371)
Edible-: Tender leaves, Flowers and Fruits. (Ref- 99, 120, 127, 228, 231, 292 )
Cassia tora L.Sp.Pl.376.1753. (YMR-70) Tarota, Vern. Chirota (Gon.) Annual herbs .Leaves pinnate;leaflets obovate in 3-pairs. Flowers yellow, axillary, in subsessile pairs; petals, unequal. Pods terete, spreading. Seeds brown, smooth. Flrs-Frts- August-December Frequent on waste lands around villages throughout the district. Used throughout Vidarbha region. Young leaves (Inf.10,51),Seeds ,Tender pods edible (Inf.51) . Young leaves cooked into vegetable Recipe-I, Young pods eaten raw and also cooked into vegetable (Recipe-I Inf43, 51), Mature green seeds cooked into vegetable (Recipe-IV Inf. 10). Roasted seeds are often used as a substitute for coffee.
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Roots- Bitter, tonic, purgative and useful on ringworm, cough and toothache. Bark- On ringworm and leprosy. Leaves- Antiperiodic, anthelmentic, germicide, purgative,used in dysentery, stomach problems, digestion ,constipation, piles, ulcer, intestinal disorders, on skin diseases, liver complaints, to reduce fat, on conjunctivitis, eye troubles, cough, impetigo, jaundice. Seeds- Laxative , to cure
66
stomach and anal diseases, on ringworm, skin erotic, to cure itching ,eczema, used in leprosy, psoriasis, cough, asthma, headache, fever, spermatorrhoea . (Ref -5, 22, 23, 30, 64, 67, 86, 87, 106, 126, 138, 146, 170, 171, 176, 196, 216, 218, 243, 248, 320, 339, 343 ) Edible-: Tender shoot, Young leaves, Flowers, Pods, Seeds (Ref-5, 14, 28, 36, 64, 80, 99, 120, 167, 181, 193, 219, 228, 237, 243, 254, 286, 338)
Delonix regia (Hook) Raf. Fl.Tell. 2:92.1836, syn -Poinciana regia Bojer ex Hook.f. (YMR-61) Gul mohor. Deciduous trees;leaves bipinnate; leaflets small, oblong,in 6-30 pairs. Flowers in axillary racemes.Corolla red, upper petal with white streaks, claws with orbicular limbs. Pods woody; seeds dark brown. Flrs-Frts - February-November Scattered throughout. Used in Amravati Distt. Standard petal eaten raw, it tastes soar (Inf.28, 49)
Medicinal uses from literatureLeaves- On spider sting, gas troubles.Flowers- On bronchitis, asthma and fever, dysmenorrhoea. (Ref - 137,143, 245, 284) Edible-:Flowers (Ref- 245)
Tamarindus indica L.Sp.Pl.34.1753. (YMR-45) Chinch
67
Evergreen tree; trunk longitudinally fissured. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets oblong. Flower in lax racemes at the ends of the branches; bracts boat shaped and cauducous; petals yellow with light red veins outside.Stamen 3,monadelphous. Pods compressed with brittle epicarp and brown pulpy mesocarp. Flrs-Frts - November-April Common around village and field Used throughout Vidarbha region. Leaves, Flowers, Pods eaten raw. Flowers cooked as vegetable (Recipe- III,VII Inf. 5, 30)
Medicinal uses from literatureBark - Febrifuge, tonic, astringent, useful in diarrhoea, colic, indigestion, amemorrhoea , asthma, eye sores, boils, burns, wounds.Leaves – Laxative, cooling, used in diarrhoea, vomiting, on swellings, boils , in bilious fever, relieving pains. Flowers- On conjunctivitis .Fruits - Refrigerant , digestive , carminative, laxative, antibiotic, curing weakness, backache ,anaemia, purgative, dysentery, rheumatic fever, sore throat, antiseptic, on inflammatory swellings , burns , reduce body heat , common cold, febrile disease, indigestion, sunstroke, anti fungal, anti malarial. Seeds-
Astringent, aphrodisiac, on vaginal discharge,
menorrhagia, relaxation of uvula, ulcers, in giddines, vertigo, diarrhoea, dysentery, boils, cough, colitis, intestinal disorders, used as antidote to scorpion sting and snake bite.(Ref - 5, 14, 27, 44, 64, 79, 87, 96, 103, 108, 137, 145, 165, 189, 196, 250, 267, 296, 301, 309, 351) Edible:- Leaves, Flowers, Fruits and Seedlings (Ref- 14, 64, 120, 196, 234, 301 )
68
MIMOSACEAE R.Br. Acacia eburnea (L.f)willd.sp.Pl.4:1081;1806.,syn Mimosa eburnea L. (YMR-51) Vern. Murmati, Murmata (Par.) Small trees, young branches purplish brown. Leaves with upto7 pairs of pinnae; stipular spines straight. Flowers longitudinally veined.
yellow; peduncle fleshy.Pods slightly curved,
Flrs-Frts - November-February
Planted in hedges, also naturalized in some villages. Used in Amravati Distt. Peduncle edible, cooked into vegetable (Recipe-IV Inf.2, 60) Peduncles get infested with fungal galls (Ref- 99) and show proliferated growth. Such proliferated tumors are called Murmata; they are edible. Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Nil. Edible:- Galls on stem (Ref:- 99)
Acacia nilotica(L.)Willd.ex Del.ssp.indica(Benth.).Brenan, Kew Bull.12:84.1957., syn.Mimosa nilotica L.syn.Acacia arabica (Lam.)Willd. (YMR-67) Babhal, Babhul Tall trees with fissured bark. Leaves bipinnate;leaflets subsessile,in10-20pairs. Flowers yellow, in globose heads; hads fascicled, fasicles 2-8 together. Petals yellow.Pods moniliform; seeds brown. Flrs-Frts- July-February Common in deciduous forests Used in Amravati Buldhana Distt. Young pods cooked into vegetable. (Recipe I-Inf. 2, 4, 24, 28, 49)
69
Gum edible. Mostly given after delivery. Supposed to be useful to reduce backpain and strengthen the muscles. Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Root - In tuberculosis, to cure impotency, burning sensation in body. Bark-Jaundice, conjuctivitis, diarrhoea, dysentery, diabetes, dentalcaries, toothache, cough, and leprosy. Used in inflammation over boils, cuts, wounds, ulcers, cancers, tumors of eye, ear, testicles. Gum –On throat swelling, mouth ulcers, cough, rheumatism, to check epistaxis,
in leucoderma, cancer, tumors of eye, ear,
testicles.
spermatorrhoea
Antidiabetic;
in
and
after
delivery.
Leaves – Skin diseases, urinary troubles, sexual weakness, malignant tumour, diarrhoea, diabetes, dysentery on ulcers, for mouth sores, to cure piles, eyesore, leucoderma, body swelling ,spermatorrhoea, premature ejaculation of semen due to erotica. Flowers- Earache. Pods- Astringent, styptic in sexual impotency, and diarrhoea. (Ref - 5, int8, 10, 22, 30, 38, 79, 90, 98, 111, 137, 145, 150, 151, 162, 170, 187, 196, 202, 222, 250, 259, 276, 279, 351 ) Edible-: Young pods, Seeds,Gum, Stem Bark, Stem and Root fermented for liquor (Ref- 5, 14, 64, 99, 120, 137, 245, 154, 196, 267 )
Prosopis cineraria (L.)Druce, Rep.Bot.Soc.Exch.Cl.Brit.Is.1913,3:422.1914. (YMR43) Vern. Saundad (Par, Wan.), Shami. Tall tree, armed with straight prickles. Leaflets 7-12 pairs, subsessile oblong and oblique at base. Flowers sessile, in axillary spikes; corolla creamy white. Pod cylindric,torulose.
Flrs-Frts - November-April
Along bunds of field. Used in Amravati and Buldhana Distt.
70
Young tender pods cooked into vegetables. (Recipe - I Inf.2, 36, 41, 47)
Medicinal uses from literaturePlants - Astringent, anti-rheumatic, in painful inflammation, scorpion sting . Leaves - On ringworms. Flowers –To prevent miscarriage. Pods- Astringent, demulcent. (Ref – 5, 10, 324) Edible:- Shoot, Leaves, Pods, Seeds and Stem bark. (Ref-14, 64, 120)
COMBRETACEAE R.Br. Terminalia bellirica(Gaertn.)Roxb.Pl.Corom.2:54, t.198.1805. syn-Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn. (YMR-44) Behada, Vern. Aamti Jambhuli, Jamti (Wan.) Large deciduous tree; bark ash colored. Leaves obovate, at the end of branches, rounded at apex. Flowers polygamous, pale greenish yellow with offensive smell, in axillary slender spikes; lower flowers in spikes bisexual, upper male. Fruit ovoid or globose, velvety drupe, faintly 5-ribbed. Flrs-Frts - May - November Scattered throughout. Used in Buldhana Distt. Seed (Cotyledons) eaten raw. If eaten in excess, produces drowsiness (Inf.31) Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Roots- Cure body pain. Bark - Diuretic, used in urinary disorders, cholera, diabetes. Leaves -Cure body pain. Fruits- Anti-arthritic , antibacterial , antiflatulence, anti-haemoroid, anti-pyretic, astringent, expectorant, antispasmodic, 71
sudorific, hypoglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, carminative, tonic, laxative, purgative, useful on diarrhoea, piles, stomach complaints, dyspepsia,
intestinal colic, eye
diseases, myopia, immature cataract, dropsy, cough, asthma, leprosy, urinary disorders, jaundice, fever, headache, toothache, bronchitis, to prevent hair fall, on scorpion sting. (Ref -5, 59, 64, 78, 79, 85, 96, 134, 138, 166, 189, 201, 222, 265, 275, 296, 297, 301, 332, 351) Edible-:Fruits and Seeds (Ref-120, 222, 301, 332)
CUCURBITACEAE Juss. Diplocyclos palmatus (L.)Jeffrey,Kew Bull.15:352.1962,syn-Bryonia palmata L., syn-Bryonopsis laciniosa(L.)Naud., syn-Bryonia laciniosa L.(YMR-78) Shivlingi , Vern. Mahadevani pind (Ban.) Annual, monoecious climber; stem branched, grooved; tendril slender, bifid. Leaves 5-lobed, cordate at base, dentate. Male flowers in fascicles. Females solitary or few together, on axillary peduncles. Fruit globose, grayish-red when ripe, with white strips. Flrs-Frts- August-February Common in hedges and on bushes. Used in Yavatmal Distt. Seeds eaten raw (Inf-30, 31)
Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Whole plant -Used as tonic, on sore throat, inflammation, to induce fertility in women. Leaves- To reduce inflammation, on joint pains and rheumatism. Fruits - Used in high fever. Seeds - Used to get male child, to prevent miscarriage, in gynaecological disorders , sore throat, inflammation. 72
(Ref - 34, 86, 144, 146, 227, 245, 358 ) Edible:- Leaves, Fruits and Seeds.(Ref- 14, 64, 227, 245 )
Momordica charantia L.Sp.Pl.ed.1:1009.1753. (YMR-) Karla. Herbaceous climbers; stem slender; tendril simple; leaves alternate, suborbicular, dentate; male flowers solitary; corolla yellow; fruit oblong-ellipsoid and sculptured on surface. Flrs-Frts- June-November Cultivated throughout for fruits. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Young leaves and fruits are edible. (Recipe - I Inf.68)
Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Whole plant – Possesses anti-tumor,
anti-infection, anti-diabetic
property; useful on piles, given in treatment of HIV. Leaves – Anthelmintic, hypoglycemic, used to treat eye infection, night blindness, mouth ulcers and gumosis, headache, madness (mental illness), piles, wounds constipation. FruitsAnti-inflammatory blood purifier, hypoglycemic, used in various joint diseases, liver problems, haemorrhoids, chest pain, rheumatism, piles, wounds, ascites, urinary tract infection . (Ref - 3,5, int5, 21, 27, 28, 38, 63, 64, 77, 82, 115, 131, 201, 220, 227, 284, 308, 336 ) Edible- Leaves and Fruits (Ref- 5, int5, 61, 64, 120)
73
Momordica cymbalaria Hook.f.in Oliv.Fl.Trop.Afr.2:540.1871., syn-Luffa tuberosa Roxb. (YMR-13) Vern. Karanji (Yavatmal region.) Prostrate or climbing small perennial herbs; roots tuberous; tendrils simple;leaves orbicular. Floewrs white with dark blakish-purple centre.Male flowers in axillary, 2-5 flowered racemes; female flowers solitary on peduncles. Fruits small, angular, pyriform with eight sharp ridges . Flrs-Frts - September -November Frequent on hedges. Used in Yavatmal Distt. Young fruits cooked into vegetable. ( Recipe - I Inf.51) Preffered as tasty vegetable; prepared by adding extra onion.
Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Tubers- Used after conception. Fruits- Carminative, used in stomachache, diseases of liver and spleen, diabetes. (Ref – 245, 250) Edible:- Fruits (Ref- 245)
Momordica dioica Roxb.ex Willd. Sp Pl. 4:605. 1805. (YMR-7) Kartule, Katula(Ban) Annual
climbers;
solitary,bract
dioecious;rootstuberous.Leaves
sessile,petals
yellow;fruits
globose,
3-5
beaked,covered
spines.Seeds numerous. Flrs-Frts - June-November Commonly found around field and on slopes. Fruit cooked into vegetable ( Recipe –I,III Inf.2, 4,49, 68)
74
lobed.Male
flowers
with
soft
Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Whole plant -Used to cure fever. Roots- Used on swollen breast, piles, scorpion sting, bleeding. Fruits - Useful on pains in breast. (Ref - 38,50,137) Edible:- Root, Leaves, Fruit . (Ref-14, 81, 120, 265)
Mukia maderaspatana (L.) Roem. Syn. Monogr. 247. 1846. syn- Cucumis maderaspatana L., syn-Mukia scabrella (L.f.) Arn., syn- Melothria maderaspatana (L.) Cogn., syn- Cucumis maderaspatana L. (YMR-6) Kamunya , Vern. Tanmanghugrya (Ban.) Ghol Ghugri (Gon.) Climbing, annual, hispid herb; tendrils simple. Leaves ovate, subdeltoid; flowers yellow; fruit smooth shining, green, turning red on ripening, always 2-3 together. Flrs-Frts- July – September. Commonly found on hedges, around field . Used in Yavatmal, Gadchiroli and Washim Distt. Ripe fruits eaten raw (Inf. 30, 32, 43, 51) If eaten in excess, produces headace. (Inf.43, 32) Uses from literatureMedici nal:- Whole plant - Cough. Root- Toothache, flatulence, gases. Stem-Tender shoots are aperient, in vertigo, biliousness. Leaves- On hygroma, toothache, jaundice, vertigo, biliousness, skin diseases, female sterility, catarrhal affection. Fruits - Used on abdominal disorders, cough and vomiting. Seeds – Sudorific; in jaundice, vertigo, biliousness, toothache. (Ref - 5, 50, 116, 152, 245, 309 )
75
Edible- Fruits (Ref- 92, 120, 175, 245, 292)
Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi in Sald. & Nicols. Fl. Hassan Dt.179.1976., syn-Bryonia amplexicaulis Lam. syn-Zehneria umbellata Thw., syn-Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn. (YMR-) Chotikakdi, Rankakdi, Vern. Kandori (Ban.), Karmulmati (Gon.) Glabrous, perennial climbers; roots tuberous. Leaves entire or palmately 3-5 lobed. Male flowers subumbellate; filaments slender. Female flowers solitary; ovary 10ribbed. Fruits oblong, tapering towards the apex, bright red when ripe; seeds white. Flrs-Frts- July-December. Common on hill slopes, near bushes. Used in Gadchiroli Yavatmal and Washim Distt. Fruits and tubers eaten raw. (Inf. 34, 36, 63) Tubers taste like sweet potato.
Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Leaves -On diabetes, spermatorrhoea. (Ref – 231, 238) Edible:- Leaves, Flowers and Fruits (Ref-120, 236)
CACTACEAE Juss
Opuntia elatior Mill.Gard.Dict.ed.8,4.1768.,syn-O.dillenii Grah. (YMR-) Nivdung,Vern. Pahadya Nivdung, Panja (Ban.)
76
Bushy shrub; branches flat, green, spinous; joints oblong-ovate; aerioles densely glochidiate; spines often 3-9from each aeriole; flowers solitary; perianth pale redishyellow. Fruit ovoid-globose, red, juicy. Flrs-Frts - August-January. Around fields and open grasslands. Used in Amravati and Umarkhed-Yavatmal Distt. Ripe fruits eaten after slicing outer spiny covering.(Inf.31)
Uses from literatureMedicinal :- Phylloclade - Used on inflammation, abscess ,boils ,high blood cholesterol, diabetes, painfull joints, opthalmia, over painful swelling and sprain. Flowers- Rheumatism, on snake bite, insect bite. Fruits - Used to cure whooping cough, diabetes, high blood cholesterol, obesity, as blood purifier. (Ref - 5, int17, 32, 84, 154, 162, 287, 308 ) Edible:- Fruits . ( Ref:- 14, 32, 64, 120, 154, int 17)
APIACEAE Lindl. Centella asiatica (L.), Urb. in Mart . Fl.Bras.11: 287 .1879. syn- Hydrocotyle asiatica L. (YMR-) Brahmi, Mandukparni Creeping annual herbs, rooting at nodes. Leaves orbicular to reniform, prominently veined. Flowers minute in shortly peduncled, few flowered axillary umbels; perianth inconspicuous, dark redish-purple. Fruits compressed, ovoid, hard, greenish-brown. Flrs-Frts-May-December Common in moist places, along gutters, streams, river beds etc. Used in Amravati and Yavatmal Distt. 77
Young leaves cooked into vegetable. (Recipe – I Inf.70); also eaten raw. Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Whole plant- To check inflammation, tonic for improving health headache, diarrhoea, dysentery, peptic ulcers, piles, cholera ,on jaundice, to cure leprosy, antipyretic,
effective on inflammation of throat, blood bronchitis, skin
diseases, improves memory, rheumatism , elephantiasis and hydrocele, boils, wounds, and tumours , on venereal diseases, syphilis, on malaria, liver disorders and pediatric diseases. Leaves-Prevent hair fall; anthelminthic, used in dysentery, diarrhoea, stomach ulcers, gastritis, vomiting, acidity; tuberculosis, jaundice, menstrual disorders, eye injury, scabies,diuretic, urinary tract infection, kidney stone, urethritis and dropsy, hemorrhoids, cooling agent, for tumors, boils, chest pain, body ache, headache, to cure paramnesia, brain tonic, hypertention, improving memory, to cure skin eruptions, rheumatism, elephantiasis, hydrocele, bronchitis, asthma, cough, as tonic after delivery, eczema,leprosy, bone fracture, mouth sores, cough, fever. (Ref - 5, 18, 20, 38, 59, 62, 96, 103, 114, 125, 126, 137, 139, 150, 156, 169, 198, 222, 232, 238, 244, 278, 304, 316, 331, 336, 347, 359 ) Edible-: Leaves and Whole plant (Ref- 5, 38, 85, 120, 139, 169, 222, 304, 311, 340, 364 )
RUBIACEAE Juss. Canthium coromandelicum (N.Burm.) Alston. in Trimen, Handb.Fl. Ceylon 6:152.1931.(Repr.)., syn- Gmelina coromandelica N.Burm., syn- C.parviflorum Lam., syn-Plectronia parviflora (Lam.) Bedd. (YMR-) Karbet. 78
Armed, rigid shrubs; branches with opposite, extra -axillary,horizontal, sharp, straight thorns. Leaves ovate-orbicular. Flowers
tetramerous, small, in many flowered
cymes;corolla white, turning pale yellow. Drupes globose, yellow when ripe. FlrsFrts- April-August. Common in forests and along road side. Used in Buldhana Distt. Ripe fruits eaten. (Inf.24)
Uses from literatureMedicinal :- Nil. Edible:- Nil
Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng . & Sastre in Mauritius Inst. Bull. 8(4): 85. 1979.,syn-Gardenia uliginosa Retz., syn-Randia uliginosa(Retz.) DC. (YMR-15) Tup Kela Small trees, branches horizontal, thorns stout, sharp. Leaves fascicled on suppressed branchlets, obovate-oblong; stipules acute. Flowers white, solitary at the end of branchlets, highly fragrant; stamens inserted at corolla throat horizontally. Fruits ovoid, yellowish-brown.
Flrs - Frts -April-June.
Frequent along banks of streams. Used in Umarkhed-Yavatmal Distt. Fruits cooked into vegetable. (Recipe – I Inf.6, 26)
79
Uses from literatureMedicinal:-
Roots - Cooling, diuretic, tonic, employed in biliousness, boils in
children, in diarrhoea, dysentery, on wounds and sores. Fruits- Astringent, on diarrhoea, dysentery. (Ref – 5, 110, 348) Edible:- Fruit. (Ref:- 5, 120 )
ASTERACEAE Dumort. (nom. alt.) Caesulia axillaris Roxb. Pl.Corom.1:64.t.93.1798. (YMR-50) Bibi Erect, glabrous, subsucculent annual herbs; leaves sessile, linear –lanceolate. Heads axillary, sessile, contaning several 1-flowered simple heads; subtended by two leafy bracts, corolla tubular, purple. Achenes obovoid. Flrs - Frts -September -January Common in drying ditches, wet fields, along river banks. Used in Amravati Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable. (Recipe –I Inf.6) Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Whole plant- Applied on wounds. Root-Chewed to cure mouth sores. Seeds- Used on rheumatic pain. (Ref - 5, 286, 324 ) Edible:- Fresh young herb. (Ref- 5)
Glossocardia bosvaellea (L.f.) DC . in Wight, Contrib . Bot . India 19:1834.,syn – Verbascena bosveallea L.f.,syn- Glossocardia linearifolia Cass. (YMR-77) Khadak shepu
80
Small diffusely branched herbs. Leaves pinnatisect. Heads solitary,axillary .Marginal florets with ligulate bifid, yellow corolla; central florets few; bisexual, tubular. Achenes oblong, hairy, black. Flrs -Frts-July- December Grows on wet rocky soil. Used in Amravati and Yavatmal Distt. Young leaves made into vegetable. (Recipe - I Inf. 23, 51) Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Whole plant -Bitter in taste and cures eye and ear pain, as emmenagogue, alcoholic. Leaves - On leucorrhoea. (Ref – 5, 292, 296) Edible:- Areial plant (Ref- 5)
Goniocaulon indicum (Klein ex Willd.) Cl. Comp.India 236.1876., syn-Serratula indica Klein ex Willd., syn – Goniocaulon glabrum Cass. (YMR-39) Karad Kosla, Vern. Karad Kusumba(Par), Ran Kardi (Wan.) Erect glabrous herbs; stem grooved. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate, sessile, deeply serrate. Heads few flowered, clustered in corymbs; corolla tubular, pink- violet. Achenes oblanceolate ribbed. Flrs -Frts -November- February Common in fields. Used in Amravati and Yavatmal Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable; (Recipe-I Inf.4, 24, 28, 51, 64), also vegetable prepared mixed with onion choppings. Eaten raw like green salad, especially with Jawar Roti. Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Nil. Edible-Nil
81
Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajgopal in Kew Bull.23 (3):465.1969., syn – Prenanthes procumbens Roxb.,syn -Launaea nudicaulis sensu auct.plur. (India) non.L.nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f.sensu stricto. (YMR-69) Vern. Pathrat (Yavatmal region), Pathari (Wan.) Annual procumbent herbs. Leaves in basal rosette, obovate – oblong, pinnatifid . Heads solitary or clustered on short bracteate peduncles. All florets ligulate, pale yellow. Achenes oblong rugulose, black, truncate at apex. Pappus hairs white, silky. Flrs -Frts -October –February. Very common in fields. Used in Buldhana and Yavatmal Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-I Inf. 24, 53) A preferred tasty vegetable. (Inf.24) Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Plant - Useful on constipation. Root - Effective on toothache. Leaves- Used in fever, headache, colic, to kill tapeworms, in piles, skin diseases. (Ref - 10, 50, 78, 287, 292, 299 ) Edible:- Leaves (Ref-120)
PLUMBAGINACEAE Juss. Plumbago zeylanica L.Sp.Pl.151.1753. (YMR-11) Vern. Chitrak, Chitur (Kor) Under shurbs . Leaves ovate -oblong, glabrous above, puncate below. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes; calyx glandular, hairy outside; corolla tube narrow, white. Fruit capsular, oblong , enclosed in calyx. Flrs - Frts -August –November. 82
Frequent in fields. Used in Amravati Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable. (Recipe-I Inf. 13)
-I
Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Plants – Abortifacient . Roots - Appetizer, used in piles, diarrhoea, indigestion, chronic constipation, stomach
disorders, ringworms, antiseptic, skin
diseases, scabies, abortifacient, induces sterilization; to cure paralytic effect, dropsy, leucoderma, rheumatism, arrest frequent urination, hydrocele, general debility, measles, jaundice, headache, cough and cold, swelling and pain, antipyretic, snake bite. Leaves- Rheumatism, swellings, cures pimples, itching, scabies, jaundice, stomach pain. Seeds – Analgesic . (Ref - 21, 22, 27, 30, 32, 49, 50, 59, 64, 67, 77, 79, 80, 86, 87, 94, 103, 111, 114, 116, 121, 125, 127, 134, 138, 144, 171, 232, 250, 275, 287, 299, 316, 337, 338 ) Edible:- Young leaves (Ref- 49)
SAPOTACEAE Juss. Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Mac.var.latifolia (Roxb.) Chevalier in Rev.Bot.Appl.23:149.1943.syn – Bassia latifolia Koen. ,syn- Madhuca indica Gmel. (YMR-40) Moha, Gon. Mohadi (Kor.), Fruits called Toi, flowers as Mohada (Kor.) Large deciduous trees, bark pale brown; leaves alternate, crowded at the ends of branches, elliptic to ovate; flowers in fascicles, terminal or in the axils of fallen leaves; corolla cream colored. Fruits ovoid; seeds brown, polished. Flrs - Frts December –April Frequent in forests. 83
Used in Amravati and Gadchiroli Distt. Flowers, fruits and seeds edible. Flowers1) Flowers are eaten raw 2) Flowers are baked on fire and eaten (Inf.42) 3) Flowers are cooked with just required amount of water. Cooked flowers are thoroughly mixed with rice flour and tough dough is prepared. Small balls of this dough are made and pressed in fist. These are known as ‘muthe’ (fist = muth in Marathi). Water is taken in an utensil and its mouth tied with clean cloth. ‘Muthe’ are put on cloth, covered with lid and put on low fire to be steam cooked. 4) Chana dal is cooked with flowers and then grinded. This is used as stuffing to prepare rotti. Such stuffed rotti is called ‘moha chi puran – poli’ 5) Flowers cooked and mixed with jowar (sorghum) flour and roti is prepared. This is known as ‘mithi roti’ (sweet roti). 6) Flowers are fermented to prepare liquor. Fruits 1) Ripe fruits are eaten. 2) Fruits are used for edible oil extraction. Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Roots - Useful on stomach ulcers and scorpion sting. Bark- Astringent, antidiabetic, anti–inflammatory. Useful on gum swellings, tooth cavities, ulcers, diarrhoea, dysentery, tonsillitis, muscular pain , rheumatism , as tonic. Bark gum -Useful on boils. Leaves- Astringent; used in dysentery, ulcers, hydrocele, spongy gums, tonsillitis. Flowers –Astringent, cooling, demulcent, antibacterial,
84
effective on bronchitis,
wounds , cough ,cold, as tonic , eye diseases, promote
hair growth. Seeds - Laxative, used in habitual constipation, piles, skin diseases, rheumatism, headache, haemorrhoids, galactagogue, nostril problems, to treat hysteria, chest pain, pneumonia. (Ref - 5, 21, 44, 63, 64, 69, 103, 111, 115, 189, 219, 229, 236, 301, 308, 309, 325, 366) Edible-: Flowers Fruits and Seeds. (Ref- 5, 14, 80, 93, 146, 189, 196, 287, 233, 250, 265, 357 )
Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.)Dub. Ann. Mus.Col.Marseille Ser 3, 3:9.1915. syn - Mimusops hexandra Roxb. (YMR-) Vern. Khirani (Gon.) Evergreen trees. Leaves glabrous,elliptic- lanceolate , emarginate at apex . Flowers solitary or in axillary fascicles, fragrant. Fruits yellow when ripe, one seeded. Seeds black, shining. Flrs- Frts - December-April Common in semi evergreen forest. Used in Yavatmal Distt. Ripe fruits eaten as such. The population of trees has considerably decreased . Some 20-25 years back fruits were regularly sold in market. However, now adays it is difficult to see a single stall of these fruits. Tastes like unprocessed fresh ripened khajur. Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Fruits -Astringent, useful on bone facture. (Ref – 5, 284) Edible:- Fruit (Ref:- 5, 14, 64, 93, 120, 228)
EBENACEAE Gurke. Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.Pl.Corom.1:36.t.46.1798. (YMR-) 85
Tembhurni, Tendu (Gon.) Moderate sized, dioecious tree; bark grey colored and fissured; leaves elliptic , glabrous above, pubescent below. Female flowers longer than male flowers; ovary densely hairy; fruit pubescent when young, ovoid, brown on ripening. Flrs- Frts March - September. Common in forests. Used in Buldhana and Gadchiroli Distt. Fresh Fruits eaten raw. Since old branches are either cut or burnt to get young leaves used for Bidi preparation, yield of fruits has considerably lowered. Fruits from Gadchiroli forest are with more pulp. Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Root- Malaria. Fruits - Laxative, used in colic and intestinal pain, urinary disorders, sore throat, wounds. Seed- To ensure conception and prevent miscarriage. (Ref - 30, 64, 189, 198) Edible:- Fruits (Ref-14, 64, 120, 146, 158, 189,193, 196, 228, 358.)
APOCYNACEAE Juss Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. in Mem. Wern.Nat . Soc . 1:74.1811. (YMR-) Vern. Kala- Kuda (Nagpur.) Small, deciduous trees. Leaves elliptic - oblong; glabrous. Flowers fragrant; in lax terminal cymes; corolla white; corona of numerous scales. Follicles linear, cylindric, cohering at tip; seeds comose. Flrs - Frts-March – June Common in hill forests. Used in Amravati and Nagpur Distt. 86
Young pods cooked as vegetable. Pods cut into pieces, seeds taken out and pieces are thoroughly washed in water with vigorous shaking and water discarded . Now it is ready for cooking. (Recipe –Inf 46) Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Roots – Laxative, used on whitlaw (finger pain), in wounds, snake bite, scorpion sting. Stem bark - Anti-diabetic, aphrodisiac, used on cuts, wounds, skin diseases, snake poison, scorpion sting. Leaves – Aphrodisiac, used in skin diseases , psoriasis, dermatitis, dandruff, rheumatoid toothache,
snake
bite.
Seeds
-
arthritis, jaundice, stomach disorders,
Aphrodisiac,
anthelmintic,
anti-diarrhoeal,
antidysentric, astringent, febrifuge, tonic , given in flatulence, seminal weakness, jaundice, skin disease. (Ref - 5, 79, 95, 198, 227, 249, 275, 292, 309, 353) Edible-: Leaves, Flowers, Pods and Seeds. (Ref- 5, 64,120)
ASCLEPIADACEAE R. Br Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.Pl.Corom.1.11.t.7.1798 var. bulbosa .Hook .f . (YMR-) Vern. Dudhkand (Amravati region.), Dadmudle (Buldhana region.) Small, twining, perennial, tuberous herbs growing under bushes; tubers spherical. Leaves fleshy, opposite, ovate-elliptic. Flowers small 6-10 in umbellate cymes; corolla inflated at base, narrow in the middle, funnel shaped above; grayish outside, purplish inside. Follicle linear. Flrs –Frts - August - October Frequent among bushes. Used in Amravati and Buldhana Distt. Young leaves, Fresh tubers edible. Recipe - 1) Young leaves are eaten as salad. 87
2) Vegetable is prepared from young leaves.( Recipe-I Inf.23, 54) Tuber- 1.As soon as tuber is taken out from soil; the skin is removed and eaten fresh, if kept for sometime it becomes bitter. 2. Given to children as tonic. Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Nil. Edible:- Tuber ( Ref- 64, 120, 146)
Ceropegia oculata Hook. in Bot.Mag.t.4093.1844. (YMR-) Vern. Supar Mati (Gon.) Tuberous, twining herbs. Stems sparsely hairy. Leaves ovate –oblong. Cymes few flowered; pedicels glabrous. Corolla 5-7cm long; inflated at the base, narrowed above, lobes linear, green and brown colored. Flrs –Frts-July-September Rare. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Tubers eaten raw. It tastes like unprocessed fresh betel nut (Aereca catechu). (Inf.21) Note-Due to indiscriminate digging and difficulty of seed setting and germination the species is on the verge of extinction from the region.
Uses from literatureMedicinal :- Tuber-For urinary problems, fertility and vitality. (Ref - 144) Edible:- Tuber (Ref:- 120, 144)
88
Holostemma annulare (Roxb.) K.Schum.inEngl.&Prantl.Pflanzenf.4(2):250.1895 (annularis) syn- Asclepias annularia Roxb., syn-Holostemma ada-kodien Sch., synH.rheedei Wall., syn-H.rheedianum Spreng. (YMR-) Shidodi, Shirphule (Yavatmal region.), Dudhphule (Wan.) Extensive, twinning shrubs; stem sparingly branched,glabrous .Leaves
ovate-
lanceolate, membranous. Flowers in fasciculate cymes, corolla rotate, pinkish- white outside, deep red within; corona staminal, ring – like. Pollinia linear – falcate. Follicles linear oblong, tapering to a blunt point; seeds ovoid. Flrs -Frts -August – October. Occasional in hill forests. Used in Buldhana and Yavatmal Distt. Young Flowers eaten raw. (Inf.22) Note- It has become a vulnerable species from Vidarbha. As flowers are eaten, there is little scope for natural propagation. Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Roots -Used as cooling agent, alterative, tonic, lactative, applied on opthalmia and orchitis, used in diabetes, gonorrhoea, cough and stomachache. (Ref - 5) Edible:- Leaves and Flowers (Ref- 5, 120)
Telosma pallida (Roxb.) Craib in Kew Bull.1911.418.1911; Sant and Frani in univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. No. 4.83.1962 , syn – Asclepias pallida Roxb., syn -Pergularia pallida Wight & Arn.in Wight. (YMR-9) Vern. Zhuta (Buldhana region.), Jivati (Gon)
89
Twining undershrubs; stems branched. Leaves ovate-oblong. Flowers many, pale cream, in umbellate cymes; corolla salver – shaped. Follicles long, lanceolate. Flrs -Frts-August - December Everywhere, but not common; population always small, usually of isolated plants. Used in Amravati, Buldhana and Nagpur Distt. Fresh flowers cooked into vegetable. (Recipe- I Inf.79, 45, 46, II Inf. 54, VII Inf.46) Uses from literatureMidecinal:- Nil. Edible:- Flowers and Fruits (Ref- 120 )
Tylophora dalzellii Hook.f.Fl.Brit.India 4:43.1883. (YMR-34) Vigh dodi (Gon.) Twining herbs, perennating by root tubers; stems terete, branched. Leaves ovate – oblong , apex acute - acuminate. Flowers small, many, in lateral, umbellate cymes; corolla lobes divided; corona of 5 fleshy, black – purple lobes. Follicles long, lanceolate . Flrs - Frts -April- December Common and abundant in Gadchiroli district. Fruits eaten raw. (Inf.76)Taste like cucumber. Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Leaves- On bronchial asthma. (Ref - 137) Edible:- Fruit (Ref- 292)
90
Wattakaka volubilis (L.f) Stapf in Curtis.Bot .Mag. Sub t.8976.1923., syn- Asclepias volubilis L.f. ,syn-Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth.ex Hook.f., syn- Marsdenia volubilis (L.f) Cooke. (YMR-) Vern. Hiran dodi, Ghai dodi(Gon) Large, twining shrubs; stem lenticellate; leaves opposite,ovate, with numerous glands at the base of midrib. Flowers in dense, large umbellate cymes; corolla green . Follicles lanceolate, divaricate , ending in blunt point. Flrs - Frts -July - October Common in bushes. Used in Amravati Distt. Young fruits and flowers cooked into vegetable (Recipe-I Inf. 13) Uses from literatureMedicinal :- Plant - Anti-inflammatory, on paralysis, fits, cold, eye diseases, as antidote. Roots – Emetic, expectorant. Leaves -Used on swellings, aches, boils, abscess, migraine. (Ref - 5, 26, 115, 368, 372 ) Edible:- Leaves , Flowers, Fruits and Seeds (Ref- 5, 120, 169 )
PERIPLOCACEAE Schlecht. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Sch. in Roem.and Sch.Syst.Veg. 6:126.1819 var.indicus., syn-Periploca indica.L. (YMR-48) Anant
mul,
Vern.
Khobervel(Gon.)(Yavatmal
region.),
Kavalyachi
Muli
(Wan.)(Yavatmal region.) Perennial twinners. Leaves linear-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong , usually with white central strips above, dull white beneath. Flowers small, green outside and purple within ,in subsessile, axillary, cymes. Fruit etario of divaricate, trigonous, acute follicles. Seeds flat with silvery white hairs. Flrs - Frts –September- January . 91
Common throughout among grasses and forests. Used in Buldhana Gadchiroli and Yavatmal Distt. Fruits eaten raw.Roots are used as substitute of tea leaves, tastes like real tea. (Inf.24, 29, 50, 51) Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Whole plant - Used as tonic, alterative, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic and blood purifier, employed in nutritional disorders, syphilis, chronic rheumatism, gravel and other urinary diseases, skin affections, as hair tonic, on stomach pain, antirheumatic. Roots - Blood purifier, demulcent , diuretic , cooling, tonic. Used in biliousness, infant diarrhoea, stomach disorders, acidity, ulcers; urinary diseases and inflammation; to remove kidney stone, urino-genital diseases, leucorrhoea, anaemia; to increase lactation; on rheumatism, skin trouble, toothache, fever, cough, cold, tonsilitis in children, blood pressure, antidote to poisonous bites, snake bite, scorpion sting etc. Bark- On kidney problems. Stems -Used for toothache. Leaves - Chewed to refresh, on anaemia and fractured bones. (Ref -5, 21, 44, 49, 79, 80, 98, 126, 137, 152, 165, 220, 232, 233, 236, 245, 248, 265, 275, 278, 279, 281, 286, 287, 313, 316, 328, 330, 359, 371 ) Edible:- Fruit (Ref- 5, 120, 233, 313)
GENTIANACEAE Juss Enicostema axillare (Lam.) Raynal in Adansonia 2,9:75.1969., syn- Gentiana axillaris Lam..syn Enicostemma littorale non.Bl. (YMR-17) Kadwi Nai, Kadu Bhaji(Ban.)
92
Erect annual herb; stem 4 angled; leaves opposite ,sessile ,linear- lanceolate . Flowers in axillary cymes;corolla white; tube short. Capsule ellipsoid;seeds numerous, light yellow. Flrs–Frts -September – January Common weed of cultivation,in grassland or on barren land. Used in Yavatmal Distt. Young leaves cooked into delicious vegetable. (Recipe-I Inf.25). Leaves are cut and then repeatedly washed with water (atleast seven times) and then cooked in to vegetable. Uses from literatureMedicinal-:Whole plants -Useful as cooling agent, on boils, rheumatism, skin diseases, on snake bite. Root – To check fever, on snake bite. Stem – To cure inflammation of fingers and toes. Leaves - Useful on stomachache, leucorrhoea, inflammation of fingers and toes, fever, loose motion, vomiting, arrested semen discharge. (Ref - 5, 79, 87, 126, 201, 250, 298 ) Edible-: Nil
BORAGINACEAE Juss Cordia gharaf (Forssk) Ehrenb & Asch.in Bitszung. Bericht. Ges.Naturf. Fl.Berl.46.1879.,syn- Cornus gharaf Forsk., syn- Cordia rothii R.&S. (YMR-75) Gondani , Gondan (Par.) Small deciduous trees; bark grey, furrowed; leaves oblanceolate . Flowers in terminal or axillary cymes . Drupes ovoid, orange yellow, pellucid pulpy, one-seeded. Flrs Frts -April –October. Commonly found in fields and forests. Used in Amravati and Buldhana Distt. 93
Young inflorescence prepared into vegetable (Recipe-I, II, V Inf.24, 44, 63), Ripe fruits eaten raw, also pickled (Recipe-VIII Inf. 44).
Uses from literatureMedicinal-:Stem
bark-
Astringent,
on
toothache.
Leaf
and
fruit-
For
spermatorrhoea, fever. (Ref – 220,292) Edible-: Fruits (Ref- 133, 120, 158, 325)
CONVOLVULACEAE Juss. Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Boj.Hort.Maurit, 224,1837. , syn- Convolvulus nervosus Burm.f. ,syn- Argyreia speciosa (L.f) Sweet. (YMR-) Samindar Sokh, Samindar Sofh (Wan.) An extensive, perennial, silky-hairy, woody climbers. Leaves ovate-cordate, glabrous above, white tomentose beneath. Flowers rose-purple, in axillary, capitate cymes. Fruit a globose, apiculate, brown capsule. Flrs -Frts -August-December Frequent on bushes. Used in Buldhana Distt. Leaves edible (Recipe- VI Inf.24, 26) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root – Rheumatism, urinary disorders, cooling effect, fertility. Leaf – Boils, skin diseases, rheumatism, cooling effect, wounds, rubefecient. Seed – On treatment of debility, hypotensive, spasmolytic activity. (Ref - 190,286,300,309,316) Edible-: Roots and Leaves (Ref- 120, 286)
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk., Fl.Aeg-Arab.44.1775 . (YMR-) 94
Chandvel, Vern. Harankhuri (Yavatmal region.) Annual or perennial, aquatic herbs; stems hollow, spongy, trailing or floating on water. Leaves variable. Flowers solitary axillary or in few flowerd cymes; corolla pink purple. Capsules ovoid, glabrous. Flrs- Frts -September –December Common in ponds. Used in Umarkhed-(Yavatmal Distt.) Young leaves cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-I Inf.62) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant - Purgative and antidote to opium. Leaves - Emetic, antidote to opium poisoning , good nervous tonic, removes general debility in women, on sores, boils, ulcers, piles; haemorrhoids, swellings and wounds, in sleeplessness, stress, headache, general weakness and leucorrhoea, cough, otorrhoea, retinitis. Flowers and buds- On inflammed eyes, antidiabetic. Seeds -On intestinal parasites. (Ref - 5, int18, 38, 50, 113, 137 ) Edible-: Leaves and Young shoots (Ref- 5, 38, 81, 120, 217, 234, 357, 362 )
Ipomoea pes-tigrides L.Sp.Pl.162.1753. (YMR-) Annual, herbaceous twiners ; stem slender; covered with rigid hairs. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed. Flowers in axillary, capitate cymes; sepals unequal, corolla infundibuliform ,white or pale pink; capsules ovoid . Flrs - Frts -September December. Common in and around fields. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Seeds edible (Inf.69), taste like apricot.
95
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Roots- Laxative, purgative, antidote to scorpion sting. Leaves- Used on bronchial spasm, reddening of eyes, debility due to old age, paralytic conditions, cough. (Ref - 50, 64, 67, 229, 292, 324 ) Edible-: Leaves and Seeds (Ref- 64,120)
Ipomoea turbinata Lag.Gen.Sp.Pl.10.1816, syn I.muricata (L.) Jaeq.Hort.Schoenbr., syn –Calonyction muricatum (L.)G.Don. (YMR-10) Vern. Kartul kali (Gon.) Large twiners ; stem often muricate, glabrous. Leaves broadly ovate. Flowers in axillary cymes; pedicels long, much thickened in fruits. Sepals elliptic – oblong , enlarged in fruit , corolla funnel shaped , rose –purple; capsule globose black. Flrs Frts -October – January. Occasional in hedges, around fields. Used in Amravati and Gadchiroli Distt. Peduncle and fleshy thalamus edible.(Recipe-I, II Inf.2,58) Flowers are collected early in morning for vegetable preparation.(Recipe-I, II Inf.2,58) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Seeds - Cathartic. (Ref - 309) Edible:- Nil.
Ipomoea violacea L. Sp. Pl. 161.1753, Convolvulus tuba. Sclecht., Ipomoea longiflora R.Br.,I.grandiflora sensu C.B.Cl. in Hook.,I.macrantha . R and S.YMR Ver-Sakankali
96
Twiners; stems woody, terete or angular, often longitudinally striated. Leaves orbicular –ovate, base deeply cordate. Inflorescence axillary, one to few flowerd; calyx, orbicular, mucronulate at apex, coriaceous, enlarged in fruits. Corolla white, salver shaped. Capsules globose. Seeds 4, black, hairy along margins. Flrs-Frts-September – December. Along road sides and in forests, also grown in house yards. Used in Amravati, Umarkhed-(Yavatmal Distt.) Fleshy thalamus and calyx edible. Flowers also edible after removing anthers. (Recipe-I, II Inf. 22, 49) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Nil. Edible:- Nil.
Merremia gangetica (L.) Cuford .Bull.Jard. Bot. Etat.31(Suppl.):743.1961., syn – M.emarginata (Burm.f.) Hall f., syn- Convolvulus gangeticus L., syn- Ipomoea reniformis Choisy . (YMR-53) Undirkani Vern. Bayal (Kor), Bhokran (Yavatmal region.), Bhopli (Amravati region.) Prostrate herb, rooting at the nodes; stem hairy; leaves reniform, creneate undulating, emarginate. Flowers solitary, axillary; corolla campanulate, yellow. Capsules sub-globose, smooth. Seeds brownish. Flrs- Frts-October -January Common weed in black cotton soil. Used in Amravati, Umarkhed-Yavatmal Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable. (Recipe-I Inf.51) Uses from literature-
97
Medicinal-: Whole plant - Diuretic, alterative, used for wounds , boils, rheumatism , chest pain, joint pain, neuralgia, coughs, ear sores. Roots-Used to treat eye diseases, gums, nasal bleeding . Leaves -Used to cure migraine, abscesses, ulcer. (Ref - 5, 229, 245, 358) Edible:- Leaves (Ref- 5, 64, 245)
Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy,Mem.Soc.Phys.Geneve 6:408.1834.,synConvolvulus hypocrateriformis Desr. (YMR-73) Phand, Phanji. (Gon.) Mofti bhaji (Gon.) Woody twiner; stem terete, pubescent. Leaves reniform-ovate, cordate at base, entire, obtuse and mucronulate at apex, upper surface dark green lower surface silky whitish; petiole hairy. Flowers solitary, axillary; corolla hypocrateriform, white. Fruit a globose capsule, dark brown, woody; seeds ovoid, smooth. Flrs-Frts- July -December Grows on bushes and on hedges around field. Used in Amravati, Gadchiroli and Washim Distt. Young leaves are cooked into vegetable. (Recipe – I Inf. 62) Young leaves are steam cooked .Water is taken in utensil and freshly cut wheat straw is put in water to fill about half of the utensil (if wheat straw is not available , then grass straw is used .) Leaves are put on straw and steam cooked . Cooked leaves are mixed with gram flour, red chilli and salt to make a tough dough. Small flat boluses are prepared of dough and fried . The dish is very delicious. Cooked leaves are mixed with jawar (Sorghum) flour and red chilli powder and salt. Namkin roti preapared
98
Cooked leaves are mixed with cooked tur dal to make a curry. (Recipe-III Inf 12,23) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plants - Useful on piles, swellings. Leaves -Used on skin diseases, to cure fungal infection of scalp, to purify blood, tuberculosis. (Ref - 5, 30, 32, 263, 324 ) Edible-: Leaves and Fruit (Ref- 5, 32, 64, 120, 298, 324 )
SOLANACEAE Juss. Solanum nigrum L.Sp. Pl.186. 1753. (YMR-) Kamuni Erect annual herbs; leaves ovate –lanceolate,glabrous. Flowers in extra-axillary, umbellate, pendulous cymes. Corolla white; anthers yellow. Berries globose. Seeds ovoid, yellowish. Flrs -Frts - August-January Grows as weed on hedges and around fields. Used in Yavatmal Distt. Ripe fruits eaten; taste like tomato. Young leaves are made in to vegetable (Recipe I Inf. 62).
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Whole plant -Diuretic , haepatoprotective, purgative; used in dysentery, piles, chronic intestinal toxaemia, ulcers; useful on jaundice, brain irritation, during dentition, ophthalmia, premature delivery, hydragogus, blood spilting, skin diseases, snake bite. Stem- Expectorant, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative, alternative; used as pile ointment. Leaves- Scrofulous, dyscrasias; used on wounds, sores, pile, indigestion, colic pain, jaundice, nausea; for boils, chronic skin diseases, dialation of pupils, 99
leucorrhoea, rheumatism; in dropsy, kidney, liver, heart diseases; on pimples, swollen and painful scrotum and testicles, convulsions, eye redness, inflamed irritate body pain ; malaria, gonorrhoea, enlargement of liver and spleen. Fruits –Anti-inflammatory,catharatic, diuretic, laxative, in diarrhoea, dysentery, piles, on joint pain, infection of the nostrils, cough, throat-ache, fever, heart disease, eye troubles, pimples, itching, liver problem , ulcers, hydrophobia and as tonic. (Ref - 5, 22, 27, 50, 59, 81, 91, 115, 126, 138, 143, 179, 184, 222, 238, 244, 259, 308, 316, 369, 371) Edible:- Tender shoots, Leaves and Fruits (Ref- 5, 14, 81,120, 139, 169, 186, 222)
BIGNONIACEAE Juss.
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.Dec.Gen.Nov.8.1808. , syn-Bignonia indica L .(YMR8) Tetu Small, deciduous tree; wood brittle, light brown . Leaves opposite, 2-3 pinnate; pinnae opposite; leaflets in 2-3 pairs, ovate, entire, acuminate, glabrous. Flowers in long racemes, fleshy, foetid . Calyx leathery, campanulate .Corolla pale purple. Stamens exerted; filaments hairy at base; capsules woody, flat, straight, elliptic. Seeds numerous , winged. Flrs-Frts- May - July Frequent in forests; occasionally planted in house-yards. Used in Nagpur Distt. Flowers and young pods are edible. Flowers have a strong odour. They are first boiled in water for few minutes and water is drained. Then vegetable is prepared as per (Recipe II Inf.27). Useful on rheumatism and body-ache caused by changed weather in rainy season. 100
Pods are cut in to pieces, mixed with salt and kept overnight. Next day water produced is thrown and pieces are pickled with limejuice. Said to be especially useful to treat rheumatism. (Recipe-VIII Inf. 27) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plants- Antiseptic, used on general debility, diarrhoea, dysentery. Root bark - Anti-inflammatory, on wounds. Roots- Astringent, used in dysentery, diarrhoea, stomachache, headache, rheumatism, diaphoretic, otorrhoea, miscarriage, antidote to cobra bite. Bark -On muscular pain, rheumatic pain, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dysentery, headache, epilepsy, general weakness, jaundice. Leaves- On stomach pain, rheumatism, enlarged spleen, headache, ulcer, epilepsy, muscular sprain, general weakness. Fruits -Refreshing, on stomachache, piles. SeedsPurgative, on piles. (Ref - 5, 33, 38, 49, 59, 77, 78, 79, 92, 97, 115, 152, 222, 233, 238, 249, 296, 299, 340, 348 ) Edible:- Young leaves Fruits Flowers. (Ref- 5, 120, 169 )
ACANTHACEAE Juss Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth, Nov.Pl.Sp.321.1821.,syn – Acanthus repens Vahl., syn- Blepharis molluginifolia. Pers. (YMR-) Hadsan Prostrate, under shrubs or herbs; stem wiry, hispid. Leaves in whorls of four, subsessile, fleshy. Flowers sessile, solitary, axillary; bracteoles 8-10, in opposite pairs, with spinulose apex. Calyx divided to the base. Corolla blue or white. Capsules ovoid or ellipsoid. Flrs-Frts -September -December Common on rocky soils in open grasslands. Used inYavatmal Distt. Young Leaves cooked into vegetables.(Recipe- I Inf.22) 101
Uses from literatureMedicinal-:Nil. Edible:- Nil
Hygrophila schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R. and S.M. Almeida . J. Bombay nat.Hist.Soc.83 (Suppl.):221.1986.,syn – Behel schulli Buch-Ham.,syn – Barleria longifolia L..syn – Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees.,syn – Hygrophila spinosa Anders. (YMR-52) Talimkhana. Robust, thorny, unbranched herb; stem more or less quadrangular; nodes hispid, hairs long. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, arranged in whorls of six leaves at nodes; thorns arise from the axils of leaves, yellowish brown and sharp. Flowers in axillary clusters; bracts hairy, lanceolate. Corolla purple-blue, bilipped.
Capsule oblong.
Seeds black. Flrs -Frts – June – February. Common along streams, ditches and rivers. Used in Amravati and Nagpur Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable. Recipe –I (Inf.46) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Whole plant - Diuretic, demulcent, aphrodisiac, on malarial fever. Roots Diuretic, in genital disorders, anasarca, dropsy, bodyache, arthritis,
rheumatism,
treating stomach tumors, leprosy, snake bite. Leaves - Aphrodisiac, useful in jaundice, rheumatism, joint pain, muscular pain, body pain, inflammation, headache, diseases of urino-genital tract, leucorrhoea, stomachache, leprosy, eczema, malaria, and as hair vitalizer. Fruits -Used on menorrhagia. Seeds -Useful to
102
cure genital tract infection, menorrhagia, on impotency, as tonic. (Ref - 5, 21, 50, 59, 67, 78, 79, 87, 116, 121, 275, 279, 298, 309) Edible:- Leaves and Seeds. (Ref- 14, 64, 120)
VERBENACEAE J.St.Hil Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. Cat. Pl. Ceylon 46:382.1824., syn-Volkameria serrata L. (YMR-) Bharangi Shrubs; stem quadrangular, pubescent.Leaves elliptic-oblong. Flowers in lax, panicles, with bractiform leaves at the base of cymes. Calyx cup like, truncate. Corolla bluish-purple or white.Stamens long, exerted .Fruit drupaceous. Flrs-FrtsOctober – May. Common along road sides and along forest borders. Used inYavatmal Distt. Flowers cooked into vegetable, (Inf . 25). Uses from literatureWhole plant- Skin diseases. Root- Febrifuge,antimalarial, snakebite. Leaves- Fever, swellings, snakebite. (Ref- 27, 137, 244 ) Edible-: Leaves ( Ref- 120, 222)
Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.) Moldenke in Torr. 34:9.1934 & inAnn. Missouri. Bot.Gard.60:58. 1973. syn – L.aculeata L. syn -Lantana camara auct. non L. (YMR-55) Ghaneri, Vern.Kamuni, Raimuni (Ban,Wan.)
103
Scanedent shrubs. Leaves opposite or rarely ternate or whorled. Corolla yellow, turning orange – red. Fruits drupaceous, globose, bluish – black, shining. Flrs-FrtsThroughout the year. Planted in hedges. Used in Buldhana and Yavatmal Distt. Ripe fruits eaten. (Inf. 24, 34) . Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant - Diaphoretic, carminative, antispasmodic, useful for fistulae, pustolules, and tumors, in tetanus, rheumatism, malaria. Roots -Useful on throat infection. Leaves- Used in billous fever, tetanus; on swellings, ulcers, wounds, stomachache, constipation, rheumatism, eczema; applied on cuts, tuberculosis, to stop bleeding, for quick delivery, ear discharge (ottitismedia), antiseptic ,antimicrobial. Flowers- Antifungal, used to overcome giddiness. Fruits – For bleeding gums, decaying teeth. (Ref - 5, 22, 50, 67, 152, 209, 220, 238, 242, 245, 265, 281, 340, 368) Edible-: Leaves as substitute of tea, fruits (Ref- 5, 120, 245)
LAMIACEAE Lindl . ( nom.alt .) Orthosiphon rubicundus (D.Don) Benth.in Wall.Pl . As .Rar .2:141 . 1831 .,synPlectranthus rubicundus D.Don. (YMR-24) Perennial herbs; roots tuberous; stem pubescent. Leaves radical , oblanceolate. Flowers in 6-flowered whorls on long panicles .Corolla tubular, longer than the calyx, pubescent. Nutlets oblong or obovoid, dark brown. Flrs-Frts-Throughout the year Planted in hedges. Used in Amravati, Nagpur andYavatmal Distt. 104
Root tubers eaten raw, taste like ground nut. Nut-lets also eaten. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Nil. Edible-: Nil.
NYCTAGINACEAE Juss Boerhavia repens L. var. diffusa (L.) Hook.f. Fl. Brit. India 4:709. 1885. ,syn B.diffusa L. (YMR-18) Punarnava, Vern. Kanda mul (Ban.) Diffuse, perennial, prostrate herb; root thick, fusiform. Leaves in unequal pairs, ovate with undulate margin. Flowers sessile – sub sessile, in small umbels, arranged in axillary and terminal panicles. Perianth funnel shaped, dark pink. Fruit clavate, glandular on ribs. Flrs-Frts-July –March. Very common in variety of habitats. Used in Yavatmal Distt. Outer skin of root stock removed and inner portion eaten raw. (Inf.30) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Whole plant – Hematinic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory ,antiviral. Used to treat diabetes, anemia; cardio tonic; colitis, blood motion, cough, jaundice, scanty urine; dissolves gall bladder stone, on snake bite. Root bark- On eczema. RootsDiuretic, on renal diseases, swelling and boils, rheumatism and jaundice, hypotension; on blood and heart disease, asthma, eczema; on wounds, diaphoretic, cataract, spermatorrhoea; on various joint diseases, typhoid, gout, chest pain, anthelmintic, purgative, eye diseases; in delivery, as blood purifier, cough, diarrhoea, piles, dropsy, muscular pain, body or headache, and febrifuge, haemostim , antidote in snake 105
poison, tumor, cancer. Leaves – Urinary troubles, swelling and boils, hypotension, blood and heart diseases, blood purifier, jaundice, to cure anasarca, opthalmia, conjunctivitis, swelling of eyes,
on muscular pain, parturition, to check body
inflammation, snake bite. Fruits –On arthritis, to promote urination. (Ref - 5, 15, 21, 22, 37, 50, 59, 67, 79, 82, 114, 115, 126, 137, 138, 150, 157, 162, 163, 170, 196, 198, 222, 238, 273, 287, 292, 308, 330, 343, 372 ) Edible-: Leaves and Young shoots (Ref- 120, 196, 254)
Mirabilis jalapa L. Sp. Pl. 177. 1753. (YMR-72) Gulbakshi, Gulbakas. Perennial glabrous herbs. Leaves ovate- triangular, margins undulate. Flowers red, pink, white, yellow or variegated, in corymbs, crowded at the ends of branches. Fruit globose , rugose, black. Flrs-Frts-August -January Planted in garden. Used in Amravati Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-III Inf.44) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Roots – Purgative, applied on boils, wounds, used in body pain. Leaves - Useful on piles and itching. Fruits - Used on headache. (Ref - 38, 67, 134, 137, 227, 232, 340) Edible-:Tubers (Ref-120)
AMARANTHACEAE Juss Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC. Cat. Hort.Monsp. 4:77.1813., syn – Gomphrena sessilis L., syn – A.triandra Lam. 106
(YMR-56)
Vern. Patur (Gon), Mirgad bhaji (Gon.) Branched, prostrate ,erect or spreading herbs; branches glabrous, rooting at nodes. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers sessile, in dense, axillary spikes; bracts and bracteoles ovate. Tepals shortly acuminate, white or pinkish. Fruit obreniform, brown. Flrs-Frts-July - March Very common in marshes around ponds, along river banks. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable. (Recipe-I Inf.40, 50, 69, 78) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant parts- Useful on antiulcer activity. Root – On tuberculosis, piles, in the treatment of rickets, stomachache, given if premature or dead baby delivred. Stem – Useful on gastric problem. Leaves –Used in liver disorders, cough, eye infection, threatened abortion, debility, diarrhoea, dysentery, asthma and lung troubles, to stop bleeding and as a hair tonic, abortifacient and febrifuge. Inhibits HIV-1 virus, herpes, simplex and respiratory syncytial viruses, in vomiting, pregnancy and abdominal pains. (Ref - int18, 101, 116, 126, 233, 278, 308, 313) Edible-: Leaves and Tender shoots (Ref- 99, 101, 120, 137, 196, 202, 222, 233, 292, 305)
Amaranthus roxburghianus Nevski in Trudy, Bot. inst. Acad. Nauk. SSSR, Ser. 1.Fl. Sist. Vyss. Rast. 4: 311.1937.,syn – Amaranthus blitum L. var. oleracus (L.) Hook.f., syn-A. polygamous sensu Hook.f. (YMR-5) Vern. Tandul dhona (Amravati), Chiv (Gon.)(Amravati region.)
107
Prostrate, diffuse herbs. Flowers in dense, axillary clusters. Tepals lanceolate, grayish, membranous. Stamens as long as tepals. Fruits ovoid, pyxidium. Seeds globose, black. Flrs-Frts- June – December. Common in waste places. Used in Amravati Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-I Inf.6, 59) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Nil. Edible-:Nil.
Amaranthus spinosus L. Sp. Pl. 991. 1753. (YMR-63) Kate math Erect branched, annual herbs; stem terete, glabrous. Leaves ovate, entire, obtuse . Flowers in dense, axillary, interrupted spikes. Tepals of male flowers longer than female, all acute, bristle pointed. Capsules ovoid, thickend at top. Seeds brown discoid. Flrs-Frts-July –December. Common on wastelands; also cultivated. Used in Amravati and Washim Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable. (Recipe-I Inf. 2, 4, 73) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant-
Purgative, emmenagogue and galactagogue, as refrigerant,
diuretic, for stomach troubles, piles, against cholera, sudorific, vomiting, for treating leprosy, to improve digestion, in kidney complaints, toothache, to arrest miscarriage, in inflammation, applied to bruises, abscesses, on snake bite. Root – Dysentery, menorrhagia, gonorrhoea, eczema and colic; as expectorant, retention of urine,
108
vermicidal, antifertility, dysuria , venereal diseases , excessive menstruation , abortifacient, burns and boils. Stem– On rheumatism. Leaves – Used as expectorant, cooling, diuretic, in ear ache, to cure boils , burns, wounds, bruises, abscess, oedema,
inflammation; in leucorrhoea, toothache, stomach pain, rheumatic
pain, on eczema, jaundice. (Ref - 5, 27, 96, 137, 143, 150, 171, 216, 232, 245, 304, 308, 324, 338, 359) Edible:- Young shoot Leaves and Inflorecence (Ref- 14, 35, 36, 101, 106, 120, 139, 153, 196, 222, 232, 234, 245, 305)
Amaranthus tricolour L. Sp. Pl. 989.1753. (YMR-) Tandulja, Chavlai Robust annual herb; stem angular, glabrous. Leaves broad, ovate, emarginate at apex. Inflorescence axillary as well as terminal spike; bracts and bracteoles awned. Tepals long awned.Fruit flask shaped. Seeds discoid.
Flrs-Frts-August - January
Common in open areas. Used in Amravati and Washim Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-I Inf. 28, 73, 75) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant – Astringent, diuretic, cooling, blood purifier. In cough, bronchitis, dysentery, toothache, ulcerated conditions of throat, demulcent and good tonic for dropsy. Root – Galactagogue, demulcent, used in colic, diarrhoea, vomiting, gonorrhoea eczema, for stricture and piles, in leucorrhoea and impotency, in bilious disorders, on wound, on inflammatory discharge from genital organs. Leaves – Used in urinary discharges. (Ref - 5, 27, 96, 137, 143, 150, 171, 216, 232, 245, 304, 308, 324, 338, 359 )
109
Edible:- Young shoot and Leaves (Ref- 5, 120, 292, 320)
Amaranthus viridis L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2:1405. 1763. (YMR-12) Math Plants are annual erect herbs; stem striate. Leaves alternate, ovate, entire, acute. Inflorecence axillary or terminal spike or panicle; bracts and bracteoles ovate. Tepals linear with scarious margins. Fruit ovoid.Seeds smooth. Flrs-Frts-August - December Frequent in fields and on waste lands. Used in Amravati and Yavatmal Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-I Inf. 23, 45) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant – Febrifuge, diuretic, galactagogue, anthelmintic, purgative, used as enema, on stomach troubles. Root – Diuretic, abortifacient, to increase lactation. Leaves – Leucorrhoea, leprosy, laxative, diarrhoea, on inflammations, boils and abscesses, to remove urine poisoning, to cure constipation. Seeds – Pneumonia. (Ref - 5, 50, 106, 135, 137, 163, 237, 245, 278, 288 ) Edible-: Young shoot and Leaves. (Ref- 5, 14, 38, 92, 101, 106, 120, 139, 222, 237, 245, 259, 260, 345)
Celosia argentea L. Sp. Pl.205.1753 var argentea . (YMR-3) Kurdu, Vern. Kaddu (Ban.), (Amravati and Nagpur region) Kkukkerda (Yavatmal region) Erect annual herb; stem ribbed, green, reddish in moist places . Leaves linearlanceolate, apex acute, green or with reddish tinge. Inflorescence – a compact spike. Perianth initially pink, later on turning white. Achenes globose , rounded at apex. Seeds minute, shining black, slightly tubercled. Flrs-Frts-February -April
110
Common throughout. Used in Amravati, Nagpur, Yavatmal and Washim Distt. Young leaves are cooked into vegetable. (Recipe-I Inf.51, 53, 75, II Inf.30) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Whole plant- Effective on renal calculii, gonorrhoea . Root- Diuretic, useful in kidney stone, urinary disorders; anthelmintic, stomach disorders, fever, malaria, on wounds, to treat anorexia. Leaves- Diuretic, useful in urinary disorders, stomach disorders, colic, applied on scorpion sting. Flowers – On diarrhoea, blood dysentery, spitting of blood and menorrhagia. Seeds- On diseases of blood and mouth sores, efficacious in diarrhoea, dysentery, tumors, in eye diseases, in painful micturation, cough, ovarian and uterine diseases, aphrodisiac. (Ref - 5, 67, 84, 144, 145, 146, 157, 191, 245, 249, 273, 286, 298, 309, 357 ) Edible:- Tender shoots, Leaves and inflorescence.( Ref- 5, 61, 64, 120, 186, 193, 217, 245, 265, 357)
Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Beitr. Amar. 77, no. 2.1825., syn-Achyranthes muricata L.,syn – Digera arvensis Forssk. (YMR-14) Kunjar, Vern.Tandul Kundra (Ban,Wan.) Erect herb; stem glabrous or pubescent. Leaves alternate, ovate with obtuse apex, rounded or subcordate at base, margin entire or crenulate. Flowers in axillary to subaxillary,simple, lax spikes. Bracts ovate; bracteoles with scarious margins; tepals ovate, unequal. Fruit globose, 2-horned at apex. Seeds compressed. Flrs-Frts-June -February Common throughout. Used throughout Vidarbha. Young leaves are cooked into vegetable. (Recipe-I Inf.45, 51, 73, 24, 68 , II Inf.37)
111
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant- laxative. Leaves-On intestinal worms. Flowers and seeds- Used to treat urinary complaints and are laxative. (Ref - 50, 87, 245, 287, 328) Edible:- Leaves Young plant and Spike. (Ref- 64,120, 245, 292)
BASELLACEAE Moq.-Tand. Basella alba L. Sp. Pl. 272.1753.,syn – B. rubra L. (YMR-) Vavding (Amravati and Yavatmal region) ,Vern. Poyam (Yavatmal region) Perennial herbs; stem long, slender, twinning, succulent, glabrous. Leaves alternate, broadly ovate, thick, fleshy. Flowers sessile, in lax, pedunculate spike; perianth white or pink at the tip. Fruits globose, enclosed in fleshy, enlarged, persistent perianth. Seeds black. Flrs-Frts-October –March. Planted in house- yards. Used in Amravati and Yavatmal region. Young leaves cooked into vegetable. (Recipe- I, III Inf.44, 51, 59, 62)
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant -Cooling, used in digestive disorders, fistula, pustules, inflammatory tumors, and syphilitic ulcers, antiviral, to check malnutrition. Root – Rubefacient; on swellings, sap-acne, bilious vomiting, intestinal complaints. Leaves – Demulcent, laxative, diuretic. Useful on sores, warts, pimples, mouth ulcers, to hasten suppuration, gonorrhoea, catarrhal affections, dyspepsia, burns, scalds, constipation, piles, in boils and muscular pain, in urinary disorders. Fruits – Conjunctivitis. (Ref - 5, 37, 152, 201, 245) 112
Edible:- Young shoots, Stem and Leaves (Ref- 5, 38, 81, 120, 193, 217, 245, 358)
LORANTHACEAE Juss. Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f) Etting in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math. Nat. Cl. 32: 52,58.t.13.f.14.1872 var falcata.,syn – Loranthus falcatus L.f.,syn – L. longiflorus var. amplexifolia (DC) .Thw. (YMR-) Bandgul Shrub, semiparasitic.Leaves opposite, thick, rough. Flowers in axillary, solitary or in paired ,unilateral racems; corolla scarlet, tubular; lobes 5. Fruit ellipsoid, red, crowned by calyx cup. Flrs-Frts-December - June Common parasite on Magnifera indica Used in Yavatmal Distt. Young leaves cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-I Inf. 62)
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant- On wounds, antifertility and abortifacient. Bark and stemAntifertility; useful on wounds, menstrual disorders, headache,
schizophrenia.
Leaves- Effective on leucorrhoea, to check cold and cough, abortifacient, on wounds. (Ref - 5, 78, 87, 94, 98, 135, 146, 263, 308, 337, 338 ) Edible:- Leaves, Stem and Ripe Fruit. (Ref- 120, 158 )
MORACEAE Link. Ficus hispida L.f. Suppl. Pl. 442. 1781. (YMR-) Bhui Umbar
113
Shrubs or small trees, without aerial roots, all parts hispid – pubescent. Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate. Receptacles paired, pedunculate, globose, slightly depressed at apex, yellow when ripe; bracts 3. Male flowers numerous near the apex of receptacle; tepales 3. Female flowers without perianth; ovary globose. Achenes ovoid . Flrs - Frts –February - July. Common, along banks of streams, river, etc. surround fields Used in Yavatmal Distt. Young fruits cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-I Inf. 22) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plants - Used in skin diseases, leucoderma, jaundice and as anti-poisonous. Stem - Used for earache. Leaves -Used in ringworms, dysentery. Fruits - Used as tonic and galactagogue, purgative and emetic, on throat inflammation. (Ref - 5, 152, 189, 222, 300, 372 ) Edible:- Leaves and Reseptacles (Ref- 5, 85, 93, 120, 169, 181, 205, 222, 228 )
Ficus racemosa L. Sp. Pl.1060.1753.,syn – F. glomerata Roxb. (YMR-59) Umbar Large evergreen trees. Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong, shining. Receptacles on short leafless warted branches, pyriform, orange red, pubescent. Achenes ovoid , brown. Flrs -Frts – February - June. Common along river banks, near wells. Used in Amravati ,Yavatmal and Buldhana Distt. Young receptacles cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-I Inf.22)
114
Young receptacles of the size of large gram seed are collected and washed. Boiled with water till soft and water discarded. Boiled receptacles are cut and made in to vegetable without curry. Ripe fruits are eaten. (Inf.24) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plants -Used on asthma. Roots - Used on hyperpyrexia, jaundice, dysentery, diarrhoea, piles, diabetes, lung diseases, skin irritation, stop abortion, antifertility; for mental disorder, high blood pressure. Bark – Tonic, astringent, for spongy gums, healing cuts and wounds, dysentery, diarrhoea, indigestion, vomiting, antifertility agent, increase lactation, for bleeding nose, vermicide and leucorrhoea. Bark latex -On diarrhoea, blinch of mouth, typhoid. Leaves on bilious affection, piles, after delivery. Fruits – Vermicidal, carminative, on diarrhoea, dysentery, stomachache, piles; astringent, in toothache; pneumonia , diabetes, lung diseases, bronchitis and cough. Aphrodisiac, on leucorrhoea, to stop abortion. In skin irritation, take out the pierced thorn, on snake bite. Seed oil -Useful on eczema. (Ref - 5, 21, 29, 38, 64, 78, 79, 145, 150, 152, 156, 162, 187, 227, 241, 245, 248, 273, 325, 341) Edible:- Fruits /Receptacle (Ref- 5, 14, 64, 120, 156, 228, 245, 286)
HYDROCHARITACEAE Juss Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. Syn. Pl. 1:400. 1805. , syn – Stratiotes alismoides L. (YMR-) Succulent, submerged or partially emerged aquatic herbs; roots fibrous. Leaves usually submerged, very variable, submerged leaves oblong or orbicular. Flowers solitary, axillary; spathe winged, wings undulate, unequal. Petals nearly orbicular, 115
white with yellow base. Fruits ellipsoid. Seeds numerous, minute . Flrs- Frts – August - April. Submerged aquatic in permanent waters. Used in Amravati Distt. Leaves edible, made in to vegetable. (Recipe-I Inf.13)
Uses from literaturePlants - Rubifacient, beneficial in haemorrhoids. Flowers- Used on piles. (Ref – int18, 62) Edible:- Leaves, Fruits and Seeds (Ref- 5, 64, 120, int18)
ORCHIDACEAE Juss. Habenaria roxburghii Nicols in Sald.& Nicols. Fl. Hassan Dt.834.1976.,syn - H. platyphylla Spr. (YMR-20) Vern. Jod Kand (Ban.) Perennial herbs, leaves radical, ovate – orbicular. Flowers on long spikes ,white, fragrant, arranged in dense spikes. Lip spurred. Capsulse oblong – fusiform , ribbed. Flrs- Frts -July -October. Grows on plateaus, in grasslands; uncommon. Used in Yavatmal Distt. Tubers are eaten raw (Inf.25, 35) Uses from literatureMedicinal-:Nil . Edible:- Nil
116
ZINGIBERACEAE Lindl. Costus speciosus (Koen.) J.E. Smith in Trans. Linn.Soc.1:249.1800.,syn – Banksia speciosa. Koen . (YMR-) Vern. Kev Kanda , Harduli Kanda (Gon.) Perennial, tuberous, unbranched herbs. Leaves spirally arranged,oblong
–
oblanceolate, often cuspidate, glabrous above, silky – pubescent beneath. Flowers in dense spikes,white with yellow centre. Lip suborbicular,large. Capsules globosely trigonous, red. Seeds black. Flrs - Frts –August- February. Common in shady places, near villages and at higher altitude. Used in Yavatmal and Gadchiroli Distt. Tubers crushed and boiled in water, this water is used as soup, whereas residue cooked into vegetable. (Recipe-I Inf.69) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root-Fever, viral hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis. urinary problems, earache, asthma, antipyretic. Rhizome- Anti-inflammatory, stimulant, useful on fever, rheumatism, leprosy, jaundice, on urinary troubles and to dissolve kidney stone, injury, skin diseases, asthma, cough, cold, cholera, indigestion, in gout, anaemia , dog bite. Stem-On wounds, earache, snake bite. Leaves- Mumps. (Ref - 5, 27, 44, 48, 52, 107, 137, 152, 204, 227, 238, 242, 250, 268, 313, 316 ) Edible:- Rhizome (Ref- 120, 169, 234)
Curcuma pseudomontana Grah. Cat. Bombay Pl.210.1839. (YMR-) Ran halad Perennial herb with short root stock bearing obovoid tubers at the ends of fibers; tubers white inside. Leaves elliptic- lanceolate to oblong. Flowers in lateral as well as 117
terminal; dense spikes. Corolla with oblong acute tubes. Lip bright yellow. Capsule subglobose. Seeds many. Flrs - Frts – May – September Frequent on hill slopes, in crevices of rocks. Used in Amravati and Yavatmal Distt. Tubers are pickled by adding lemon juice.(Recipe –VIII Inf.26) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Rhizome - On stomachache. (Ref - 353) Edible:- Rhizome (Ref- 120)
AGAVACEAE Endl. Agave americana L. Sp. Pl. 323. 1753 var.americana. (YMR-) Ketaki Perennial
herbs.Leaves linear-lanceolate in a rosette, erect spines at margines.
Flowers numerous, yellowish green,densely crowded on long scape. Perianth lobes elliptic-oblong; tube funnel shaped. Capsules ovoid . Seeds black. Flrs - Frts – January-May . Frequent on hill slopes. Used in Amravati Distt. Flowers eaten raw. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Leaves- In gonorrhoea, bowels constipation. (Ref- 244) Edible:- Nil
TACCACEAE R. Br. Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:704.1891.,syn – Leontice leontopetaloides L. ,syn. -Tacca pinnatifida J.R. & J.G. (YMR-) 118
Vern. Dev kanda, (Gon.)Varade, Jatashankar. (Gon.) Erect ,cormatous herbs. Leaf solitary, 2-3 partite; segments pinnatifid.
Flowers
greenish – yellow, pedicillate, drooping at the end of scape. Involucral bracts 6 -12; lanceolate, acuminate; bracteoles filiform. Fruits and seeds ribbed. Flrs - Frts –April- October. Common as undergrowth in shady places. Tuber edible Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Roots - Rubifacient, diarrhoea, dysentery, stomach complaints, useful on leprosy. Tubers - Induce labour pain. (Ref - 264, 286, 299, 372) Edible:- Tubers (Ref- 41, 120, 234, 286)
DIOSCOREACEAE R.Br Dioscorea alata L.Sp.Pl.1033.1753., syn - D.alata var.globosa (Roxb.) Prain. (YMR-21) Momnaru, (Gon.)Nangel Mati. (Gon.) Twining, perennial herbs with underground tuber. Stem unarmed, with 4 longitudinal wings, bearing large bullbils of various shapes and sizes in the leaf axils. Leaves alternate, ovate with cordate base and acuminate apex. Male flowers in axillary spikes and female flowers in pendulous spike; capsules 3- winged. Flrs-Frts -September-December Cultivated in kitchen garden, houseyards, on huts. Sometimes a long bole is fixed in ground near the hut and ‘Momnaru” is grown around this bole. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Bulbils boiled and eaten. Tubers also boiled and eaten. (Inf.21,52,69) 119
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root- Used on abdominal pains due to worms. Tubers- Used on swellings, piles, leprosy, gonorrhoea, blood pressure, cancer. Bulbil -Used to cure piles and gonorrhoea. (Ref - 2, 5, 64, 152, 171, 222, 248, 279, 339 ) Edible:- Tubers (Ref- 5, 14, 38, 65, 85, 120, 169, 193, 222, 234, 248, 305, 309)
Dioscorea bulbifera L.Sp.Pl.1033.1753. (YMR-) Dukkar kand, Vern.Kadu kanda (Gon.), Kaymul mati (Gon.) Perennial twining herb; stem glabrous ,bluntly striate with red and white longitudinal strips.Bulbils small, in leaf axils; leaves alternate, ovate with auricled base and acuminate apex. Male flowers in short slender,axillary spikes . Female flowers in axillary long spikes; capsules 3 winged. Flrs-Frts -September- February In hill forests and bushes. Used in Amravati, Yavatmal and Gadchiroli Distt. Bulbils and Tuber are edible. Bulbils boiled and eaten. (Inf.13,39,40,76) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plants -Aphrodisiac, useful in acidity and ulcer. Roots -Used in treating impotency in males. Tubers - On jaundice, boils, ulcers, piles, dysentery, stomachache, cough, tonic, leucoderma, urinary troubles, syphilis, for various joint diseases, promote hair growth, Bulbils -On abdominal pain, bleeding piles, on bee sting. ( Ref - 5, 34, 65, 82, 135, 152, 155, 171, 196, 222, 236, 242, 248, 249, 353, 371 ) Edible:- Tubers and Bulbils (Ref- 5, 38, 61, 64, 120, 175, 207, 218, 234, 300)
Dioscorea pentaphylla L.Sp.Pl.1032.1753 var.pentaphylla;Hook.f. (YMR-)
120
Shendol, Padmati (Gon.) Delicate twining bulbiferous shurbs with oblong tubers. Stem prickly towards base. Leaves alternate; leaflets elliptic- lanceolate, ovate or obovate. Male flowers numerous in racemes. Female flowers in pendulous spikes. Perianth lobes white or greenish white. capsules winged, retuse at both ends. Seeds winged. Flrs-Frts -JulySeptember. Frequent in hill Forest. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Tubers boiled and then eaten. (Inf.19, 39, 66) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Tubers- On swellings, rheumatism and as tonic. (Ref - 123, 248, 371) Edible:- Tubers leaves and Flowers (Ref- 33, 38, 41, 61, 65, 93, 175, 193, 207, 228, 248, 292)
Dioscorea pentaphylla var.jacquemonti L..Sp.Pl.1032.1753. (YMR-22) Gon.Keheka mati. (Gon.) Plant is a twining herb with root tubers. Bulbils present in the leaf axils. Leaves alternate, 3-5 foliolate; leaflets obovate, oblique, apex acuminate, male and female flowers present, in axillary spikes, capsules oblong. Flrs-Frts -September- December. Frequent in hill forests. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Tubers edible. Tubers cut in slices kept in runnig water for over night, then dried
roasted and eaten. Sometimes these slices are cooked in jaggery.
(Inf.9,15,17,19,76)
121
Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Nil. Edible:- Tubers and flowers (Ref- 264) NoteTubers of all the species of Dioscorea are used for eating in the same way. tubers are collected before they sprout i.e before rainy season. They are cut into slices and tied in cloth and kept in running water such as stream or river over night . These are then boiled like potato and eaten. Tubers are sometimes roasted on low fire for long time and eaten. (Inf.9,15,17,19,76)
LILIACEAE Juss. sensu lat Asparagus racemosus Willd. var. javanica( Kunth.) Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14:624.1875,A.Javanica Kunth, A.jacquemontii Baker. (YMR-) Shatavari, Vern. Susurmuli (Kor.) Extensive, armed, scandent under shrubs; roots tuberous, fasciculate, fusiform. Stems and branches angled. Leaves linear-subulate,reduced to spines, straight or recurved. Cladodes slender, spinous pointed. Flowers fragrant, in axillary racemes. Perianth white, distinct. Fruits fleshy globose, red at maturity. Flrs-Frts–June- January Common on barren, rocky soil, under the shade of trees. Used in Amravati Distt. Young shoots with prophylls only cooked into vegetable. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Root- As cooling agent, indigestion, stomachache, dysentery, any kind of swelling. ( Ref- 67, 137, 244) 122
Edible- Nil.
Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker. In J.Linn.Bot.15:332.1876.Syn – Anthericum tuberosum Roxb. (YMR-65) Vern. Shevali kardi (Ban.), Raan kardi (Gon.) Londga bhaji (Gon.) Herb. Root fibers slender, ending in tubers. Leaves linear -lanceolate, undulate, acute. Scape 10 –70 cm long. Branching near top, flowers densely arranged. Perianth white. Flrs - Frts -June - September. Commonly found in rocky soils. Used in Amravati, Nagpur,Yavatmal,Washim and Gadchiroli. Young leaves cooked into vegetable. Recipe –I (Inf. 3,6,35,58,63). Supposed to be highly nutritious. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Tuber- Used as tonic, for vigour and vitality. Root- On joint pains, urine problems, to increase sexual desire, as tonic. (Ref - 79, 82, 170, 234) Edible-: Tubers and leaves (Ref- 6,122, 170, 234, 262)
Scilla hyacinthiana (Roth) McBride in Contrib.Gray Herbs.2,56:14.1918.,syn – Ledbouria hyacinthina Roth.,syn- Scilla indica (Wight) Baker. (YMR-57) Vern. Titar bater (Amravati region.) Periennial herbs; bulbs ovoid. Leaves few, very variable, linear - lanceolate, ovate, entire or undulate, obtuse, green or with brown spots on the upper surface. Scapes 312cm long, perianth persistent; greenish pink. Flrs -Frts – May –July. Common on rocky soil and hill slopes. Used in Amravati Distt.
123
Young leaves cooked into vegetable. Recipe – I .Young leaves boiled and water discarded, vegetable prepared with chopped onion; and chilly and salt added. (Inf.23). Supposed to be highly nutritious. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Bulb – Expectorant, cardiac tonic, diuretic . Used on rheumatism. (Ref – 58, 247) Edible-: Nil.
SMILACACEAE Vent. Smilax zeylanica L. Sp. Pl.1429.1753. (YMR-19) Vern. Sherdhera (Gon.), Ramdatun (Gon.) Perennial twining shrubs. Leaves alternate, elliptic – ovate ,glabrous, strongly nerved. Flowers numerous in umbels on slender branches. Perianth in two whorls. Berries globose, reddish at maturity. Flrs -Frts –June - February. Common in bushes. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Young leaves and tender shoots cooked into vegetable (Inf. 69) (Recipe –I Inf.1,69,71) Old stem used as tooth brush. (Inf.71) Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Roots - Anti-inflammatory, used on rheumatism , to treat pains in the lower extremities, hepatitis ,
nephritic disease, sexual stimulant,
joint pain,
spermatorrhoea, venereal disease, sores, dysentery. Tender shoots - For urinary troubles. Stem -On toothache. Leaves -On eczema. (Ref - 86, 115, 150, 177, 220, 244, 313) Edible:- Leaves and Fruit. (Ref- 120 ) 124
COMMELINACEAE R. Br Commelina benghalensis L.Sp.Pl.41.1753. (YMR-80) Vern. Kena (Kor) (Yavatmal region.) Trailing herb, rooting at the nodes; leaves suborbicular , margin entire or undulating; in-equilateral; spathes axillary; funnel shaped; cymes one flowered or 1 – 2 flowers . Petals blue-violet or purple. Fruit a capsule. Flrs-Frts –September -December. Very commonly found on waste -land and near cultivated land. Used in Amravati and Yavatmal Distt. Young leaves are cooked into vegetable. (Inf.13, 62) (Recipe –I Inf.62), Pakodas are made of leaves. (Recipe-VI Inf.13). Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Plant- Laxative, tonic, cooling, on sores, pimples, cough, muscular sprain, helminthiosis and scorpion sting. Leaves- Purgative, on diarrhoea, boils, burns, urinary problems, menorrhegia, leprosy, scabies. (Ref - 5, 37, 62, 96, 113, 138, 151, 152, 171, 247, 259, 268, 279, 284 ) Edible-: Tender shoots and Leaves (Ref- 14, 38, 64, 81, 120, 146, 259)
ARECACEAE Sch.-Sch. (nom.alt.) Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Fl.Ind.3:787.1832.,syn-Elate sylvestris L. (YMR-) Shindi Vern –Bonda (Amravati region.) Dioceious tree; trunk covered with persistant bases of petioles. Leaves crowned at the top of the trunks, pinnate;leaflets rigid, linear-lanceolate; tips spiny. Flowers spicate, in a compound spadix. Fruits oblong- ellipsoid, orange – yellow. Seeds rounded at the ends. Flrs -Frts – January – October. 125
Common along stream banks. Used in Amravati and Yavatmal Distt. Pith of young stem cooked into vegetable.(Recipe-IV Inf.21,43,62) Ripe fruits eaten raw; (Inf.21). Pith also eaten raw it tastes like coconut.
Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Roots - Useful on toothache, to make delivery easy, cure internal heat. Stem juice- Tonic, refreshing, aphrodisiac, diuretic, cooling, laxative, on thiamine deficiency. Leaves - Useful on diarrhoea, dysentery, dyspepsia. (Ref - 5, 64, 67, 100, 151,161) Edible:- Young tender shoot, Stem sap and Ripe fruit. ( Ref- 5, 14, 120, 146, 165, 196, 228, 358)
ARACEAE Juss. Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl in DC.,Monagar.Phan.2:319.1879 & Flanzenr. 4,23c 48:95.1911.,syn - Conophallus commutatus Schott . (YMR-23) Vern. Warali (Gon.), Dhai. (Gon.) Pernnial tuberous herbs. Leaf solitary, 3- partite; petioles rough, spinulose. Flowers in spadix. Spathes thick, brownish - purple outside, pinkish - purple inside. Berries ovoid, orange at maturity. Flrs- Frts –April - October Along forest border. Used in Gadchiroli Distt. Tubers, petiole, young leaves edible. (Inf.1,9,78)
126
Recipe – Tuber is boiled with tamarind pulp or tomato to minimize the itching during consumption. During preparation Madhuca longifolia flowers added for better taste. Petiole and young leaves used for vegetable preparation after removing the skin and cooked with tamarind pulp. Recipe-I (Inf.1,9,78) Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Nil Edible:- Tubers, Leaf stalk and inflorescence ( Ref- 120, 207 )
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicols. var.campanulatus (Decne.) Sivadasan in Taxon 32:130.1983., syn-A.campanulatus Decne. (YMR-) Suran , Suraj Kand (Yavatmal region.) Tuberous perennial herb,flowering before the leaves. Leaf solitary, 3-partite. Flowers in spadix.Berries ovoid,orange red at maturity. Flrs- Frts –June - October Along forest border. Used in Amravati , Yavatmal and Gadchiroli Distt. Tubers edible, cooked as vegetable. Tamarind or tomato added to minimize itching. (Recipe –I,II Inf.25,78) .Skin of tubers removed and tubers cut into slices. Slices are deep fried. (Inf.25,26) Uses from literatureMedicinal:- Corm- Aperient, carminative and expectorant, increase appetite, to treat rheumatism, dysentery, piles and haemorrhoids . Roots – On opthalmia, boils, emmenagogue. Petioles – To cure diarrhoea. (Ref -5 )
127
Edible:- Corn, Petiole, Young leaves. ( Ref- 5, 81, 120, 139, 259, 358)
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in Schott and Endl.Meletem.Bot.1:18.1832.,syn – Arum esculentum L., Colocasia antiquorum Schott in Schott Endl. (YMR-) Alu , Chamkura.Vern. Kochai Kanda (Gon.). Perennial herb with tuberous elongated rhizome. Leaves ovate, cordate with wavy margin and acute apex, surface green above, purplish below; petiole purple. Flowers unisexual, in spadix, spathe bright yellow. Fruit red, globose. Flrs -Frts – September - November. Grown in kitchen gardens and also found in ponds, especially formed by drainages, in wild found in moist places. Used throughout Vidarbha. Leaves, Tuber are edible. (Inf.44, 11) Recipe –Leaves cooked into vegetable. (Recipe-III, VI Inf 44)
Tuber is
commonly called as Ghuiya. Tuber cooked into vegetable.(Recipe- I Inf.1, 40, 44) Tubers boiled and eaten (Inf.1, 44). On second day of ‘Diwali’ i.e.’Vasu baras’ Gowardhan pooja is performed. On that day people worship their cattles. On this occasion mix vegetable of Amorphophallus tuber, Colocasia tuber, Dioscorea bulbils and Cucurbita maxima (lal kohla) is prepared in every house, in villages. Uses from literatureMedicinal-: Tuber- Leprosy. Runner- Piles, tonsilitis. Petiole- Galactagogue, on cuts and injury. Leaves- Anti-diabetic, aphrodisiac, enhance pregnancy, urinary track infection, fragment urination, over boils and abscesses. (Ref - 5, 37, 62, 86, 96, 151, 152, 113)
128
Edible-: Rhizomes /Corm, young leaves, Petiole, Spathe (Ref- 38, 41, 58, 62, 83, 85, 101, 120, 139, 175, 209, 222)
POACEAE Barnh. Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees in Linnaea 9:476.1834.,syn – Bambosa stricta Roxb. (YMR-) Bambu, Basa Vern. Vasta(Gon.), Ranadhini, Bahul, Yeru.( Gon.) Perennials; culms grow in aggregation, green earlier becomes yellow later with age, nodes swollen. Leaves linear-lanceolate with small petiole, hairy on both surfaces. Panicles branched. Spikelets in dense globose heads .Grains ovoid,beaked,hairy, brown. Flrs -Frts – October –January. Planted in fields. Found in forest Used in Amravati and Gadchiroli Distt. Very young shoots (sprouts) are collected. These are boiled in water without covering the pot/utensils. Water is thrown and vegetable is prepared.(Recipe-IV Inf.1,69)Young sprouts are also pickled.(Recipe-VIII Inf.1,39, 69,71) Uses from literatureMedicinal -: Leaves- Useful on cough and affection. (Ref - 137 ) Edible -: Young tender shoots and Seeds (Ref- 14, 38, 93, 120, 228)
Oryza rufipogon Griff. Notul.3:5.1851.,syn-O.sativa sensu Hook.f. (YMR-16) Vern. Tharsod (Yavatmal region.) Herbs, rooting at nodes. Leaves long, ligulate ,spikelets in panicles; Grains 0.5 – 0.6 cm long, ellipsoid – oblong. Flrs- Frts – September- January Common in field. 129
Used by Banjara and Bhil From Umarkhed- Yavatmal Distt. Grains (Inf.61) Grains are cooked like rice In old times it was a popular famine food. These days used only as “food change”. (Inf.61) Uses from literature- Medicinal:- Nil. Edible:- Grains (Ref- 5, 120, int18)
130
DISCUSSION Present survey conducted in 11 districts of Vidarbha has resulted in documenting 125 wild plant species that are edible. Out of these 104 species belonging to 84 genera are from 44 dicotyledonous families while 21 species belonging to 17 genera are from 12 monocotyledonous families; i.e. comparatively few species of monocot are utilized by locals. Fabaceae in wild also is major food family; 11 species belonging to 10 genera are used as non-conventional foods. Next are Caesalpiniaceae, Convolvulaceae and Amaranthaceae with 7 edible species, Cucurbitaceae and Asclepiadaceae with 6 species each. Tiliaceae with 5 species, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae and Dioscoreaceae with 4 species, Mimosaceae, Liliaceae and Areceae with 3 species each. There are 12 families of which only 2 species of each and 31 families of which only single species of each are edible. Out of 125 edible species 44 are herbaceous, 14 are shruby, 32 climbers and 35 trees (Fig.1). Different parts of plants are used as food (Fig. 2). Likewise these foods may be used raw, cooked or pickled (Fig.3). Roots of seven species are edible; five of which are eaten raw while two are used after cooking.
A)
RAW:-
B)
COOKED/ BOILED
Sterculia urens
Abelmoschus manihot
Abrus precatorius
Hemidesmus indicus
Butea monosperma Orthosiphon rubicundus Boerhavia repens
131
Tubers of sixteen species are edible. Of these tubers of seven species are eaten raw, of eleven species after boiling ,of four species roasted and that of Curcuma pseudomontana are pickled. Tuber of the same species can be used in different ways. A)
RAW:-
Bombax ceiba Pueraria tuberosa Solena amplexicalis Ceropegia bulbosa Ceropegia occulata Habenaria roxburghii Tacca leontopetaloides
B) COOKED:1. BOILED
Amorphophallus comutatus
Bombax ceiba
Amorphophallus paeoniifollus var.
Pueraria tuberosa
campanulatus
Ceropegia bulbosa
Colocasia esculenta
Ceropegia occulata
2. ROASTED
Dioscorea alata
Dioscorea alata
Dioscorea bulbifera
Dioscorea bulbifera
Dioscorea pentaphylla var.
Dioscorea pentaphylla var.
pentaphylla
pentaphylla
Dioscorea pentaphylla var .
Dioscorea pentaphylla var .
jacquimontti
jacquimontti
C) PICKLED Curcuma pseudomontana
Leaves- Many of the species are used as leafy vegetables. Out of 125 edible species 40 species are found to be used as leafy vegetables; however the mode of use may differ, some times leaves of same species are used in different way. Raw leaves of eight species are eaten as salad, leaves of four species are processed in specific manner (refer exploration part), leaves of 46 species are cooked as vegetable. 132
A. RAW:1.SALAD:Oxalis corniculata
Ceropegia bulbosa Solanum nigrum
Moringa oliefera Abrus precatorius Cicer arietinum Tamarindus indica Goniocaulon indicum
B. SPECIAL PREPARATION Oxalis corniculata Mangifera indica Abrus precatorius Tamarindus indica
B.COOKED Cocculus hirsutus
Blepharis repens
Corchorus olitorius
Enicostema axillare
Corchorus trilocularis
Argyreia nervosa
Tribulus terrestris
Ipomea aquatica
Biophytum sensitivum
Merremia gangetica
Oxalis corniculata
Rivea hypocrateriformis
Impatiens balsamina
Hygrophilla schulli
Schleichera oleosa
Mirabilis jalapa
Moringa oliefera
Alternanthera sessilis
Cicer arietinum
Amaranthus roxburghianus
Lablab purpureus
Amaranthus spinosus
Bauhinia racemosa
Amaranthus tricolour
Bauhinia varigata
Amaranthus viridis
Cassia tora
Celosia argentea
Vigna radiata
Digera muricata
Momordica charantia
Basella alba
Centella asiatica
Dendropthae falcata
Caesulia axillaries
Otellia alismoides
Glossocordia bosvallea
Chlorophytum tuberosum
Goniocaulon indicum
Scilla hyacinthiana
Launea procumbens
Commelina benghalensis
Plumbago zeylanica
Amorphophallus commutatus
Ceropegia bulbosa
Colocasia esculenta 133
Shoots-Young sprouts and tender shoots of few species four species are utilized. They may be cooked or are pickled.
A) COOKED:Asparagus racemosus var.javanicus Smilax zelanica
B) PICKLED:-
Dendrocalamus strictus
Dendrocalamus strictus
Flowers are also used frequently. Flowers of 24 species are used as food, flowers of eight species are eaten raw, those of 19 species are cooked, while those of four species special preparations are made.
A) RAW:Annona squamosa
Bauhinia varigata
Semecarpus anacardium
Cassia fistula
Delonix regia
Acacia eburnea
Tamarindus indica
Madhuca longifolia
Madhuca longifolia
Telosma pallida
Holostema annulare
Wattaka volubilis
Cordia gharaf
Cordia gharaf
Agave Americana
Ipomoea muricata Ipomoea turbinata
A) COOKED:Flacourtia indica
Oroxylon indicum Clerodendrum serratum
Bombax ceiba Moringa oleifera
B) SPECIAL PREPARATION
Abrus precatorius
Butea monosperma
Canvalia gladiata
Tamarindus indica
Crotolaria juncea
Madhuca longifolia
Indigofera cassiodes
Cordia gharaf
Bauhinia racemosa
134
Fruits have always remained a favourite food of mankind. Nutritionwise as well as tastewise fruits are a preferred commodity . The fruits which we are conventionally eating one or the other type were growing in wild. Several of the wild foods are used by tribals in ripe as well as raw / unripe condition. Present survey revealed fruits 40 species as edible. Fruits of 17 species are eaten after ripening, fruits of six species are eaten unripe and raw. Unripe fruits of 14 species are used after cooking while fruits of three species are pickled. Fruits of Tribulus terristris are used as tonic in the form of ‘ladoos’.
A) RAW:1. Ripe:-
Opuntia elatior
Annona squamosa
Madhuka longifolia
Grewia orbiculata
Manilkara hexandra
Grewia serrulata
Canthium coromendelicum
Grewia tilifolia
Ficus racemosa
Ziziphus oenoplia
Phoenix sylvestris
Ziziphus xylopyra Buchanania cochinchinensis
2. Unripe:-
Lannea coromendelica
Adansonia digitata
Mangifera indica
Mangifera indica
Tamarindus indica
Tamarindus indica
Cordia gharaf
Orthosiphon rubicundus
Solanum nigrum
Solena amplexicaulis
Mukia maderaspatana
Diospyros melanoxylon
B) COOKED
Acacia nilotica
Flacourtia indica
Prosopis cineraria
Moringa oleifera
Momordica charantia
Canvalia gladiata
Momordica cymbalarica
Lablab purpureus
Momordica dioica
Cassia tora
Tamilnadia uliginosa 135
Wrightia tinctoria
Mangifera indica
Ficus hispida
Oroxylon indicum
Ficus racemosa C) PICKLED
D) SPECIAL PREPARATION
Boswellia serrata
Tribulus terrestris
Lannea coromendelica
Seeds of thirteen species were found to be utilized; these are either as taste food or form the part of regular diet. Seeds of 13 sp were found tobe used. Seeds of six species are eaten raw, those of six species are cooked while seeds of two species are used for oil extraction. Seeds of Indigofera glandulosa and Oryza rufipogon were used as femine foods in old days.
A) RAW
B) COOKED
Caesaria tomentosa
Cajanus scarabaeoides
Buchanania cochinchinensis
Indigofera glandulosa
Cajanus scarabaeoides
Lablab purpureus
Terminalia bellerica
Cassia tora
Diplocyclos palmatus
Vigna radiata
Ipomoea pestigridis
Oryza rufipogon
C) ROASTED
D) FRUIT OIL
Bauhinia vahlii
Schleichera olesa Madhuca longifolia
Pith of a single species i.e. Phoenix sylvestris was found to be used as delicacy the pith is collected from young plant just above the ground and is eaten raw as well as after cooking.
A) RAW Phoenix sylvestris
B) COOKED:-Phoenix sylvestris
136
Gum of Acacia nilotica was found to be used very widely and commonly. S. K. Jain (1991) has noted about 2500 species that are used by various tribals and folks. Out of these 616 species are reported to have both the medicinal as well as food value. Out of 125 species documented presently, 114 find mention in S. K. Jains review. Out of these 99 species are recorded as edible in addition to their medicinal uses. This means that the species reported as edible from Vidarbha have wide acceptability. Acacia eburnea is less known edible. Galls formed on the stem locally known as ‘murmata’ are edible. Gunjaikar (1982) has reported this wild edible from Pune district. During present investigation it was found that roots and tubers of 23 species are used. History of usage of underground plant part is as old as human history. It may not be a preferred food but reliable. Though all tubers and roots not need to be cooked, certainly the caloric value of many tubers is increased when cooked. Dioscorea spp. are widely used by several tribes globally, especially in Africa, Eurosia and South East Asia. Only few are having no toxic compounds, most of them are used only after good leaching. Species of Dioscorea are well known down the hierarchy of preferred foods.( Vincent, A. 1984.) However
Dioscorea
pentaphylla
var.
jacquemontii
is
less
utilized
(Rayan.1987). Diplocyclos palmatus (Rajasab 2004) and Glossocordia boswellea (Annonymous) are also less known vegetables. Asparagus racemosus is well known medicinal plant. Asparagus racemosus var javanicus is also reported as medicinal. For the first time it is reported as edible. However, several species of Asparagus are known world over as edible. Many of the Asclepiads are used by indigenous people of Africa as edible. In Asia several creepers of the genus Telosma provide, variously 137
edible flowers, leaves, young fruits and roots. (http:// www.naturalhub.com/natural food guide vegetables.)
11 of the documented species are being reported for the first time as edible.
Sr. No.
Name of the species
Part Used
1
Agave barbadense
Flowers
2
Blepharis repens
Leaves
3
Crotolaria juncea
Flowers
4
Enicostema axillare
Leaves
5
Goniocaulon indicum
Leaves
6
Habenaria roxburghii
Tuber
7
Ipomea muricata
Fleshy thalamus
8
Orthosiphon rubicundus
Nutlets,
9
Scilla hyacinthiana
Leaves
10
Asparagus racemosus var. Young sprouts javanicus Fruit Canthium coromandelicum
11
It is found that different parts of the same species are used differently in various regions. In case of following 7 species it was found that the part used is different from the one reported in earlier literature.
138
Sr. No.
1
Name of Species
Abelmoschus
Part Used (Presently
Part Used (From
reported)
Literature)
Root stock
Leaves,Buds,Fruit
manihot 2
Sterculia urens
Tuberous Root
Fruit,Seed aril
3
Butea monosperma
Young Root, Flower
Flower, Fruit
4
Solena amplexicaulis Tuber
5
Dendropthae falcata
Leaves
Ripe fruit.
6
Mirabilis jalapa
Leaves
Tuber
7
Boerhavia repens
Tuber
Leaves
Leaves, Flowers, Fruits.
Comparatively very few aquatics are utilized as edibles. Only two aquatic species Ipomea aquatica and Ottelia alismoides were found to be used in Vidarbha and that too in restricted area only- Bhandara and Chandrapur districts. Pith- heart of young palm stem (Phoneix sylvestris) was also found to be used only in restricted villages of Amravati and Gadchiroli district. Guaymi tribe of Costa Rica has been reported to use the heart of 5 species of Arecaceae; popularly the edible part is known as ‘palmito’ (Langlois 2004). Leafy vegetables form the major component of wild edibles documented here. In all cases the leaves are used when they are young,some times very tender shoots are used. Usually young parts of the plants are more palatable and also often have higher concentrations of vitamins (Zennie 1977).
139
Most of the fruits that are eaten ripe or unripe are pulpy, however, fruits of Grewia species, Mukia maderaspatana, Solanum nigrum, nutlets of Orthosiphon rubicundus do not possess any considerable pulp but are eaten simply for the sake of taste; they can be therefore termed as ‘taste food’ or ‘childrens food’ since they are preferred mostly by children only. Flowers of all the 24 species reported here as edible find mention in earlier literature of Indian ethnobotany; except Crotolaria juncea. Use of Acacia gum as one of the best nutrient and muscle strengthening is known to Indians from generations. Acacia gums are well known especially in Africa; very common and very widespread ‘karoo thorn’, Acacia karroo was eaten in late summer, particulary by children (it has sweetish taste). The gum is apparently very nutritious, and can sustain life for days in the absence of other food. Young leaflets also edible(http:// www.naturalhub.com/natural food guide vegetables). During the survey it was found that not leaves but young pods are used as vegetable. 11 of the food preparations are especially for one or the other health ailment
Sr.No
Part Used
Name of Species
Medicinal Use
1
Leaves
Corchorus trilocularis
Dysentery
2
Fruit
Tribulus terrestris
Highly nutritious given in Delivery.
3
Flower
Butea monosperma
Combat body heat
4
Leaves
Cicer arietium
Acidity(Dew of plant was collected in a muslin cloth early morning and then given in Acidity.)
140
5
Seeds
Bauhinia vahlii
Highly nutritious
6
Leaves
Cassia tora
Rheumatism
7
Gum
Acacia nilotica
Strengthen muscles after delivery.
8
Tuber
Ceropegia bulbosa
Tonic
9
Leaves
Argyreia nervosa
Rheumatism
10
Flowers and Fruits
Oroxylum indicum
Rheumatism
11
Fruits
Boswellia serrata
Rheumatism
This shows that concept of medicinal food is age old in India. Time demands more exhaustive studies on these medicinal foods to regain there dignity which is to some extent preserved by tribals and rural folk.
141
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