Table of contents
Table of Contents
Introduction
2
Research
4
Individual Projects
68
Education
172
Media
218
1
Introduction
Introduction Introduction by Professor Jules van Lier Whereas everybody is marking 2012 as the crises (start)
as Vitens, Oasen, Dunea and the water cycle company
year, we look back with confidence for the years to
Waternet. High quality research on both ‘clean water
come. Several new projects were started and existing
technologies’ and waste(water) technologies can now be
cooperations were solidified. The urban drainage group,
performed next to each other without any interference.
in cooperation with RIONED, is steadily increasing with
Considering the already existing interest we are convinced
growing external interest and industrial water is becoming
that the new waterlab will be the cornerstone of our
the fourth pillar of our section. On staff level, our group
group and the entire Watermanagement department for
is strengthened with Doris van Halem as our first real
performing research at international competitive level. It’s
Tenure Track colleague and Henri Spanjers, switching
already a vivid atmosphere!
from part time to full time. On the other hand, we did face a crises this year when Jasper Verberk decided to leave
A pleasant surprise was the world top 4 ranking of TU
our group for taking a strategic position at Evides Water
Delft in the area of Watermanagement, as disclosed
company. Excellent choice of Evides, leaving us with
during the Stockholm International Water Week in August
mixed feelings behind. Jasper worked for 16 years in our
2012. Various TU Delft professors contribute to this
group, inspiring students, binding colleagues, advocating
ranking, showing the top critical mass we now have in
open course ware and above all, putting the rules when
our university. The group of Prof. Mark van Loosdrecht
you have to buy cake for the coffee break…. Jasper is a
was again world news with novel treatment systems
true team player and was in fact our key staff member
for domestic sewage and the reception of the Kee Luan
responsible for our successful growth in the past decades.
Yu Water Prize in Singapore. From our group Merle de
But knowing well the most strategic person of Evides has
Kreuk, the Nereda pioneer, was runner up in the European
also its advantages.. Jasper, we hope we will continue our
Invention Award and Jan Peter van de Hoek was awarded
pleasant cooperation, although now in different entities.
the IWA Sustainability Award. In binding the TU Delft
Another dip came in July when Jan Vreeburg decided to
critical ‘water mass’, the Delft Urban Water Thinktank was
leave our group for picking up a career at Wageningen
established, consisting of young professionals, profiling
University. We surely will miss thé Dutch drinking water
this critical mass both internally and externally.
distribution specialist, but we congratulate him with his new position, opening possibilities for an intensified
Our internationally oriented research aspirations are
cooperation with our Wageningen colleagues. Turbulent
in line with our educational intentions. In competitive
times; but turbulence is what adds life to water, a
bedding, TU Delft decided to support our wishes to have
recent insight disclosed by our CiTG colleague, prof.
our Watermanagement MSc fully online as per September
Wim Uittewaal, with whom we share the new Stevin III
2013. The digitalized MSc will start with the sanitary
Waterlab. The Waterlab has been reconstructed in 2012
engineering thesis tracks. Worldwide, students can log in
and opened at the 65th Vakantiecursus on January 11,
to the advanced open course ware lectures backed by a
2013. A lab that makes us feel very proud. The new
system to perform practicals and exams. Taking the words
lab gives us ample opportunities to work safely under
of Peter de Moel, who is pulling the line: no excuses not to
up-to-date conditions in both connected and separated
study Watermanagement at TU Delft…!
areas were either the production of ultra clean water is researched or novel technologies to treat pathogenic water or slurries from domestic origin. The opening of a new
Professor Jules van Lier
waterlab in times of crises obviously is a challenge, but
Head section Sanitary
opens interesting perspectives to closely cooperate with
Engineering
the private sector. New research contacts with companies
Chair on Wastewater Treament /
like DSM and Shell and the typical wastewater engineering
Environmental Engineering
companies like Paques and Biothane, add to our existing cooperation with the drinking water companies such
2
Highlights 2012 Highlights 2012 One new staff member joined our group: Dr. Ir. Doris
About five hundred people attended our annual new-
van Halem (drinking water treatment). In addition Dr.
year conference for the Dutch Water Sector, the
Ir. Henri Spanjers (wastewater treatment) expanded
“Vakantiecursus” on the 13th of January 2012. Theme of
his appointment to 1fte. Dr. Ir. Ignaz Worm joined the
the Vakantiecursus this year was “Water NL to the top:
drinking water group on a 0.2 fte basis. Ir. Ric van de
Excelling in times of savings”. This attracted several well-
Water works from 2012 on the coordination of the
known national and international speakers and a very
research on Industrial Water. Petra Jorritsma started
interested crowd which debated intensively about the
to support the management of the entire department
future of the water sector.
of Watermanagement. Dr. Ir. Jasper Verberk left the group to work as head of the strategic department of
Prof. Dr. Ir. Jan Peter van der Hoek won the IWA
water company Evides, Dr. Ir. Jan Vreeburg moved to
Sustainability Award for his paper ‘Climate change
Wageningen University, and Dr. Ir. Sigrid Scherrenberg
mitigation by recovery of energy from the water cycle: a
left to work permanently at water company Evides.
new challenge for water management’.
Four PhD- students successfully defended their PhD thesis
Prof. Dr. Gertjan Medema, was nominated to be a member
in 2012: Sammy Letema, Modernising Sanitation Mixtures
of the IWA Fellows Program. This program seeks to
in East African Cities; David de Ridder, Prediction of organic
recognize extraordinary individuals within the community
micropollutant adsorption onto activated carbon using
of water professionals and to enlist their commitment and
QSAR models; Karin Lekkerkerker-Teunissen, Advanced
skills in advancing the knowledge and practice of water
Oxidation Process and Artificial Recharge and Recovery:
management through IWA.
a synergistic hybrid against organic micropollutants; Ignaz Worm, Virtual commissioning of drinking water
MSc students Sid Vollebregt and Reinoud Feenstra won
treatment plats’ software. In total 11 new PhD students
awards for their MSc thesis ‘The design, implementation
joined our group in 2012. Steef de Valk, Petra van Daal,
and evaluation of a renewable driven desalination system
Guendalina Bruni, Juan Gimenez, Lina Bachert, Mostafa
for decentralized drinking water production’: the UfD-
Zahmatkesh, Feifei Wang, Marja Taucer, Julian Munoz,
Cofely Energy Efficiency award, the KNW thesis award,
Rian Kloosterman, Johan Post, all started their research
the Imtech Green talent award and the Veolia Trophée
projects this year (see also section “Individual projects”).
Performance 2012. BSc student Martijn Sparnaaij won awards for his BSc thesis ‘Clean drinking water after
4 new research projects were initiated in 2012: ▪▪ ▪▪
▪▪ ▪▪
natural disasters, disinfection with chlorine’: UfD-Imtech
E4Water: an EU-FP7 project on the treatment of
Bachelor grant, Cees Boeter award. MSc student David
water for chemical industries
Moed won awards for this MSc thesis ‘The influence of the
Virus control: TTI Water technology project on
groundwater composition on the efficiency of subsurface
Enhanced elimination of viruses in household water
iron and arsenic removal’: UfD-Strukton Masters Award,
treatment processes
Gijs Oskam award.
TAPES, Interreg IVB NWE project Transnational Action Program on Emerging Substances
We published a large number of scientific articles in
Vewin project on Improving and broadening of the
international refereed journals, and gave numerous
Dutch drinking water benchmark
presentations (key-notes, invited lectures and research lectures) at international conferences. Our researchers
Thanks to the funding from the China-Netherlands Joint
were for example present at the IWA conference in Busan,
Scientific Thematic Research Program (JSTP-NWO),
and the IWC conference on Advances in IT and Water in
we organised two workshops to exchange ideas and
Amsterdam. Moreover, several of our staff members are
knowledge between with several universities in China.
active reviewers and editors for important international journals in the field of water research.
3
Research
4
Annual report 2012
Research
5
Research
Mission statement Mission statement Section Sanitary Engineering From urban water chain to urban water cycle
Sanitary engineering typically takes place within the
More than 50% of humanity lives in urban areas, with
hydrological cycle. Drinking water is obtained from
the largest growth in developing countries. Cities and
groundwater or surface water. The water is treated and
water are closely linked to each other. A well functioning
subsequently transported to the users, i.e., households
water network is essential for a city. Everybody has the
and industries, by means of an extensive distribution
right to be supplied by clean and riskless drinking water,
network. Hereafter, the used waters, previously called
proper sanitary services, safe and reliable collection and
wastewaters, are collected, often together with the
treatment of the used urban waters, and protection of
drainage water, again via an extensive sewerage system.
surface water and groundwater bodies. Fresh and clean
Subsequently, the collected sewage is conveyed to the
water, however, is scarce and for several cities the limiting
sewage treatment plant, where the water is relieved from
factors for economical growth. Smart technologies
unwanted pollutants. After treatment, the purified water
combined with a robust infrastructure give the opportunity
is discharged into open surface waters, after which it is
to use the scarce fresh water multiple times. In this way
again part of the natural hydrologic cycle. Alternatively,
a win-win situation is created where the population,
water is being reused for subsequent purposes such as
industries and (peri-)urban agriculture are less dependent
irrigated agriculture prior conveyance to an environmental
on imported fresh water. Concomitantly, recovery of the
sink. Good water supply and effective sanitation is an
urban water-linked resources such as nutrients but also
essential part of human society safeguarding sound
thermal and chemical energy will be addressed by the
public and environmental health.
mentioned technologies.
6
urban water cycle, which in itself is part of the greater
Mission statement Given the worldwide increasing water scarcity and/or costs
the Dutch water sector. Co-funding by these partners
involved in importing fresh waters from large distances, a
ensures that the projects are well focused and supported
growing interest exists in making short-cuts in the urban
and that results rapidly find their way to implementation.
water cycle, creating possibilities for multiple water use
Many experiments are carried out at water and sewage
or even partly transforming the urban water chain into
treatment plants having a direct impact on technological
an urban water cycle. As such, water is more and more
performances. Clearly, this provides a highly stimulating
regarded as a valuable commodity, whereas its polluting
environment for our PhD students. Some of our
constituents are more and more recognized as recoverable
experiments are carried out in the Laboratory of Sanitary
resources. Intervening technologies are being developed
Engineering or in cooperation with the Laboratory of Fluid
for upgrading water qualities and concomitantly recovering
Mechanics or other laboratories of Delft University of
contaminants as resources turning negatively valued urban
Technology, such as ChemTech and Biotechnology.
streams into positively value assets. Traditional conveyance systems for sewage and urban drainage are critically
Our research agenda includes a mixture of desk-top
evaluated and made fit for the modern urban water cycle
research, laboratory experiments, pilot-plant experiments
approach, anticipating on current societal demands and
and full-scale field research. Computer modeling is very
possible climate changes. Forecasted increase in flood
important as it enables us to understand the complex
events will put additional demands on adequate urban
reality and limit the number of experiments to achieve
drainage designs. Obviously, reliability, cost-effectiveness,
an optimal result. Where laboratory experiments test our
and resource efficiency are keywords in present research
initial hypothesis under defined conditions, pilot plant
in sanitary engineering and water treatment technologies.
and field research includes the specific water quality and
In order to take all benefits from the used urban waters,
reactor operational aspects that cannot be simulated in
profound knowledge is required on physico-chemical and
the lab. Moreover, full-scale investigations at treatment
biological treatment technologies needed to upgrade
plants and piped/sewerage networks are required in
these waters to agreed standards for subsequent use or
order to study the effects of large scale hydraulics. As
discharge.
such, our research can be characterised as a mixture of water quality, process technology, hydraulics and applied
The mission of the research program is to achieve
mathematics. A thorough understanding of physical,
practical breakthroughs in these niches by a coordinated
chemical and biological processes is required to improve
approach in close cooperation with the Dutch water sector
the water matrix to the required level. This combined with
and the international scientific community. By working
a thorough insight in hydraulic aspects, such as turbulence,
together within a well-developed network with the stake
mixing, and uneven flow patterns, will ensure the feasibility
holders from science and industry, we aim to cover the
of the technology in large scale settings. Based on our
complete innovation cycle, from the initial brain wave,
experience, these mixtures of scales and sciences provide
through research planning, funding and execution, to
a total view on sound sanitary engineering that stimulates
implementation in practice and possibly valorization and
new ideas and approaches.
commercialisation. The professors in our group have a down-to-earth
Research approach
approach and practice ‘management by participation’.
We believe in challenging our PhD students. We ask them
They stimulate discussions between PhD students, staff
to present their work frequently at our monthly colloquia,
members and experts from science and industry. Moreover,
meetings with project steering committees, at national
they frequently participate in national and international
workshops and at international congresses. Obviously,
meetings on the research agenda for the water sector,
their scientific and/or engineering findings are published
such as the Global Water Research Coalition and the
in peer reviewed international scientific journals as well
International Water Association, providing additional
as in Dutch journals, serving the cooperating Dutch water
stimuli to the research. The processes of improvement and
sector. The majority of our research projects are defined
innovation function primarily through the interaction with
and executed in close cooperation with partners from
the experts from science and industry. Frequent external
7
Research
Mission statement visitors are invited to participate in meetings and colloquia.
international Water arena increasingly include research
Our international network includes a vast number
projects of global concern. Our research philosophy results
of foreign universities, such as in Aachen, Müllheim,
in a balanced combination of societal and industrial pull
Duisburg, Karlsruhe, Leuven, Sheffield, New South Wales,
and scientific push. We strongly believe that this is in the
Bradford, Johannesburg, Boulder, Waterloo, Trondheim,
best interest of our MSc and PhD students serving both
Dresden, Poitiers, Zürich, Gent, Santiago de Compostela,
science and industry. Delft university and partners not only
Singapore, Harbin, Shanghai, Beijing. Research projects
benefit from the scientific and professional publications
are performed in cooperation with Agentschap NL, NWO,
and PhD dissertations, but also from patents, practical
Commercial partners, TTI Wetsus and the European
applications, and knowledge transfer in open course ware
Union. Special agreements for research collaboration are
lectures via internet. At present, about 50 students carry
made with Waternet, Dunea, Oasen, Evides, HWL, Vewin
out their PhD research in Sanitary Engineering. It is our
and RIONED. Next to papers and reports, our research is
ambition to broaden the scope in the coming five years.
communicated through a newsletter. In addition, many
This means in practice:
ideas are disseminated at our annual ‘Vakantiecursus’ which is acknowledged as the leading Dutch conference
▪▪
on Sanitary Engineering being annually first, just after New Years’ eve.
Permanently 40-50 PhD students on Sanitary Engineering
▪▪
Fundamental
research
in
processes
in
water
treatment, drainage and distribution
Ambition
▪▪
Research of the Sanitary Engineering Section is of high
Making contributions to new risk-based design and maintenance methods for the water-infrastructure
societal relevance and technical excellence. It serves the
▪▪
Innovations and breakthroughs in technology
current needs of the Dutch Water sector and outlines
▪▪
Internationally recognised Centre of Excellence in
present developments and future strategies in close
Urban Water Research
cooperation with the sector. In addition, international
▪▪
International network in research and education
developments and our increasing participation in the
▪▪
International Masters programme on Environmental or Water Engineering
▪▪
Dissemination of our lecture material on the world wide web by Open Course Ware
Research themes Dutch drinking water is characterized by a very high quality, owing to the high technical standards in Dutch water companies, resulting in continuous supply of safe drinking water at an acceptable price. No chemical disinfectants are used during drinking water production, which is made possible by applying a multiple barrier treatment system, producing biologically stable water. Moreover, the drinking water is soft, has a pleasant taste and colour and pipeline leakages are virtually zero. As a result of this, the confidence and government in drinking water quality is high. The Dutch drink water from the tap and they do not feel the need for using bottled water or point-of-use filters. Continuation of the high quality standards in the water sector requires research on presence and fate of priority pollutants, biological growth (e.g. Legionella) and water quality deterioration in the distribution system.
8
Mission statement Municipalities
and
▪▪
Ground water and surface water intake
transporting used waters and managing draining of
are
responsible
for
collecting
▪▪
Treatment of fresh waters to drinking water quality
rainwater and groundwater in urban areas. In the near
▪▪
Drinkwater distribution
future they are faced with several challenges, e.g. climate
▪▪
Collection and conveyance of used waters
change, cost effectiveness, implementation of sensor
▪▪
Drainage of urban waters
networks for process control etc. These challenges are to
▪▪
Treatment of domestic sewage
be faced in the light of a more intense cooperation with
▪▪
Source separation of domestic streams
other stakeholders, ultimately leading to an increasing
▪▪
Treatment of industrial waters
need for knowledge of the processes involved and sound
▪▪
Valorization of resources
engineering solutions.
▪▪
Energy recovery, water as energy carrier
▪▪
Upgrading of final effluents for subsequent use
▪▪
Industrial applications of treated urban waters
Water boards, ultimately responsible for the upgrading of the used urban waters, are challenged by increasingly
Our research is clustered in 5 thematic research themes.
pollutants and hygienic quality of the produced effluents.
Solutions for emerging threats, increasing standards, and
Moreover, foreseen shortcuts in the water chain, creating
optimized treatment are covered in the research theme
urban water cycles, require effluent qualities meeting the
“Emerging technologies for drinking water and wastewater
demands of the subsequent user, that are often much
treatment”.
more stringent than the emission standards. This logically
obtained in the theme “Modeling, sensoring and
results in improved operation of sewage treatment plants,
automation”. In the research themes “Optimal design
introduction of new treatment technologies, interactions
and operation of piped networks” the water quality and
between sewerage and separation of rain water from
hydraulic aspects in distribution and drainage system are
the sewer system. In addition, the water boards are
investigated. “Water and Health” focuses on the relations
Column
stringent effluent criteria and societal concerns on priority
emphasizing the potentials of recovery of resources, such as nutrients, and energy from sewage streams.
MSc and PhD thesis research follows the urban water
chain from fresh water intake to the final discharge or reuse of the treated urban waters, more specifically:
Operational
efficiency
improvement
is
between technical interventions and related health risks.
Water zonder eigenaar?
The research theme “Sustainable solutions for drinking
onze naarstige speurtocht naar buitenaards water als elementaire voorwaarde voor leven zoals wij dat kennen, onderstreept de cruciale plek die water heeft op onze eigen planeet, of althans, zou móéten hebben. Water is een bezit of een bedreiging, zorgvuldig bewaakt door een overheid die de waarde van dit gemeengoed terdege kent. Ik vraag me al jaren af hoe het mogelijk is dat een gemeenschappelijk bezit als water meerdere keren verandert van eigenaar; soms zelfs binnen een straal van enkele kilometers. Waarbij elke eigenaar eigen restricties, randvoorwaarden, en waardebepaling toekent aan hetzelfde water. Ter opfrissing: water voor consumptie wordt gewonnen uit grondwater of rivieren. na kwaliteitsverbetering van de watermatrix vindt distributie plaats naar gebruikers, die het water vervolgens bijna uitsluitend gebruiken als transportmiddel, voor afvoer van reststoffen of warmte.
water and sanitation” focuses on improving drinking water supply and sanitation in developing countries.
Voorts wordt het water via buizentransport ingezameld voor weer
een kwaliteitsslag op een centrale rioolwaterzuivering, alvorens het Luuk Rietveld Professor Jules van Lier wordt geloosd.Professor Het rijk, het waterbedrijf, de consument of industrie, de gemeente, het waterschap en vervolgens weer het rijk zijn hierbij
de respectievelijke eigenaren. De prijs voor de toegevoegde waarde van Head section Sanitary Engineering Professor Innovation and water wordt met de burger verrekend via een ingenieus belasting- en heffingssysteem; elke tussentijdse eigenaar doet dat op zijn eigen manier.
Is dat de etymologie van eigenaardig? overigens, de agrarische sector Water Professor of Environmental of the Urban Integration heeft deels zijn eigen waterketen en kan, afhankelijk van het land, de
Engineering and Wastewater Cycle er een historisch perspectief onder, waarbij instituten door noodzaak belangrijkste tussen-eigenaar van de watervoorraad zijn. natuurlijk zit in het leven zijn geroepen om de kwantiteit en kwaliteit van het water te borgen. In nederland is water nauwelijks een ‘issue’ voor de burger, hetgeen betekent dat we het goed, ja zeer goed, voor elkaar hebben.
Treatment
De verworvenheid van het laatste decennium is een groeiend besef dat we consumptief handelen moeten gaan omvormen naar preservatief of zelfs cyclisch handelen. Dit houdt in: energie alleen van hernieuwbare of onuitputbare bronnen, minimaliseren van grondstofverspilling, minimale antropogene verstoring van de ecologische balans. En voor wat betreft water: een cascadering in gebruik waarbij de desbetreffende watermatrix is afgestemd op de gebruiker van dat moment. De eigenaar wordt gebruiker die verantwoording aflegt aan de volgende gebruiker.
Prof. dr. ir. Jules B. van lier Hoogleraar afvalwaterzuivering/ milieutechnologie, TU Delft
Uiteindelijk is er maar één eigenaar. Daarmee is efficiëntie veel eenvoudiger te realiseren. Denk aan industriële productieprocessen, waarbij introductie van schone technologie of het bewerkstelligen van een gesloten waterkringloop wordt bepaald tijdens de directieof commissievergadering. Petje af voor de papierindustrie die het waterverbruik van een wereldgemiddelde van 80 m3 water per ton geproduceerd papier wist te verminderen naar 1 m3/ton (voor karton en inpakpapier)! Economische efficiëntie is hierbij dé drijfveer en natuurlijk hopen industrieën via een hoge plek op de ‘groene index’ de consument aan zich te binden. op de lange termijn zullen alle ‘corporate responsibility’-investeringen zich zeker terugverdienen. Het mag duidelijk zijn dat het doorvoeren van efficiëntie in de publieke waterketen met al zijn sub-eigenaren slechts mogelijk is, indien bestuurlijke fragmentatie verdwijnt en alleen de werkelijke eigenaar de randvoorwaarden stelt. Is het Bestuursakkoord Water een kroon op de bereidwilligheid van betrokken instituten, of is het louter voortschrijdend inzicht en dus een logische zet naar een maatschappij gericht op efficiënt gebruik van grondstoffen? Beide zijn waar. 11
9
Research
Mission statement Theme 1: Emerging technologies for water treatment Theme leaders: Bas Heijman & Jules van Lier In recent years it has become clear that the pollution of
the effectiveness of different treatment technologies and
water sources has become so widespread that traces of
treatment combinations in removing these emerging
compounds such as endocrine disputers, polar pesticides
substances is investigated. Also a modeling approach
and pharmaceuticals can even be found in Dutch drinking
is developed to predict the removal of new emerging
water. Only a few of these emerging substances are
substances and to assess the plant performance towards
known and measured in our drinking water. To face these
organic micro pollutants.
new substances application of advanced water treatment
Due to the increasing need for protection of water
is required. Moreover, due to the scientific progress we
resources, the growing environmental awareness, as laid
have come to understand that also microbiological threats
down in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD),
still cannot be ignored, the most relevant being Legionalla
and the public inclination to sustainability, the pressure
and Cryptosporidium. Fortunately, in recent years we have
on water recycling, and the need for improvement of
also seen major breakthroughs in new technologies such
effluent quality of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP)
as membrane filtration and disinfection/oxidation with
are increased over the past years. Therefore, there is a
ozone/UV/H2O2. These technologies can be used both on
need for upgrading the WWTPs. This can be done by
the drinking water as well as on the wastewater side and
advanced or tertiary treatment of effluent of conventional
an integrated approach has to be developed. Our research
WWTPs by filtration and ultrafiltration; the development
in this theme deals with the further development of these
of alternatives for conventional treatment processes e.g.
technologies and in particular the determination of the
the membrane bioreactor either aerobic or anaerobic;
practical feasibility including such aspects as efficiency,
and the modification of the conventional treatment to
costs and operational aspects. In several PhD projects
optimize the efficiency.
Research projects Hybrid Advanced Oxidation and Artificial Recharge to Remove the Organic Micropollutants from Drinking Water
Feifei Wang
Increasing the utilization of organic waste and low value feeds with the help of lignin degrading fungi
Mostafa Zahmatkesh
Optimization of submerged ceramic micro-membrane filtration with coagulation pretreatment condition for surface water treatment Advanced Oxidation Process and Artificial Recharge and Recovery Prediction of organic micropollutant adsorption onto activated carbon using QSAR models Biological Advance Oxidation Processes toward Micropollutant removal DIPOOL Advanced UV-based technology for pool water treatment
Peter Lu Karin Lekkerkerker-Teunissen David de Ridder Marco Casola Maarten Keuten
Operation, performance and energy consumption of fullscale membrane bioreactors
Pawel Krzeminski
Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Technology for the Treatment of Industrial Effluents
Recep Kaan Dereli
Application of Dynamic Membranes in Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Systems A newly designed demineralization technology based on thermosensitive hydrogels Emerging substances: Towards an absolute barrier
Mustafa Evren Ersahin Samuele Olivero Cheryl Bertelkamp
The PURO-project: Integration of a reverse osmosis technique inside a brackish groundwater well Microbiological safe swimming pools without chlorine
Jeroen Posthumus Marjolein Peters
Cost-Effective Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Coupling of UASB and ANAMMOX Reactors Hydrodynamic determination of RO membranes using the PIV method BioXtreme treatment of industrial wastewater
10
Javier A. Sánchez Guillén Amir Haidari Julian Muñoz Sierra
Mission statement Theme 2: Reuse and recovery of water, energy and used compounds Theme leaders: Jules van Lier & Luuk Rietveld
Wastewater treatment is needed to full-fill the Water
(faeces), yellow (urine), grey (bathing and kitchen) and
Framework Directive. However, more and more attention
white (rain) streams are (partly) separated. The yellow
is paid to the fact that wastewater is also a potential
stream can e.g. be used for the production of fertilizer.
resource of city water and/or industrial water. Crucial is
Phosphate recovery is becoming an important issue
treatment at specification at acceptable costs with the
since this compound is getting scarce and prices are
aim of resource recovery at various levels, such as energy,
rising dramatically. Finally, the water of the effluent of a
fertilizing agents such as phosphates and of course water.
wastewater treatment plant is a resource for industry and
In the Netherlands specific programmes are developed to
agriculture. In the Netherlands, 80% of the fresh water
increase the energy production at wastewater treatment
use is industrial and when domestic wastewater effluent
plants by for example the production of green gas (from
is used for industrial application less pressure is laid on
sludge) that can be injected in the existing natural
the precious water sources.
gas distribution system. This could even be applied to black water in a decentralized system where the black
Research projects Organic carbon in demineralized boiler feedwater
David Moed
Flux enhancement in anaerobic membrane bioreactor with focus on saline conditions
Jixiang Yang
Enhanced Enzymatic Anaerobic Fermentation of Organic Residues (EnzyFOR)
Steef de Valk
Anaerobic digestion (AD) of fine sieve concentrated sewage waste
Dara Ghasimi
Emission Minimalization of Marine Aquaculture Recirculation Systems Removal of residual pollutants for reclamation of treated wastewater (Delft Blue Water) Estimation of water temperature in sewer systems OPTIMIX Forward Osmosis in Sewer Mining
Xuedong Zhang Diana Brandão Jorge Elias Maxil Guido Kooijman Kerusha Lutchmiah
Treatment of Domestic Sewage by Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Technology – Anaerobic MBR for Aqua Cleaning and Energy Recovery Innovative ceramic ultrafiltration for water reuse: fouling on MF/UF and RO
Hale Ozgun Ran Shang
Distinguishing competitive effects from characterized background EFOM isolates on adsorption of trace organic contaminants by typical activated carbons Advanced Oxidation-Electrochemical solutions for water and wastewater treatment
Jingyi Hu Yasmina Bennani
11
Research
Mission statement Theme 3: Modeling, sensoring and automation Theme leaders: Luuk Rietveld & Henri Spanjers Water treatment plants consist of numerous treatment
Focus of this theme is on an optimised process and
processes in series and in parallel. The operation of the
flow control by mass balance based modeling and by
present-day infrastructure is done by operators that
more sophisticated computational fluid dynamics. Also
mainly focus on providing the required flow at all times.
stochastic data models are used to assess the efficiency
It is obvious that it is possible to achieve better results at
of treatment processes. We also aim to achieve the
lower costs and with less impact on the environment by
concept of a ‘virtual treatment plant’, that is a model of
utilising available options such as buffer tanks, equal flow
the plant that can function as a simulator to assist the
distribution over process units, flow control and process
operator in finding the optimal settings.
control. By using computer models it is now also possible to improve the water quality leaving the treatment plant while delivering the required flow.
Research projects Modelling of biological granular activated carbon filtration
René van der Aa
Virtual commissioning of drinking water treatment plats’ software
Ignaz Worm
Optimization of Drinking Water Treatment Processes using models and on-line monitoring tools (Techneau) Model-based control in the urban water cycle
Petra Ross Annelies Aarts
Removal of pharmaceuticals by organic coagulants/flocculants in primary settling of wastewater treatment plant Behavior and removal of natural organic matter (NOM) in treatment processes
12
Mohomad Mohd Amin Anke Grefte
Mission statement Theme 4: Distribution and discharge networks Theme leader: Marie-claire ten Veldhuis After water is treated to drinking water it is transported to
capital costs of traditional urban drainage systems
the customers in large underground distribution systems.
are extraordinary. Nevertheless, optimal replacement
In the distribution systems the water quality deteriorates
strategies of sewerage pipes still have to be developed.
in time due to several complex interrelated processes.
Furthermore, new innovative solutions must be found to cut the total lifecycle cost and overcome current
The objective in this research theme is to understand the
problems of flooding and environmental pollution. These
water quality processes in the distribution network, to
solutions include the development of new, sustainable
develop new (on-line) tools to assess the water quality
urban drainage solutions (SUDS) like infiltration systems,
in the distribution system and to propose innovations and
green roofs and decentralised wastewater collection. The
guidelines to prevent future water quality deterioration.
greatest challenge today is to develop ways to integrate
Focus will be on the effect of natural organic matter
new solutions in the existing context of the world’s largest
(NOM), the hydraulic behaviour of sediment in the
urbanised areas. This requires adequate control of highly
distribution system, the chemical interaction between
variable flows and conditions to meet environmental and
water and the piping material, the design of self cleaning
societal demands. In developing countries, rapid growth
networks.
calls for the development of flexible, low-cost and robust solutions that can meet the local challenges. Our research
Urban drainage systems have to cope with highly
focuses on the development of monitoring concepts that
variable flows in terms of water quantity, quality and
provide insight into urban drainage processes in order to
solids content. Traditional combined systems have
obtain a more adequate control of short-term quantity
been able to protect urban environments from harmful
and quality variations and long term ageing processes and
effects of wastewater and rainwater for centuries. As
their effects on system performance. Several research
urban areas grow larger and denser, environmental and
projects investigate optimisation strategies in pressurised
social requirements increase such that the performance
systems, flood risk management and gravity systems.
of urban drainage systems is pushed to the limit. The
Research projects High resolution rainfall data to protect cities against floods Modeling of water supply systems for optimal control and respons to anomalies Decision making and organization of sewer asset management Effective Sewer Asset Management Settlement as a driver for sewer rehabilitation Biological water quality in distribution networks Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints Modelling rainfall damage
Guenda Bruni Martijn Bakker Wouter van Riel Nikola Stanić Jojanneke Dirksen Gang Liu André Arsénio Matthieu Spekkers
13
Research
Mission statement Theme 5: Sustainable solutions for developing countries Theme leaders: Bas Heijman & Jules van Lier Safe drinking water is at present not available for every
utilization of renewable energy. Appropriate sanitation,
human being on earth. The current knowledge on low-
in balance with the prevailing socio-economic conditions
cost drinking water treatment is often insufficient to
is of crucial importance for (partly) meeting the agreed
provide safe water in remote and underdeveloped areas.
MDG-7. Sustainability in terms of cost-effectiveness,
Either solutions do not fit within the targeted environment
technical plain and recovery of resources are the main
or a scientific approach is not at hand.
drivers for novel developments. Energy recovery via
Research to develop and improve treatment systems for
anaerobic conversion processes may generate direct
the poor is the main objective of the work done within
benefits on household levels meanwhile basic sanitary
this new research theme. The (upcoming) projects in
requirements are established. A similar approach will be
this theme aim at critically evaluating existing treatment
followed in addressing sanitation at community level and/
options
innovative
or city section level, where block sanitation or satellite
technologies. The current research focuses on low-
sewers are connected to technical plain systems which
cost ceramic filtration, subsurface arsenic removal, and
focus on recovery of resources.
and
the
development
of
new
Research projects Upflow gravel filtration for multiple uses
Luis Dario Sanchez Torres
Transport and attenuation of organic compounds and turbidity peaks in subsurface porous media during aquifer passage
Juan Pablo Gutierrez
Innovative systems for excreta collection, disposal, treatment, and reuse for urban low income communities in east Africa
Thobias Bigambo
Safe drinking water in Bangladesh: feasibility and sustainability of hand-pump subsurface arsenic removal in diverse settings Modernising Sanitation Mixtures in East African Cities
14
Sandra Borges Freitas Sammy Letema
Mission statement Theme 6: Water & Health Theme leader: Gertjan Medema Safe water is essential to our society. Water systems
These provide new niches for pathogens and new routes
should protect society against the spread of infectious
of exposure to pathogens.
diseases. New pathogens emerge (like SARS, new (avian) influenza viruses). They emphasize the vulnerability
The research focus in this theme is:
of our densely populated society to infectious diseases
▪▪
Quantitative health impact assessment of water
and highlight the importance of knowledge about
systems, with an emphasis on risks caused by
the pathogens, their possible pathways and effective
pathogenic microbes. The results will help to make
management. In our densely populated country, the
informed risk management decisions in the water
burden on the environment with pathogenic microorganisms is high and the possibilities for exposure
sector. ▪▪
to these pathogens are also many. The conventional
prevent transmission of pathogens through the water
exposure through drinking water is well under control, but other water uses (such as bathing) are not. Moreover, we are inventing new concepts for dealing with water
Effective (treatment) technologies or strategies to route.
▪▪
Research is a close collaboration with KWR Watercycle Reserach Institute and the water sector.
in our society (wastewater reuse, water in cities, etc.).
Research projects Health impact of new urban water concepts
Helena Sales Ortells
Mechanisms of loose deposits´ microbiota effects on the quality of chlorinated distribution systems water Enhanced Elimination of Viruses by Household Water Treatment Processes
Ana Poças Lina Bachert
15
Research
Kick-off Delft Urban Water Official Kick-off Delft Urban Water Centre, 29 May 2012 The kick-off of Delft Urban Water Centre was held on 29 May 2012 in the Library building of TU Delft. Mr van Haersma Buma, Dijkgraaf of Hoogheemraadschap
the Delft Urban Water Centre, on water quality as well
Delfland welcomed the participants and emphasised the
water quantity related topics.
importance of research and innovation in the urban water
▪▪
sector to face problems of water scarcity, pollution and
Prof. Dr. Herman Russchenberg - ‘Urban water and weather’
flooding worldwide. He stated Delft is the appropriate
▪▪
PhD Stijn de Jong (disdrometers)
location for this initiative, given its strong tradition in
▪▪
PhD Toine Vergroesen (roof retention)
water research and engineering. Additionally, the city of
▪▪
PhD Flora Anvarifar (real options for multifunctional
Delft and its surroundings form a lively example of the
flood defenses)
challenges of water management in a highly urbanised environment. The dijkgraaf officially opened the kick-off
▪▪
by starting the opening ceremony, launching the Delft Urban Water logo and website.
Dr. Ir. Merle de Kreuk - ‘Closing water, nutrient and energy cycles’
▪▪
PhD Tommaso Lotti (cold annamox)
▪▪
PhD Diana Brandao (MSF) and Sigrid Scherrenberg
▪▪
PhD Tessa van den Brand (Zero Liquid Discharge)
▪▪
PhD Sara Salvador (sea water for toilet flushing)
▪▪
PhD Dr. Zoran Vojinovic - ‘Water in megacities’
▪▪
PhD Peter van der Steen (SWITCH project)
▪▪
PhD Arlex Sanchez (urban growth modeling – SWITCH)
The scientific program was followed by a plenary discussion on challenges for the Delft Urban Water Centre. The discussion was initiated by propositions Official opening and launch of Delft Urban Water logo by dijkgraaf Mr Haersma Buma
from representatives of the 4 research institutes involved in Delft Urban Water: TU Delft, UNESCO-IHE, Deltares and KWR. Main topics in the discussion were how to
The core part of the afternoon was dedicated to a
enhance the visibility of Delft Urban Water, through the
scientific program consisting of presentations on selected
website and other means and upcoming opportunities for
themes of the Delft Urban Water Centre: key note
cooperation in project proposals.
lectures by invited speakers and flash presentations by PhD researchers. The presentations gave a colorful
After the discussion, the participants continued their
overview of the broad scope of expertise available within
animated discussions supported by refreshments.
16
DWES Drinking Water Engineering and Science (DWES) The world’s first open access journal on drinking water
This led to two special issues in 2012; on Computation
treatment has celebrated its first lustrum last December.
and control in the water industry and on Baltic water
And with an increasing number of papers (7 in 2011, 11
research.
in 2012 and already 10 in the DWES discussion). We are very pleased to that we have expanded our group Drinking Water Engineering and Science (DWES) is an
of topical editors.
international peer reviewed journal, with a very open setup. The review process is open, meaning that the
Please visit our website www.drinking-water-engineering-
comments of referees are published online and giving the
and-science.net, join the discussion and submit your
opportunity to react on papers even before publication.
research paper to DWES!
And DWES is open access, meaning that the finalized papers can de downloaded for free. We are listed in
Gertjan Medema
Scopus and have attempted to obtain an impact factor
Editor-in-chief
at Thomson/ISI, but they indicated the journal is still too young and needs to publish regularly and with a broad geographic distribution. The editorial board has made a successful effort to engage potential authors via contacts at scientific conferences in the water treatment and water distribution area.
17
Research
Research grants 2012 TAPES Transnational Action Program on Emerging Substances The TAPES project was awarded a European subsidy (Interreg IVB NWE) in December 2012. Emerging Substances from diffuse sources increasingly contaminate the environment. Due to their low molecular weight and their physico-chemical characteristics most present treatment systems (wastewater and drinking water) do not or not remove sufficiently this contamination. Although on the short run there is likely to be no health
University of Edinburgh, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz
risk, the effects for humans and nature on the long run
en VITO - Vision on Technology.
is unknown. Therefore, drinking water organisations and wastewater treatment organisations are budgeting
Within the project three main actions are foreseen:
many millions of euros for instance for investment in
1. Development of a knowledge hub as blue print for
new treatment technologies, but are doubting the most
unlocking knowledge, the so called WaterCloud.
effective and efficient approach to spend this money.
Within this hub partners will be able to share knowledge and to make it available for end users.
A lot of research has been performed and quite a few
The output is a platform on which organisations
new treatment technologies have been piloted but not yet
and stakeholders can share knowledge and call for
implemented in practice. Besides, so far there is limited/
expertise in the network.
no collaboration between partners within the water cycle.
2. Implementation of technologies for removal of
At the same time, combating emerging substances is an
emerging subbstances. The project will focus on
international and problem. This project aims to combat
implementation and testing of technologies to remove
emerging substances by an international, water cycle
emerging substances at diffuse sources wastewater
based approach in order to allocate the millions of Euro’s
treatment utilities (before entering the surface water)
available for investment in a most efficient and effective
on one hand, as well as at drinking water facilities
way. To realise this, the project will provide experience
on the other. These technologies are focussed to be
based knowledge on the effectiveness of various
embedded in the regular processes already available.
techniques and the best way to incorporate these in the
Main outcomes will be knowledge and experience
water cycle. Based on these outcomes, the project will
on the effect and efficiency of these technologies at
also provide decision makers with instruments on which they can base their investment decisions.
various stages in the water cycle. 3. Development and testing of a Decision support system which supports decision makers to decide for
Project partners are Delft University of Technology,
the most optimal solution for their specific emerging
Waternet, Waterboard De Dommel, KWR Watercycle
substances problem. Output is a tested and validated
Research Institute, DVGW Technologiezentrum Wasser, Erftverband, Vlaamse Maatschappij voor Watervoorziening,
Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinator: Period:
18
Decision support system. Delft University of Technology will focus on action 3.
Delft University of Technology, Waternet, Waterschap De Dommel, KWR, DVGW, Erftverband, VMW, University of Edinburgh, FHNW en VITO Interreg IVB NWE Jan Peter van der Hoek 2013-2016
Research grants 2012 Improving and broadening of the Dutch drinking water benchmark The benchmark project was awarded a subsidy by VEWIN
The question is whether these themes can be introduced
(Association of Dutch Water Companies) in September
in the benchmark. The research will focus on three
2012. The project aims at a critical review of the Dutch
specific questions:
drinking water benchmark and a proposal for improving
1. What are the experiences abroad? What kind of
and broadening the Dutch drinking water benchmark.
new benchmarking themes are introduced in other countries?
The
Dutch
drinking
water
sector
started
with
benchmarking in 1997. In the benchmark the drinking
2. Which new benchmarking themes are of importance for the Dutch drinking water sector?
water companies report about efficiency, water quality,
3. What kind of methodology can be used to compare
service level and environmental aspects. The benchmark
drinking water companies on these issues? What
has had important results for the drinking water sector.
are effective methodologies to create a learning
It has resulted in an efficiency improvement of 27.5%,
environment
a very high drinking water quality, a high service level
information and experiences on these themes?
and
to
stimulate
exchange
of
for the customers, and care for the environment by reusing waste materials, use of green energy and nature
The project is carried out in close operation with VEWIN
conservation.
and the faculty TBM. Drinking water companies will be
From a voluntary benchmark it has developed into an
active in a steering committee for this research.
obligatory benchmark, incorporated in the Dutch drinking water legislation. After more than 15 years of experience with this benchmark the question is whether the four themes in the benchmark cover all the challenges of the drinking water companies. Innovation is mentioned as a value of the Dutch drinking water sector. Drinking water companies call themselves sustainable. Drinking water companies introduce asset management to balance risks, costs and performance.
Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinator: Period:
VEWIN, faculty TBM, Dutch drinking water companies VEWIN (Association of Dutch Water Companies) Jan Peter van der Hoek 2013-2016
19
Research
Research grants 2012 Van Gogh grant The Van Gogh grant allows Delft University of Technology
This cooperation allows PhD students to formulate
and INSA de Lyon to intensify their collaboration on the
a hypothesis based on their own data and to test the
field of urban drainage. The research groups at Delft
hypothesis on the data of the partner. This enhances the
University and INSA have a similar interest in studying
development of new knowledge. In addition, the PhD
dynamics of sewer systems. Continuous monitoring of
students will be facing similar difficulties during their
water quantity and quality in sewer systems has seen
research and the cooperation allows them to resolve
a rapid development in recent years, allowing detailed
these issues faster.
research in time and space of in sewer processes. These processes affect the performance of sewer systems
The research focus at Delft University will be the
and their interactions with downstream wastewater
development of impact based real time control, which
treatment plants (WWTP) and receiving waters. Both
requires the availability of reliable models describing
at Delft University (PhD thesis Remy Schilperoort 2011)
pollutograps. The latter is the main focus of the research at
and at INSA (PhD thesis Marjolaine Metadier) continuous
INSA-Lyon. The researchers of INSA and Delft University
monitoring has been the central topic in recent research.
will be working on models describing the dynamics of
Both universities are willing to continue research on this
the systems under study (catchment of Ecully in Lyon,
topic.
245 ha and Eindhoven in the Netherlands, 2000 ha). The first step for both is to model the hydraulics and compare
In the last few years, the cooperation between the two
the applicability of rainfall runoff models at the 2 spatial
groups took place at the end of a PhD project only by
scales. The second step for both would be to select and
inviting Prof. J.-L. Bertrand-Krajewski to participate in
develop an appropriate approach to model the water
exam committees at Delft University and Prof. Dr. Ir.
quality to be able to produce pollutographs.
F.H.L.R. Clemens vice versa. Supported by the van Gogh grant, the cooperation now takes already place from the start of PhD projects, allowing the PhD students to exchange experiences, working methods and monitoring data. Especially the latter is very valuable, as gathering long term high quality monitoring data is extremely costly and time consuming, typically exceeding the time and money budget of a PhD project.
Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinator: Period:
20
INSA de Lyon French-Dutch Academy Jeroen Langeveld 2013-2014
Research grants 2012 Virus control - Enhanced elimination of viruses in household water treatment processes Unraveling the mechanisms responsible for the elimination of viruses by UV and oxidation processes to produce handles for improvement of design and operation of household water treatment systems (with respect to virus elimination) and engineering of new systems. Drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens in developing regions, in combination with poor hygiene and sanitation. The diseases caused by waterborne pathogens account for 2.2 million deaths a year worldwide. Virtually all of the deaths are children in developing countries. Viruses are a significant part of this disease burden, with 140 million cases of rotavirus diarrhoea per
research area Virus control. Unilever (Hindustan), Berson
year resulting in 870 000 deaths per year (WHO, 1997)
UV and WLN are interested in this research and fund a
and norovirus, that causes epidemic viral diarrhoea in
PhD research project within TTI/Wetsus and contribute
the developed world. The World Health Organization has
their expertise to this research. The research is conducted
shown that improvements in drinking water, sanitation
in collaboration with RIVM.
and hygiene can prevent 90% of the disease and that investments in improvements bring very large economic
The scientific objectives of this study are:
returns. Adoption of household water treatment and safe
▪▪
storage systems for drinking water at the “bottom of the pyramid” is a key element in WHO/UNICEF’s 7 point
Elucidate the mechanisms of impact of UV irradiation technologies on viruses.
▪▪
plan for control of diarrhoeal diseases. More advanced
Elucidate the mechanisms of impact of (catalytic) oxidation processes in household water treatment systems on viruses.
(and expensive) systems are able to eliminate the wide range of disease causing microbes, including bacteria,
The technological objective of this study is:
viruses and parasites. The current systems that aim for
▪▪
To apply the knowledge to optimize the household
the “bottom-of-the-pyramid”, such as ceramic pot filters,
water treatment process design and operation to
are adequately removing bacteria and parasites, but are
ensure sufficient virus elimination.
not very effective against viruses. Experiments have been conducted to try to improve virus elimination, but without
When
much result. A serious limitation is the lack of knowledge
understood, it becomes possible to attune water treatment
the
mechanisms
of
virus
inactivation
are
on the mechanism of virus inactivation and attachment
technologies for optimal elimination of viruses. Water
to surfaces. Scientific methods and analytical tools are
(technology) supply companies can improve the design
rapidly evolving and allow more detailed characterization
and operation of their water treatment technologies.
of the virus structure and interaction with their physical and chemical environment. TTI/Wetsus has created a Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinator: Period:
Unilever (UK & Hindustan), Berson UV, WLN, Wetsus, RIVM, TUDelft TTI Watertechnologie Gertjan Medema 2012-2015
21
Research
Research grants 2012 E4Water Economically and Ecologically Efficient Water Management in the European Chemical Industry (E4Water) Chemical Industry provides the highest potential for increasing eco-efficiency in industrial water management. E4Water addresses crucial process industry needs, to
E4water unites in its consortium large chemical industries,
overcome bottle necks and barriers for an integrated
leading European water sector companies and innovative
and energy efficient water management. The main
RTD centers and universities, active in the area of water
objective is to develop, test and validate new integrated
management and also involved in WssTP and SusChem
approaches, methodologies and process technologies for
European Technology Platforms and collaborating with
a more efficient and sustainable management of water
water authorities. E4Water aims to achieve an expected
in chemical industry with cross-fertilization possibilities to
reduction of 20-40% in water use, 30-70% in wastewater
other industrial sectors.
production, 15-40% in energy use and up to 60% direct economic benefits at its industrial case study sites. E4Water builds on state-of-the-art and new basic R&D concepts. Their realization, improvement, utilization and validation, with the compromise of early industrial adaptors, are clearly innovative. www.e4water.eu
Economically and Ecologic ally Efficient Water Management in the European Chemical Industry
Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinator: Period:
22
Dechema EU (FP7 Program) Luuk Rietveld 2012-2014
Research grants 2012 Set-up of the FIPAG Academy for Professional Development in Water and Sanitation Water has been identified as one of the keys areas to the future growth and investments into sustainable water- and sanitation (WATSAN) services are amongst the priorities of the Government of Mozambique (GoM). Despite significant improvements in recent years, the expansion and improvement of infrastructures for clean water and sanitation and their use and maintenance is still a major concern, both in urban and in rural areas. This is even more the case for sanitation infrastructure, where responsibilities and skills are fragmented and make the implementation of concrete actions challenging. A few years from the deadline in 2015, the risk is high that Mozambique may not achieve the Millennium
will possess sound institutional management, academic
Development Goals (MDG) targets embedded in national
excellence and good links with WATSAN stakeholders
policies.
and other providers of WATSAN education and training in Mozambique and in the region of Southern Africa.
The project aims to contribute to the improvement of
Consequently, the FIPAG academy staff and participants
management, services and infrastructure in the water
in their programmes are the primary target group and
and sanitation (WATSAN) sector in Mozambique, by
beneficiaries of the project. The secondary beneficiaries
strengthening the capacity of FIPAG to implement
will be amongst the stakeholders, such as the National
investment programmes in (peri-) urban water and
Water Directorate (DNA), the WATSAN Management Units
sanitation, and ensure the provision of potable water and
in secondary towns (AIAS), the Water Regulatory Council
cost-effective sanitation to the population, with a gender
(CRA), various water and sanitation services providers,
and a labour market perspective. This will be achieved
other training institutions, consulting companies and
by setting-up and consolidating a FIPAG Academy for
NGOs in Mozambique.
Professional Development in Water and Sanitation, which
Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinator: Period:
IHE-Delft (lead), TU Delft, IRC Water and Sanitation Centre, UNESCO-HydroEX, Rand Water, Eduardo Mondlane University. Nuffic/NICHE Luuk Rietveld 2012 - 2016
23
Research
Research grants 2012 Seminar on removal of emerging micro-pollutants from the urban water cycle Micro-pollutants, including pharmaceutical and personal
enhancing knowledge, and most importantly, solving
care
problems through collaboration with TU Delft (NL) and
products,
endocrine
disrupting
compounds,
antibiotics and pesticides are reported frequently to be
Tongji University (CN).
present in urban water compartments recently. Because of their detrimental impacts on hormone system and reproductive organs in the aquatic creatures, which will possibly be transferred to human bodies through foodchains, human health is threatened as a consequence. Moreover,
the
conventional
wastewater/drinking
treatment processes are proved to be not effective against most of the pollutants. Therefore, finding new (robust) solutions to address this issue becomes challengeable and deserves global efforts. Thanks to the funding from the China-Netherlands Joint Scientific Thematic Research Program (JSTP-NWO), a seminar has been successfully organized. The seminar was held on 27-29 of June 2012 and was aiming at sparking ideas,
Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinator: Period:
24
NWO & Tongji University (shanghai) NWO (Netherlands foundation for Scientific Research) Luuk Rietveld 2012
Research grants 2012 DSM Hydrolysates DSM is working on a novel technology to maximize the bioenergy recovery from (agro)industrial wastes by applying enzymatic pre-treatment processes. Bio-energy recovery is than subsequently achieved, implementing high-rate anaerobic reactor technology for wastewater treatment. Current research shows the potential of granular sludge based expended bed technologies being much more competitive than conventional completely mixed reactor systems. The feasibility research is being conducted at the TU Delft laboratory by the Chinese research fellows Yu Tao and Haoyu Wang. Current results will be used to formulate a B-Basic proposal to be submitted in 2013.
Project partners: Funded by: Project coordinator: Period:
DSM, Delft DSM Jules van Lier, Merle de Kreuk 2012-2013
25
Research
Current research grants Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project coordinator
Period
AHPD - Autogenerative high-
WUR
Agentschap NL – EOS-
Jules van Lier
2008-2012
pressure digestion
Bareau
LET program
Ambrein - Anaerobic membrane
Norit
Agentschap NL –
Jules van Lier
2008-2012
bioreactor for industrial
Saxion
Innowator program
wastewater
Ghent University
AMBR tool developments for
Biothane-Veolia
Biothane-Veolia
Jules van Lier
2010-2014
A-Racer - Anaerobic MBR for
Pentair (Norit)
Agentschap NL –
Jules van Lier
2011-2014
Aquacleaning and energy
Saxion
Innowator program
AsRem – Arsenic removal from
Vitens
Agentschap NL –
Doris van Halem
2009-2012
drinking water
Royal Haskoning
Innowator program
Aqua4All
Bas Heijman
2006-2012
Bas Heijman
2009-2012
NWO – Veni program
Arne Verliefde
2009-2013
Evides Industriewater
Innovation program
Henri Spanjers
2009-2013
Rossmark
Water Framework
Veolia Water Services
Directive
Bas Heijman
2007-2012
full-scale applications
recovery
Unesco-IHE Subotics PUC Obrovac municipality Ceramic filter pots
Waterlab Noord Het Waterlaboratorium KWR Watercycle Research Institute
Coldsoft – Thermoreversible ion
Akzo Nobel
Agentschap NL –
exchange resins
Afira
Innowator program
Countering the threat of pharmaceuticals to our drinking water Delft Blue Water
Hoogheemraadschap Delfland Demiflush – Ultrafiltration
Norit
Agentschap NL –
backwashing with
Hatenboer Water
Innowator program
demineralised water
Brabant Water Evides
26
Current research grants Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project coordinator
Period
DiDit
Grontmij
Agentschap NL –
Luuk Rietveld
2010-2012
Brightwork
Innowator program
Luuk Rietveld
2009-2012
Luuk Rietveld
2009-2012
Water Board Hoogheemraadschap Holland Noorderkwartier Water Board Waterschappen Limburg DiPool
Hellebrekers Technieken
Agentschap NL –
van Remmen UV techniek
Innowator program
Akzo Nobel Coram International Sportfondsen Nederland DisConTO
Vitens
Agentschap NL –
PWN
Innowator program
Brabant Water Dunea DHV RiVM Ureason DSM Hydrolysates
DSM
DSM
Merle de Kreuk
2012-2013
Dynafil - Dynamic filtration of
KWR
Agentschap
Jules van Lier
2011-2014
A-stage activated sludge in
Logisticon
NL – Efficiente
aeration tank and anaerobic
STOWA
vergistingsketen
digester
WS Brabantse Delta
Luuk Rietveld
2010-2013
Henri Spanjers
2009-2012
Waternet Bert Daamen EFRO Swimming pools
Hellebrekers Technieken
EFRO East
van Remmen UV techniek
Netherlands
Akzo Nobel Coram International Sportfondsen Nederland Emares - Emission
WUR-Imares
Agentschap NL –
minimalisation of marine
van Antwerpen
Innowator program
aquaculture recirculation
Milieutechniek
systems
Seafarm BV GroVisCo
27
Research
Current research grants Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project coordinator
Period
Enzyfor - Enzymatically
DSM
STW – W2R program
Jules van Lier
2011-2015
enhanced digestion for
COSUN
enhanced treatment of
Tauw
secondary sludge
STOWA
Estab
Norit PT/X-Flow
Agentschap NL –
Arne Verliefde
2010-2013
Rossmark
Innowator program
EPAS Kompetenz Zentrum Wasser Vitens Oasen Berliner Wasserbetriebe VWM KWR E4Water
Dechema
EU (FP7 Program)
Luuk Rietveld
2012-2014
FilterXpert
DHV
Agentschap NL –
Luuk Rietveld
2009-2012
Waternet
Innowator program
Henri Spanjers
2012-2016
Gerjan Medema
2010-2013
Luuk Rietveld
2010-2013
Vitens Oasen Water Board Vallei en Eem Thales Fungi - Increasing the
Wageningen University and
STW - Waste to
utilization of organic waste and
Research Center
Resource
Health impact of new urban
KWR Watercycle Research
KWR Watercycle
water concept
Institute
Research Institute
RIVM
Innovation program
low value feeds with the help of lignin degrading fungi
Utrecht University Grontmij Lightning
Voltea, Tendris,
Agentschap NL –
PoolwaterTreatment and
Innowator program
Stichting Gorinchemse Sportaccommodaties
28
Current research grants Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project coordinator
Period
I-Can
Logisticon
Agentschap
Bas Heijman
2010-2013
CoMeTas
NL – Innowator
Evides
program
Luuk Rietveld
2010-2013
Project partners
Jules van Lier
2009-2012
KRW
Merle de Kreuk
2010-2012
KRW
Luuk Rietveld
2010-2012
Bas Heijman
2010-1013
Marie-claire ten
2011-2015
Vitens Integrated Filter Technology
Visser & Smit Hanab BV,
Agentschap
Grontmij Nederland BV, Delft
NL – Innowator
University of Technology,
program
Waterschap Veluwe MBR2+
Witteveen en Bos Water Board Hollandse Delta Evides Industriewater
Optimix – Removal of
Witteveen en Bos
pharmaceuticals in primary
Water Board Hollandse Delta
settling by flocculation.
Evides Industriewater
Priomf – Removal of
Water Board Rijnland
pharmaceuticals in wastewater
Waternet
treatment plant effluent
Norit
Puro
Logisticon
Agentschap
Haitjema
NL – Innowator
Waternet
program
RIVM
Oasen RainGain
TU Delft provincie Zuid-Holland
Interreg IVB NWE
Veldhuis
Gemeentewerken Rotterdam KU Leuven Aquafin BV Imperial College London MetOffice ENPC/ParisTech Local Government Flood Forum Val de Marne County Seine-St Denis County MetéoFrance Veolia
29
Research
Current research grants Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project coordinator
Period
Seminar on removal of
NWO & Tongji University
NWO
Luuk Rietveld
2012
emerging micro-pollutants
(shanghai)
(Netherlands
2008-2012
from the urban water cycle
foundation for Scientific Research)
Settlement analysis for the
Waternet
Waternet
Jeroen
Set-up of the FIPAG Academy
IHE-Delft (lead)
Nuffic/NICHE
Luuk Rietveld
2012-2016
for Professional Development
TU Delft
in Water and Sanitation
IRC Water and Sanitation
KWR
Agentschap NL -
Luuk Rietveld
2011-2014
HTI
Innowator
sewer system of Amsterdam
Langeveld
Centre UNESCO-HydroEX Rand Water Eduardo Mondlane University Sewermining
Triqua Waternet Shell ZLD research formulation
Shell
Shell
Jules van Lier
2012
SLIMM - Automated model
Vitens
Agentschap
Luuk Rietveld
2009-2012
based management of drinking
Logisticon
NL – Innowator
water treatment
Perceptive Engineering
program
EU 7th
Marie-claire ten
2010-2013
Framework
Veldhuis
Interreg IVB NWE
Jan Peter van
DHV SMARTeST – Resilience
Leadpartner: BRE
technology, systems and tools TAPES - Transnational
Delft University of Technology
Action Program on Emerging
Waternet
Substances
Waterschap De Dommel KWR DVGW Erftverband VMW University of Edinburgh FHNW VITO
30
der Hoek
2013-2016
Current research grants Project name
Project partners
Funded by
TU-Project coordinator
Period
Van Gogh grant
INSA de Lyon
French-Dutch
Jeroen
2013-2014
Academy
Langeveld
VEWIN - Improving and
VEWIN
VEWIN
Jan Peter van
broadening of the Dutch
faculty TBM
(Association of
der Hoek
drinking water benchmark
Dutch drinking water
Dutch Water
companies
Companies)
Virus control - Enhanced
Unilever (UK & Hindustan)
TTI
elimination of viruses in
Berson UV
Watertechnologie
household water treatment
WLN
processes
Wetsus
2013-2016
Gertjan Medema
2012-2015
Bas Heijman
2010-2013
Doris van Halem
2010-2014
RIVM TUDelft Water institute Indonesia (Wii)
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Agentschap NL –
Directorat General of Human
EVD program
Settlements Perpamsi BPPSPAM Stichting Wateropleidingen WOTRO Subsurface arsenic
Free University Amsterdam
NWO – Wotro
removal
Wageningen University
program
Dhaka University Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
31
Research
Academic staff
Head section Sanitary Engineering Professor of Environmental Engineering / Wastewater Treatment Room 4.57
Professor Urban Water Cycle Engineering Room 4.53
[email protected] +31 15 27 81 615
[email protected] +31 15 27 84 732
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier
Professor Sewerage Room 4.68
Professor Water and Health Room 4.63
[email protected] +31 15 27 85 450
[email protected] +31 15 27 89 128
Prof. Dr. Ir. F.H.L.R. Clemens
Prof. Dr. G.J. Medema
Professor Drinking Water Engineering Room 4.49
Professor Innovative Water Purification Processes Room 4.49
[email protected] +31 15 27 85 227
[email protected] +31 15 27 85 227
Prof. Dr. Ir. J.P. van der Hoek
Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer
Assistant professor Drinking Water Room 4.48
Associate professor Drinking Water Room 4.48 Departed: 01-09-2012
[email protected] +31 15 27 85 838
[email protected] +31 15 27 85 838
Dr. Ir. A.R.D. Verliefde
Dr. Ir. J.Q.J.C. Verberk
Associate professor Wastewater Room 4.63
Assistant professor Drinking Water Room 4.51
H.L.F.M.
[email protected] +31 15 27 89 128
[email protected] +31 15 27 84 282
Dr. Ir. H.L.F.M. Spanjers
32
Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld
Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman
Academic staff
Assistant professor Drinking Water Room 4.48 Departed: 01-12-2012
Assistant professor Sewerage Room 4.65
[email protected] +31 15 27 85 838
[email protected] +31 15 27 84 734
Dr. Ir. J.H.G. Vreeburg
Dr. Ir. J.A.E. ten Veldhuis
Assistant professor Wastewater Treatment Room 4.61
Associate professor Sewerage Room 4.68
[email protected] +31 15 27 85 274
[email protected] +31 6 22 40 95 65
Dr. Ir. M.K. de Kreuk
Dr. Ir. J. Langeveld
Researcher Wastewater Transport Room 4.65
Assistant professor Drinking Water Room 4.48
[email protected] +31 15 27 84 734
[email protected] +31 15 27 86 588 Dr. Ir. D. van Halem
Dr. Ir. I.W.M. Pothof
Postdoc researcher Room 4.61 Departed: 01-09-2012
[email protected] +31 15 27 81 462 Dr. Ir. S.M. Scherrenberg
33
Research
Strategic programs Sewerage and urban drainage research program The Dutch urban drainage sector will be facing a number
is doing research in the munipality of Utrecht on the relation
of significant challenges in the next decade. The sector
between the condition of the sewer system in terms of root
has to deal with new issues such as climate change and
intrusion and sediment beds and hydraulic performance.
priority pollutants, whilst at the same time there is a societal pressure on cutting cost levels, reducing CO2 emissions and
Theme 3. Dynamics of sewer systems
nutrient recovery. In addition, there is an increasing lack of
Continuous monitoring of hydraulics and wastewater quality
highly qualified personnel. This urged the sector to decide to
is applied at a number of locations in the Netherlands. These
support the sewerage chair at Delft University of Technology,
data open an enormous opportunity to study the dynamics
with the following objectives:
of sewer systems itself and in relation with WWTPs and
▪▪
An increase of the number of MSc students.
▪▪
An increase of the number of PhD students.
▪▪
Fundamental
research
answering
the
receiving waters and to enhance the knowledge on sewer processes. Ir. Petra van Daal-Rombouts works on this topic, observed
challenges.
using the extensive database of Waterboard De Dommel and closely cooperating with the Waterboard.
Research program
Theme 4. Sustainable urban water cycle
The research program will comprise 4 themes, therewith
Theme 4 focuses on research on new concepts for the urban
covering the main challenges of the sewerage and urban
water cycle enabling energy recovery and reuse of materials.
drainage sector.
The main issues to be dealt with are the conveyance of separated flows (black water, yellow water, grey water) and
Theme 1. Asset management
the lack of a sound methodology to objectively compare
In the Netherlands, each year € 600 million is spend on
sanitation concepts. A STW proposal is being written in order
asset management or, more specifically, on sewer renovation
to be able to employ two PhD students on this topic.
and rehabilitation. Recent research has demonstrated visual sewer inspections to be associated with significant uncertainty
Organization
and limited reproducibility. As these inspections are the main
The research program is funded by partners from the Dutch
source of information used in sewer rehabilitation projects,
urban drainage sector. Each contributor to the research
these annual investments lack a profound basis. The
program participates in this Program Committee. The Program
research within this theme focuses on alternative sources
Committee advises the sewerage chair on the composition of
of information (or ways of working) in order to organize
the research program. In addition, the members have the
the asset management in such a way that sewer system
privilege to actively participate in the supervisory committees
performance (serviceability) will be maintained at the desired
of the research projects within the program and to provide
level. Nikola Stanic MSc and Ir. Wouter van Riel are working
case studies.
together on this topic. The partners of the research program are:
Theme 2. Operation and maintenance
ARCADIS, Gemeente Almere, Gemeente Breda, Gemeente
Operation and maintenance in sewer systems is driven by
’s-Gravenhage, Gemeentewerken Rotterdam, Gemeente
local criteria, e.g. gully pots are typically cleaned once a
Utrecht,
year, irrespective of the type of sewer system (combined or
Watercycle
storm sewer) and irrespective of the impact on sewer system
Stichting RIONED, STOWA, Tauw , Vandervalk & De Groot,
performance. The research projects within this theme will
Waterboard De Dommel, Platform Water Vallei & Eem,
provide knowledge on the relation between the operation
Waternet en Witteveen+Bos.
GMB
Rioleringstechnieken,
Research
Institute,
Grontmij,
Royal
and maintenance strategy applied and overall system performance. The main focus will be on the front end of
Dr. Ir. J.G. Langeveld (Jeroen)
sewerage, being house connections and gully pots. This topic
Directeur Kennisprogramma Urban Drainage
is dealt with by Ir. Johan Post. In addition, Marco van Bijnen
Associated professor Sewerage and Urban Drainage
34
KWR
HaskoningDHV,
Strategic programs TU Delft cooperation Vitens in the field of drinking water research On 14 January 2011, the Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Drenthe with drinking water. Both parties are of the
Geosciences (CEG) signed a contract in the field of water
opinion that knowledge development for ‘Innovative
research.
water technology’ in the drinking water supply chain is an essential precondition for retaining the high quality
A cooperation was entered with drinking water company
of drinking water both nationally and internationally. The
Vitens into the field of drinking water research and a new
research focuses on integral, sustainable approaches to
chair of Innovative Water Technology was set up at the
the sub-fields of sources, purification and distribution.
Faculty’s Water Management department. Vitens provides an annual, 200 k€ financial contribution and TU Delft
The cooperation agreement coincided with the appointing
sees to staffing and facilities. The two parties signed the
of two new part-time professors at the Drinking water
agreements in Delft during the 63rd ‘Vakantiecursus’, the
chair. Prof. Dr. Ir. Jan Peter van der Hoek MBA, director
Dutch water industry’s annual networking symposium,
of Waternet, the Amsterdam water company’s strategic
by Dean Prof. Ir. Louis de Quelerij, director of Stichting
centre and Prof. Dr. Ir. Walter van der Meer lead the
RIONED Hugo Gastkemper and chairman of the board of
drinking water research together with Prof. Dr. Ir. Luuk
directors Ir. Rik van Terwisga of Vitens.
Rietveld.
Vitens is the Netherlands largest drinking water company and provides the provinces of Friesland, Overijssel, Flevoland, Gelderland and Utrecht and a number of municipalities in the provinces of Noord-Holland and
35
Research
Strategic programs Evides IW and TU Delft: Update on cooperation on “Innovations in the Industrial Waterloop” Evides IW
industry to compile know-how to optimize the industrial
Next to drinking water, Evides water company is one of
water loop and reduce its water footprint.
the largest suppliers of water & water services to the industry in the Netherlands. Evides Industry Water (EIW)
The cooperation aims to establish a permanent base
is acting as a full-service water partner to the industry,
with substantial expertise and know-how of the industrial
providing a utility portfolio compiling: industrial water
water utility within the Delft University. In time this should
treatment (process and demineralised water), wastewater
be aggregated into a professorship at the Delft University
treatment and integrated treatment (water reuse).
in the field of knowledge of Industrial water treatment
In addition EIW designs, finances and operates their
and utilities. The enhancement of structural knowledge
custom-made water treatment plants. EIW is operating
about the improvement of existing and development
water plants for all major (petro)chemical multinational
of new technologies will add to the attractiveness of
companies and makes use of both proven technology as
the water technology sector for young, well-educated
well as innovative new process designs.
professionals.
Water Reuse
The cooperation will support MSc and PhD research
One of the mayor targets of EIW is to establish water
projects to develop technologies & solutions with superior
reuse and recycling. Closing the water loop has a positive
performance in relation to (i) reduced energy footprint,
effect on the environment, as it reduces the industrial
(ii) maximized sustainable production of re-usable water
use of precious water resources, like: groundwater
and brine (concentrates) conversion (iii) operational
and drinking water. Effluent water coming from the
stability over substantial periods of time at lowest
wastewater treatment plants is a potential feedstock and
operational expenses.
suited to apply as a source for the production of process water. EIW has excellent experiences with the recycling
At present 2 PhD students are working in the framework
of wastewater for the production of process water in the
of this cooperation. David Moed is investigating the
Netherlands, for example on the Dow Chemical Terneuzen
impact of low-level impurities on the corrosiveness of
site (reusing both industrial as well as municipal effluent
boiler make-up water, in which impurities are linked
to serve as process & demin water). The coming years
to natural organic matter compounds. Julian Muñoz
the water cycle of the site and its Terneuzen surroundings
Sierra is researching the potentials for bio-treatment
will even be further closed. This development is currently
under extreme conditions, characterised by refractory/
supported by a new research project, the EU FP7
toxic compounds, high salinity, high temperature, etc.
E4Water project: 2012-2015: towards a paradigm shift
In addition to the PhD students, several MSc students
in the chemical industry to create a breakthrough in
are performing their thesis research in the framework
industrial water treatment by enhanced reuse, recycling
of this cooperation. Joeri Legierse is working on closed
and valorization of complex wastewater. For this case and
(domestic) water systems in the ‘Stadshavens’ project of
other examples, see: www.evides.nl
Evides researching the potentials of ceramic membranes, whereas Marleen Heidekamp works on mild desalinisation
TUD-EIW Cooperation
using electro dialysis and capacitive de-ionisation to
On May 24th 2011 TUDelft CiTG and Evides signed an
prepare cooling water from blow down water and other
exclusive long-term cooperation aiming at a research
sources. Marc Schetters researched the flocculation of
program focused on the industrial water utility. The
activated sludge treating chemical wastewaters under
research program is focusing on fundamental and applied
saline conditions.
research into the water production, wastewater treatment, reuse & zero discharge technologies for application in the
36
Strategic programs Of course also the work of Diana Brandao can be listed
reuse plant for the production of greenhouse and surface
under this cooperative framework. Diana is researching
water. For this case and reuse studies, see: www.
the potential for upgrading Harnaschpolder effluent to
delftbluewater.nl
high-quality surface water, combatting salt water intrusion in the Westland area. The latter research is part of the
Shell
“Delft Blue Water” pilot project focusing on water reuse,
Shell is a new partner in our industrial water (reuse)
and in the long run, full scale effluent water reuse from
programme with interest to optimise the Zero Liquid
the Harnaschpolder wastewater treatment plant. The
Discharge (ZLD) technology and finding solutions for
main activity of “Delft Blue Water” is conducting research
Produce Water in oil extraction wells. PhD candidate Basak
on demonstration scale which focuses on the production
Savun drafted literature research reports in current ZLD
of two different water qualities: high quality ground water
technologies with focus on high quality salt production.
& surface water and high quality greenhouse water. If the
Fei Fei Cui is currently following up Basak’s work who, for
research and the business case studies are successful,
personal reasons, switched her career.
the next step will be the realization of a full scale water
Strategic collaboration Dunea and TU Delft On Tuesday January 13th 2009 Dunea and Delft University
multiple treatment steps. Water from the river Meuse is
of Technology have signed a strategic collaboration
collected in a dead end side stream (Afgedamde Maas)
contract. By means of this strategic collaboration both
where coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation takes
organizations aim to further strengthen their research
place. The water is taken in, treated by microstraining
activities. Dunea gains access to fundamental knowledge
and transported via pipeline to Bergambacht where dual
and research at the university. Delft University has better
media rapid filtration is applied. From Bergambacht the
opportunities to apply fundamental research in pilot
pre-treated water is transported to a dune area where
installations. The focus of the research is on water quality
open infiltration takes place. The soil passage takes on
in the distribution network and on the optimization of the
average 120 days after which the water is abstracted,
current treatment installations.
post treated and distributed.
Dunea supplies 1,2 million customers in the western
Dunea and Delft University of Technology already
part of South-Holland with safe drinking water of high
collaborated for many years in water research. With
quality. Dunea uses dune-water for the production of
this strategic collaboration both organizations further
drinking water. Dunea applies a typical multiple barrier
strengthen and formalize their relationship.
treatment, consisting of an extensive infrastructure and
37
Research
Strategic programs Waternet and TU Delft investigate innovation in water cycle On May 27th 2008 Ir. Roelof Kruize, CEO of Waternet,
Waternet has been assigned to perform these tasks
and Prof. Ir. Louis de Quelerij, dean of the faculty of
by waterboard Amstel, Gooi en Vecht and the city of
Civil Engineering and Geosciences of TU Delft signed a
Amsterdam. With Waternet’s ambition to shape the
strategic collaboration contract. The collaboration focuses
innovation in the water cycle and the expertise of TU
on research in innovation in the water cycle, particularly
Delft in the sectors of the water cycle, this collaboration
on the sectors drinking water, wastewater and water
is a logical next step.
systems. The duration of the collaboration was, in first instance, Waternet is the first water cycle company in the
four years and still continues. The collaboration consists
Netherlands. Waternet takes care of the entire water
of MSc work of TU Delft students at Waternet, PhD
cycle: from drinking water, sewerage and treatment of
research of employees of TU Delft and Waternet,
wastewater to discharge of wastewater effluent into
postdoc research by employees of TU Delft at Waternet,
surface water. Furthermore, maintenance of ditches,
employees of Waternet doing their MSc (in part time) at
lakes and ponds, advice during high ground water levels
TU Delft and the use of the pilot installation at Leiduin as
and dike supervision are part of the tasks of Waternet.
a “water cycle laboratory”.
Strategic research collaboration HWL TU Delft cooperates closely with Het Waterlaboratorium
Enduring relationship
(an
partnership
Het Waterlaboratorium invests 50,000 euro’s in this
agreement was signed on Thursday 11 March 2010 by
partnership annually. TU Delft and Het Waterlaboratorium
Marcel Tielemans, the director of Het Waterlaboratorium,
were already partners, but on a smaller scale. Both parties
and Prof. Louis de Quelerij, Dean of the Faculty of
continue this successful cooperation on a systematic
Civil Engineering and GeoSciences at TU Delft. Het
basis.
institute
for
water
research).
A
Waterlaboratorium makes funding available totalling 50,000 euro’s for innovative research into the detection
Het Waterlaboratorium
and removal of organic micro-pollutants in the urban
Het Waterlaboratorium specialises in high-quality advice
water cycle.
and research relating to water. The laboratory’s expertise is available for all those who want to achieve perfect
Innovative research
water quality. Its customers are companies that supply
Cooperation brings benefits for both parties. Het
drinking water, but also include hospitals and health
Waterlaboratorium
institutions, the off-shore sector, municipal government,
benefits
from
easier
access
to
knowledge and research at the university, while TU Delft gains access to the expertise of Het Waterlaboratorium in the field of detecting and identifying organic micropollutants. Research themes include the presence and behaviour of priority substances and emerging substances within the urban water cycle, the behaviour and selective removal of natural organic material, and the quality of water in distribution networks. This research is carried out both by staff at Het Waterlaboratorium and by students, PhD researchers and postdoc researchers.
38
businesses and sports institutions.
Strategic programs Collaboration Oasen Water company and TU Delft Oasen water company and TU Delft collaborate in
Oasen water company and TU Delft were already working
research on drinking water engineering. Ir. Alexander
together, on drinking water research for some years.
Vos de Wael, CEO of Oasen water company, and Prof. Ir.
With this strategic collaboration both organisations aim
Hans van Dijk, professor in Drinking Water Engineering
to have a more structured research relationship. The
at TU Delft, signed a collaboration agreement on June
collaboration has advantages for both organisations.
30, 2008.
Oasen water company has more access to knowledge and research at the university. TU Delft has the possibility
Oasen Water company produces drinking water for
to execute applied research on pilot locations close to
750,000 customers and 7,200 companies in the eastern
Delft. Both organisations intend to do innovative research
part of the province of South-Holland. The supply area
on different aspects of the drinking water process. The
has an surface area of 1,115 km2. The head office of
research is carried out by employees of Oasen water
Oasen water company is located in Gouda.
company, PhD students and postdocs from TU Delft.
39
Research
Awards Cees Boeter Prize 2012 The Cees Boeter Prize is awarded by the Department of
thorough at this work. Experiments were always well
Water management of the Faculty Civil Engineering and
prepared and accurate and Arjan was quite inventive in
Geosciences to the student with best BSc thesis work.
trying out alternatives when something did not work. The
The prize consist of a €250 cheque, which can be spent
analysis and reporting of experimental results was of high
freely. Criteria for assessment of the thesis works include
quality. Arjan has proved to be an academic with very
theoretical background and quality, originality, applicability
good experimental skills, a rare combination.
of the results and level of writing and presentation. The topic of Martijn’s research was Clean drinking water Cees Boeter is an ex-employee of the laboratory of Water
after natural disasters, disinfection with chlorine. Martijn
management and hands over the prize personally.
developed a simulation model for mobile installations
In the school year 2011-2012 the three nominees for the
for direct drinking water production from surface water.
Cees Boeter prize were:
This research is part of ongoing cooperation between TU Delft and IT Bandung in Indonesia. Martijn independently
Liselot dedicated her bachelor thesis to the complexity of
learnt from the literature how disinfection processes
hydrological models. One of the challenges in hydrological
work and how to develop a simulation model for such
modelling is to define a model in such a way that its
processes. In the end, he developed a mathematical
complexity remains limited, while it sufficiently describes
model that is available through internet, so operators in
underlying processes. Liselot used an algorithm to
Indonesia can test and improve their mobile installations.
quantify and compare model complexities and concluded that a larger number of model parameters does not
The jury has been reading the final reports with interest
necessarily increase complexity. This topic has a high
and was quite impressed by the quality of the work. The
level of abstraction which Liselot tackled wonderfully well.
combination of theoretical work with experiments and practical application, quite representative of engineering
Arjan worked on methods to quantify evaporation based
work, was an important factor in the evaluation. The jury
on wind and temperature measurements. Such methods
finally decided to grant the Cees Boeter Prize 2012 to
do not require radiation data, as existing methods do.
Martijn Sparnaaij for his excellent work on a simulation
Arjan did a lot of field experiments to collect data to
model for disinfection of drinking water with chlorine for
test his methods and has shown to be a very good and
application in mobile installations.
40
Awards Gijs Oskam award 2012 for David Moed On Friday 13 January 2012 the Gijs Oskam award was granted. The award is to stimulate young scientists, who are graduated in the years 2010 and 2011, in the field of the Urban Water cycle and consists of a cheque of € 2500, sponsored by Evers & Manders subsidy advisors. The most important criteria are the originality and quality of the research. Nominated were: Cheryl Bertelkamp with her project “Performance assessment of different pre-treatment techniques for the advanced oxidation process”; David Moed with “The influence of the groundwater composition on subsurface arsenic and iron removal”; and Bart Bergmans with “Struvite recovery from digested sludge”. David Moed won the Gijs Oskam award, because he succeeded to relate theory to practice, obtaining more insight in the subsurface process of arsenic removal. His research even led to some publications in peer-reviewed journals.
David Moed’s invention removes arsenic from groundwater (UfD-Strukton MasterAwards) David Moed (Civil Engineering and Geosciences) has
high concentration of arsenic in the groundwater causes
devised a sustainable and economical method for the
major problems. Moed’s research investigated Subsurface
removal of arsenic from groundwater, making him the
Arsenic Removal (SAR). By pumping oxygenated water
winner of the UfD-Strukton MasterAwards. He was one of
into the ground, it is possible to oxidise the iron in the
three shortlisted candidates to present their ideas for the
groundwater. The oxidised iron then captures the arsenic by means of adsorption. The jury were greatly impressed by the way Moed combined his civil engineering background with chemistry. “In his research, he tackled a major social problem and his solution meets all the criteria”, was the panel’s verdict. Moed received a prize of five thousand euros for his idea.
improvement of the environment on 8 March. Arsenic in drinking water can lead to skin lesions, various types of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In Bangladesh, where millions of pumps provide the population with water, the
41
Research
Awards UfD Cofely Energy Efficiency Award - Sid Vollebregt & Reinoud Feenstra Sid Vollebregt and Reinoud Feenstra (Sustainable Energy
which as well as being powered by sustainable energy
Technology) have won the UfD-Cofely Energy Efficiency
also makes clever use of the residual water generated
Prize with their project “Sustainable Drinking Water
by the reverse osmosis process. Among the factors that
Production by Desalination”. In addition to the honour
made Vollebregt and Feenstra win the prize were the
of winning they received a prize of five thousand euros.
substantial societal relevance of their final project and
Cofely and the Delft University Fund invited Master’s
their extremely persuasive presentation.
students to compete for the prize by devising innovative solutions in the area of reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions and the effective utilisation of sources of sustainable energy. Vollebregt and Feenstra investigated the possibility of giving every inhabitant of our planet access to clean drinking water using sustainable solutions. They travelled to Indonesia to carry out their study. They investigated how solar panels could be used to control a water purification system that converts salt water into drinking water by means of reverse osmosis. On the island of Bali they built a prototype of this system,
42
Awards Martijn Sparnaaij wins UfD-Imtech Bachelor Grant The University Fund and Imtech awarded five UfD-Imtech
Joris Domhof, Rick van der Groot, Jorg Hendriks,
Bachelor Grants of two thousand euros each, in order to
Anne
promote innovative technology. Eligible for this prize are
Laura Uyttersprot and Jan Verwilligen (Aerospace
students who have written outstanding final reports for
Koelewijn,
Kirk
Scheper,
Ewoud
Smeur,
Engineering)
their Bachelor’s degrees, either individually or in teams.
After natural disasters it is important to supply sufficient
This year’s UfD-Imtech Bachelor Grants were won by the
clean drinking water to avoid outbreaks of epidemics.
following projects:
Therefore relatively simple treatment plants are being
▪▪
“EchoStop special music earplugs” by Eline van der
developed that are easy to be operated by unskilled
Kruk (Industrial Design)
personnel. Martijn have made a simulation of the
“Clean drinking water following a natural disaster;
disinfection process by chlorine, taking into account de
disinfection using chlorine” by Martijn Sparnaaij (Civil
different processes in the treatment and the formation
Engineering and Geosciences)
of byproducts. The model will be used by the Technical
“City Cloud” by Jos Kraaijeveld, Johan Laanstra and
University of Bandung (Indonesia) en will be used for
Tom Verhoeff (Technology, Policy and Management)
the improvement of the operation of a mobile treatment
“The detection of cartilage damage using echography”
plant. The jury commented that the project of Martijn
by Elise Buiter, Thijs Bosma, Wouter Roobeek and
Sparnaaijn shows courage, innovation, societal relevance
Goof van de Weg (3mE)
and possibilities for practical application.
▪▪
▪▪ ▪▪
▪▪
“AcoustiCam: a low cost/high resolution acoustic camera” by Maurice Boon, Maarten Debrouwere,
43
Research
Awards Veolia Trophées Performance 2012 Ever since 1998, the Trophées Performance awards have
The next step was an oral presentation in front of the
been rewarding the most innovative work done by final-
Veolia expert panel at the headquarters in Paris, in
years students from universities, engineering graduate
walking distance of the Arc de Triomphe. We travelled
schools and business schools.
down to Paris to convince them of the level of innovation and importance of the work we performed in a year
The contest is open to postgraduate students (in their
during our thesis, in a time set of only 15 minutes.
fifth year of further education) working on their end-ofcourse thesis (PFE, TFE, etc. in France) and prepared
Some weeks later we got the news that we succeeded
to present that thesis to a judging panel of Veolia
and were announced winners in the water category.
Environment professionals. The topics addressed must
We were invited for the award ceremony on the 5th of
relate to Veolia’s divisional business segments (water,
December in Paris, together with our supervisor Bas
energy, environmental services and transport).
Heijman. We enjoyed the fast service of the Thalys and were handed a ticket to Chicago including some
We (Reinoud Feenstra & Sid Vollebregt) participated in
travel money and 3000 euro research money for the
the 2012 edition in the water category. With our thesis
department of Sanitary Engineering of the TU Delft. It
about the design, implementation and evaluation of
was a rewarding experience and offered a good insight in
a solar driven desalination system for decentralized
such a big water company as Veolia.
drinking water production, we managed to get through the reading committee, who judge the submitted thesis and poster presentation.
44
Awards European Inventor Award 2012 2012 has been a special year for those who worked on the development of the Nereda technology for sewage treatment. Besides the grand opening of the first full scale Nereda wastewater treatment plant by our crown prince W.A. van Oranje in May, the inventors were nominated for the European Inventor Award 2012, a price from the European Patent Office for the most innovative patents filed at the EPO. Mark van Loosdrecht (TNWBiotechnology), Merle de Kreuk (presently CiTG-Sanitary Engineering) and Sef Heijnen (TNW-Biotechnology) were invited to join the award ceremony in Copenhagen. The nominated patent handles about the anaerobic feeding phase, needed to get stable aerobic granule
In the category “Research” also the inventors of a new
formation and high nutrient removal efficiencies. This
drug for hepatitis B treatment and the inventors of a way
finding was the crucial step in making aerobic granular
to incorporate unnatural amino acids into proteins were
sludge suitable for practical application for industrial
nominated. The patent for the hepatitis B drug won the
and municipal wastewater treatment. The very compact
category and the Dutch inventors ended as runner-up,
Nereda technology will lead to lower investment and
with a nice experience and some great movies of their
operational costs, energy reduction and more efficient
work.
treatment of wastewater.
45
Research
Awards IWA sustainability award At the biennial World Congress of the International Water Association (IWA) in Busan, Korea, on Tuesday, September 18th Jan Peter van der Hoek was awarded the “IWA Sustainability Award 2012” in the category “excellent research”. Jan Peter van der Hoek is a Drinking Water Engineering professor at the Water Management department of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, and head of the Center of Strategic Waternet. The prize is aimed at “sustainable management of water resources in an urban environment”. Jan Peter van der Hoek received the award for the article “Climate change mitigation by recovery of energy from the water cycle: a new challenge for water management”
2020 and can make a contribution of 5% to the objectives
(Water Science & Technology 65 (1), 2012, 135-141).
of Amsterdam in 2025 on reducing greenhouse gas
This article describes how Waternet, the water cycle
emissions by 40% in 2025.
company for Amsterdam and surroundings, works on a sustainable water cycle by energy from water use. As a result Waternet will be able to operate climate neutrally in
46
Awards The best idea and the most attractive IT application in the water sector On the 25th of May 2012 the first meeting of the theme
The submitted ideas and applications came from the
group of KNW (Royal Waternetwork) “IT application in
entire water field, from water management to drinking
the water sector” was organised. The purpose was to
water supply. The applications were also divers, from
inspire and discuss the state-of-the-art of IT in the water
policy support to control solutions. The human sensor
sector. During the meeting the participants were able to
of Ignaz Worm was chosen as the best idea for a IT
choose the most attractive IT application and the best
application in the water sector (photo left) and the dike
idea for an IT application in the water sector, in a X factor
strength analysis module (DAM) of Jos Maccabiani was
like setting. To warm up, Prof. Dr. Ir. Bart van Arem gave
chosen as the most attractive IT application (photo right).
an overview of the best IT application in traffic control,
For a detailed report of the meeting and an overview of
explaining the technologies and the effects of IT on
all the submissions see http://www.waternetwerk.nl/
mobility.
nieuws/artikel/266/ (in Dutch).
47
Research
Awards Winners KNW Thesis award 2012 During the autumn congress 2012 of KNW (Royal Dutch
The thesis award is to stimulate students at a school of
Waternetwork) on 30 November in Baarn, the seventh
higher eduction or university to write the best thesis in
KNW thesis award for young scientists was granted by
the field of water. Winners receive an amount of money,
the chairwoman of the jury Agnes Maenhout (director
a publication and the unique possibility to present
SWO). Winners were Sid Vollebregt and Reinoud Feenstra
themselves to the Dutch water sector.
(both TU Delft), who have written the thesis ‘The design, implementation and evaluation of a renewable driven desalination system for decentralized drinking water production’.
48
http://www.waternetwerk.nl/artikelgroep/artikel/36/
Awards Sanitary Engineering awarded for OpenCourseWare Excellence From April 16 – April 18 the OpenCourseWare Consortium
“We’re very pleased to honor these courses,” said OCW
organises an annual conference on Open Educational
Consortium Executive Director Mary Lou Forward. “They
Resources. Last year the OpenCourseWare movement
are truly outstanding examples of the amazing educational
celibrated its 10 year anniversary. In this honour the
resources being shared openly by the members of the
Awards for OpenCourseWare excellence were handed out
OpenCourseWare Consortium.”
for the first time. TU Delft OpenCourseWare is very proud of this honour, This year, the award for OpenCourseWare Excellence
and of course of the instructors who are actually behind
in the multimedia category goes out to the Sanitary
this award, Prof. Ir. J.C. van Dijk and Prof. Dr. Ir. F.H.L.R.
Engineering course of Delft University of Technology.
Clemens.
Out of 17.000 courses now shared openly by universities worldwide, Sanitary Engineering got this award.
49
Research
Research exchange Dagmara Bunter Hello, my name is Dagmara
University of Santiago de Compostela, where I always
(Daga). I was born in 1981 in
wanted to come back with all my heart. In 2008 I started
Zabrze, the city located in the
PhD studies focused on the start-up and operation of the
heart of Silesia, in southern
novel three stages MBR (methanogenic, aerobic biofilm
Poland. I obtained my Master
and membrane filtration) for the municipal wastewater
Degree in 2006 at Silesian
treatment. This work is a part of NOVEDAR_Consolider
University
in
Project, which main theme is: “Conception of the Sewage
Gliwice, in the Department of
Treatment Plant of XXI Century”. In July 2010 I obtained
Environmental Biotechnology at the Faculty of Energy
DEA (Diploma de Estudios Avanzados), which corresponds
and Environmental Engineering. Part of my master
to the midway of PhD. And, finally, in January 2012 I
thesis was realized at the University of Santiago de
came to TU Delft to learn more in detail about anaerobic
Compostela in Galicia, northern part of Spain. Back then
membrane bioreactors and fouling. I will be here till the
my work was focused on the elimination of PPCPs from
end of May, trying my best to obtain good results for the
wastewater. From 2006 till 2008, as a PhD student of
final chapter of my thesis.
Silesian University of Technology, I participated in the
I love to travel, gain experiences and meet interesting
6th FP Project KNAPPE, which stands for “Knowledge
people. I believe that my stay here, although short, will
and Need Assessment on Pharmaceutical Products in
be a very positive adventure. I am looking forward to
Environmental Waters”. And there my PPCPs adventure
meeting you and Delft.
of
Technology
came to an end, since I was offered a PhD position at
Klaas Schoutteten ‘Hello! I’m a master student
organic matter prior to activated carbon adsorption and
from the University of Ghent,
its influence on the adsorption of pharmaceuticals. I also
in Belgium. I’m 24 years old
have an experiment running in the University of Ghent
and am studying environmental
which involves the dehalogenation of pharmaceuticals
technology in the faculty of
prior to activated carbon adsorption.
bioscience engineering. I’m in
But something about myself now: I’m from Belgium, so
Delft as an exchange student,
guess what I like? (…) Yes indeed: Belgian French fries,
and am finishing my thesis here
Belgian be(v)er(ages), Belgian chocolate, and… Dutch
in Delft. I have Dr. Ir. Verliefde as my supervisor. My thesis
stroopwafels. Other than that I like music and play the
deals with the removal of pharmaceuticals using activated
horn in an orchestra. My favorite sport is cycling, and
carbon, and it’s thus part of the ESTAB project – ‘Emerging
(although it’s still early) throwing in a little guess: I think
Substances: Towards an Absolute Barrier’. I’m working
Fabian Cancellara will win the Tour of Flanders, and
together with David, Jenny and Cheryl on different
Tom Boonen will win Paris-Roubaix the week after. Next
kinds of experiments, which include relating adsorption
to these interests, I prefer to spend my free time with
to solute and carbon properties, and removing natural
friends, play poker, or go watch a movie.
Flavio Krzyzanowski My name is Flavio Krzyzanowski
Sao Paulo and now I am making my doctorate thesis in
Junior. I come from Sao Paulo
Public Health, also at University of Sao Paulo. My main
state, Sao Paulo city, Brazil. I
goal is to evaluate the wastewater sludge application
am a Professor of Biology and
in agriculture soils in Brazil. I am here, at TU Delft, to
Microbiology
Federal
develop the Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment
Institute of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
of this sludge application in order to characterize the
I made my Master in clinical
sludge that is produced in Sao Paulo State. Professor
microbiology at the University of
Gertjan Medema is my supervisor.
50
of
the
Research exchange Rui Ferreira My name is Rui Ferreira and I
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences on Specific
am 22 years old. I come from
Methanogenic Activity and Phosphatase Activity of an
Portugal and I am at TU Delft
anaerobic reactor used to treat the sludge resulting from
doing my Master Thesis in order
marine Recirculation Aquaculture Systems. My research is
to obtain the degree of Master
supported by the project Emission Minimization of Marine
in Environmental Engineering
Aquaculture Recirculation Systems (EM-MARES) carried
from Faculty of Engineering of
out by PhD researcher Xuedong Zhang who is my daily
University of Porto (Portugal).
supervisor. I am also being supervised by professor Mark
I am working at the Sanitary Engineering section of
van Loodsrecht and Dr. Ir. Henri Spanjers.
Marta Frolova I was born in 1990, in Rezekne,
and Technology as an exchange student in autumn 2010
that is a town on the East of
and this year came to Delft for an internship for a time
Latvia (one of the most beautiful
period 20.02.2012 – 20.08.2012. Here I work together
countries in the world). I am
with Ran Shang and my topic is “Rejection of EfOM
studying in the 4th year out of
and ions from WWTP effluent water by back-washable
5 in Riga Technical University
ceramic tight UF membranes (BCNF)”.
in the bachelor study program Heat, Gas and Water Technology
I really like this nice city and all the people around.
in the faculty of Civil Engineering.
Hopefully this will be an interesting and productive 6
I have been studying in Norwegian University of Science
months and I will learn many new things.
Haoyu Wang I was born in 1985 in the city
Engineering section of UNESCO-IHE as a PhD researcher
of Harbin, which is named as
for two years from December 2011. Since this February I
“Pearl on the swan’s neck” in
started doing research at TU Delft for several months. At
China. Both my bachelor degree
TU Delft, I join in a project which focuses on wastewater
(2008)
degree
treatment by using EGSB system, cooperating with DSM.
(2010) were gotten at the
My previous studies were about microbial fuel cell (MFC)
major of Environmental Science
and microbial electrolysis cell (MEC).
and
master
and Engineering from Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT). Now I am a PhD candidate
I like yoga very much. Moreover, I like playing chess and
at State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource &
enjoying movie. I got married in the summer of 2011
Environment at HIT. Sponsored by Chinese Scholarship
and my husband Yu Tao is also a PhD researcher at the
Council (CSC), I started working at the Sanitary
Sanitary Engineering section of TU Delft.
Naresh Singhal I am an Associate Professor
Towards an absolute barrier (ESTAB)” project. This area
in the Department of Civil and
overlaps with the investigation of fate, transport, and
Environmental Engineering at
impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and
the University of Auckland (UoA)
pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) being
in New Zealand and am visiting
carried out by me research group. Funding for my visit
TU Delft for a period of 5 months
to TU has been provided by De Nederlandse Organisatie
(February to June) as a part of
voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) via a “visitors”
my Sabbatical leave. During
grant to Prof. Jan Peter van der Hoek.
this time I will be working on the “Emerging substances:
51
Research
Research exchange Over the past month I have had the pleasure of getting to
been involved with research spanning bioclogging of
know as well as work with Prof. Jan Peter van der Hoek,
soils, metal speciation kinetics in leachate contaminated
Dr. Ir. Arne Verliefde, Cheryl Bertelkamp, and Franca
groundwater,
Kramer. During this time I have been involved with the
interactions in stormwater runoff, biological nitrogen
experimental design of batch experiments to assess the
removal processes (lately with a focus on nitrous oxide
degradation of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in the
emissions from these processes), in-situ bioremediation of
laboratory under a variety of environmental conditions
hydrophobic organic pollutants, Fenton and catalytic (ZVI,
(e.g., carbon source availability and redox potential). We
nano metal oxides, Fe-TAML etc.) and phyto degradation
have gone through several iterations of the experimental
of organics, and fate and impact of EDCs/PPCPs in
plan, which has been iteratively modified following
treatment processes and the environment. This breadth
new ideas put forward by someone in the team – this
is proving useful in my involvement with the ESTAB
exchange of ideas has been quite rewarding. These
project. The objectives of this project are complementary
experiments will feed into column experiments whose
to the activities that my group has conducted on EDCs/
design will pose other hurdles and challenges (and I
PPCPs – our focus has been on the oxidative and
look forward to these discussions with interest). The
reductive transformation of OMPs by microbes, plants,
overall scope of the ESTAB project is massive with the
chemicals and catalysts, with particular attention to the
involvement of 10 organizations from three countries
formation of intermediates and the change in impact via
working on three separate technologies in an integrated
quantification of estrogenicity. Recently, we have initiated
manner. The project covers aspects of groundwater flow,
research on developing a theoretical framework based on
biogeochemical interactions in soil, membrane filtration,
electron density distribution in chemicals for modelling
and sorption phenomena, coupled with new product
their sequence and rate of degradation under specific
development and QASAR modelling to predict the fate
environmental conditions. These activities fit hand in
of OMPs.
glove with the goals of the ESTAB project that I am
microbe-organic
ligand-heavy
metal
involved with. I am looking forward to a productive visit My background is in groundwater fate and transport,
and hope to interact with other TU staff and students
having done my PhD from Princeton University (USA) on
over the remainder of my visit.
in-situ bioremediation. Since joining UoA in 1996 I have
Yu Tao My name is Yu Tao and I was
for two years since December, 2011. I got married in the
born in Harbin, a northeastern
summer of 2011 and my wife is also a CSC-sponsored
city of China, in 1985. I got both
PhD researcher at UNESCO-IHE.
my bachelor degree (2008) and
My previous studies were about (1) domestic wastewater
master degree (2010) at the
treatment by using an upflow anaerobic fixed bed and
major of Environmental Science
(2) ANAMMOX bacteria enrichment. At TU Delft, I will
and Engineering from Harbin
focus on the topic of “Architecture and microbial ecology
Institute of Technology (HIT).
of anaerobic biofilm”, cooperating with engineers from
Now I am a PhD candidate at State Key Laboratory of
CiTG and microbiologists from TNW. My research will be
Urban Water Resource & Environment at HIT. Sponsored
based on the molecular analysis into biofilms retrieved
by Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC), I started working
from several anaerobic bioreactors, including membrane
at the Sanitary Engineering section as a PhD researcher
bioreactor (MBR), dynamic MBR and EGSB.
52
Research exchange Juan B. Gimenez My name is Juan B. Gimenez
means of anaerobic membrane bioreactors, in which I am
and I was born in Valencia,
currently performing my PhD research at the Chemical
Spain in 1979. In 2007, I have
Engineering department of the University of Valencia. In
completed
on
2010, I received my MSc degree in Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering at the
from the Chemical Engineering department of the
University of Valencia. After
University of Valencia. With the Spanish government
my graduation, I got involved
support. Currently I am joining the Sanitary Engineering
with Calagua Research Group
section to take part in several research projects regarding
and I took part in several research projects regarding
anaerobic
advanced biological methods for nutrients removal from
membrane bioreactors.
my
studies
treatment
of
sewage
using
anaerobic
wastewater, and sustainable wastewater treatment by
Başak Savun Hekimoglu I was born in Istanbul, Turkey
processes. As part of my MSc thesis, I conducted some
1987. I received my bachelor’s
complementary laboratory work at Hamburg University
degree
Environmental
of Technology (TUHH) at the Institute of Wastewater
Engineering in 2008 from Trakya
Management and Water Protection, Germany. I completed
University. I continued to pursue
my MSc degree in 2011 with 3.72/4 GPA. During this time,
my academic career by enrolling
I also worked as a teaching and research assistant at
in 2008 into the Environmental
the Institute of Environmental Sciences, which is a highly
Technology MSc program at the
competitive position. In April 2012, I have joined the TU
Institute of Environmental Sciences at Bogazici University,
delft, Sanitary Engineering Section as a guest researcher
Istanbul, Turkey. My MSc thesis was on the pretreatment
and I am currently doing research on brine treatment.
in
of municipal waste activated sludge by advanced oxidation
Borja Sanchez Rodriguez I am Borja Sanchez Rodriguez.
end of Januari 2013.
I have just start my research period
in
the
Sanitary
Engineering section. Previously I have studied chemistry and Msc in Water Pollution. I have started my research at the first of September and will stay till the
Others who also did a research exchange in 2012: Ivars Poznakovs
Maxime Cachia
Alexis Martin
Ignasi Mercadó
Simon Bouvier
Morgane Collouard
Guilemette Thieffry
Ana Barradinhas
Júlia Dulsat
Michelle Campos
Estelle Rabiller-Kermorvant
Maria José Coca
53
Research
Publications Dissertations Baghoth, SA (2012, november 15). Characterizing natural organic matter in drinking water treatment processes and trains. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (165 pag.) (ISBN 978-1-138-00026-1). Prom./coprom.: Prof. Dr. GL Amy. Ridder, DJ de (2012, december 15). Adsorption of organic micropollutants onto activated carbon and zeolites. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (118 pag.) (Delft: Water Management Academic Press) (ISBN 978-94-6186-068-2). Prom./ coprom.: Prof. Ir. JC van Dijk & Prof. Dr. GL Amy. Teunissen, K (2012, november 14). Advanced oxidation and managed aquifer recharge. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (207 pag.) ( Klomp Grafische communicatie) (ISBN 978-94-6186-082-8). Prom./coprom.: Prof. Ir. JC van Dijk & Prof. Dr. GL Amy. Worm, GIM (2012, november 12). Integration of drinking water treatment plant process models and emulated process automation software. TUD Technische Universiteit Delft (128 pag.) (Delft: Water Management Academic Press) (ISBN 97890-8957-027-7). Prom./coprom.: Dr. Ir. LC Rietveld.
Article - letter to the editor Aa, LTJ van der, Kolpa, RJ, Rietveld, LC & Dijk, JC van (2012). Improved removal of pesticides in biological granular activated carbon filters by pre-oxidation of natural organic matter. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology¿Aqua, (ISSN 0003-7214), 3(61), 153-163. Abel, CDT, Sharma, SK, Malolo, YN, Maeng, SK, Kennedy, MD & Amy, GL (2012). Attenuation of bulk organic matter, nutrients (N and P), and pathogen indicators during soil passage: Effect of temperature and redox conditions in simulated soil aquifer treatment (SAT). Water, Air and Soil Pollution: an international journal of environmental pollution, (ISSN 00496979), 223(8), 5205-5220. Amerlinck, Y, Nieuwenhuijzen, A van , Nopens, I , Claessen, V , Flameling, T , Weijers, S & Langeveld, JG (2012). Integrale dynamische modellering afvalwaterketen Eindhoven: De rwzi in detail. WT-Afvalwater, (ISSN 1879-8780), 12(3), 179-188. Amerlinck, Y. ; Nieuwenhuijzen, A. van ; Nopens, I. ; Flameling, T.; Jonge, J. de, Weijers, S. ; Langeveld, J. Integrale dynamische modellering afvalwaterketen Eindhoven : de zuivering in detail. Vakblad riolering vlaanderen 20-22. Amerlinck, Y. , Nieuwenhuijzen, A. van , Dijk, P. van, Langeveld, J.G. 2012. Geavanceerde dynamische modellering rwzi Eindhoven voor een schonere Dommel. H2O. Bertelkamp, C , Reungoat, J , Cornelissen, E , Ghadiri, E, Jonge, M. de, Singhal, N, Hoek, JP van der & Verliefde, ARD (2012). Transformation of organic micropollutants during river bank filtration. Water Practice and Technology, (ISSN 1751-231X), 4(7). Bijnen, JA van, Korving, JL & Clemens, FHLR (2012). Invloed toestand van de riolering op “water op straat”: een onzekerheidsanalyse gebaseerd op praktijkwaarnemingen en monte carlo simulatie met een hydrodynamisch model. WTAfvalwater, (ISSN 1879-8780), 12(2), 155-165.
54
Publications Bijnen, M van , Korving, H. & Clemens, FHLR (2012). Impact of sewer condition on urban flooding: An uncertainty analysis based on field observations and Monte Carlo simulations on full hydrodynamic models. Water Science and Technology, (ISSN 0273-1223), 65(12), 2219-2227. Botton, S , Verliefde, ARD , Quach, NT & Cornelissen, ER (2012). Influence of biofouling on pharmaceuticals rejection in NF membrane filtration. Water Research, (ISSN 0043-1354), 46(18), 5848-5860. Broeck, R van den , Dierdonck, J van , Nijskens, P , Dotremont, C , Krzeminski, PK , Graaf, JHJM van der , Lier, JB van , Impe, J van & Smets, I (2012). The influence of solids retention time on activated sludge bioflocculation and membrane fouling in a mbr. Journal of Membrane Science, (ISSN 0376-7388), 401-402(May), 48-55. Broens, F , Menne, D , Pothof, IWM , Blankert, B , Roesink, HDW , Futselaar, H. , Lammertink, RGH & Wessling, M (2012). Water hammer reduces fouling during natural water ultrafiltration. Water Research, (ISSN 0043-1354), 4(46), 1113-1120. Daal, P. van, Clemens, F., ten Veldhuis, M.C., Pothof, I. en Langeveld, J. 2012. Congresverslag Urban Drainage Modelling 9 te Belgrado. WT-afvalwater 12 (2012) 5 pp 326-331 Dereli, RK , Ersahin, ME , Ozgun, H , Ozturk, I , Jeison, D , Zee, FP van der & Lier, JB van (2012). Potentials of anaerobic membrane bioreactors to overcome treatment limitations induced by industrial wastewaters. Bioresource Technology, (ISSN 0960-8524), 2012(October), 160-170. Dirksen, J. Baars, E.J., Langeveld, J.G. and Clemens, F.H.L.R. 2012 Settlement as a driver for sewer rehabilitation. Water Science and Technology 66 (7) 1534-1539 Ersahin, ME , Ozgun, H , Dereli, RK , Ozturk, I , Roest, K & Lier, JB van (2012). A review on dynamic membrane filtration: Materials, applications and future perspectives. Bioresource Technology, (ISSN 0960-8524), 122(October), 196-206. Garsadi, R , Notodarmojo, S , Ross, PS & Verberk, JQJC (2012). Micro hydraulic mobile water treatment plant: Application in the field. Water Practice and Technology, (ISSN 1751-231X), 7(2), 1-6. Gil, J , Dorgeloh, E , Lier, JB van , Graaf, JHJM van der & Prats, D. (2012). Start-up of decentralised mbrs partII: the use of additives as initial inoculum. Desalination and Water Treatment: science and engineering, (ISSN 1944-3994), 41(1-3), 265-278. Halem, D van , Moed, DH , Verberk, JQJC , Amy, GL & Dijk, JC van (2012). Cation exchange during subsurface iron removal. Water Research, (ISSN 0043-1354), 46(2), 307-315. He, Q , Li, J , Liu, H , Tang, C , Koning, J de & Spanjers, H. (2012). Efficiency of a pilot-scale integrated sludge thickening and digestion reactor in treating low-organic excess sludge. Environmental Technology, (ISSN 0959-3330), 33(12), 1403-1408. Hefferman, B , Blanc, J & Spanjers, HLFM (2012). Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions from municipal UASB sewage treatment plants. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 127-137. Heijnen, L & Medema, G (2011). Surveillance of influenza A and the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in sewage and surface water in the Netherlands. Journal of Water and Health, (ISSN 1477-8920), 09(3), 434-442.
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Publications Helm, AWC van der , Oonincx, M , Lapikas, T , Schagen, K van & Rietveld, LC (2012). A drinking water treatment plant simulator using real-time plant data for enhanced training and model evaluation. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, (ISSN 1606-9749), 12(2), 241-249. Hoek, JP van der (2012). Climate change mitigation by recovery of energy from the water cycle: a new challenge for water management. Water Science and Technology, (ISSN 0273-1223), 65(1), 135-141. Hoek, JP van der (2012). Drinkwatervoorziening in europees perspectief. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, (ISSN 0166-8439), 45(8), 4-6. Hoek, JP van der (2012). Kansen voor klimaatneutrale waterketens. Milieu, (ISSN 1596-3449), 18(7), 12-13. Hoek, JP van der (2012). Towards a climate neutral water cycle. Journal of Water and Climate Change, (ISSN 2040-2244), 3(3), 163-170. Hoek, JP van der (2012). Waternet wint IWA-duurzaamheidsprijs 2012. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, (ISSN 0166-8439), 45(21), 21-22. Hofman-Caris, R , Harmsen, D , Beerendonk, E , knol, AH , Metz, D & Wols, BA (2012). Prediction of advanced oxidation performance in pilot uv/h2O2 reactor systems with mp- and lp-uv lamps. Ozone: Science & Engineering, (ISSN 0191-9512), 34(2), 120-124. Hongbin, X , Scherrenberg, SM & Lier, JB van (2012). Dissolved oxygen, COD, nitrogen and phosphorus profiles in a continuous sand filter used for WTTP effluent reclamation. Water Science and Technology, (ISSN 0273-1223), 7(66), 15111518. Hu, J , Koleva, DA & Breugel, K van (2012). Corrosion performance of reinforced mortar in the presence of polymeric nano-aggregates: electrochemical behavior, surface analysis, and properties of the steel/cement paste interface. Journal of Materials Science, (ISSN 0022-2461), 47(12), 4981-4995. Hu, J , Koleva, DA, Ma, Y , Schlangen, E , Petrov, P & Breugel, K van (2012). The influence of admixed micelles on the microstructural properties and global performance of cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research, (ISSN 00088846), 42(8), 1122-1133. Jacobs, E , Geldof, G , Lems, P , Schellart, A , Pothof, IWM & Veldhuis, JAE ten (2011). Wordt stedelijk waterbeheer steeds duurder? H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, (ISSN 0166-8439), 10-11. Janssen, AN & Graaf, J van der (2012). De toepasbaarheid van de SUR-meting voor ultrafiltratie van rwzi-effluent. WTAfvalwater, (ISSN 1879-8780), 12(3), 226-233. Kassab, GH , Koetse, MM , Klapwijk, A , Fayyad, M & Lier, JB van (2012). Integrating methanogenesis and denitrification processes in egsb reactors treating domestic sewage for adjusting effluent nitrogen levels. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, (ISSN 0175-7598). Keuten, MGA , Schets, FM , Schijven, JF & Verberk, JQJC (2012). Definition and quantification of initial anthropogenic pollutant release in swimming pools. Water Research, (ISSN 0043-1354), 46(1), 3682-3692.
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Publications Krzeminski, P , Iglesias-Obelleiro, A , Madebo, G , Garrido, JM , Graaf, JHJM van der & Lier, JB van (2012). Impact of temperature on raw wastewater composition and activated sludge filterability in full-scale MBR systems for municipal sewage treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, (ISSN 0376-7388), 423-424(December), 348-361. Krzeminski, P , Langhorst, W , Schyns, P , Vente, D de , Broeck, R van den , Smets, IY , Impe, JFM , Graaf, JHJM van der & Lier, JB van (2012). The optimal MBR configuration: hybrid versus stand-alone - comparison between three full-scale MBRs treating municipal wastewater. Desalination, (ISSN 0011-9164), 284, 341-348. Krzeminski, PK , Gil, J , Nieuwenhuijzen, AF van , Graaf, JHJM van der & Lier, JB van (2012). Flat sheet or hollow fibre comparison of full-scale membrane bio-reactor configurations. Desalination and Water Treatment: science and engineering, (ISSN 1944-3994), 42(1-3), 100-106. Krzeminski, PK , Graaf, JHJM van der & Lier, JB van (2011). Specific energy consumption of membrane bioreactor (mbr) for sewage treatment. Water Science and Technology, (ISSN 0273-1223), 65(2), 380-392. Langeveld, JG , Liefting, HJ & Boogaard, FC (CiTG-WM-WRS Water Resources Engineering) (2012). Uncertainties of stormwater characteristics and removal rates of stormwater treatment facilities: implications for stormwater handling. Water Research, (ISSN 0043-1354), 6(4), 6868-6880. Langeveld, J.G, de Haan, C., Klootwijk, M. and Schilperoort, R.P.S.,(2012). Monitoring the performance of a storm water separating manifold with distributed temperature sensing. Water Science and Technology 66 (1). 145-150 Langeveld, J.G., Schilperoort, R.P.S. and Weijers, S.R. (2012). Climate change and urban wastewater infrastructure: there is more to explore. Journal of Hydrology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.10.021 Lekkerker-Teunissen, K , knol, AH , Altena, LP van , Houtman, CJ , Verberk, JQJC & Dijk, JC van (2012). Serial ozone/ peroxide/low pressure UV treatment for synergistic and effective organic micropollutant conversion. Separation and Purification Technology, (ISSN 1383-5866), 100, 22-29. Letema, S , Vliet, B van & Lier, JB van (2012). Satellite sanitary systems in Kampala, Uganda. Environmental Engineering Science (Print), (ISSN 1092-8758), 29(5), 291-296. Li, S , Heijman, SGJ , Verberk, JQJC , Verliefde, ARD , Amy, GL & Dijk, JC van (2012). Removal of different fractions of NOM foulants during demineralized water backwashing. Separation and Purification Technology, (ISSN 1383-5866), 98, 186-192. Li, S , Heijman, SGJ , Verberk, JQJC , Amy, GL & Dijk, JC van (2012). Seawater ultrafiltration fouling control: Backwashing with demineralized water/SWRO permeate. Separation and Purification Technology, (ISSN 1383-5866), 98, 327-336. Liefting, E., Langeveld, J., Quist, W. and Eijnden, P. van der 2012. Waterkwaliteitsspoor in breder perspectief: Sint Maartensdijk. H2O/2-2012- 38-40 Lindeboom, R.E.F. , Weijma, J & Lier, JB van (2012). High-calorific biogas production by selective CO 2 retention at autogenerated biogas pressures up to 20 bar. Environmental Science & Technology (Washington), (ISSN 0013-936X), 46(3), 1895-1902. Lousada Ferreira, M & Graaf, JHJM van der (2012). Filtreerbaarheid en drogestofgehalte in membraanbioreactoren. WTAfvalwater, (ISSN 1879-8780), 12(2), 117-125.
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Publications Ma, C , Yu, S , Shi, W , Tian, W, Heijman, SGJ & Rietveld, LC (2012). High concentration powdered activated carbonmembrane bioreactor (PAC-MBR) for slightly polluted surface water treatment at low temperatur. Bioresource Technology, (ISSN 0960-8524), 113, 136-142. Moed, DH , Halem, D van , Verberk, JQJC , Amy, GL & Dijk, JC van (2012). Influence of groundwater composition on subsurface iron and arsenic removal. Water Science and Technology, (ISSN 0273-1223), 66(1), 173-178. Moel, PJ de , Dijk, JC van & Meer, WGJ van der (2011). Waterchemie voor drinkwater modeleren met phreeqc. H2O: tijdschrift voor watervoorziening en waterbeheer, (ISSN 0166-8439), 34-36. Nzila, C , Dewulf, J , Spanjers, HLFM , Tuigong, D , Kiriamiti, H & Langenhove, H van (2012). Multi criteria sustainability assessment of biogas production in Kenya. Applied Energy, (ISSN 0306-2619), 496-506. Ozgun, H , Karagul, N , Dereli, RK , Ersahin, ME , Coskuner, T , Ciftci, DI , Ozturk, I & Altinbas, M (2012). Confectionery industry: A case study on treatability-based effluent characterization and treatment system performance. Water Science and Technology, (ISSN 0273-1223), 66(1), 15-20. Pabon-Pereira, C.P. , Castanares, G. & Lier, JB van (2012). An oxitop® protocol for screening plant material for its biochemical methane potential (BMP). Water Science and Technology, (ISSN 0273-1223), 66(7), 1416-1423. Pothof, IWM & Blokker, EJM (2012). Dynamic hydraulic models to study sedimentation in drinking water networks in detail. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, (ISSN 1996-9457), 5, 121-137. Ridder, DJ de , Verliefde, ARD , Heijman, SGJ , Gelin, S , Pereira, MFR , Rocha, RP , Figueiredo, JL , Amy, GL & Dijk, JC van (2012). A thermodynamic approach to assess organic solute adsorption onto activated carbon in water. Carbon, (ISSN 0008-6223), 50(10), 3774-3781. Ridder, DJ de , Verliefde, ARD , Schoutteten, K , Linden, B van der (unit Afdelingsbureau O&O-groep (ChemE)), Heijman, SGJ , Beurroies, I , Denoyel, R , Amy, GL & Dijk, JC van (2012). Relation between interfacial energy and adsorption of organic micropollutants onto activated carbon. Carbon, (ISSN 0008-6223). Ridder, DJ de , Verberk, JQJC , Heijman, SGJ , Amy, GL & Dijk, JC van (2012). Zeolites for nitrosamine and pharmaceutical removol from demineralised and surface water: mechanisms and efficacy. Separation and Purification Technology, (ISSN 1383-5866), 89(March), 71-77. Rietveld, LC (2012). Energiewinst in drie stappen. Milieu, (ISSN 1596-3449), 18(7), 28-29. Sales-Ortells, H & Medema, G (2012). Screening-level risk assessment of coxiella burnetii (q fever) transmission via aeration of drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology (Washington), (ISSN 0013-936X), 46, 4125-4133. Salinas Rodriguez, SG , Kennedy, MD , Amy, GL & Schippers, JC (2012). Flux dependency of particulate/colloidal fouling in seawater reverse osmosis systems. Desalination and Water Treatment: science and engineering, (ISSN 1944-3994), 42(13), 155-162. Scherrenberg, SM , Neef, R de , Menkveld, W , Nieuwenhuijzen, AF van & Graaf, JHJM van der (2012). Investigating phosphorus limitation in a fixed bed filter with phosphorus and nitrogen profile measurements. Water Environment Research, (ISSN 1061-4303), 84(1), 25-33.
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Publications Schilperoort R.P.S., Dirksen J., Langeveld J.G. and Clemens F.H.L.R., 2012. Assessing characteristic time and space scales of in-sewer processes by analysis of one year of continuous in-sewer monitoring data. Water Science and Technology 66 (8) 1614-1620 Schilperoort, RPS , Sikkes, M , Weijers, SR & Langeveld, JG (2012). Lessen uit 6 jaar onderzoek bij waterschap De Dommel, rwzi eindhoven: 2004-2009. WT-Afvalwater, (ISSN 1879-8780), 12(1), 39-52. Schilperoort, RPS , Sikkes, M , Weijers, S & Langeveld, JG (2012). Lessen uit 6 jaar RTC onderzoek bij waterschap De Dommel, rwzi Eindhoven: 2004-2009. WT-Afvalwater, (ISSN 1879-8780), 1(12), 39-52. Schutgens, G , Pothof, IWM , Voogt, M & Clemens, FHLR (2012). Capaciteitsreductie in persleidingen. WT-Afvalwater, (ISSN 1879-8780), 12(1), 17-38. Spekkers, MH , Kok, M, Clemens, FHLR & Veldhuis, JAE ten (2012). A statistical analysis of insurance damage claims related to rainfall extremes. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, (ISSN 1812-2108), 9(10), 11615-11640. Stanic, N. ; Langeveld, J. ; Clemens, F. 2012. Identificatie van de benodigde informatie voor het beoordelen van faalmechanismen bij het rioleringsbeheer. WT-afvalwater 12(2012)4 pp 293 – 302 Subhi, N , Verliefde, ARD , Chen, V & Le-Chlech, P (2012). Assessment of physicochemical interactions in hollow fibre ultrafiltration membrane by contact angle analysis. Journal of Membrane Science, (ISSN 0376-7388), 403-404(June), 32-40. Szanto, GL , Oosterveer, P , Scheinberg, A & Lier, JB van (2012). Composting and anaerobic digestion methods in east africa municipalities. Waste Management, (ISSN 0956-053X). Veldhuis, JAE ten (2012). Geen straat meer onder water dankzij RainGain. Delta, (ISSN 0169-698x), 5-5. Veldhuis, JAE ten & Clemens, FHLR (2011). The efficiency of asset management stategies to reduce urban flood risk. Water Science and Technology, (ISSN 0273-1223), 64(6), 1317-1324. Veldhuis, JAE ten , Willems, P & Asselt, J van (2012). The raingain project. Hydrolink, 2, 56-58. Vet, WWJM de , Dinkla, IJT , Abbas, BA, Rietveld, LC & Loosdrecht, MCM van (2012). Gallionella spp. in trickling filtration of subsurface aerated and natural groundwater. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, (ISSN 0006-3592), 109(4), 904-912. Vet, WWJM de , Loosdrecht, MCM van & Rietveld, LC (2012). Phosphorus limitation in nitrifying groundwater filters. Water Research, (ISSN 0043-1354), 46(4), 1061-1069. Vital, M , Dignum, M , Magic-Knezev, A , Ross, PS , Rietveld, LC & Hammes, F (2012). Flow cytometry and adenosine tri-phosphate analysis: alternative possibilities to evaluate major bacteriological changes in drinking water treatment and distribution systems. Water Research, (ISSN 0043-1354), 4665-4676. Weijers, S. Jonge, J. de, Zanten, O. van, Benedetti, L., Langeveld, J., Menkveld, H.W., Nieuwenhuijzen, A.F. van (2011). KALLISTO: Cost Effective and Integrated Optimization of the Urban Wastewater System Eindhoven. Water Practice and Technology 7(2), doi:10.2166/wpt.2012.036
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Publications Weijers, S., de Jonge, J., Van Zanten, O. van, Flameling, T., Benedetti,L., d eKlein, J., Langeveld, J., van Nieuwenhuijzen, A. en Nopens, I. 2012 KALLISTO: successfully using an integrated modelling approach for cost-effective Water Framework Directive compliance. Water21, October 2012, pp 40-41 Wols, BA , Hofman-Caris, R , Harmsen, D , Beerendonk, E , Dijk, JC van , Chan, S & Blatchley, ER (2012). Comparison of cfd, biodosimetry and lagrangian actinometry to assess uv reactor performance. Ozone: Science & Engineering, (ISSN 0191-9512), 34(2), 81-91. Wols, BA & Hofman-Caris, CHM (2012). Modelling micropollutant degradation in UV/H2 O2 systems: Lagrangian versus Eulerian method. Chemical Engineering Journal, (ISSN 1385-8947), 210, 289-297. Wols, BA & Hofman-Caris, CHM (2012). Review of photochemical reaction constants of organic micropollutants required for UV advanced oxidation processes in water. Water Research, (ISSN 0043-1354), 46(9), 2815-2827. Worm, GIM , Wees, M van der , Winter, JCF de, Graaf, L de , Wieringa, PA & Rietveld, LC (2012). Training and assessment with a faster than real-time simulation of a drinking water treatment plant. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, (ISSN 1569-190X), 21(1), 52-64. Worst, W , Clemens, FHLR , Nieuwenhuijzen, A van & Oomens, A (2012). Een perspectief voor hemelwatersystemen. WTAfvalwater, (ISSN 1879-8780), 12(3), 189-209. Xu, H , Scherrenberg, SM & Lier, JB van (2012). Dissolved oxygen, COD, nitrogen and phosphorus profiles in a continuous sand filter used for WWTP effluent reclamation. Water Science and Technology, (ISSN 0273-1223), 66(7), 1511-1518. Yang, J , Vedantam, S , Spanjers, HLFM , Nopens, I & Lier, JB van (2012). Analysis of mass transfer characteristics in a tubular membrane using CFD modeling. Water Research, (ISSN 0043-1354), 46(15), 4705-4712. Yang, J , Spanjers, HLFM & Lier, JB van (2012). Non-feasibility of magnetic adsorbents for fouling control in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Desalination, (ISSN 0011-9164), 292(April), 124-128. zwan, S van der , Pothof, IWM , Blankert, B & Bara, J (2012). Feasibility of osmotic power from a hydrodynamic analysis at module and plant scale. Journal of Membrane Science, (ISSN 0376-7388), 389(February), 324-333.
Proceedings Aarts, ALF , Veldhuis, JAE ten , Neef, R de & Rietveld, LC (2012). Predicting fine screen behaviour under different water quality conditions. In s.n. (Ed.), New developments in IT & water. s.l.: s.n.. Allouche, N , Simons, DG (LR-C&O-ATO Aerospace Transport & Operations) & Rietveld, LC (2012). Monitoring of rapid sand filters using an acoustic imaging technique. In s.n. (Ed.), New developments in IT & water. s.l.: s.n.. Bakker, M , Vreeburg, JHG , Roer, M van der & Sperber, V (2012). Detecting pipe bursts by monitoring water demand. In s.n. (Ed.), Water loss europe conference (pp. 1-10). s.l.: s.n..
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Publications Bakker, M , Verberk, JQJC , Palmen, LJ , Sperber, V & Bakker, G (2011). Higher energy efficiency and better water quality by using model predictive flow control at water supply systems. In s.n. (Ed.), Water and innovation, water technology (pp. 1-8). s.l.: s.n.. Bakker, M , Vreeburg, JHG , Rietveld, LC & Roer, M van der (2012). Reducing customer minutes lost by anomaly detection? In s.n. (Ed.), Water distribution systems analysis (pp. 1-15). s.l.: s.n.. Bakker, M , Vreeburg, JHG , Rietveld, LC , Blom, T & Roer, M van der (2012). The use of an adaptive water demand prediction model. In s.n. (Ed.), Water distribution systems analysis (pp. 1-15). s.l.: s.n.. Benedetti, L., Langeveld, J., de Klein, J.J.M., Nopens, I., van Nieuwenhuijzen, A., Flameling, T., van Zanten, O. and Weijers, S. (2012) Sewer-WWTP-river integrated modeling for improvement of the Dommel River water quality. In: Proceedings of WEFTEC2012, New Orleans, LA, USA, 29 September - 3 October 2012. Platform presentation. Benedetti, L., de Jonge, J. , de Klein, J., Flameling, T., Langeveld, J., Nopens, I., van Nieuwenhuijzen, A.F., van Zanten, O. and Weijers, S. 2012 Integrated modelling for cost effective optimization of the urban wastewater system in the Eindhoven area 9th International Conference on “Urban Drainage Modelling” (UDM) Belgrade, Serbia 4 to 7 September 2012 Benedetti, L., Langeveld, J.G., Jonge, J. de, Klein, J. de, Flameling, T. , Nopens, I., Nieuwenhuijzen, A.F. van, Zanten, O. van and Weijers, S. 2012. KALLISTO: Cost Effective and Integrated Optimization of the Urban Wastewater System in Eindhoven by Integrated Modeling. In: Proceedings of WWTMOD, 26-28 February 2012, Quebec, Canada. Benedetti,L.,Langeveld, J., van Nieuwenhuijzen, A.F., de Jonge, J. ,de Klein, J. de, Flameling, T., Nopens,I., van Zanten, O., and Weijers, S. 2012 KALLISTO: Cost Effective and Integrated Optimization of the Urban Wastewater System Eindhoven. Proceedings of IWA World Water conference , Busan, South Korea. Bertelkamp, C , Kramer, FC , Reungoat, J , Singhal, N , Cornelissen, ER , Verliefde, ARD & Hoek, JP van der (2012). Organic micropollutant removal during river bank filtration: Batch studies. In s.l. (Ed.), Water quality technology conference and exposition (pp. 1-12). Denver: AWWA. Bertelkamp, C , Reungoat, J , Botton, S , Cornelissen, E , Ghadiri, E , Jonge, M. de , Singhal, N , Hoek, JP van der & Verliefde, ARD (2012). Transformation of organic micropollutants during river bank filtration: Laboratory versus field data. In s.n. (Ed.), Water solutios for liveable and sustainable cities (pp. 1-9). s.l.: s.n.. Boere, J , Hoek, JP van der , Jong, K de & Wijk, A van (2012). Calorics: water brengt energie. In LC Rietveld (Ed.), 64e Vakantiecursus drinkwater en afvalwater “water naar de top: excelleren in tijden van bezuiniging”. Water Management Academic press (ISBN 978-90-8957-026-0). Broeck, R van den , Dierdonck, J van , Nijskens, P , Dotremont, C , Krzeminski, P , Graaf, JHJM van der , Lier, JB van , Impe, JFM & Smets, IY (2012). Sludge residence time and membrane fouling: What is the connection? In s.n. (Ed.), Euromembrane 2012 (pp. 1-3). s.l.: s.n.. Bruni, G , Veldhuis, JAE ten , Otto, T (EWI-TC-RSE Remote Sensing of the Environment) & Leijnse, H (2012). Towards the use of X-band dual polarimetric radar rainfall estimates in urban hydrology. In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Precipitation in Urban Areas, St. Moritz, Switzerland, 2012 (pp. 1-5).
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Publications Dirksen, J. , Baars, E. , Langeveld, J., and Clemens, F. 2012 Analysis of fat, oil, and grease deposits in sagging sanitary sewers 9th International Conference on “Urban Drainage Modelling” (UDM) Belgrade, Serbia 4 to 7 September 2012 Daal., P. van, Langeveld, J. , Clemens, F. 2012. Water quality based RTC using UV/VIS sensors. 9th International Conference on “Urban Drainage Modelling” (UDM) Belgrade, Serbia 4 to 7 September 2012 Dereli, RK , Urban, DR , Hefferman, B , Jordan, JA , Ewing, J , Rosenberger, GT & Dunaev, TI (2012). Performance evaluation of a pilot-scale anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating ethanol thin stillage. In s.n. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 8th iwa international symposium on waste management problems in agro-industries Vol. 33. Environmental Technology, (ISSN 0959-3330) (pp. 1511-1516). s.l.: Taylor and Francis. Gaitan, S , Veldhuis, JAE ten , Spekkers, MH & Giesen, NC van de (2012). Urban vulnerability to pluvial flooding: complaints location on overland flow routes. In Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Floodrisk Management (pp. 1-8). Helm, AWC van der , Baars, ET , Hasnaoui, L , Elmghari Tabib, M & Aa, LTJ van der (2012). Introduction of ozonation and biological granular activated carbon filtration for reduction of natural organic matter and for improving taste and odor of drinking water. In s.n. (Ed.), International perspectives on water resources and the environment (pp. 1-8). s.l.: ASCE. Hoek, JP van der , Hartog, P & Eilard, J (2012). Coping with climate change in amsterdam - a watercycle perspective. In Ray Earle & et.al. (Eds.), IWA World Congress on Water, Climate and Energy (pp. 1-7). Dublin: IWA. Hoek, JP van der , Bertelkamp, C , Verliefde, ARD & Singhal, N (2012). Drinking water treatment technologies in Europe: state of the art - vulnerabilities - research needs. In s.n. (Ed.), 9th international symposium on water supply technology. s.l.: s.n.. Kappelhof, JWNM , Aa, LTJ van der & Helm, AWC van der (2012). The value of applied technological research from the perspective of a water cycle company. In s.n. (Ed.), World water congress and exhibition (pp. 1-18). s.l.: IWA. Langeveld, J., Benedetti, L., de Klein, J.J.M., Nopens, I., van Nieuwenhuijzen, A., Flameling, T., van Zanten, O. and Weijers, S. (2012) Impact based RTC for improvement of the Dommel River water quality. In: Proceedings of WEFTEC2012, New Orleans, LA, USA, 29 September - 3 October 2012. Platform presentation. Langeveld, J.,I. Nopens, R. Schilperoort, L. Benedetti, J. de Klein, Y. Amerlinck and S. Weijers 2012. Data requirements for calibration of integrated models for urban water systems. Proceedings of IWA conference IT & Water.Amsterdam, 4-6 november 2012. Leruth, P & Pothof, IWM (2012). Innovative air vessel design for long distance transmission pipelines. In s.n. (Ed.), 11th conference on pressure surges (pp. 1-17). s.l.: s.n.. Leruth, P , Pothof, IWM & Naja, F (2012). Validation of the surge model and lessons learnt from commissioning of the Shuweihat water transmission scheme, UAE. In s.n. (Ed.), 11th conference on pressure surges (pp. 1-17). s.l.: s.n.. Lier, JB van (2012). Energy use minimisation & energy recovery in wastewater treatment. In SM Adnan & MH Basri (Eds.), Asia water 2012 conference - sustainability & efficiency (pp. 45-45). Kuala Lumpur: MWA.
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Publications Lu, J , Heijman, SGJ & Shang, R (2012). Two filter layers - membrane filter layer combined with coagulation cake filter layer for ceramic membrane fouling control. In A Julbe & A Ayral (Eds.), International workshop inorganic membrane technology - advanced production & design (pp. 66-66). Montpellier: Institute Européen de Membranes. Nienhuis, J., Haan, C.J. de , Langeveld, J.G. , Klootwijk, M. and Clemens, F.H.L.R. (2012). Assessment of detection limits of fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing for detection of illicit connections. 9th International Conference on “Urban Drainage Modelling” (UDM) Belgrade, Serbia 4 to 7 September 2012. Olivero, S , Heijman, SGJ , Custers, JPA , Dascola, G & Rietveld, LC (2011). Thermosensitive demineralization hydrogel for water softening: Preliminary batch and column experiments. In SE Jorgensen, CA Brebbia & V Popov (Eds.), International conference on water and society Vol. 153. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, (ISSN 1746-448X) (pp. 329340). Southampton: WIT Press (ISBN 978-1-84564-556-4). Pieterse-Quirijns, EJ , Blokker, EJM , Vreeburg, JHG & Blom, EVD (2012). Modelling characteristic values for non-residential water demand. In KE Lansey, CY Choi, A Ostfeld & I Pepper (Eds.), Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2010 - Proceedings of the 12th International Conference, WDSA 2010 (pp. 1235-1247). s.l.: American Society of Civil Engineers (ISBN 978078441203-9). Pothof, IWM & Clemens, FHLR (2012). Air pocket removal from downward sloping pipes. In s.n. (Ed.), 9th international conference on urban drainage modelling (pp. 1-11). s.l.: s.n.. Pothof, IWM & Blokker, EJM (2011). Dynamic hydraulic models to study sedimentation in drinking water networks in detail. In s.n. (Ed.), Computing and control for the industry 2011 (pp. 1-7). Exeter: CCWI. Pothof, IWM & Karney, BW (2012). Guidelines for transient analysis in water transmission and distribution systems. In s.n. (Ed.), IWA Water Loss 2012 (pp. 1-12). s.l.: s.n.. Pothof, IWM , Kooij, C & Clemens, FHLR (2011). Seven years of research in the joint industry project capwat. In s.n. (Ed.), 12th International conference urban drainage (pp. 1-9). Port Alegre: IWA. Schilperoort, R.P.S., Hoppe, H., Haan, C.J. de, Langeveld, J.G. (2012) Searching for storm water inflows in foul sewers using fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing. 9th International Conference on “Urban Drainage Modelling” (UDM) Belgrade, Serbia 4 to 7 September 2012. Shang, R , Heijman, SGJ , Li, S , Lu, J , Verliefde, ARD & Rietveld, LC (2012). Tight ceramic ultrafiltration (TCUF) for reverse osmosis pretreatment: Rejection of phosphate and organic matter. In s.n. (Ed.), Euromembrane 2012 abstracts online (pp. 1-4). s.l.: Elsevier. Simons, DG (LR-C&O-ATO Aerospace Transport & Operations), Koolstra, G , Allouche, N , Hermans, G , Keijzer, G & Rietveld, LC (2012). Monitoring of sand filters for water treatment using a novel ultrasonic imaging instrument. In C Capus (Ed.), Proceedings (pp. 1248-1254). Edinburg: Heriot-Watt University (ISBN 978--1-906913-13-7). Spekkers, MH , Veldhuis, JAE ten , Kok, M & Clemens, FHLR (2012). Correlations between rainfall data and insurance damage data on pluvial flooding in The Netherlands. In s.n. (Ed.), HIC 2012 the 10th International Conference on Hydroinformatics (pp. 1-8). s.l.: s.n..
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Publications Stanić, N.,Langeveld, J.G. and Clemens, F.H.L.R. 2012 Identification of the information needs for sewer asset management by assessing failure mechanisms. 9th International Conference on “Urban Drainage Modelling” (UDM) Belgrade, Serbia 4 to 7 September 2012 Stanić, N., de Haan, C., Tirion, M., Langeveld, J.G. and Clemens, F.H.L.R. 2012. Comparison of core sampling and visual inspection for assessment of sewer pipe condition. 9th International Conference on “Urban Drainage Modelling” (UDM) Belgrade, Serbia 4 to 7 September 2012 Thienen, P van & Vreeburg, JHG (2012). Turbulent processes in drinking water distribution. In KE Lansey, CY Choi, A Ostfeld & IL Pepper (Eds.), Water Distribution Systems Analysis 2010 - Proceedings of the 12th International Conference, WDSA 2010 (pp. 635-642). s.l.: American Society of Civil Engineers (ISBN 978-0-7811-1203-9). Veldhuis, JAE ten & Tait, SJ (2011). Data-driven urban drainage analysis: An alternative to hydrodynamic models? In s.n. (Ed.), International conference on urban drainage (pp. 1-9). s.l.: s.n.. Veldhuis, JAE ten & Skovgard Olsen, A (2012). Hydrological response times in lowland urban catchments characteristed by looped drainage systems. In s.n. (Ed.), 9th international workshop on precipitation in urban areas (pp. 2012-1-6). s.l.: s.n.. M. Vosse, R. Schilperoort, C. de Haan, J. Nienhuis, M. Tirion, J. Langeveld. 2012. Processing of DTS monitoring results: automated detection of illicit connections. Proceedings of IWA conference IT & Water.Amsterdam, 4-6 november 2012. Worm, GIM , Lapikas, T & Rietveld, LC (2012). The human sensor: Real time allocation of leaks and contaminations using tweets and complaints data. In KM Schlagen, AWC van der Helm & LC Rietveld (Eds.), International conference it and water (pp. 1-3). Den Haag: IWC conferences. Worm, GIM , Kelderman, extern , Lapikas, T , Helm, AWC van der , Schagen, KM van & Rietveld, LC (2012). The use of process simulation models in virtual commissioning of process automation software in drinking water treatment plants. In s.n. (Ed.), International conference it and water (pp. 1-9). s.l.: s.n..
Book - monography - editorial book Dijk, JC van , Verberk, JQJC & Moel, PJ de (2012). Drinkwater - principes en praktijk. s.l.: Water Management Academic Press (ISBN 9789089570284). Nzila, C , Dewulf, J & Spanjers, HLFM (2012). Biogas value chain and environmental sustainability: biogas production from biowaste in Kenya and its contribution to environmental sustainability. s.l.: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (ISBN 9783659225802). Saif Uddin, M , Ronteltap, M & Lier, JB van (2012). Flood resilient sanitation for the flood-prone areas of Bangladesh: assessment of UDDTs as a flood resilient and affordable sanitation, and their potential to contribute to agriculture. Saarbrücken: Lap Lambert Academic publishing (ISBN 13 978-3-8465-8014-1).
64
Publications Book chapter Batstone, DJ , Spanjers, HLFM , Rodriguez, J & Lier, JB van (2012). Anaerobic digestion. In Hong Li (Ed.), Global trends & challenges in water science, reserch and management (pp. 1-3). London: IWA (ISBN 9781780401065). Letema, S , Vliet, B van & Lier, JB van (2012). Innovations in sanitation for sustainable urban growth; modernized mixtures in an east african context. In On the water front: selections from the 2010 world water week in Stockholm (ISBN 978-91975872-8-0). Veldhuis, JAE ten (2011). Tangible and intangible damages. In C Zevenbergen, A Cashman, N Evelpidou, E Pasche, S Garvin & R Ashley (Eds.), Urban flood management (pp. 1-8). s.l.: CRC Press (ISBN 9780415559447).
Journal editors Baars, EJ , Berlamont, J , Bruggen, B van der , Clemens, FHLR , Geise, M , Gueldre, G de , Hulle, S van , Jonk, J , Korte, K de , Kreuk, MK de, Moens, M , Nieuwenhuijzen, A van , Vaes, G & Worst, W (Eds.). (2012). WT-Afvalwater, (ISSN 18798780), 12(2). Dijk, JC van (Ed.). (2012). Drinking Water Engineering and Science, (ISSN 1996-9457), 2012. Lier, JB van (Ed.). (2012). Water Science and Technology, (ISSN 0273-1223). Medema, G (Ed.). (2012). Drinking Water Engineering and Science, (ISSN 1996-9457), 2012.
Contribution daily or weekly newspaper Veldhuis, JAE ten (10-08-2011). Westland proviteert van regenonderzoek. AD, pp. 3-3.
Inaugural Speeches Hoek, JP van der (2012). Topkwaliteit drinkwater: nimmer vanzelfsprekend. Intreerede (2012, januari 27). Delft: TU Delft (ISBN geen ISBN).
Other results Halem, D van , Arem, B van , Jonkman, SN, Lantsoght, EOL & Jansen, JD (2011). Highlights CITG “De gouden driehoek of de Bermuda Triangle’. Afscheidssymposium Louis de Quelerij “De gouden driehoek of de Bermuda Triangle’: Delft (2011, december 01). Moel, PJ de (2012). Kalkproblemen op de Veluwe. Televisie programma TROS Radar: s.l. (2012, september 24 - 2012, september 24). Szanto, GL , Letema, S & Lier, JB van (2012). (Un)reliability in sanitation monitoring: analysis of east african urban data.
65
Research
Publications Veldhuis, JAE ten (2012). RainGain project en regenradar. Radio-programma Euranet: s.l. (2012, augustus 20).
Awards Van Der Hoek, JP (2012). Climate change mitigation by recovery of energy from the water cycle: a new challenge for water management. IWA sustainability award 2012: s.l. (2012, juli 01 - 2013, juli 01). Overig prod. v. wetensch. act.
Relevant positions Langeveld, JG (periode: 2012 t/m 2012). Committee member Functie bij : Joint committee for urban drainage. Veldhuis, JAE ten (periode: 2012 t/m 2012). Committee member implementing flood resiliance Functie bij : Implementing flood resiliance.
66
Gertjan Medema distinguished member IWA
67
Individual Projects
68
Annual report 2012
Individual Projects
69
Individual projects
René van der Aa Modelling of biological granular activated carbon filtration Research objectives
spiking experiments in a pilot plant showed that BGAC
The research objective is to develop a quantitative
filter run times were up to two times longer than GAC
simulation model for biological granular activated (BGAC)
filter run times (see Figure 1).
filtration in drinking water treatment. The model is able to predict the removal of natural organic matter (NOM)
Scientific relevance
and pesticides.
Modelling of adsorption and biodegradation processes helps us to understand the fundamentals of BGAC
Project outline
filtration.
Introduction Pre-oxidation prior to granular activated carbon (GAC)
Social relevance
filtration enhances biological activity, resulting in NOM
The model will be used to improve operation and design
removal. Oxidation also reduces the adsorbability of
of BGAC filtration.
NOM. Both phenomena result in lower solid-phase concentrations of NOM on activated carbon. The reduced
Literature
solid-phase
▪▪
concentrations
cause
less
competition
Aa L.T.J. van der, Kolpa R.J., Rietveld L.C. Dijk J.C. van
between pesticides and NOM, resulting in longer filter run
(2012). Improved removal of pesticides in biological
times for pesticides.
granular activated carbon filters by pre-oxidation of natural organic matter. Water Supply: Research and
Approach A deterministic simulation model for BGAC filtration was
Technology-AQUA, 61(3), 153-163 ▪▪
Aa L.T.J. van der, Rietveld L.C., Dijk J.C. van
developed. Biomass characteristics were taken from
(2011). Effects of ozonation and temperature on
dominant bacteria species in BGAC filters. Laboratory
the biodegradation of NOM in biological granular
experiments were performed to determine the effect of
activated carbon filters. Drinking water engineering
oxidation on the NOM adsorption characteristics. Pilot plant experiments were used for model validation.
and science, 4(24-25), 25-35 ▪▪
Aa L.T.J. van der, Rietveld L.C., Dijk J.C. van (2010). Simulataneous removal of natural organic matter
Results
and atrazine in biological granular activated carbon
Laboratory experiments showed that due to oxidation
filters: model validation. IWA Specialist Conference
and biodegradation the solid-phase concentrations of
‘Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants in Towns
NOM reduced to 50% of the original values. Pesticide
and Communities of the XXI Century: Technologies,
Figure 1: Measured and modeled atrazine breakthrough curves.
70
René van der Aa Design and Operation’, Moscow, Russia, 2-4 June 2010 ▪▪
Aa L.T.J. van der, Rietveld L.C., Dijk J.C. van (2009). Effects of ozonation and temperature on biodegradation of natural organic matter in biological granular activated carbon filters. High Quality Drinking Water Conference 2009, Delft, the Netherlands, 9-10 June 2009
▪▪
Aa L.T.J. van der, Rietveld L.C., Dijk J.C. van (2009). Adsorption and biodegradation of natural organic matter in biological granular activated carbon filters. Techneau Conference ‘Safe Drinking Water from Source to Tap’, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 17-19 June 2009
▪▪
Aa L.T.J. van der, Rietveld L.C., Siegers W.G., Dijk J.C. van (2006). Adsorption of natural organic matter and atrazin on granular activated carbon filters. Workshop Developments in Modelling Drinking Water Treatment, Delft, the Netherlands, 22-23 June 2006.
▪▪
Aa L.T.J. van der, Magic-Knezev A., Rietveld L.C., Dijk J.C. van (2006). Biomass development in biological activated carbon filters. 4th international slow sand filtration and alternative biological filtration conference, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, 3-5 May 2006.
▪▪
Aa L.T.J. van der, Achari V.S., Rietveld L.C., Siegers W.G., Dijk J.C. van (2004). Modelling biological activated carbon filtration: determination adsorption isotherms of organic compounds. WISA biennial conference, Cape Town, South Africa, May 2004
▪▪
Aa L.T.J. van der, Kolpa R.J., Magic-Knezev A., Rietveld L.C., Dijk J.C. van (2003). Biological activated carbon filtration: pilot experiments in the Netherlands. Water Quality Technology Conference, Philadelphia.
▪▪
Aa L.T.J. van der, Rietveld L.C., Dijk J.C. van (2002). Modelling BAC filtration: integrating adsorption and biodegradation in one model. Proceedings of Workshop International Water Association “Biological activated carbon filtration”, Delft.
▪▪
Aa L. van der, Rietveld L., Graveland A. (2000). Biologisch actievekoolfiltratie: kennis integreren tot één model. H2O (33), nr. 11 pp. 35 – 37.
▪▪
Aa L.T.J. van der, Rietveld, L.C. (2000). Modelling of biological activated carbon filtration, a review. Proceedings of workshop International Water Association “Modelling of conventional drinking water production processes”, Delft.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 20 608 7054 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Apr 2000 Expected end date: Dec 2013 Key words: Adsorption, biodegradation, biological activated carbon, modelling Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet, Vitens, KWR, Norit, Wageningen University and Research The project has been co-funded by the Dutch Department of Economical Affairs through Senter Novem (now ‘Agentschap NL’)
71
Individual projects
Annelies Aarts Online influent characterisation and modelling for model based control of full scale solid-liquid separation processes at water and wastewater treatment plants Research objectives
filter behavior under specific conditions (extreme flow,
The objective of this PhD research is to increase the
pollutant loading, with/without addition of chemicals)
knowledge about the application of mathematical models
and to observe the sensitivity of the model under these
for model based control purposes at full scale water and
conditions. It is expected that the model will make it
wastewater treatment plants. In this context, it is studied
possible to develop improved control algorithms for the
how well-defined influent characterization can be used
addition of chemicals, the organization of the backwash
to continuously keep the model parameters up-to-date.
and the division of the influent flow
Project outline
Results - Moving belt screen (case study 1)
Approach This PhD project has selected two case studies, a moving belt screen before and an automatic backwash
α= a ⋅ e −b⋅TSS − c ⋅T
filter (ABWF) behind the activated sludge process. Both processes operate under a complex interaction with the influent disturbances, and it is unclear how to continuously keep the process in its optimal conditions. Moreover, it is not known which parameters should be monitored to control the screen and filter during operation. Both the moving belt filter and the ABWF aim to remove suspended solids with and without the addition of chemicals. A model based on the cake filtration theory has been
Figure 1: Proposed monitoring model for specific cake resistance based on the suspended solids concentration and temperature – fit between modeled and measured results
developed for the moving belt screen, and data were collected at the pilot in Eindhoven (the Netherlands). The data collection focused on the online and sample-based characterization of the influent, and the characterization of the screening process under steady-state and dynamic conditions. Additionally to the process model, a monitoring model has been developed for the specific cake resistance which value significantly influenced the model results. Further research steps will focus on testing the process model in a model-based control of the speed of the belt and developing a stronger relationship
Figure 2: Fit between modeled and measured (TSSin TSSout) if α is assumed constant
between the influent characteristics and the specific cake resistance. Currently, a model has been developed for the automatic backwash filter, a granular filter consisting of 2*43 units which washes one unit a time. Data from the full scale installation at the wastewater treatment plant of Harderwijk are being analyzed and prepared for calibrating and validating the model. Based on the data analysis, experiments will be designed to study the
72
Figure 3: Fit between modeled and measured (TSSin TSSout) if α is continuously monitored
Annelies Aarts Results - Automatic backwash filter (case study 2)
Figure 4: Example of model validation results (case study 2)
Scientific relevance Researchers have mainly focused on the improvement of activated sludge process. Models (ASM) and online monitoring equipment (NH4+ and O2 sensors) were developed. Although the core of (municipal) wastewater treatment often remains the activated sludge process, incentives such as increased ground prices and stricter environmental legislation promotes the adoption of alternative or additional treatment techniques. Much less research has been done on understanding and improving the operation of these techniques.
Social relevance Wastewater treatment is subject to many disturbances which can randomly (rain events, unexpected municipal or industrial discharges, technical failures) or recurrently (daily and seasonal flow patterns) occur. Therefore, the implementation of monitoring, control and automation techniques (ICA) can improve the plant performance. This vision is not new (stated in 1974 by John F. Andrews), but the position today differs from the 70’s in the availability of online sensors, models and computer power.
Literature ▪▪
Aarts A., van Schagen, K.M, van der Helm A.W.C, and Rietveld L.C. (2011) Adoption of ICA in the water and wastewater industry classification and assessment, In 8th IWA Symposium on Systems
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 27 81 585 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jun 2010 Expected end date: Jun 2014 Key words: Model based control, online monitoring, solid-liquid separation models Cooperation with other institutes: Brightworks, Grontmij Nederland BV, Visser & Smit Hanab BV, Waterschap de Dommel, Waterschap Hollands Noorderkwartier, Waterschap Limburg, Waterschap Veluwe
Analysis and Integrated Assessment, 20-22 June 2011. San Sebastian (Spain). ▪▪
Aarts A., ten Veldhuis, MC, Neef, R. and Rietveld L.C. (2012) Predicting fine screen behaviour under different water quality conditions, In IT in the Water sector, 4-6 November 2012. Amsterdam (the Netherlands).
73
Individual projects
André Arsénio Lifetime prediction of PVC push-fit joints Research objectives
tests, done together with Dutch PVC pipe manufacturer
Develop a lifetime prediction tool to predict the failure of
DYKA (Figure 2), showed that the stiffness of PVC joints
PVC push-fit joints.
increases with the level of insertion of the pipes inside the joints and with water pressure. The results also showed
Project outline
that new PVC joints are only expected to leak at extreme
Introduction
bending angles (above 10 °C) (Arsénio, Vreeburg,
▪▪
Bouma, & Dijk, 2012).
Why failure of drinking water assets? Failures mean costs for the drinking water companies: direct,
▪▪ ▪▪
indirect and social.
Non-destructive evaluation technique
Why PVC? In 2010 50% of the Dutch drinking water
The inspection of joints relies on the sizing of the gap
network was PVC.
between the two pipes at different locations inside the
Why joints? Several authors have described joints
joint to determine the 3D alignment of the pipes. The
as a weak link in drinking water networks. Arsénio,
alignment is a surrogate measurement for the joint’s
Pieterse-Quirijns, Vreeburg, Bont, & Rietveld (2012)
condition.
showed that from the total number of failures 29%
To select the best commercially available tool for
are detected at joints (irrespective of pipe material)
this application three tools were tested closed-circuit
and over 9% are detected at PVC joints.
television, ultrasound and Panoramo® in laboratory, field and full-scale tests. CCTV was shown to be the best
Approach Lifetime prediction procedure (LPP)
tool and that it can deliver results that are both accurate
A lifetime prediction procedure has been developed
pipes have already been inspected using CCTV (Arsénio,
(Figure 1).
Pieterse-Quirijns, Vreeburg, Bont, & Rietveld 2012).
and reproducible. Several km of Dutch drinking water
An alternative approach for condition assessment known as smart pipe or real-time permanent condition assessment is applied in a PVC pipe (Arsénio, Vreeburg, Wielinga, & Dijk, 2012).
Lifetime prediction model A correlation between registered main failures and soil data will be researched. Failure data is supplied by a Dutch drinking water company. Two sets of soil data Figure 1: Lifetime prediction procedure for push-fit PVC joints
will be used: soil compaction data (modelled) and soil deformation data (empirical).
Failure mechanisms for joints The first step was defining the failure mechanisms for joints starting from literature data. Joint bending and axial pull-out were shown to be very important failure mechanisms
(Arsénio,
Vreeburg,
Pieterse-Quirijns,
& Rosenthal, 2009 and Arsénio, Pieterse-Quirijns, & Vreeburg, 2009). The next step was accurately defining the threshold condition for a joint: limit bending angle and limit pullout distance before leakage. Destructive laboratory
74
Figure 2: Setup for destructive laboratory tests built together with DYKA.
André Arsénio Future work The last months of the work will be devoted to 1) analysing the data collected with the pipe monitoring setup, 2) the data obtained from the destructive laboratory tests and 3) finding a correlation between soil movement and failure in drinking water networks. A journal paper will be prepared for each of the three steps.
Scientific relevance The scientific output of the present work is threefold. First, deliver information on failure mechanisms of PVC push-fit joints. Second, study the use of an NDE technique for the assessment of joints. Finally, cast some light on how to predict the remaining lifetime of joints.
Social relevance A tool that calculates the expected remaining lifetime will, on the one hand, aid the water companies to better schedule the inspection operations of their water assets; and, on the other hand, to minimize the consequences of failure and the interruption of safe drinking water supply to consumers.
Literature ▪▪
Arsénio, A. M., Pieterse-Quirijns, E. J., & Vreeburg, J. H. G. (2009). Failure mechanisms of joints in water distribution networks and its application on asset management. Leading Edge on Strategic Asset Management (LESAM). Miami (Florida, USA).
▪▪
Arsénio, A. M., Pieterse-Quirijns, E. J., Vreeburg, J. H. G., Bont, R. de, & Rietveld, L. (2012). Failure mechanisms and condition assessment of PVC push-fit joints in drinking water networks (submitted). Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology— AQUA.
▪▪
Arsénio, A. M., Vreeburg, J. H. G., Bouma, F., & van Dijk, H. (2012). Destructive laboratory tests with PVC push-fit joints. Water Distribution Systems Analysis (WDSA). Adelaide (Australia).
▪▪
Arsénio, A. M., Vreeburg, J. H. G., Pieterse-Quirijns, E. J., & Rosenthal, L. (2009). Overview of failure mechanism of joints in water distribution networks. In J. Boxall & C. Maksimovic (Eds.), Computing and Control in the Water Industry (CCWI) (pp. 607–
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 27 87 894 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Mar 2009 Expected end date: Mar 2013 Key words: Asset management, CCTV, condition assessment, in-line inspection, joints, lifetime prediction, PVC, ultrasound Cooperation with other institutes: Wetsus - Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, KWR – Watercycle Research Institute
612). Sheffield (UK): CRC Press. ▪▪
Arsénio, A. M., Vreeburg, J. H. G., & Rietveld, L. (2012). Quantitative NDE inspection of push-fit joints (in preparation).
▪▪
Arsénio, A. M., Vreeburg, J. H. G., Wielinga, M. P. C., & van Dijk, H. (2012). Continuous assessment of a drinking water PVC pipe. Water Distribution Systems Analysis (WDSA). Adelaide (Australia).
▪▪
Arsénio, A. M., Vreeburg, J. H. G., van Doornik, J., Dijkstra, L., & van Dijk, H. (2010). Assessment of PVC Joints Using Ultrasound. Water Distribution Systems Analysis (WDSA) (pp. 91–91). Tucson (Arizona, USA): ASCE. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41203(425)91
75
Individual projects
Lina Bachert Enhanced Elimination of Viruses by Household Water Treatment Processes Research objectives
non-infectious viruses. Reverse transcription polymerase
The objective of this research is to improve or develop
chain reaction (RT-PCR) will detect damages in the
new processes for virus inactivation using low-cost
genome induced by the treatment processes. Different
technologies applied in household water treatment and
primers along the virus genome will reveal the type and
safe storage (HWTSS) systems. Low-pressure UV light
site of damage. In addition, an enzymatic treatment prior
and oxidative agents will be used as major components
to RT-PCR will be operationalized in order to investigate
for inactivation experiments.
whether inactivation treatment processes affect the capsid integrity. A binding and injection assay will be
Project outline
performed to determine whether the ability of the virus
Introduction
to bind to the host cell and to inject the viral genome is
Diarrhea-related illnesses are the second most common
impaired by the experiments. Host-bound and injected
cause of child deaths worldwide [1]. Approximately
viruses are enumerated by quantitative RT-PCR. As a
88% of these diseases are linked to poor hygiene and
result, it can be concluded which step in the viral life cycle
the inadequate access to drinking water and sanitation
is affected by disinfection technology and to what extent.
facilities. Enteric viruses, which are major agents
When inactivation and damage mechanisms of model
of diarrheal illnesses, are persistent in the aquatic
viruses are understood and well characterized, human
environment for long periods and not readily removed
pathogenic viruses of high public health importance will
by water treatment processes. Effective technologies
be selected and studied.
for HWTSS systems improve and protect drinking water quality from enteric pathogens and contribute to the
Results
reduction of diarrheal disease transmission. However,
The literature review explored damage mechanisms
many different HWTSS systems vary by costs, availability
in the virus structure and loss of functions by different
and efficiency in virus removal.
disinfection technologies and revealed knowledge gaps in this experimental research area. First focus was spent
Approach
on ultrasound but studies are rare and information is
A scientific literature review addresses virus damage by
limited. This technology is not cost-effective for future
treatment processes relevant in HWTSS systems. The
studies because experiments require high power and
review also describes molecular methods that are available
intensity. Different inactivation mechanisms of viruses
to characterize damage of the virus structure and function.
by UV irradiation based on different wavelengths has
First inactivation experiments of the representative
been described. The highest germicidal effect of the
model virus, bacteriophage MS2, will be performed in
UV spectrum (at 254 nm) creates photoproducts in the
a bench-scale collimated beam apparatus equipped
genome and various damages in the viral capsid [2, 3].
with a low pressure UV lamp producing monochromatic
UV light decreases in efficiency and energy with increased
irradiation. The action of the UV light, additives e.g.
wavelength [4]. A chapter on molecular methods detecting
colloidal silver and copper, and photocatalysts e.g. TiO2
virus damage such as PCR and different modifications and
or Fe+ ions will be investigated. Other important factor
loss of infectivity such as cell culture and plaque assays
such as different wavelengths, doses and contact times
has been completed. Future focus will be spent on virus
will be tested. The separate and synergistic effects of
inactivation mechanisms by oxidation processes. The
these technologies will be determined and compared
literature review has provided the basis for the selection
under varied environmental conditions. The effect on
of the future laboratory experiments which are described
the virus structure and function will be evaluated using
in the “Approach” section beforehand.
molecular techniques. To monitor the loss of infectivity of MS2, plaque assays will be conducted. This molecular method allows differentiation between infectious and
76
Lina Bachert Scientific relevance Enteric viruses are highly resistant to oxidation or UV disinfection processes and thereby not readily eliminated. To date, many different HWTSS systems vary by costs, availability and efficiency in virus removal. Furthermore, most virus inactivation studies are descriptive and provide limited insight on the mechanisms of virus damage and inactivation due to the lack of virus damage assays and also cultivation methods. Some enteric viruses such as norovirus are difficult to cultivate and to detect [5]. Viral surrogates are used to study virus inactivation (mechanisms). Due to differences in structure different human enteric viruses may respond differently to environmental stresses and treatment processes. By elucidating the basic mechanisms of virus inactivation, it is aimed to predict the inactivation of the suite of human enteric viruses.
Social relevance Effective technologies for household water treatment and safe storage (HWTSS) systems improve and protect water quality from fecal contamination and contribute to the reduction of diarrheal disease transmission. The WHO estimates that 47% of diarrheal diseases can be prevented by using HWTSS systems for the production of safe and clean drinking water [6]. Furthermore, the use of HWTSS technologies requires community involvement and acceptance to establish a socioeconomic structure linked with education, training and marketing of the devices [7].
Literature 1. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. 2009, The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)/World Health Organization (WHO): Geneva, Switzerland. 2. Thurman, R.B. and C.P. Gerba, Molecular Mechanisms of Viral Inactivation by Water Disinfectants, in Advances in Applied Microbiology. 1988, Academic Press: London, UK. p. 75-106. 3. Rule Wigginton, K., et al., UV Radiation Induces Genome-Mediated, Site-Specific Cleavage in Viral Proteins. Chembiochem, 2012. 13(6):
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: 058-2843193 E-mail:
[email protected];
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2012 Expected end date: Jan 2016 Key words: Photochemistry, UV, oxidants Cooperation with other institutes: Wetsus in Leeuwarden, RIVM in Bilthoven
p. 837-845. 4. Wurtmann, E.J. and S.L. Wolin, RNA under attack: Cellular handling of RNA damage. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2009. 44(1): p. 34-49. 5. Duizer, E., et al., Laboratory efforts to cultivate noroviruses. Journal of General Virology, 2004. 85: p. 79-87. 6. Prüss-Üstün, A., et al., Safer Water, Better Health. Costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. 2008, World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. 7. Sobsey, M.D., Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply, W.H. Organization, Editor. 2002: Geneva.
77
Individual projects
Martijn Bakker Modeling of water supply systems for optimal control and response to anomalies Research objectives
Results
The objective of this research is to investigate how short
▪▪
The developed adaptive water demand prediction
term water demand prediction models and hydraulic
model is capable of predicting the water demand
models can be used for the optimal control of water
in all investigated areas. The prediction accuracy
supply systems and to detect anomalies in the distribution
depends highly on the average water demand in the
system.
area. ▪▪
Project outline Introduction The operation of any water supply systems aims to supply
Predictive control of water supply systems results in 5% lower energy costs and 19% lower turbidity rates in the clear water compared to level based control.
▪▪
By (only) comparing predicted and measured flow,
the water at the lowest operational cost, with the highest
pipe bursts where the burst flow exceeds 24% of the
possible reliability. Models can be used to achieve this
average flow can be detected.
goal.
Scientific relevance Approach
Many researchers have approached water demand
An adaptive water demand prediction model was
modeling and anomaly detection from a theoretical
developed and tested on datasets of 5 years of water
background only. In this research an approach from
demand data in 9 different areas. The prediction
operational practice is carried out, using actual measured
model uses only previous water demands as input in
data sets, and experiences from real operations. The
order to generate the predicted water demand. In the
research aims to prove the value of the models for
next phase of the research an evaluation will be done
application in.
which improvement in the accuracy of the model can be obtained by using weather input in and by using advanced
Social relevance
mathematical techniques.
Customers and politics demand that the water utilities operate the water supply systems in an efficient way and
The existing demand prediction model is currently used
that the utilities take appropriate measures to protect the
at the control of a number of water supply systems in the
customers for qualitative and quantitative calamities in
Netherlands. The differences between predictive control
the systems. This research will help the utilities to meet
and level based control were investigated by operating 5
this demand.
chosen water supply systems with both control methods and compare the results (energy consumption / costs and
Literature
turbidity / particles).
▪▪
Bakker, M. Van Schagen, K.M. and Timmer, J (2003). “Flow control by prediction of water demand”.
In order to detect quantitative anomalies (pipe bursts
Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-
or inflow of non-drinking water) a method was develop
AQUA 52(6), 417-424.
in which the predicted water flow is compared with the
▪▪
House-Peters, L. A., Chang, H. (2011). “Urban water demand modeling: Review of concepts, methods, and
real measured water flow. A large difference between measured and predicted flow indicates an anomaly. In
organizing principles.” Water Resources Research,
order to achieve a sensitive detection and minimize the
47(5) W05401
number of false alarms, a dynamic threshold value and simultaneously monitoring adjacent areas is applied.
▪▪
Puust, R., Kapelan, Z., Savic, D. A., and Koppel, T. (2010). “A review of methods for leakage management in pipe networks”. Urban Water Journal, 7(1), 25-45.
78
Martijn Bakker
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 6 54245131 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Apr 2011 Expected end date: Apr 2014 Key words: Demand prediction, Anomaly detection, Optimal control Cooperation with other institutes: RIVM, Vitens, Dunea, PWN, Brabant Water, Royal HaskoningDHV, Ureason
79
Individual projects
Yasmina Bennani A study of UV technology for water treatment Research objectives
Approach - Collimated beam apparatus
Objective of this project is to develop novel, simple,
The electrochemical measurements will be performed
clean, cost effective treatment system suitable for water
using a photoelectrochemical setup that consists of
and wastewater treatment. The system will be based
collimated beam (Dr. Gröbel UV-Elektronik GmbH,
on the and photo-electrochemical Advanced Oxidation
Germany) and electrochemical working station (Metrohm
Technology (AOT) which disinfects water, and removes
Autolab B.V., Netherlands). A collimated bema setup can
harmful ionic and organic species.
be seen in Figure 1.
Project outline
Results - Characterization of catalyst
Introduction
The photocatalytic efficiency of a TiO2 photocatalyst
DBPs are present in most drinking water supplies that
depends not only on the electronic properties of the
have been subject to chlorination, chloramination,
materials. The availability of active sites on the material
ozonation, or treatment with chlorine dioxide. Disinfection
surface also plays a major role in the ability of the
by-products (DBPs) are one of the major health issues in
photocatalytic material to degrade organic contaminants.
the drinking water industry due to their carcinogenicity
Properties such as crystal size and structure, pore size/
and genotoxicity. Many utilities are suffering from the
volume, density of OH groups, surface roughness,
disinfection by-products problem, which is also frequently
number and nature of trap sites and absorption/
in conflict with obtaining disinfection credit required to
desorption characteristics all play an important factor in
inactivate pathogens.
the photocatalytic activity of TiO2.
An alternative group of technologies that can potentially
UV–Vis absorption spectral data recorded showed the
be used to minimize the formation of DBPs are advanced
strong cut off at 390nm; where the absorbance value is a
oxidation processes (AOPs).
minimum (Figure 2).
Absorbance
80,0
100nm
60,0
200nm
40,0
600nm
400nm 800nm
20,0
1µm
0,0 200
300
400
500
600
Wavelength nm
Figure 2: UV–Vis absorption spectra
Qualitative film analysis was performed with atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface parameter such as roughness exponent was determined. AFM has been demonstrated to be a very versatile and powerful tool for surface imaging at the submicrometer level and the revelation of the surface characteristics of the films. Three-dimensional representations (10 x 10 µm surface plots) of the stainless steel and conductive glass Figure 1: Experimental setup
80
TiO2 coated samples were recorded. Films present a rough
Yasmina Bennani and smooth surface texture consisted of particles fused together at the interparticle contacts, building up high mountains and deep valleys. Although it is clear that the morphology and surface characteristics of substrates with TiO2 films are quite different, both films can be described as a contiguous network of slightly sintered colloidal particles and aggregates having important roughness. When the photocatalyst are immobilized over an electrically conducting substrate, an anodic bias potential can be applied over it to improve the charge separation. During this study this project will focus on: ▪▪
Potential of the PEC process as an AOP from two aspects: the OH radical production and the photo-oxidation efficiency of DBPs and organic matter.
▪▪
Performance and degradation rate of DBPs that can be affected using different spectral range (UVA, UVB and UVC) as well as different intensity of UV irradiation.
▪▪
Assessment of the effect of a TiO2 film layer thickness and surface roughness on a degradation of DBPs and the aspects of PEC on different counter electrode usage (influence of electrode materials on PEC efficiency).
▪▪
Electrode fouling.
Scientific relevance Any water or energy savings must simultaneously guarantee that water quality remains within the strictly regulated limits. With development of a novel Advanced Oxidation reactor, it will be also delivered a first robust and effective water treatment system for complex water streams containing particulates, organic species and salts as found in swimming pools.
Social relevance
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2783347 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Oct 2011 Expected end date: Oct 2015 Key words: Photoelectrocatalysis, collimated beam, titanium dioxide
Sources of water pollution are countless and most important one and of great concern are due to human activities. Increased quantities of organics such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and other organic micropollutants can be found today in the aquatic environment and are of great concern in drinking water, wastewater, and water reuse applications. Therefore, the drinking water industry is continually challenged to provide its consumers water that is free from pollutants as well as microbial pathogens.
Literature ▪▪
Richardson, S.D., Plewa, M.J., Wagner, E.D., Schoeny, R., Demarini, D.M., 2007. Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by- products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research. Mutat. Res. 636 (1-3), 178– 242.
81
Individual projects
Cheryl Bertelkamp Emerging Substances: Towards an Absolute Barrier Research objectives
process was assessed by measuring carbohydrates and
The overall objective of this research is to investigate if it
proteins (common indicators for extracellular polymeric
is possible to create an absolute barrier for OMPs with a
substances, which are secreted by microorganisms in
new treatment concept consisting of river bank filtration
biofilm) and ATP (an indicator for active biomass). Batch
(RBF) followed by membrane filtration (MF) and granular
bottles were sacrificed at T = 0, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days. A
activated carbon (GAC). A second objective is to develop
set of 16 different OMPs was dosed with a wide range
a QSAR model for OMP removal during RBF. A QSAR
of solute physico-chemical properties (size, hydrophobicity
model can predict the OMP removal based on the physico-
and charge), to assess the influence of solute properties
chemical properties of OMPs.
on OMP sorption and biodegradation behavior.
Project outline
Results
Introduction
Figure 1 shows OMP removal after 14 days for the river
RBF is a natural treatment process that can remove a
water batch and the river water + NaN3 batch.
wide range of OMPs, however, some compounds such
The difference in OMP removal between these two batches is
as carbamazepine show very persistent behavior. To determine whether RBF is an effective barrier for OMPs and to set the first steps towards a QSAR model, insight is required in the transformation behavior of OMPs during RBF to better understand the removal mechanisms. The two main removal mechanisms are sorption and biodegradation, but these are difficult to distinguish.
Approach A batch experiment, mimicking the RBF process under
Figure 1: OMP removal after 14 days in river water batch and river water + NaN3 batch
oxic conditions, was performed to obtain more insight in the two main removal mechanisms during soil passage. In
an indication for biodegradation. As the removal of caffeine
this experiment 4 different experimental conditions were
in both batches was about the same, biodegradation for
created, see Table 1. River water and aquifer sand were
caffeine, a very easily degradable compound, seems
obtained near the RBF site of drinking water company
very small which is in contradiction with most literature
Oasen located in Bergambacht.
studies and is an indication that biodegradation occurred in the inactivated batch. ATP results, depicted in Figure 2,
Table 1 – Experimental conditions
Batch
Aqueous phase
Solid phase
A
350 mL river water
150 g aquifer sand
B
350 mL river water
150 g aquifer sand
C
350 mL demi water
150 g aquifer sand
D
350 mL demi water
150 g aquifer sand
confirmed this hypothesis.
Azide
In the inactivated batch, ATP was reduced by only 36% and 17% in the water phase and sand, respectively. This
0.4 g/L
implies that the NaN3 dose of 0.4 g/L was insufficient to inactivate all biomass present in the system. An additional
0.4 g/L
experiment indicated that even for a NaN3 dose of 40 g/L biomass was not completely inactivated. A repetition of the experiment was performed with 10 g/L NaN3 and NiCl2
To distinguish sorption from biodegradation, OMP removal
and BaCl2 which resulted in a better inactivation (82%)
in a batch filled with river water and sand was compared
compared to 0.4 g/L NaN3 alone, but still a complete
to a batch with river water, sand and sodium azide (NaN3).
inactivation of the biomass was not achieved.
NaN3 is a biocide frequently used in sorption studies to inactivate biomass. In addition, the microbiology of the RBF
82
Although biomass was not completely inactivated, the
Cheryl Bertelkamp
Figure 2: ATP reduction in supernatant and sand
difference in OMP removal between the two batches was a rough indication for OMP biodegradation. It was observed that all charged compounds were removed, which could be explained by negatively charged biofilm and positively charged metal oxides in the soil. For neutral compounds there was no relation observed between biodegradation potential and compound properties such as charge, hydrophobicity and molecular weight, indicating that other physic-chemical properties play a role for the biodegradation of neutral compounds. From this experiment it was concluded that 0.4 g/L NaN3 was insufficient to inactivate all biomass present, 10 g/L NaN3 in combination with NaCl2 and BaCl2 showed better results, but still incomplete inactivation of the biomass. Future research should focus on the possibility of using irradiation to inactivate biomass. Although biomass was not completely inactivated, the difference in OMP removal between the two batches (river water vs. river water + NaN3) gave a rough indication for biodegradation potential of the OMPs. It was observed that charged OMPs were all biodegraded, while for neutral compounds there was no clear trend visible, implying other physicochemical properties than charge/hydrophobicity/molecular weight are playing a role.
Scientific relevance The combination of RBF, MF and GAC as absolute barrier for OMPs is new and not yet investigated. In addition, the developed QSAR model can predict which OMPs are removed by certain pre-treatment techniques and which are not. This will provide a reliable and relatively cheap indicator for the OMPs removal ability of current and new treatment plants.
Social relevance
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2787894 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.52 Start date project: Nov 2010 Expected end date: Nov 2014 Key words: Organic micro pollutants, nanofiltration, river bank filtration, granular activated carbon Cooperation with other institutes: KWR, Pentair, Oasen, Vitens, Veolia Water, Epas, VMW, KompetenzZentrum Wasser Berlin, Berliner Wasserbetriebe
Since OMPs do not belong in drinking water and more awareness of these compounds is created amongst the public, an absolute barrier for these OMPs would maintain the consumers trust in the Dutch drinking water.
Literature ▪▪
Verliefde et al., Env. Pol., 146(1): pp. 281 - 289, 2007.
▪▪
Benotti et al., Env. Sci. Tech., 43, pp. 597 - 603, 2009
▪▪
Yoon et al., Sci. Tot. Env. 408, pp. 636 - 643, 2010
▪▪
Vieno et al., Env. Sci. Tech., 41, pp. 5077 - 5084, 2007
▪▪
Westerhoff et al., Env. Sci. Tech., 39 (17), pp. 6649, 2005.
83
Individual projects
Sandra Borges Freitas Safe drinking water in Bangladesh: feasibility, sustainability and applicability of subsurface iron removal (SIR) linked to a hand-pump adsorptive arsenic removal filter (AAR) in diverse settings Research objective
injection of aerated water adsorbed Fe(II) oxidizes to
Determine the small-scale feasibility and applicability of
Fe(III) which attaches itself to the sand grains and forms
SIR and linked with an arsenic adsorptive treatment at
new adsorption sites for Fe(II) and trace elements such
the surface. The aim is to identify the dominant process
as arsenic. The adsorptive-catalytic oxidation theory
and operational parameters responsible for the robust and
summarizes the processes during an injection-abstraction
appropriate design, operation and implementation of SIR/
cycle. SIR is effective and in order to remove arsenic
AAR at community and household level.
(<10ppb), is linked to a zero-valent iron (ZVI) filter connected to an existing hand-pump for adsorptive arsenic
Project outline
removal treatment (SIR/AAR).
Introduction Subsurface iron removal (SIR) consists of injection of
Approach
aerated water (Figure a - oxidation) followed by abstraction
The effective subsurface iron removal does promote the
of anoxic water (Figure b - adsorption). Due to the periodic
co-removal of arsenic with a significant retention in the subsurface (<50ppb). However, the WHO arsenic standard for drinking water is 10ppb. Recent studies demonstrate that ZVI can retain a high level of arsenic (III/V) under laboratory and field conditions (Su, C. et al, 2001; Manning, B. A. et al, 2002; Nikolaidis, N. P. et al, 2003; Kanel, S. R. et al, 2005; Leupin, O. X. et al, 2005; Bang, S. et al, 2005; Lien, H. L. et al, 2005). Therefore, further studies will focus on the investigation of ZVI media in order to promote adsorptive arsenic removal. Also studies will be done to investigate the applicability and implementation of subsurface iron removal linked to a hand-pump adsorptive arsenic removal (SIR/AAR) – Figure 1b. This research is focused on laboratory batch and column experiments and field studies in rural Bangladesh. The experimental work is designed with several main focal points: 1. The small-scale applicability of SIR/SAR tested with laboratory and field pilots in rural Bangladesh (study completed 2010-2012). 2. Arsenic removal from water by adsorptive media treatment. 3. Performance of zero-valent iron for arsenate/arsenite removal. 4. Develop and synthesize a new highly efficient form of ZVI to remove arsenic. 5. Feasibility, sustainability and applicability of SIR/AAR. 6. Surface complexation modeling (PHREEQC). This research will generate essential knowledge for future application of SIR/AAR in rural Bangladesh.
84
Sandra Borges Freitas Results 1. (i) Subsurface Iron Removal is effective in all conditions presented and can be successfully applied in rural areas. (ii) SAR technology was hypothesized to have potential, but WHO standard guideline for arsenic in drinking water was never achieved. It can be assumed that SAR cannot be applied for long-term solution regarding the arsenic problem in Bangladesh. 2. Three different adsorptive media, ALCAN, GFH and CIM, were investigated and surface characterization and batch experiments were performed. (i) Effective adsorption of As(III) and As(V) onto CIM; (ii) using canal water with high DOC levels, removal of DOC was found to increase with increasing of the amount of the adsorbent suggesting that the NOM is binding almost entirely on the surface of the particles. Although some of the general pathways for the removal of As with ZVI are known, the complex chemistry within the CIM is not yet fully understood. More detailed identification of formed solids and proper mass balances could improve the assessment of the filters sustainability and environmental impact and would help in the development of a consistent model for As removal with ZVI- based filter system.
Scientific relevance Arsenic in drinking water is a critical issue, deserving a scientific approach and an all-inclusive, proven solution, so process parameters that determine the sustainable removal efficiency of iron and arsenic in SIR/AAR will be investigated.
Social relevance Arsenic occurrence and mitigation is a high priority topic in Bangladesh. The mass poisoning by arsenic contamination illustrates the severe consequences of chronic arsenic consumption through drinking water, and this should not be neglected. Contaminated groundwater is the main source of water for the rural population. These communities urgently require a simple and affordable technology to remove arsenic from groundwater for both drinking and irrigation purposes. This integrated research approach is a necessity for optimizing the developmental impact, and to provide safe drinking water to millions. Subsurface arsenic removal potentially means a complementary solution, especially for the poorest.
Literature Conference proceedings ▪▪
Borges Freitas, S.C., Halem, D. van, Verberk, J.Q.J.C. & Meer, W.G.J.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2785457 Tel.: +31 6 83597560 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl www.subsurfacearsenicremoval.org Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Room 4.41 Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Oct 2010 Expected end date: Oct 2014 Key words: Iron, arsenic, removal, groundwater, adsorption, zerovalent iron Cooperation with other institutes: Brabant Water UNICEF Bangladesh DPHE Bangladesh Dhaka University BUET University VU Amsterdam Wageningen University
van der (2011). Subsurface Iron Removal in Sand Columns. In s.n. (Ed.), Beneleux YWP 2 (pp. 420-428). Leuven: IWA, 2011. ▪▪
Borges Freitas S.C., Rahman M.M., Halem, D. van, Verberk J.Q.J.C., Badruzzaman A.B.M., Van der Meer W.G.J. The efficiency of Subsurface Arsenic Removal under low phosphate conditions. In s.n. (Ed.), IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition, Busan, South Korea, 16-21 September 2012
85
Individual projects
Diana Brandão Removal of residual pollutants for reclamation of treated wastewater (Delft Blue Water) Research objectives
and inoculated with selenastrum capricornutum, standard
The main objectives of the research are to understand
test organism for algal growth studies, and all essential
the importance of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in
nutrients excluding nitrate. Figure 1 shows chlorophyll-a
treated wastewater and the mechanisms responsible
development during 14 days of algae incubation. Results
for its production or consume in secondary effluents, as
indicate that algae grow in the absence of NO3. Similar
well as to identify effective removal mechanisms for DON
observations have been done by Liu (2012a). Further
compounds.
results will show if the algal growing occuurs with DON uptake and therefore if DON is bioavailable.
Project outline Introduction
Tertiary treatment of the HNP WWTP effluent through a
The need for understanding the occurrence and removal of
static bed bioreactor (SBBR) filtration showed increase of
dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is an issue of increasing
DON concentration. Figure 2 shows typical concentrations
importance for the reclamation of treated wastewater.
of feed water and filtrate between two backwashes.
Effluent DON may serve as disinfection by-product precursors during wastewater disinfection and may also contribute to eutrophication of receiving surface waters (Mantas, 2006). In order to use the treated effluent of the Harnaschpolder (HNP) wastewater treatment plant as a source for fresh water supply, the total nitrogen (TN) discharge should not exceed 2.2 mg/L, according to the Dutch maximum tolerable values (MTR). The current tertiary treatment at HNP performs full denitrification, but the presence of organic nitrogen that frequently exceeds 1 mg/L hampers final N concentrations reaching the required limit. However, it is still not well undestood if the referred limit should be expressed as total Nitrogen,
Figure 1: Chlorophyll-a during incubation of algae in effluent without NO3
since is not clear if the organic fraction of TN is a potential threat for receiving waters. In case that organic nitrogen
Literature has shown that the first hours after a backwash,
is a potential cause for eutrophication, it is necessary to
when the biomass is growing fast and consuming more
investigate processes capable of removing this group of
polymeric substances than producing them, result in DON
compounds. On the other hand, if DON does not present
removal (Liu, 2012b). In the present case, production of
a threat for the final receiving system, this Nitrogen
DON is observed for the whole filtration run. Further batch
fraction should be excluded from the regulations.
tests will be carried out to understand what mechanisms are behind the production of DON during denitrification.
Approach Bioavailability tests were carried out to evaluate if the DON from HNP WWTP effluent is a potential cause for eutrophication. The variation of DON concentration was evaluated along with filtration runtime in a static bed bioreactor (SBBR) filter performing simultaneous nutrient removal.
Results Effluent of the HNP WWTP was submitted to NO3 removal
86
Figure 2: DON concentration between 2 backwashes (total runtime of 10 h)
Diana Brandão Scientific relevance Gaining knowledge into removal / production mechanisms of DON will allow to define optimal operation conditions to minimize DON in tertiary filters, as well as additional treatment processes suitable for DON removal.
Social relevance If it is shown that the organic fraction of total nitrogen is not bioavailable, extra treatment costs for reuse of water as surface water are avoidable. If it is shown that such fraction is bioavailable, its minimization in the final effluent will make possible to satisfy stricter environmental limits. Besides, a safe reuse will be guaranteed for systems requiring desinfection.
Literature ▪▪
Liu, H. Z., J. Jeong, et al. (2012a). “Algal Uptake of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Dissolved Organic Nitrogen in Effluent from Biological Nutrient Removal Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems.” Environmental Science & Technology 46(2): 713-721.
▪▪
Liu, B., L. Gu, et al. (2012b). “Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) profile during backwashing cycle of drinking water biofiltration.” Science of the Total Environment 414: 508-514.
▪▪
Pehlivanoglu-Mantas, E. & D. L. Sedlak (2006) Wastewater-derived dissolved organic nitrogen: Analytical methods, characterization, and effects - A review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 261-285.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 278 15 85 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.59 Start date project: Oct 2009 Expected end date: Oct 2013 Key words: Reclamation, wastewater reuse, urban effluent, dissolved organic nitrogen Cooperation with other institutes: EVIDES Industriewater; VEOLIA water; waterboard Delfland
87
Individual projects
Guendalina Bruni High resolution rainfall data to protect cities against floods Research objectives
Results
This project aims to use high resolution rainfall data from
While waiting the installation of the radar in Rotterdam,
radar to enhance urban pluvial flood prediction and water
data from the X band doppler polarimetric radar installed
management within cities.
at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research (CESAR) have been analysed and compared
Project outline
with rain gauge measurements and rainfall data from the
Introduction
C-band doppler radar also available for this site.
Cities’ vulnerability to extreme rainfall is increasing due to
Rainfall events have been used as input into a
urbanization, increase of imperviousness, implementation
hydrodynamic model of the sewer system of the city of
of complex network of infrastructures, and alteration of
Utrecht, located between CESAR and the C-band radar
precipitation patterns as an effect of climate change.
site. When compared with rain gauge measurements,
More severe and more frequent storms are expected,
X-band rainfall estimations provided good results in terms
having a strong impact in urban catchments, which will
of peak magnitude and time-to-peak.
become more prone to floods. Because of the short duration and rapid variation in intensity especially of
Scientific relevance
summer storms, there is a strong need of both spatial
Current techniques for rainfall observation are unable
and temporal high resolution rainfall measurements.
to measure and predict rainfall at sufficiently detailed
Moreover, urban hydrological modelling requires high
spatial and temporal scales to match the fast hydrological
resolution rainfall data to be able to simulate fast runoff
processes and high spatial variety in urban areas.
processes and related short response times. This can
Consequently, there is an imminent need to implement
be provided by X-band radars. Within the RainGain
new techniques that can accurately measure and predict
project, new generation X-band radar will be used to
rainfall and resulting pluvial flooding in urban areas.
improve hydrological modeling. This will lead to a better
The higher frequency of X-band radars compared to
description and quantification of pluvial floods in urban
classical S-band and C-band radars allows to increase the
areas.
effective spatial scale resolution by a factor of about ten (down to hectometre scale), i.e. to increase the number
Approach
of precipitation data pixels by a factor of a hundred.
The research will be focused on the adaptation of radar
X-band radars thus provide the equivalent of a network of
product for hydrological applications, and afterwards on
hundreds of traditional rain gauges.
the simulation and prediction of urban flooding down to the street level. For this purpose three sewer districts of
Social relevance
Rotterdam have been selected: Spaanse polder, Kralingen
The availability of fine-scale rainfall and flood data will
and Centrum. X-band data will be compared to rain gauge
enable urban water authorities to adequately cope
data available in Rotterdam urban area (11 rain gauges).
with peak rainfall and will help to prevent the severe
The districts will be modelled by a hydrodynamic sewer
pluvial flood damage that in the past decades has been
model (Sobek) coupled with an overland flow module:
associated with these events. Rainfall radars are the only
most likely the 3Di distributed modelling of runoff
measuring devices that provide space-time estimates of
and overland flow will be applied to one or more case
rainfall that can be used for this purpose. This technique
study areas. The results will be used to improve flood
has only recently been developed to become sufficiently
protection, such as warning systems and optimization of
detailed to be applicable to the scale of urban areas. This
storage capacity and pumping management in the city
innovative technique will be brought to implementation in
of Rotterdam.
water management practice.
88
Guendalina Bruni Literature ▪▪
Berne, A., Delrieu, G, Creutin, J., and Obed, C. (2004). Temporal and spatial resolution of rainfall measurements required for urban hydrology. Journal of Hydrology, 299, 166-179
▪▪
G. Bruni, J.A.E. ten Veldhuis, T. Otto, and H. Leijnse. Rainfall resolution from weather radars and their application in urban drainage modelling. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 14, EGU2012-3317, 2012. EGU General Assembly 2012.
▪▪
Emmanuel, I., Leblois, E., Andrieu, H, and Flahaut, B. (2011). Variabilité spatio-temporelle des précipitations aux échelles de l’hydrologie urbaine. La Houille Blanche, 4, 31-36.
▪▪
Leijnse, H., Uijlenhoet, R., van de Beek, C.Z., Overeem, A., Otto, T. , Unal, C.M.H., Dufournet, Y., Russchenberg, H.W.J., Figueras i Ventura, J., Klein Baltink, H., and Holleman, I. (2010). Precipitation measurement at CESAR, the Netherlands. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 11, 6, 1322-1329.
▪▪
Schellart, A.N.A., Shepherd, W.J., and Saul, A.J. (in press). Influence of rainfall estimation error and spatial variability on sewer flow prediction at a small urban scale. Adv Water Resour (2011), doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.10.012.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Feb 2012 Expected end date: Feb 2015 Key words: Pluvial flood, X band radar rainfall, drainage system modelling Cooperation with other institutes: Imperial College (UK), Ecole des Ponts ParisTech (FR), KU Leuven (BE)
89
Individual projects
Marco Casola Biological Advance Oxidation Processes toward Micropollutant removal Research objectives
Approach
▪▪
Explore the Aspecific oxidative capacity of different
Groups of bacteria known to possess aspecific Groups of
bacterial groups.
bacteria known to possess aspecific oxidative enzymes
Engineer the proper bacterial community on Activated
were explored:
Carbon Filters.
Ammonia oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) and Methane oxidizing
Follow Biological Activated Carbon pilot plant in
Bacteria (MOB), we want to understand their potential
Leiden.
on the removal of micropollutants. Study the effect of
▪▪ ▪▪
biofilm growth on BAC, subsequent manage the growth
Project outline
of AOB and MOB communities on Activated carbon filters
Introduction The
installed at Leiden north Wastewater treatment plant.
Occurrence
in
drinking
water
sources
of
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) is
Results
an emerging environmental issue. The development of
The qPCR Analysis of 16s total bacterial DNA show the
strategies to remove these compounds from wastewater
different growth on the different carbons: the non-porous
and drinking water provides a new challenge in
have the highest amount of bacteria, followed by the
environmental biotechnology.
reference carbon, the pasteurized column instead show
Microorganisms
from
environmental
sources
like
a 10x less bacteriae mass.
activated sludge, water infiltration systems, or biofilms on membranes play a key role in the degradation of the majority of the pollutants. Hence an improved understanding is required of the relationship of the microbial community composition and the bacterial degradation potential. Table 1: BAC (lab exp.) Different pore size distribution, different amount of biomass attaching on the carbon, without any selection for AOB or MOB conditions
C1
C2
C3
C4
Abs+BioD
BioD
Abs+BioD
Abs (pasteurized)
Figure 1: Values are copies number/ml wet carbon
standard carbon
Non porous carbon
Microporus carbon
standard carbon
The Pharmaceuticals are still under analysis, from the
tap water
tap water
tap water
tap water
better removed by AOB (Fenazon, Sulphamethoxazole,
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
sotalol,
Hypothesis synergic effect Expected higher removal latest breakthrough
Hypothesis just absorption expected removal efficiency average. breakthrough faster the C1
Hypothesis maximize abs. expected high removal (higher absorption surface) breakthrough fast then C1
Hypothesis minimize Abs expected low removal. Breakthrough fastest (no abs.)
Metoprolol, Cyclofosfamide, trimethoprim), these results
90
current analysis it seems that certain compounds are Lyncomicin,
still need confirmation.
ifosfamide),
MOB
(Lidocaine,
Marco Casola Table 2: BAC Pilot conditions
AOB
MOB
REF
Past.
Abs+AOB
Abs+Methanotrophs
Abs
Abs+Bio
standard carbon pre-incubation with AOB and NH4
standard carbon pre-incubation with methanotrophs and CH4+CH3OH
standard carbon
Abiotic weekly pasteurization.
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
25 PhAC
Hypothesis Expected higher removal capacity breakthrough After REF and Past. Population analysis
Hypothesis just Expected higher removal capacity breakthrough After REF and Past. Population analysis
Hypothesis Standard control
Hypothesis Fastest breakthrough
The qPCR population analysis on the columns confirm the selection for AOB and MOB.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Faculty of Applied Sciences Department Biotechnology Environmental Biotechnology Section Tel.: +31 15 2789175 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft
Figure 2: Values are copies number/ml wet carbon
Scientific relevance Bacteria play a key role in the removal of organic pollutants, it’s needed a deeper understanding of their behavior in complex communities, in order to be able to manage this community to perform effective Aspecific Biological oxidations in synergy with absorption systems.
Social relevance The application of biological oxidation processes in synergy with other methods to remove pharmaceuticals seems to be the most sustainable
Visiting address: Julianalaan 67 2628BC Delft Building 5 Room 0.009 Start date project: Nov 2008 Expected end date: Jan 2013 Key words: BiologicalAOP, AOB, MOB, micropollutants, microbial population analysis, biological activated carbon Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet, Norit, HWL, Rjinland
and economical way to remove micropollutants from water systems.
91
Individual projects
Petra van Daal-Rombouts Quality based Real Time Control in wastewater systems Research objectives
of real time control (RTC) in the wastewater system: using
The main research question of this project is: “How, and under
information from downstream locations to adjust the operation
which conditions, can RTC based on the quality of the receiving
of upstream systems.
surface water, be implemented in wastewater systems?” This question is divided into several sub questions:
Approach
▪▪
Is it possible to derive a generic method, to design
As can be derived from the research questions, the study is
steering rules for surface water quality based RTC for a
both theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is conveyed
random wastewater system?
in question 1: deriving a generic method to design steering
▪▪
How can the generic method be implemented in practice?
rules for water quality based RTC. This includes determining
▪▪
How does the theoretically derived steering perform in
the appropriate optimization algorithm, setting minimal
practice?
demands on infrastructure and information, and defining when a wastewater system is performing optimally.
Project outline
The practical part is embedded in question 2: implementing
Introduction
the generic method in practice. For this purpose the
A wastewater system consists of different subsystems: a sewer
wastewater system of the research project Kallisto (carried
system, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and receiving
out by waterboard De Dommel, Weijers et al. 2012) is
water. These subsystems interact with one another through
available as a case. The wastewater system is situated in
water quantity and water quality:
the Eindhoven region, see Figure 1, and is monitored and
▪▪
sewer system <--> WWTP: through WWTP influent
modelled intensively. To implement the generic algorithm,
▪▪
sewer system <--> receiving water: through combined
several topics will have to be looked into: cataloguing and
sewer overflows
possibly adjusting the available infrastructure and information,
WWTP <--> receiving water: through WWTP effluent
improving the integrated model of the wastewater system, as
What lacks however, is the influence of the quality of the
well as creating the necessary organizational conditions for the
receiving water on the sewer system or the WWTP. To
implementation of quality based RTC.
improve the quality of the receiving water this would be very
Theory and practice are combined at the end of the project
welcome. The influence of the receiving water on the WWTP
where question 3 will be addressed: how the theoretical
and sewer system could be achieved through the application
steering copes in the real world. The designed steering will be
▪▪
applied, and the performance of the system will be monitored and compared to the theoretically expected performance.
Figure 1: Area of case study
92
Figure 2: Measurements indicating a SST overflow without reaching the full biological capacity of the WWTP
Petra van Daal-Rombouts Results The operation of the stormwater settling tank (SST) at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Eindhoven has been analyzed, based on 1.5 years of rainfall, flow and water level measurements at the WWTP and in the contributing sewer systems. The SST should only fill and eventually overflow to the receiving water when the inflow of the WWTP surpasses its maximum biological capacity. It is found that in practice the SST overflows regularly at times the maximum biological capacity is not reached. A typical example can be found in Figure 2. Figure 2 also shows that the operation of the SST based on high influent flows, could be improved by taking the water levels in the influent chambers (and thus the sewer systems) into account. It is found that the sewer systems will not overflow as long as the water level in the influent chambers stays below 13.5 m+NAP (indicated by the gray horizontal line). Wastewater can therefore be stored in the sewer system instead over utilizing the SST. Above results show that improving the operation of the SST is possible. With additional research accounting for water quality and rainfall measurements, it is planned to form new steering rules for the SST operation. These rules will be implemented and tested in practice.
Scientific relevance Previous research performed by Langeveld (2004) and Schilperoort (2011) has shown there are possibilities to decrease the impact of a sewer system and WWTP on the surface water. One very likely means is using RTC. Previous research on RTC in wastewater systems covers topics like volume based RTC, optimization techniques and theoretical research. There is a lack of research on quality based RTC, large case studies, comparison between theory and practice, and studies on the total wastewater system. The research presented here aims at filling these gaps and making the knowledge available for practice.
Social relevance Social relevance is at the very basis of this project. The proposed RTC is taking the surface water into account in the operation of the sewer systems and WWTP. This should result in a decrease of the impact of the sewer system and
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 6 5090 9369 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2012 Expected end date: Dec 2015 Key words: Wastewater system, Real Time Control, water quality, monitoring, integrated modelling, optimisation Cooperation with other institutes: Witteveen+Bos, Waterboard De Dommel, INSA de Lyon
WWTP on the surface water, therefore improving its quality, and thus leading to a higher ecological/recreational value.
Literature ▪▪
Weijers S.R., De Jonge J., Van Zanten O., Benedetti L., Langeveld J.G., 2012. KALLISTO : cost effective and integrated optimization of the urban wastewater system Eindhoven. Water Practice and Technology, 7(2).
▪▪
Langeveld, J. G. (2004). Interactions within wastewater systems. Analysis. TU Delft.
▪▪
Schilperoort, R. (2011). Monitoring as a tool for the assessment of wastewater quality dynamics. TU Delft.
93
Individual projects
Kaan Dereli Effect of Sludge Retention Time on Biological and Filtration Performance of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors (AnMBRs) treating Corn Based Ethanol Stillage High rate anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewaters
AnMBRs offer many advantages, they still suffer from
is a proven technology that offers many advantages
the membrane fouling that reduces the flux due to the
such as high organic matter removal efficiency, recovery
accumulation of the organic and inorganic particles in
of energy and excess sludge reduction. Therefore,
and/or on the membrane pores. Cake layer formation was
retention of slow growing methanogenic bacteria in the
identified as the most important fouling mechanism in
reactor is essential for the success of high rate anaerobic
AnMBRs. Membrane fouling is a multivariable process that
treatment. Biomass retention can be achieved by
is affected by influent characteristics, reactor operation,
several means such as settling, attachment, granulation
membrane features and biomass properties. Although the
and physical separation. AnMBRs take advantage of
membrane fouling is inevitable at least on the long term,
membrane filtration for the separation of biomass and
efforts focus on how to reduce its build up with time by
treated effluent. Therefore, AnMBRs offer complete
efficient operation and control measures.
retention of biomass regardless of its settling/granulation properties, superior treatment efficiency and high quality
Research objectives
effluent free of solids and pathogens. Furthermore,
The sludge retention time (SRT) in AnMBRs, can be
AnMBRs can be used to retain special biomass types that
controlled much easier than other types of anaerobic
degrade specific pollutants in the wastewater. Although
reactors and it is completely independent from the hydraulic retention time. In literature, AnMBRs were reported to operate at various SRTs in the range of 30350 days (Dereli et al., 2012). In principle, high SRTs corresponds to more biogas production due to the improved stabilization of organic matter, less sludge production and higher biomass concentrations in the reactor. However, increasing SRT also yields to a more stabilized sludge in terms of active microorganism concentration and accumulation of inert organic and inorganic matter such as decay products of bacteria and inorganic precipitates in the reactor. The effect of SRT on biological and filtration performance of AnMBRs is still a very important topic that needs further investigation. The aim of this study is to identify the effect of SRT on the
Table 1: Operation conditions of lab-scale AnMBRs
Operaing Conditions
Unit
R-20
R-30
R-50
SRT
days
20
30
50 6.1±1.4
VLR
kg COD/(m day)
8.3±1.3
7.8±0.9
F:M
kg COD/(kg VSS.day)
0.53±0.1
0.47±0.12
0.30±0.09
Temperature
ºC
37
37
37
3.
HRT
day
9.6±1.9
10.1±1.5
11.5±3.3
CFV
m/s
0.5
0.5
0.5
Flux
L/(m2.h)
12
11
14
Operation time
day
83
90
100
94
Kaan Dereli treatment and filtration performance of lab-scale AnMBRs treating corn based ethanol stillage.
Project outline Introduction In AnMBRs, biomass and particulate organic matter are physically retained inside the reactor by membrane filtration which provides superior effluent quality over conventional high rate anaerobic reactors. However, low flux and membrane fouling are the main factors that still the limit the wide spread application of AnMBRs for industrial wastewater treatment.
Approach In this project the filtration and biological performances of lab-scale AnMBRs (10 L) for the treatment of corn to ethanol thin stillage were investigated. The reactors were operated at 3 different SRTs such as 20, 30 and 50 days. The average operating conditions were summarized in Table 1. The filtration performance was be monitored with the sludge filterability (capillary suction time, specific cake resistance) analysis. Specific methanogenic activity tests were regularly done in order to determine the effect of shear rate on long term biological activity of the sludge.
Scientific relevance Many operation parameters such as sludge retention time (SRT), volumetric and sludge loading rate (VLR and F:M) filtration/backwash/ relaxation periods, applied shear rate, etc. seem to have an influence on both membrane fouling and reactor performance. Therefore, understanding the relation of these factors with each other and optimization of them for each specific case to improve reactor performance and mitigate fouling is of crucial importance.
Social relevance Ethanol production, as a renewable energy source and fuel additive,
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 685353796 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2010 Key words: Anaerobic membrane bioreactor, industrial wastewater, fouling, cake layer, ethanol thin stillage Cooperation with other institutes: Biothane Systems International - Veolia
form starch based grains such as corn and wheat has increased rapidly in recent years to mitigate green-house gas emissions due to the extensive usage of fossil fuels and to regulate the instabilities in global fuel supply. However, bio-ethanol manufacturing is a water and energy intensive process that generates a high amount of concentrated wastewater called stillage and requires a high amount of energy input for downstream stillage management with centrifuges, evaporators and dryers. Therefore its overall environmental benefit is still questionable and the its environmental impact has to be decreased by finding better and more feasible management options for the process wastewater (stillage).
95
Individual projects
Jojanneke Dirksen Settlement as a driver for sewer rehabilitation Research objectives The study was initiated to search for additional criterions to make sewer pipe replacement decisions more sensible. For this, better insight in the sewer system deterioration processes is required. Currently available information sources have a large uncertainty and do not provide the necessary information; therefore, the potential of a new information source, sewer settlement, will be assessed.
Project outline Introduction Throughout Europe, decisions on sewer rehabilitation and replacement are often based on visual inspection reports according to the EN 13508-2. The use of visual
Figure 2: Displaced joint and potential location for blockage
sewer inspection as the primary investigation technique, however, has major drawbacks. Recent research has
Consequently it is to be expected that sewers might
shown that visual sewer inspection data proved to be
fail before the end of the expected design lifetime of
poorly. Therefore, it is very likely that any final decision or
60 years. Monitoring and assessing sewer settlement in
result of a deterioration model based on this data source
areas prone to settlement might be an alternative to the
is only tentatively linked to the actual (future) condition
unreliable visual inspection data.
of the inspected sewer pipe. Consequently, sewer management based on visual inspection data will likely
Approach
result in ineffective management.
In the fist phase of the study, the settlement rate of
As not managing sewer systems is no option, as
the study area, Amsterdam was analyzed. It was found
deterioration will occur, there is an immediate need for an
that historical data on the vertical position of sewer
alternative source of reliable information to drive sewer
invert levels can be used to accurately estimate the
rehabilitation. In many deltas, land settlement is one of
settlement rate. The settlement rate in the Amsterdam
the local characteristics that significantly influence the
study area ranges from 5-10 mm/year (or 30-60 cm in
vertical position of sewer system elements and therefore
60 years). Consequently, as experienced in practice, it is
the functioning of the system. In Amsterdam e.g., the
to be expected that sewer may fail before the end of the
settlement rate amounts no less than 5-10 mm/year.
expected lifetime of 60 years. In addition to the position of sewer invert levels, the position of individual sewer pipes was measured using a tilt measurement. These measurements gave accurate results and revealed significant differences in settlement between sewer pipes also. Next research phases will focus on the analysis of settlement induced defects such as displaced and open joints, ex/infiltration, locations of stagnant water, loss of storage, fouling of the system and disconnection of sewer pipes. In this phase, information form inspection videos, tilt measurements and hydraulic measurements will be combined. In the final phase the impact of (differential)
Figure 1: Expected settlement during the lifetime of a sewer of 60 years (in meters) for the sewer system of Amsterdam
96
settlement on hydraulic functioning will be analyzed using
Jojanneke Dirksen model calculations and data from the Amsterdam municipal call centre, which contains detailed information on causes and consequences of sewer dysfunctioning.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section
Figur 3: Differential settlement of sewer pipes
Social relevance Sewer system construction on a large scale started in the Netherlands in the 1950s. Consequently, only few pipes can be found dating back to earlier decades. Because the lifetime of sewer pipes is thought to be around 60 years, it is expected that the number of pipes that need replacement will significantly increase over the next years. In addition, sewer managers are facing an increasing pressure to reduce costs. Knowledge of the ground settlement and the relation between settlement (differences) and sewer system dysfunctioning can help the sewer manager to predict and act upon these negative influences in an effective way.
Literature ▪▪
Tel.: +31 (0)6 41112779 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2008 Expected end date: Jun 2013 Key words: Sewer, asset mangement Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet
Dirksen, J., Clemens, F., Korving, H., Cherqui, F., Le Gauffre, P., Ertl, T., Plihal, H., Muller, K., Snaterse, C., 2011. The consistency of visual sewer inspection data. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering (DOI:10.1080/15732479.2010.541265), first published on: 07 february 2011 (iFirst).
▪▪
Dirksen, J., Baars, E.J., Langeveld, J.G., Clemens, F.H.L.R. (2012). Settlement as a driver for sewer rehabilitation. Water Science and Technology 66(7) pp 1534-1539.
▪▪
Dirksen, J., Pothof, I.W.M., Langeveld, J.G., Clemens, F.H.L.R. (subm.). Slope profile measurement of sewer inverts. Automation in Construction.
▪▪
Dirksen, J., Baars, E.J., Langeveld, J.G., Clemens, F.H.L.R. (acc.). Quality and use of sewer invert measurements. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering.
97
Individual projects
Jorge Elias Maxil Flow modeling in sewer systems Introduction The emerging necessity for water reuse will require more site-specific methods for design, monitor and control decentralized systems therefore; site-specific data from small-scale sewer system is needed. Nevertheless, flow data is one of the most difficult parameters to experimentally measure in partially filled sewer pipes. [1, 2]
Figure 2: Side view of pumping pit
Methods
model, a method to model the flow in some points of
With the combination of a modified stochastic model
a sewer system (Figure 1) is being developed. Level
for drinking water use prediction and a hydraulic
measurements from the water level in the pumping pit of the system (Figure 2) were taken. The confidence limits of the sudden change in water level, and the pumping capacity were used to obtain a maximum and minimum flow interval during the monitoring campaign.
Results and Discussion Figure 3 represents the average flow of the monitoring period for working days and weekends/holydays. The Figure 1: Location of wastewater connections into the sewer pipes
model predicts higher peaks of water discharge than
Figure 3: Upper, lower experimental flow at 95% of confidence level and modeled flow for an average working and non-working day
98
Jorge Elias Maxil and they seem to appear 15 minutes before the measured results. In accumulated volume, the model predicts approximately 10% more water than the experimental results
Conclusion The linking of a stochastic water demand model to a hydraulic model seems to be a tool to avoid large measurements campaigns of flow measurements in sewers.
References ▪▪
Larrarte, F., C. Joannis, and H. Bonakdari, Qualification and design of flow meter measurement sites within sewer networks. Qualification et conception de sites de mesures débitmé triques en réseaux d’assainissement, 2010(277): p. 31-41.
▪▪
Lynggaard-Jensen, A., Trends in monitoring of waste water systems. Talanta, 1999. 50(4): p. 707-716
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2783539 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: 2010 Expected end date: 2014 Key words: Energy, wastewater, urban water cycle, wastewater temperature modelling Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet, KWR
99
Individual projects
Mustafa Evren Ersahin DYNAFIL-Application of Dynamic Membranes in Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Systems Research objectives
combination of membrane and anaerobic processes has
The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability of
received much attention and become more attractive
dynamic membranes for the treatment of sewage sludge
and feasible, due to their advantages with regard to
in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs). This will
developments for sustainable wastewater treatment. The
indeed be oriented to AnMBR using cloth or mesh filtration
major drawbacks of MBR technology are related with
instead of a ‘real’ membrane. The feasibility of dynamic
membrane costs, especially for the full scale applications,
membranes for the treatment of sewage sludge at low
fouling and low flux. Dynamic membrane technology
fluxes will be investigated under mesophilic conditions.
may be a promising approach to resolve problems
Besides, the determination of an optimal support material
encountered in MBR processes. Dynamic membrane,
and investigations about its structure will be achieved by
which is also called secondary membrane, is formed on
testing various types of support materials.
an underlying support material when the filter solution contains suspended solid particles such as microbial flocs.
Project outline
Formation of this cake layer over the membrane surface
Introduction
can determine rejection properties of the system, since
Anaerobic treatment is an energy generating process, in
the deposited layer can act as a “secondary” membrane
contrast to aerobic systems that generally demand a high
prior the “real” membrane.
energy input for aeration purposes. Biomass retention is a necessary feature for high rate anaerobic treatment
Approach
of wastewaters due to low growth rate of anaerobic
The feasibility of dynamic membranes for the treatment
microorganisms, particularly at sub-mesophilic conditions
of sewage sludge will be investigated by performing
when the degradation rate of suspended solids and
experiments about the control of cake layer thickness.
colloidal fractions is the rate limiting step. Granule and
Within this concept, two AnDMBRs (submerged and
biofilm formation represents the traditional way to achieve
externally submerged configurations) will be conducted.
the necessary biomass retention, enabling bioreactors operation at high biomass concentrations. However,
Scientific relevance
several conditions have been identified where biofilm and
One of the most important potential benefits of dynamic
granule formation does not proceed well, such as high
membranes is that the membrane itself may be no longer
salinity and high temperatures. The anaerobic membrane
necessary, since solids rejection will be accomplished by
bioreactors physically ensure biomass retention by
the secondary membrane layer which can be formed and
the application of membrane filtration processes. With
re-formed as a self-forming dynamic membrane in situ.
growing application experiences from aerobic MBRs,
Repeated processes of formation and removal of dynamic
Figure 1: Submerged AnMBR
Figure 2: Externally Submerged AnMBR
100
Mustafa Evren Ersahin membranes may slow down the loss of membrane permeability. The development of an optimal support material and investigations about its structure will be achieved by applying various types of membranes and support materials. In addition, the influence of foulants on dynamic membrane fouling, which is the major drawback of MBR technology, will be investigated.
Social Relevance Cheaper and different kind of materials can be used as the filter media for creating dynamic membrane. By this way, the replacement of the membrane for a low cost filtration material may be possible. By decreasing cost and generating energy, dynamic AMBRs will receive much attention, due to their advantages with regard to developments for sustainable waste(water) treatment.
Literature ▪▪
Chu, L., Li, S., 2006. Filtration Capability and Operational Characteristics of Dynamic Membrane Bioreactor for Municipal Wastewater Treatment, Sep. Purif. Technol., 51, 173-179.
▪▪
Ersahin, M.E., Ozgun, H., Dereli, R.K., Ozturk, I., Roest, K., van Lier, J.B., 2012. A Review on Dynamic Membrane Filtration: Materials, Applications and Future Perspectives, Biores. Technol., 122, 196206.
▪▪
Fan, B., Huang, X., 2002. Characteristics of a Self-Forming Dynamic Membrane Coupled with a Bioreactor for Municipal Wastewater Treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 5245-5251.
▪▪
Jeison, D., Diaz, I., van Lier, J.B., 2008. Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors: Are Membranes Really Necessary?, Electron. J. Biotechn., 11 (4), 1-7.
▪▪
Kiso, Y., Jung, Y.J., Ichinari, T., Park, M., Kitao, T., Nishimura, K., Min, K.S., 2000. Wastewater Treatment Performance of A Filtration Bio-Reactor Equipped With A Mesh as A Filter Material, Water Res., 34 (17), 4143-4150.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2789086 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2010 Expected end date: Nov 2014 Key words: Anaerobic membrane bioreactor, dynamic membrane, cake filtration, wastewater treatment Cooperation with other institutes: KWR Water BV, STOWA, Waterschap Brabantse Delta, Waternet, Logisticon Water Treatment B.V., Bert Daamen
101
Individual projects
Dara Ghasimi Anaerobic digestion (AD) of fine sieved materials under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions Research objectives
(BMP) of the FSMs for mesophilic and thermophilic
1. To investigate the biomethane potential of the fine
conditions using automated methane potentials test
sieved materials (FSMs) from raw sewage and find the best technically and economically feasible option for its biomethanation. 2. To explore and tackle possible inhibitors involving in mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of the FSMs. 3. Modeling of the feasible AD system using ADM1 approach.
system (AMPTS, Figure 1 left). 3. Lab scale experiment of the FSMs digestion at both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions in four continuous stirred tank (CSTR) laboratory reactors (Figure 1 right). 4. ADM1 Modeling of the mesophilic and thermophilic conditions.
Project outline
Results
Introduction
Figure 2 illustrates the methane production over time from
Cellulose makes up about 30-50% of the suspended solids
the fine sieved material at both thermophilic (55oC) and
in the sewage of western countries. It mainly originates
mesophilic (35oC) temperature. Owing to heterogeneity
from the use of toilet paper which is estimated to be
of the inoculum, BMP assessment showed a large
10-14 kg per year per average person. Waternet (The
deviation. BMP was therefore calculated based on 100%
Netherlands) established a fine sieve system (300 µm) at
cellulose COD degradability with 10.5 ± 7.5 % cellulose
the WWTP in Blaricum to remove this cellulosic waste prior
COD going to biomass growth and the rest to biogas.
to activated sludge treatment, which may lead to up to
Results clearly showed that mesophilic digestion gives
55% energy reduction under full scale conditions (Ruiken
more unambiguous results and nicely follows a first order
et al., 2010). The FSM consists of approximately 80%
production curve. Preliminary results from the laboratory
cellulose at about 25% dried solids (DS). Currently, TU
scale batch wise operated CSTR indicate that mesophilic
Delft and Waternet study the potential of bioconversion
digestion of FSM can be described by a simplified first
of this sieved fraction to produce valuable products like
order model with a single hydrolysis constant whereas
biogas and volatile fatty acids.
thermophilic digestion shows a much more irregular pattern. The latter possibly occurs due to changes in
Approach
the rate limiting step along the BMP assessment with
1. Characterization of the FSMs and cellulose lean
poorly adapted inoculum. In addition, also the non-
waste. 2. Determination of the biochemical methane potentials
optimized set-up of the AMPTS equipment for performing thermophilic tests could have led to irregular recording of
Figure 1: Automated Methane Potentials Test System (AMPTS) for BMP test [4] (left), mesophilic and thermophilic digesters set-up (right)
102
Dara Ghasimi
Figure 2: Thermophilic and mesophilic BMP results. Black lines are the inoculum activity from triplicates and the red lines the methane production from triplicates of the substrate and inoculum.
the methane production. Figure 2 also shows that the lag phase of the poorly adapted thermophilic sludge in the batch tests is much longer than that of the mesophilic sludge. The mesophilic inoculum originated from a full scale primary sludge digester, and the thermophilic inoculum from a full scale thermophilic dry digester treating the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Table 1 presents the achieved BMP, COD removal (CODrem) and hydrolysis constant (Kh) for both mesophilic and thermophilic digestion of the FSMs, showing more or less similar results for BMP and COD removal. Suprisingly a lower Kh is found for the poorly adapted thermophilic sludge. Repetition of the test with adapted thermophilic inoculum from the lab-scale CSTR reactor resulted in higher hydrolysis constant (Kh = 0.49 ± 0.07), compared to the mesophilic batch tests as expected. Table 1: Obtained BMP, CODrem, and Kh of the FSMs digestion
FSM
Mesophilic
Thermophilic
BMP [ml CH4/gVSadded]
330 ± 4
331 ± 6
CODrem [%]
70 ± 10
66 ± 9
Kh [d-1]
0.37 ± 0.02
0.16 ± 0.04
Scientific relevance
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781718 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jun 2011 Expected end date: Jun 2015 Key words: Anaerobic digestion, sieve material, salsnes, BMP, methane, energy Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet KWR water
Municipal waste treatment is a net energy consuming process as it principally uses aerobic treatment process which utilizes about 1 kWh of electrical energy (only for aeration purpose) per every kg of COD removed. However, if anaerobic technology is applied, not only a huge fraction of energy can be recovered but it also leads to achieve efficient removal of high COD and combined heat and power generation (CHP).
Social relevance ▪▪
Bioenergy production, a renewable form of energy, may be more easily accessible than fossil energy sources.
▪▪
Can potentially create job opportunities in the rural areas.
▪▪
Reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission resulting from the use of fossil fuels.
103
Individual projects
Anke Grefte Behavior and removal of natural organic matter (NOM) in treatment processes Research objectives
treatment lane (IEX positioned before coagulation,
The objective of this research is to understand the
before ozonation or after slow sand filtration) and two
behaviour of different natural organic matter (NOM)
IEX configurations (MIEX and fluidized IEX (FIX)) were
fractions in drinking water treatment processes and to
compared on water quality as well as costs. For this
improve the drinking water quality at the consumers tap
purpose the pre-treatment plant at Loenderveen and
by extending the treatment with an ion exchange process.
production plant Weesperkarspel of Waternet were
Removing NOM before the existing treatment train will
used as a case study. The effect of NOM removal by
have a positive effect on following treatment steps,
ion exchange on the biological stability of the produced
leading to cost effective alternative treatment strategies.
drinking water has been researched and an optimization
Also the biofilm formation in the distribution network will
between ion exchange and ozonation has been made.
be limited by NOM removal with ion exchange.
NOM characterization by Liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) has been evaluated
Project outline
and used for modeling NOM fraction removal by IEX.
Introduction Natural
organic
matter
(NOM)
presents
several
Results
challenges for drinking water production. For example,
Pilot experiments were performed at the pilot plant of
it was found to cause increased coagulant, chlorine and
Weesperkarspel. The lanes consisted of ozonation,
ozone demands, and short runtimes of granular activated
softening, biological activated carbon filtration and slow
carbon filters. The presence of natural organic matter
sand filtration. Both, MIEX and FIX (Figure 1) were able
(NOM) can cause problems in the treatment, as well as in
to remove NOM (mainly the HS fraction) to a high extent.
the distribution of drinking water. NOM can be a source
NOM removal can be done efficiently before ozonation and
for regrowth in the distribution system, thus decreasing
after slow sand filtration. The biological stability, in terms
the biological stability of the drinking water. To improve
of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) (Figure 2), biofilm
the water quality at the consumer’s tap, NOM should be
formation rate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), was
(partly) removed during drinking water treatment.
improved by incorporating IEX for NOM removal. IEX positioned before ozonation was most cost effective and
Approach
improved the biological stability of the treated water.
The main part of NOM, is negatively charged; therefore
The reaction of ozone with NOM has been researched for
these can be efficiently removed by anionic ion exchange
three water qualities with different DOC concentrations
(IEX). Different placement positions of IEX in the
and NOM compositions, obtained after several stages of an anion exchange process. It was shown that for
Figure 1: Ion exchange column at pilot plant Weesperkarspel
104
Figure 2: Average AOC values after each treatment step
Anke Grefte the same ozone dosage per DOC, the ozone demand was higher, less bromate was formed and a lower disinfection capacity was reached for water containing mainly humic substances, than for water where the humic substances were partly removed. It can be concluded that NOM composition, specifically the humic substances, influences the ozone demand, disinfection capacity and bromate formation. NOM fractionation by LC-OCD provides insight into changes of NOM composition due to water treatment. Reliable concentrations of low molecular weight (LMW) acids were calculated when correction for LMW-humics (HS) was not used. Not correcting for LMW-HS made it possible to research the effect of treatment steps on the LMW-acids concentration and it was found that AOC corresponds to a combination of fractions, which is water type specific.
Scientific relevance NOM is, more or less, removed by the existing drinking water treatment and affects the effectiveness of certain treatment processes. NOM is presently seen as a composite parameter and the removal and conversion of specific NOM fractions has not received much attention. By modeling the behavior of different NOM fractions in the treatment process, insight can be obtained in the behavior of NOM in the treatment under changing circumstances and the effects on the treatment
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2787894 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft
be studied, also the consequence for environment and costs.
Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering
Social relevance
Start date project: Jan 2006 Expected end date: Mar 2013
effectiveness. By performing the removal of different NOM fractions on different locations in the treatment the effect on the water quality can
As the research is executed in co-operation with water companies, the results of the research will directly be implemented in practice. By improved drinking water treatment and avoiding deterioration of the water quality during distribution, in combination with the distribution processes, the excellent Dutch drinking water quality will be safeguarded for the future.
Key words: Drinking water quality, advanced treatment, NOM, biological stability Cooperation with other institutes: Waternet, KWR, Vitens, UnescoIHE
Literature ▪▪
Grefte, A., Ross, P.S., Dignum, M., Cornelissen, E.R., Rietveld, L.C., The Influence of NOM Removal by Anion Exchange on Ozone Demand, Disinfection Capacity and Bromate Formation. Ozone Science & Engineering Journal, accepted for publication
▪▪
Grefte, A., Dignum, M., Cornelissen, E.R., Rietveld, L.C., Natural Organic Matter Removal by Ion Exchange at Different Positions in the Drinking Water Treatment Lane. Drinking Water Engineering and Science, accepted for publication
▪▪
Grefte, A., Dignum, M., Baghoth, S., Cornelissen, E., and Rietveld, L. (2011). Improving the biological stability of drinking water by ion exchange. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 11(1):107–112.
105
Individual projects
Juan Pablo Gutierrez Turbidity characterization for potential riverbank filtration systems in Colombia Research objectives
– flooding/scarcity); poor river basin management,
The general goal is to determine the turbidity formations
resulting in lack of implementation and enforcement,
from two potential Colombian rural surface waters for
lack of cooperation and coordination, no integrated
riverbank filtration systems. The specific objectives are
water management and spatial planning, socio-cultural
to:
perceptions and attitudes; and surface water quality
▪▪
Determine the genesis of turbidity for each surface
related to health risk, due to the contamination of surface
water source.
water and the high turbidity levels in these sources as a
▪▪
Characterize the inorganic/organic content.
result of erosion processes (van Der Kerk, 2011). One of
▪▪
Determine the size particles for erosion-borne
the main parameters in water quality for water supply
turbidity in each source.
is turbidity, which is to describe water containing silt, clay, organic, inorganic, and suspended materials such
Project outline
as plankton and micro-organisms, the sediment of which
Introduction
is not only slow but difficult (ASTM International, 2003).
In rural areas and some urban areas of Colombia safe drinking water supply is one of the most serious constraints.
Approach
Risks in drinking water supply are associated with water
The study is been developed in two points (Palo River
quality problems in surface water (approximately 80%
and Cauca River) from one of the most important basins
of the water supply in Colombia depend on surface
in Colombia, the Cauca River basin, located in the
water). Progressive deterioration of the surface water is
Pacific region of Colombia, where the rains of the last
mainly caused by the fast urbanization, in combination
years and the erosion of the riverbed, have increased
with the lack of integration between water management
considerably the turbidity, colour and suspended solids
and spatial planning, inappropriate land use, poor
levels, associated with drastic climate changes due to
protection of the river basins, discharges from domestic
the high deforestation in the upper watershed. The study
and industrial wastewater treatment plants, mining,
will include the identification of turbidity sources, and the
deforestation processes and improper management. The
characterization of water parameters.
replacement of forest with impervious surfaces during urbanization can have significant effects on watershed
The research is the starting point from the PhD research,
hydrology and riparian functions. An effect is the increase
which will allow having a better understanding of the real
of particulate matter in streams (Mulliss et al., 1996).
necessities for our surface water treatment, and thus to achieve an ideal technology transfer. The research includes
Searching for safe water catchment alternatives has
a systematic review of studies reported in the literature,
become into a need in Colombia under the scenario
the use of data collected in the field and measured in
described before. The riverbank filtration (RBF) is a
both field and laboratory (Cinara institute’s Research
natural alternative technology, which leverages the
and Technology Transfer Station for drinking water). The
infiltration of river in the central and lateral sheets, where
laboratory is located at the Northeast of Cali, Colombia,
surface water contamination is removed or degraded as
and was built at the premises of the main drinking water
the infiltrating water moves through the different layers
treatment plant of Cali, in Puerto Mallarino.
below the source filter surface water into the wastewater collection and pumping wells.
The erosion is considered the main contributor to turbidity, which occurs naturally due to the action of wind,
Although RBF has proven to be effective in Europe and
rain and the river flow. To evaluate the feasibility of using
U.S., no experiences in Latin-American communities
RBF as a technology for water catchment and to study
exist. The main differences to be considered are focused
further effects on porous media clogging is necessary
in: environmental conditions (temperature, river flow
to determine the turbidity composition particular from
106
Juan Pablo Gutierrez surface waters potentially usable for the implementation of RBF systems. This study is focused in the determination of the characteristics of such turbidities in two rivers in the sites where the RBF systems could be located, where turbidity has become a great constraint for water treatment.
Scientific relevance Although erosion of soil from the land is a major contributor to the turbidity of water, other natural and anthropic factors increase organicbased turbidity including growth of algae and zooplankton populations, and the inorganic-based turbidity due to industrial, urban or agricultural activities, or other discharges. The substances and particles that cause turbidity can be responsible for significant interference with disinfection, can be a source of disease-causing organisms and can shield pathogenic organisms from the disinfection process. However, it depends on the type of turbidity composing each water source, and therefore it determines the ability to use the surface water sources, the adequate withdrawal techniques and water treatment technologies to be used for delivering water to the communities. Between the technologies available for the critical Colombian surface water situation described before, the RBF seems to be an effective alternative to guarantee safe water under such scheme (Ray et al., 2002; Shamrukh and Abdel-Wahab, 2008; Ray and Jain, 2011). Although RBF has shown to be a suitable technology, with relatively low-cost investment, operation and maintenance, it is necessary to investigate the surface water characteristics regarding turbidity, as a first step for evaluating the feasibility of using this technology under the environmental and surface water conditions characteristics of these areas.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Oct 2011 Expected end date: Apr 2015 Key words: Riverbank Filtration, Clogging, Turbidity Peaks Cooperation with other institutes: Cinara Institute / Universidad del Valle
Social relevance Colombian and Latin-American communities need for technologies able to adapt to the river basin conditions product of the wrong water resource management at which has been submitted for decades. RBF has shown to be a suitable technology, with relatively low-cost investment, operation and maintenance, which could guarantee safe water to the population. However, it is necessary to investigate the feasibility of using this technology under the environmental and surface water conditions characteristics of these areas.
107
Individual projects
Amir Haidari Hydrodynamic determination of RO membranes using the PIV method Research objectives
that there is almost no difference in applying of conventional
In this study, the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method
or advanced pretreatment for RO [1].
is applied to observe the particle movements/distribution
Removing or lighten of pretreatment can reduce the total
in a cross-flow filtration of Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems.
cost of membrane filtration. The final aim of the OSMF
The results also used to identify the presents of “dead
project is to run the membrane treatment plant by applying
zones” indicated by particles movements during the bubble
the minimum/non pretreatment steps and without addition
injection. The air injection was used to clean the RO
of any chemicals into the source water. However, removing
membranes, which is a step in the way to achieve One Step
of pretreatment steps causes rapid fouling of membranes.
Membrane Filtration (OSMF).
To prevent frequent replacement of membranes and reaching the OSMF system, the membrane filtration with all
Project outline
its actors and their reciprocated interactions (Figure 1) have
Introduction
to be enlightened [4]. Therefore, a fundamental study on
The shortage of fresh water for domestic and agricultural
the membrane is started at TU Delft.
use enforces researchers for finding new ways of producing water. Among others, membrane filtration became an
Studying the streamlines along the membrane surface is one
appealing alternative. Relative high cost and environmental
way of understanding the role of each actor in the membrane
issues such as the discharge of the rejection are the main
process [4]. PIV is a suitable method which is used to
problem of using membrane systems. Although the current
measure the velocity and investigate the streamlines. In this
membranes, RO and Nano-Filtration (NF), are capable of
method, two light pulses illuminate the seeded fluid at short
removing almost every material from the water, in most
time differences. A high speed camera captures frames
cases, a long series of pretreatment steps is used to increase
during the two light exposures. Both images are divided
the lifespan of the membrane. Alternatively, Micro-Filtration
into small interrogation areas for which a single velocity
(MF) and Ultra-Filtration (UF) are used as the pretreatment
vector is calculated. Areas from each capture are checked
steps. The current studies show that the pretreatment cost
for identical particles to calculate the displacements. Pixel
of RO could be up to 50% of total treatment costs [1-3].
calculations extract the velocity from the correlations, and a
Comparison of pretreatment costs, for Sea Water RO, shows
vector for interrogation field is obtained. The controlled time difference and calculated particle displacement enable the calculation of 2D velocity map [5-7].
Figure 1: The actors in membrane filtration and their reciprocated interactions. The active groups of actor can be classified in three categories (gears): process conditions, components and membrane. Each group exists of different actors. Moving of each individual actor (a cog of a gear) causes changing in the balance of whole system.
108
Figure 2: a piece of membrane and feed spacer (40mm by 30 mm). The arrows show the magnification and flow patron. The blue-white lines, in the form of continuous lines, are the flow streak lines.
Amir Haidari Approach An experimental setup is made to measure the streamlines by using the PIV method. A transparent flow cell made of Plexiglas without permeation is used to map the velocity in present and in the absence of the feed spacer. Since the expected permeation in the working condition for real RO membrane is in order of 0.02% of the total flow rate [8], the permeation has been neglected for the primarily experiments.
Results The experiments done yet were with low Reynolds number (Re). A Mixing Index (MI) [8] is used to determine if there is a difference in mixing in the absence and in the present of the feed spacer. Results show that the MI increases from the center of a mesh toward the filament of the feed spacer. Comparing the results of flow cell without spacer and the one with spacer shows that the mixing is due to changing the direction of streamlines nearby the feed spacer filaments. The results also show that the water normally flows over the filaments and in the space between the two mesh grids. The mesh grids are the resistance points of streaming of the water and that is the reason that the fouling starts normally in these locations.
Social relevance OSMF reduces the cost of water treatment and increase of the water quality. Achieving of OSMF encourages the application of decentralized treatment plant, reduction of the length of distribution system and by this way reduction of post-treatment costs. On top of the water production costs by application of decentralized membrane treatment, the addition of different hardening ions will decrease and the lifetime of household instruments will be increased.
Literature 1. C. Fritzmann, J. L+Âwenberg, T. Wintgens, and T. Melin, State-of-theart of reverse osmosis desalination, Desalination, 216 (2007) 1-76. 2. P.H. Wolf and S. Siverns, The new generation for reliable RO pre-
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2785457 Mob.:+31 (0)6 34383171 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2011 Expected end date: Nov 2015 Key words: Membrane fouling, membrane pretreatment, PIV, OSMF, Flow cell
treatment, 2004. 3. P. Cote, S. Siverns, and S. Monti, Comparison of Membrane-based Solutions for Water Reclamation and Desalination, Desalination, 182 (2005) 251-257. 4. Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer. Membraanfiltratie presteren onder druk. 27-3-2008. Ref Type: Hearing 5. M. Honkanen and H. Nobach, Background extraction from doubleframe PIV images, Experiments in Fluids, 38 (2005) 348-362. 6. J.M. Coupland and C.J.D. Pickering, Particle image velocimetry: Estimation of measurement confidence at low seeding densities, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 9 (1988) 201-210. 7. R.D. Keane and R.J. Adrian, Theory and simulation of particle image velocimetry, 1993, pp. 477-492. 8. M. Gimmelshtein and R. Semiat, Investigation of flow next to membrane walls, Journal of Membrane Science, 264 (2005) 137-150.
109
Individual projects
Jingyi Hu Characterization of spent activated carbons and their performance on atrazine removal Research objective
for atrazine removal, both in organic free water and
1. To characterize the pulverized spent carbons (sPACs)
secondary effluent water.
in terms of pore structure and surface chemistry, which involve particles size, pore size distribution and
Approach
surface functional groups.
▪▪
2. To
investigate
the
performance
NOM (natural organic matter) saturated GACs
(adsorption
(sGACs) were collected from two companies treating
isotherms and kinetics) of sPACs on atrazine removal,
surface water (sGAC1) and groundwater (sGAC2)
as compared to the respective fresh species (fPACs).
respectively. The respective regenerated carbons
3. To apply sPACs into wastewater secondary effluent as a polishing exercise, estimate the required carbon
were treated as fresh references (fGACs). ▪▪
Wet-milling and freeze-dried were employed to
dose for achieving desired atrazine removal by
transform GAC into PAC, particle size was measured by
simplified EBC (equivalent background component)
laser-light scattering technique. Pore size distribution
model.
was executed by nitrogen gas adsorption analyser, iodine/methylene blue number were determined
Project outline
as indicators of micropore and mesopore surface
Introduction As
strict
legislation
areas. Surface functional groups were quantified by has
implemented
to
Bohem’s titration methods.
restrict
organic micropollutants to enter the receiving water
▪▪
Atrazine was selected as the target micropollutant.
bodies, elimination of these emerging pollutants from
Elisa
wastewater effluent becomes a necessity. In practice,
purchased to measure atrazine concentration.
(Enzyme-linked
immunoassay)
kits
was
sand filter as an economic media is widely applied for effluent water polishing purpose, which is mainly aimed at suspended solid, phosphate and ammonia/nitrate removal. However, its efficiency towards micropollutants is not desirable, powdered carbon dosing in prior to sand filtration was proposed based on the fact that activated carbon adsorption is the most efficient technique for micropollutants uptake. In this research, we collected the exhausted GACs (granular activated carbons) from drinking water companies, and pulverized them into powdered forms to examine their remaining efficiency
Figure 2: Isotherms of atrazine in organic-free water on the studied carbons
Figure 1: Pore size distribution of the carbon samples. Micropore size distribution and mesopore size distrbution
110
Jingyi Hu Results ▪▪
The pulverized carbon particles were found to be distributed mainly around 6 µm. Pore size distribution of the studied four carbons were presented in Figure 1. Significant micropore and mesopore decrease on sGAC1 was attributed to the large amount of “LMW” and “humic substances” present in carbon filter influent 1, while low amount of “building blocks” and “humic substances” in influent 2 occupied only a portion of secondary micropore on sGAC2. Surface coverage by NOM on spent carbons attenuates basic functional groups but increment acidic functional groups.
▪▪
Atrazine adsorption isotherm on sPACs and fPACs. Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section
Figure 3: Relationship between atrazine adsorbability and carbon properties
▪▪
Atrazine isotherms in organic-free water were well described by Freundlich equation on all the studied carbons. The corresponding K values under equilibrium concentration of 0.1µg/L were plotted against various parameters related to carbon structure and chemistry. Figure 3. reveals good positive relationships between atrazine adsorbability and carbon surface area, micropore volume and the amount of basic functional groups, irrespective of fresh carbon or spent carbon.
▪▪
Application of spent carbons in wastewater secondary effluent after contact time of 4h (left), experimental data simulated by simplified EBC model (right).
Tel.: +31 15 2785457 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Mar 2011 Expected end date: Mar 2015 Key words: Trace organic contaminants, activated carbon, competitive effects, fractionation, EfOM isolates
Figure 4: Adsorption of atrazine in effluent water on studied carbons
▪▪
Simplified EBC model was confirmed to be applicable in the practical non-equilibrium condition by other researchers, which was further proved in this research. Based on the assumption that relative removal of target compound in organic solution is only dependent on the carbon does applied, the required amount for fPAC1, sPAC1, fPAC2 and sPAC2 to achieve 90% atrazine removal in the effluent water are estimated to be: 29mg/L, 204mg/L, 20mg/L and 144mg/L respectively.
111
Individual projects
Maarten Keuten DIPool; Dutch Innovative Pool Advanced UV-based technology for pool water treatment Research objectives The research objective is to reduce the use of chemical disinfectants in public swimming pools. This can be done by combining alternative disinfection techniques with adapted water treatment in a new pool water treatment concept including aspects of hygienic control of pool visitors. The goal is to have chemical disinfectant free swimming pool water for public swimming pools.
Project outline Introduction The
main
disadvantage
of
chemically
disinfected
swimming pools is the formation of disinfection by-
the DIPool-treatment is similar, or even better compared
products. Operating pool water treatment without
to the traditional chlorinated treatment. The experimental
chemical disinfection introduces questions like:
setup is now changed to a recirculation treatment to
▪▪
What treatment is needed for microbiological safe
study possible accumulation of nutrients. These results
swimming pool water?
are expected in 2013.
▪▪
How long does the water stay microbiological safe?
▪▪
What parameters can be used to monitor and control
A submerged Nordic Aqua Walker was used to study the
the water quality?
release of anthropogenic pollutants in relation to level of
Can microbiological stability of the pool water be
exercise and pool water temperature. The results show
enhanced with special materials & coatings?
that the release of pollutants increase at a higher level
▪▪
of exercise and at higher water temperatures. It is not
Results
clear yet if the release of micro-organisms is related to
An experimental setup focusing on pool water treatment
the release of sweat. The results for this part of the study
is started in October 2011. During this experiment, a
are expected in January 2013.
chlorinated treatment as reference is compared to a non chlorinated DIPool-treatment. The DIPool-treatment is
Scientific relevance
designed to remove nutrients for micro-organisms, as
Current pool water treatment relies on chemical
well as disinfection by UV and UF. The results show that
disinfection. The development of a pool water treatment
the biological stability of the produced pool water from
with alternative disinfection techniques is a new field of expertise. The influence of the dynamic bathing load on the water quality must be kept in control. Creating stable microbial pool water without the use of chemical disinfectants can lead to new viewpoints for comparable water treatment processes.
Social relevance Since the early ages bathing and swimming play an important role in communities. The use of water basins changed over the ages from religious via hygienic to more recreational and educational purposes. During this development bathing and swimming has always been a social activity. Complaints about “swimming pool odour”
112
Maarten Keuten and eye irritation are common reasons why nowadays some people never visit public swimming pools. UV-Disinfected swimming pools will provide healthy swimming without nuisance from disinfection byproducts.
Publications ▪▪
M.G.A. Keuten, L.L.M. Keltjens, D. Traksel, J.C. van Dijk, Traditional and future pool water treatment in relation to DBP’s, Abstract & presentation for 2nd Pool and Spa Conference 14th to 16th March 2007 in Munich
▪▪
M.G.A. Keuten, J.Q.J.C. Verberk, O. Pleumeekers, J. van Spengen, J.C. van Dijk, Determination and reduction of bathing loads in public swimming pools, Paper & presentation at 3rd Pool and Spa Conference 17-20 March 2009 in London
▪▪
M.G.A. Keuten, J.Q.J.C. Verberk, J.C. van Dijk, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, Biofilm formation at non chlorinated swimming pool conditions, Paper & presentation at 3rd Pool and Spa Conference 17-20 March 2009 in London
▪▪
D. Traksel, F. Oesterholt, M.G.A. Keuten, Review and assessment of alternative water disinfection technologies for municipal swimming pools in the Netherlands, Paper & presentation at 3rd Pool and Spa Conference 17-20 March 2009 in London
▪▪
M.G.A. Keuten, J.Q.J.C.Verberk, J.C. van Dijk, Definition and quantification of anthropogenic initial and continual biochemical bathing load in swimming pools, Paper & presentation at fourth international conference swimming pool & spa March 2011 in Porto
▪▪
M.G.A. Keuten, J.Q.J.C.Verberk, J.C. van Dijk, Hydraulic design of swimming pools, Paper & presentation at fourth international conference swimming pool & spa March 2011 in Porto
▪▪
M.G.A. Keuten, F.M. Schets, J.F. Schijven, J.Q.J.C. Verberk, J.C. van Dijk, Definition and quantification of initial anthropogenic pollutant release in swimming pools, Water research 46 (2012) p.3682-3692
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering and Faculty of Applied Sciences Tel.: +31 15 2783539 Tel.: +31 15 2782342 Mob: +31 6 29581966 E-mail:
[email protected] www.DIPoolproject.nl www.bt.tudelft.nl/ebt www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft Julianalaan 67 2628 BC Delf Prestudy started: Start date project: End date project:
Feb 2006 Jan 2009 Dec 2013
Key words: Pool water treatment, alternative disinfection Cooperation with other institutes: Department of Environmental Biotechnology of DUT/TNW Hellebrekers Technieken Van Remmen UV techniek AkzoNobel Coram International Sportfondsen Nederland Funding: Agentschap NL EFRO-GO
113
Individual projects
Guido Kooijman Optimix – a synergy of micro pollutant removal and energy savings? Research objectives These days, pharmaceuticals are found in drinking water as a result of the presence in surface waters. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), discharging on these surface waters, are point sources for these pharmaceuticals. As the consumption of pharmaceuticals in the Netherlands is expected to rise (Griens, 2010), treatment will become more important in order to prevent malignant effects of pharmaceuticals on humans and aquatic life. Literature suggests that colloids in wastewater harbor a relatively large share of pharmaceuticals (Kooijman et al., 2012). The Optimix project aims at directing these colloids to the primary sludge in the primary clarifier by
Figure 1: Removal of phosphate, nitrogen, COD and turbidity with the application of 10 PPM cationic organic flocculant (C); 10 PPM anionic organic flocculant (A), and 10 PPM coagulant + 2 PPM C (M). RS shows the removal during settling without the addition chemicals.
adding organic flocculants/coagulants. This yields two
Approach
benefits. First, the colloidally bound pharmaceuticals will
To test this, flocculated sludge is prepared from raw
be directed to the digester, where a part will be degraded.
wastewater at Leiden Noord (140.000 P.E.). Wastewater
The remaining pharmaceuticals will be exposed to the
(after coarse screens, before primary clarifier), was
aeration tank where again a part is degraded. Second,
collected and used for settling test. Two 10 PPM of
COD, N and P, could also be removed during flocculation.
different organic flocculants – anionic (A) and cationic
A surplus removal of COD will yield more biogas, and will
(C) – and one organic coagulant (M) was used in the
deem less aeration possible.
tests. The coagulant was used in combination with 2 PPM of C. Besides this, one settling experiments was done
Project outline
without addition (RS). The removal of pharmaceuticals,
Introduction
total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P) and COD was
The research objective is to test the hypothesis that
measured. Subsequent, the sludges were digested to
adding applying organic flocculants on raw wastewater is
assess the biogas potential. Also test are preformed to
beneficial in terms of pharmaceutical, COD, nitrogen and
assess the toxicity of the flocculants/coagulant.
phosphor removal. And can the subsequent anaerobic digestion still take place unhindered?
114
Guido Kooijman Results The removal of P and COD is significantly facilitated with the addiction of organic flocculants and coagulant as shown in Figure 1. Nitrogen removal is not enhanced as the pharmaceutical removal (data not shown). The COD removal, which is almost doubled in case of M, will have consequences for the aeratoin of the wastewater since less oxygen is needed for metabolization of the remaining COD. Also will the application of organic flocculants or coagulants increase the biogas production as shown in Table 1. Table 1: Flocculant asepects regarding biogas and sludge production
Sludge
Biogas per gram VSS (mL/ gr VSS)
SVI (mL/gr TSS)
mL biogas per 1000L wastewater
RS
187±26
91
18.0
C
190±17
70
25.2
A
168±22
58
24.3
M
198±1
74
32.6
Scientific and relevance The anaerobic digestion of primary sludge is a route which encounters a large share of pharmaceuticals that enter the wastewater treatment
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 (0)6 13764357 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft
contribute to fill this gab.
Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering
Social relevance
Start date project: Jan 2010 Expected end date: Jan 2014
plant. However, in literature, little attention had been paid to the bioconversion of pharmaceuticals during AD. The Optimix project will
In the literature, advanced treatments of pharmaceuticals in wastewater is well described. However, it is that the costs of these treatment will form a barrier in the application (Jones et al., 2007). Optimix offers route of pharmaceutical treatment without the need for advanced equipment or expensive chemicals. Optimix could possibly make the domestic treatment process more efficient in terms of both energy and pharmaceutical removal.
Key words: Anaerobic digestion, micro pollutants, flocculants Cooperation with other institutes: Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland Nalco B.V. Het Waterlaboratorium
Literature ▪▪
Griens, A. M. G. F. (2010). Data en feiten 2010 - het jaar 2009 in cijfers. Stichting Farmaceutische Kengetallen.
▪▪
Kooijman, G., De Kreuk, M. K., Carballa, M., Van Lier, J.B. (2012) Removal of organic micro pollutants from domestic wastewater by flocculation and anaerobic digestion: A review. Submitted to Biodegradation.
▪▪
Jones, O. A. H., Green, P. G., Voulvoulis, N., & Lester, J. N. (2007). Questioning the Excessive Use of Advanced Treatment to Remove Organic Micropollutants from Wastewater. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(14), 5085–5089. doi:10.1021/es0628248
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Individual projects
Pawel Krzeminski Activated sludge filterability and full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) operation Research objectives Optimise performance conditions and efficient operation of the MBR technology by: 1. Providing better understanding of membrane fouling propensity based on activated sludge filterability assessment. 2. Providing
important
insights
on
full-scale
MBR
overall functioning, i.e., design options, operation, performance and energy efficiency.
Project outline
Figure 2: Monitoring of the plant operation
Introduction
experimentally determine the activated sludge filterability
MBRs have become a mature technology and an alternative
in full- and pilot-scale MBRs treating both municipal and
for conventional wastewater treatment processes. Despite
industrial wastewater. During the studies activated sludge
continuous developments, membrane fouling mitigation
samples were collected from 14 different MBRs and subjected
and related high operational and maintenance (O&M)
to filtration tests and a set of physicochemical analyses.
costs remain a major challenge and restrain wide MBR
In addition, the design, operational and performance data
application. Furthermore, the efficiency of the filtration
were collected from the selected full-scale MBR plants and
process in an MBR is governed by the activated sludge
analysed in respect to plant functioning, i.e., operation,
filterability, which is still limitedly understood and is
energy efficiency and operational costs.
determined by the interactions between the biomass, the wastewater and the applied process conditions.
Results
To facilitate further development of MBR technology an
The study shows that municipal MBRs are performing
extensive research programme has been worked out. The
well and meet the required discharge limits for the COD,
MBR-TRAIN project deals with process optimization and
BOD and nitrogen with the removal efficiency of 95, 99
fouling control in MBRs for water treatment. The MBR2+
and 97% respectively. Different municipal MBRs had a very
project is focused on activities towards energy efficient
similar type of activated sludge, as confirmed by the image
membrane bioreactors.
analysis and by the filterability tests. However, substantial differences in activated sludge quality and MBR operation
Approach
were observed between summer and winter season (Figure
The research work included both extended on-site
1). Our results show that the temperature and wastewater
measurements and operational data analysis. The Delft
composition are important influencing parameters with
Filtration Characterization method (DFCm) was applied to
Figure 1: Monitoring of the activated sludge filterability
116
Figure 3: Energy consumption in relation to the membrane hydraulic utilization
Pawel Krzeminski respect to filterability. The performances and operations of the full-scale MBR plants are related with activated sludge filterability and can be affected by abnormal events (Figure 2). An undesired and refractory composition of incoming wastewater, hydraulic and/or organic load shocks, as well as abrupt temperature changes of the influent lead to operational problems and affect sludge filterability. Nevertheless, MBR is a robust and reliable technology as permeate quality mostly complies with the regulations and is independent of the activated sludge quality and encountered operational problems. Both the MBR plant layout and membrane configurations do have some influence on overall plant functioning. Membrane configuration selection influences mainly the plant operational strategies, e.g. pre-treatment, filtration protocols, applied fluxes and membrane cleaning methods. The MBR plant layout has more distinct influence on overall plant functioning due to indirect impact on operational flexibility and reliability, performance and O&M costs. The investigated MBRs are operated below the design loading rates and consequently are operated under sub-optimal flow conditions which in turn results in reduced energy efficiency of the plant (Figure 3). Other factors like the system design and layout, the membrane hydraulic utilization and the strategy applied for the membrane air-scouring are influencing the energy consumption and energy efficiency of an MBR system. Aeration is still the major energy consumer, often exceeding 50% share of total energy consumption, therefore the coarse bubble aeration applied for continuous membrane cleaning remains the main target for energy saving actions, especially for installations with flat sheet membranes.
Scientific relevance This project focuses on answering the following research questions: what are the most important parameters influencing activated sludge filterability and how poor filterable sludge affects MBR operation in different full-scale MBR installations.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2782258 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2008 Expected end date: Jan 2013 Key words: Wastewater treatment, membrane bioreactor (MBR), activated sludge, filterability, operation, performance, energy efficiency Cooperation with other institutes: KU Leuven, University of Santiago de Compostela, UNESCO-IHE, Cranfield University
Social relevance This work will optimise the operation of membrane bioreactors and thus improve performance of full scale wastewater treatment plants. This should lead to reduction in energy consumption and result in lower treatment costs. These, in general, would decrease environmental impact and contribute to improvements in water cycle.
Literature ▪▪
Judd, S. (2011). The MBR Book, 2nd Edition, Principles and Applications of Membrane Bioreactors for Water and Wastewater Treatment. ISBN: 978-0-08-096682-3.
117
Individual projects
Gang Liu Microbial growth in Different Phases in Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Comparison of The Contributions of Bulk water, Suspended solids, Loose deposits and Pipe wall biofilm Research objectives
The studies comparing the growth of pipe wall biofilm
Comparing biomass in different phases in distribution systems
bacteria and bacteria in bulk water have revealed that the
to evaluate where most of the regrowth occurs.
bacterial growth rate in the biofilm is lower than that in the bulk water. Comparing the biomass in the bulk water
Project outline
and the biofilm, it was found that biofilms attached to the
To evaluate microbial regrowth in drinking water distribution
surface pipe contained 25 times more bacterial cells than
systems (DWDS) properly, it is important to know where most
the bulk water per unit pipe length.
of the regrowth occurs: in the bulk water, the suspended solids, the loose deposits or the pipe wall biofilm. In the past,
The objective of the research is to evaluate the microbial
there was a common notion that the majority (over 90%) of
regrowth by taking the phases of bulk water, suspended
growth occurred on the pipe wall biofilm, the other phases’
solids, loose deposits and pipe wall biofilm into account.
contribution was considered to be negligible. The survival and
Contributions from different phases were calculated and
regrowth of microbes has been attributed to the favorable
compared in a one-meter long pipe section.
conditions offered by the biofilm formed on the pipe wall inner surface and the protection offered by the surrounding
Approach
matrix of EPS. Consequently, most of the reported studies
At each location, water samples (WA) were collected
have focused on pipe wall biofilm bacteria (PWBB).
from customers’ taps nearby; suspended solids (SS) were
The microbial regrowth in DWDS has been also reported in the
sampled by MuPFiS filtration at the selected hydrant, as
particulate matter phases of the suspended solids (SS) and
previously described; loose deposits (LD) were sampled
loose deposits (LD). SS and LD attracted research interests
by flushing the pipelines, and biofilm (BF) samples were
mainly because of the corrosion process, the accumulation
collected by cutting pipe specimens out of the distribution
of inorganic contaminants (Peng, Korshin et al. 2010), and
systems. The order of sampling began with obtaining the
the phenomenon of discoloration. Suspended particles/loose
water sample, then filtrating to collect suspended solids,
deposits were considered possible factors that may enhance
followed by carrying out flushing to collect loose deposits,
biological growth, either by supplying nutrients, offering
and then cutting out the pipe specimen for biofilm sampling.
surface area or protection of bacteria from disinfectants, if
As shown in Figure 1, in order to collect and quantify the
applicable. The investigations of LD found that loose deposits
amount of loose deposits over a certain length of water main
are reservoirs for organic carbon and bacteria. Recently, with
(cut pipe specimen included), a length of 150-380 meters
SS associated bacteria, 25-50 cells were found attached on
(D1) of water main was selected. Averaged LD mass was
one single particle. However, the influence of LD on microbial
calculated over D1. During flushing, the turbidity and flow
growth (biomass) has been neglected.
of flushed water was recorded. The first LD samples were taken within 30 seconds after the flush started to make
Figure 1: Schematic drawing of sampling protocol to collect biofilm and loose deposits. A: schematic drawing; B:pipe sampling; C: loose deposits sampling
118
Gang Liu
Figure 2: Linear correlation between turbidity and ATP (b) of flushed water samples
Figure 3: Comparison of biomass from different phases within a one-meter water main (diameter: 110mm)
sure flushed samples of the targeted pipe (over D1) were captured. Every 4 minutes 2 liters of flushed samples were taken. Extra flushed samples were taken when the observed turbidity changed significantly (increase or decrease of more than 5 NTU). After removing the loose deposits by flushing, pipe specimens (pipe section, Figure 2) were cut in duplicate at each sampling location. The two open pipe ends were closed as soon as the specimens were removed. The specimens were filled with 1 liter sterilized water to keep the environment wet. All samples were kept in an ice box as soon as they were removed and then transported to the lab within 3 hours for pretreatment and analysis. All analyses were conducted within 24 hours. To detach bacteria from the attached surface, suspended solids, loose deposits and pipe specimen samples were pretreated by ultrasonication of 42 KHz for 2 minutes, three times before further analysis (Magic-Knezev and van der Kooij 2004).
Results A strong linear correlation between turbidity and ATP were found in the flushed water samples from all the measured locations (Figure 2). The coefficient was found to be dependent on the location. The correlation between turbidity and ATP was better than that between turbidity and TSS. The online recorded turbidity was converted to the amount of ATP and TSS of loose deposits collected from different locations. The amount of biomass in different phases of a one-meter long water main (D=110mm) is shown in Figure 3. It is obvious that the biomass in the water phase (suspended solids included, 4.5-10 ng m-1) was negligible
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 6 41866671 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Oct 2008 Expected end date: Mar 2013 Key words: Particulate matter, water quality deterioration, drinking water distribution networks, physicochemical characteristics, biological characteristics Cooperation with other institutes: Dunea, Oasen, Vitens
and most of the biomass was found in pipe wall biofilm and loose deposits (more than 99%). Comparing the contribution of the biomass from phases of pipe wall biofilm and loose deposits, the biomass in the pipe wall biofilm was evenly distributed, whereas the biomass associated with loose deposits was found to be highly variable and well correlated with the amount of loose deposits which is location dependent. For example, in the TP1 system, the loose deposits contribute more biomass than BF. This is true especially for location L2 where the highest loose deposits was collected and the amount of biomass from the loose deposits was 7 times more than that of pipe wall biofilm. On the other hand, in the TP2 system, biomass collected from the loose deposits was less than that from pipe wall biofilm.
119
Individual projects
Peter Lu Hybrid Ceramic Micro Filtration for surface water treatment Research objectives
reported that larger particles (D>1um) do not foul MFs,
Surface water is an important drinking water resource.
instead, the large particles will form a cake layer on top
However, it has normally a high turbidity, and an elevated
of the membrane to protect the membrane. Based on
natural organic matter concentration, color and smell.
this theory, we diminished the backwashing part and
This leads to membrane fouling during the treatment
filtrated the coagulated suspensions for 12 hours. Then
process. How to decrease membrane fouling and increase
an effective cake layer was formed on top of the MF.
the filtration recovery, when we treat the surface water,
With this cake layer protection, the total membrane
is the objective of this research. A cake layer of flocs was
fouling was similar to the membrane fouling with normal
formed on the top of a ceramic micro filter (MF) to protect
backwash operation. Furthermore, the irreversible fouling
the membrane from fouling during the filtration process.
part was lower and the reversible fouling percentage was
The membrane filtration recovery was increased to 97%,
increased. In the meantime, membrane filtration recovery
and the relative membrane fouling was in a good control.
was highly increased, since backwashing was drastically diminished.
Project outline Introduction Coagulation
Approach is
widely
adopted
in
drinking
water
▪▪
treatment, as an efficient MF pre-treatment method.
Different coagulation mechanism zones were tested to optimize the coagulation—MF hybrid system,
However, it was reported that coagulation not only can
based on the cake layer protection theory.
decrease membrane fouling, but, in some cases, it can
▪▪
The related membrane fouling types were analysed.
also increase membrane fouling. How to optimize the
▪▪
PAC was added as the filter aid to improve the cake
coagulation pre-treatment to decrease membrane fouling
layer permeability.
was therefore necessary to study.
Results The effect of coagulation on the membrane is highly dependent
on
the
coagulation
mechanism,
▪▪
Coagulation in both the restabilization zone and the
which
sweep coagulation zone resulted in less membrane
is influenced by pH and coagulant dosing. The
fouling. Coagulation in the adsorption destabilization
different coagulation mechanisms influence the flocs characteristics, which, in turn, can influence the removal
zone had the least results. ▪▪
more particles with the size of the pores of the membrane
▪▪
Adding PAC into the hybrid system improved the cake layer permeability and resulted in a lower specific
are removed, the less intraporous fouling will occur. In
cake layer resistance.
addition, larger flocs will lead to a lower specific cake layer resistance during the membrane filtration process.
In the hybrid MF system cake fouling was the dominant fouling type.
efficiency and fouling mechanisms of membrane. The
▪▪
Precoating with PAC resulted in a lower cake resistance than continuous dosing of PAC.
In this research, a new method to optimize coagulation pre-treatment was tested. Normally, the backwash of a
Scientific relevance
membrane filtration process is carried out every 20 to
Flocs, formed by coagulation, are usually considered to
30 mins. The backwash then removes the cake layer
increase membrane fouling. In this research, however,
fouling, most of pore blocking fouling and part of pore
the flocs are considered to act as a membrane fouling
adsorption fouling. However, after backwashing, the clean
protection
membrane pores are subject to intraporous (irreversible)
chemical cleaning and increasing recovery.
fouling. In the meantime, part of the permeate water is used for backwashing, decreasing the filtration recovery and increasing the energy consumption. It was
120
layer,
increasing
run
times,
decreasing
Peter Lu Social relevance A higher filtration recovery can be achieved with this hybrid membrane filtration system, resulting in less energy consumption. Less irreversible fouling needs less enhanced chemical membrane cleaning, diminishing the impact on the environment and decreasing costs of operation.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781718 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Sep 2009 Expected end date: Sep 2013 Key words: Ceramic membrane, Coagulation, Hydraulic cake layer Cooperation with other institutes: KWR, Vitens
121
Individual projects
Kerusha Lutchmiah Forward Osmosis in Sewer Mining Research objectives The primary goal is to use forward osmosis (FO) to
Approach
extract water from wastewater. In combination with
This concept allows the extraction of water from sewage
a reconcentration process, high quality water can be
by means of FO in combination with a reconcentration
recovered and the organics (inherent in wastewater)
system i.e. reverse osmosis (RO). The fundamental
can be converted into renewable energy by anaerobic
nature uses an osmotic driving force (solution) to
digestion. On a larger scale, the goal is to replace the
eliminate the need for hydrostatic pressure used by
drinking water used in several industrial processes by this
conventional
high quality reclaimed water.
Besides this, sewage, previously concentrated by the
pressure-driven
membrane
processes.
FO process, will be converted into biogas in anaerobic
Project outline
digestion experiments using sequencing batch reactors.
Introduction In response to the depleting fresh water availability
Results
and environmental awareness, KWR has developed
It has been demonstrated that water extraction from
an innovative and energy efficient process (The Sewer
sewage is possible (Lutchmiah, Cornelissen et al. 2011),
Mining Concept) to produce high quality water from
but an optimised membrane and an ideal draw solution
sewage by combining several (waste)water treatment
are still required. Therefore work on various draw
processes.
solutions are currently being carried out. Pressure assisted osmosis (PAO) was also proposed to enhance the performance of FO processes by reducing internal concentration polarisation, another major issue
Figure 1: Overview of the Sewer Mining Concept.
122
for FO. An FO transport model was developed in which the additional hydraulic pressure was incorporated to
Kerusha Lutchmiah describe the FO water flux for the active layer facing the feed. PAO laboratory experiments were carried out to add pressure on the feed (from 0 - 1 bar). The FO flux increased when the feed pressure increased for the PAO model and the PAO experiments, but to a lesser extent for the model. PAO might be interesting to enhance FO performance; however, its effect will also be dependent on the type, structure and material of the FO membranes.
Scientific relevance Scientific knowledge about FO is still very limited and the concept integration has several scientific challenges, which are of extreme interest. The innovative Sewer Mining Concept enables high quality water production while reducing the energy consumed by current installations. This project will lead to a new, validated technological concept for producing economical, high-quality, industrial water and renewable energy from wastewater.
Social relevance Water-intensive production processes are accompanied by impacts on the water systems. Therefore, the continuous recovery of water and energy from wastewater sources now will enable future generations to profit from this FO technology, allowing a prolonged life of water and energy globally.
Literature ▪▪
Cath, T. Y., A. E. Childress, et al. (2006). “Forward osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments.” Journal of Membrane Science 281(1-2): 70-87.
▪▪
Cornelissen, E. R., D. Harmsen, et al. (2008). “Membrane fouling and process performance of forward osmosis membranes on activated sludge.” Journal of Membrane Science 319(1-2): 158-168.
▪▪
Statline (2010). Zuivering van stedelijk afvalwater; energieproductie en energieverbruik, Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.
▪▪
Zeeman, G., K. Kujawa, et al. (2008). Anaerobic treatment as a core technology for energy, nutrients and water from source-separated
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 30 60 69 585 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2010 Expected end date: Jan 2014 Key words: Energy, Forward Osmosis, Water Recovery Cooperation with other institutes: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Waternet, Triqua, Hydration Technology Innovations (HTI)
domestic waste(water). ▪▪
Lutchmiah, K., E. R. Cornelissen, et al. (2011). “Water recovery from sewage using forward osmosis.” Water Science & Technology 64(7): 1443-1449.
123
Individual projects
David Moed Organic carbon in demineralized boiler feedwater Research objectives ▪▪ ▪▪ ▪▪ ▪▪
▪▪
Determining kinetics of TOC and amine breakdown
Approach
under boiler conditions.
Experiments to determine the kinetics and mechanisms
Determining distribution constants of organic acids
of TOC decomposition will be conducted on a laboratory
and amines under boiler conditions.
scale by using an autoclave, which will be operated
Developing a reliable and robust method for
in batch and continuously using an HPLC pump and a
measuring low concentration of organic halogens.
pressure controlled steam outlet. This way degradation
Measuring concentrations of organic halogens in
kinetics and mechanisms can be studied, as well as
multiple treated and untreated secondary sources for
distribution constants which determine concentration
demineralized water production.
ratios in water and steam. The same setup will be applied
Quantifying the effect of organic acids, amines and
to investigate the degradation and volatility of organic
halogens on Flow Accelerated Corrosion.
additives used to protect the water-steam cycle.
Project outline
For the determination of TOX, Adsorbable Organic
Introduction
Halogens (AOX) is het most common technique. This
When reusing wastewater treatment plant effluent for
however does not measure TOX, because it does not
making demineralized water for boiler feed, the Total
include the non-adsorbable fraction. To tackle this
Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Organic Halogen (TOX)
problem a method will be developed that combines bond-
content of this source could be a concern. The guideline
breaking by UV irradiation (254 and 254+183 nm) and
for TOC in boiler feed water has become stricter over
ion chromatography (IC). The recovery and accuracy
the years, due to the possible damage it can cause to
of the new technique will be compared to the recovery
the water-steam cycle. TOC in a boiler breaks down
and accuracy of AOX measurements. Afterwards, UV
to short-chain organic acids (acetate, formate etc.), a
irradiation combined with IC will be used to determine
process of which the kinetics and mechanisms are not
TOX
well understood. Even the actual detrimental effects of
wastewater reuse.
in
various
(treated)
streams
considered
for
these organic acids are yet to be proven. With information gathered on organic acids formation, While the effects of organics introduced through the
organic additive decomposition and halogen addition,
demin-water plant are still being investigated, organic
experiments will be designed to test the effect of
treatment chemicals are being marketed. The (film-
organic acids, amines and halogens on Flow Accelerated
forming/neutralizing) amines show great ability to protect
Corrosion (FAC). A two phase flow system with online
the water-steam cycle. However, the decomposition of
corrosion sensors will test mixtures of aforementioned
these chemicals can produce the same organic acids
constituents.
that are formed due to the breakdown of TOC introduced through make-up water.
Scientific relevance By understanding the decomposition of TOC and amines,
Feedwater for a demineralization plant contains organic
predictions of the presence organic acids can be made
bound halogens. The guideline for Cl- and F- is strict (i.e.
for numerous process conditions. The FAC experiments
1 and 3 µg/L respectively) and can easily be met with
will show the actual effect of decomposition products and
ion exchange treatment, but uncharged organics that
the amines that try to counter corrosion. This will help in
slip through the ion exchange process can contain these
establishing an accurate guideline for TOC concentrations
halogens as well. After being decomposed in the boiler,
and for the addition of amines in steam-water cycles. The
the chloride and fluoride guidelines are no longer met.
TOX measurement that is being worked on, could also
The addition of mineral acid anions to the cycle through
prove to be an excellent tool in determining disinfection
TOX is an emerging issue and deserves special attention.
by-products in wastewater and drinking water treatment.
124
David Moed
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section
Figure 1: The proposed future water cycle around the Dow Chemical industrial complex in Terneuzen
Social relevance This research will contribute to reusing wastewater for high-end industrial purposes, without concerns about corrosion and deposits in the system. Therefore it will bring society a step closer to successfully implementing closed industrial water cycles and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). Because some of the issues addressed have a much broader impact than wastewater reuse alone, the research will also contribute to overall safety of industrial sites operating boilers, while maintaining minimal costs for water treatment.
Tel.: +31641624278 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. Box 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.44 Start date project: Sep 2011 Expected end date: Nov 2015 Key words: Industrial water, reuse, boilers, cooling towers, natural organic matter Cooperation with other institutes: Evides Industriewater Dow Chemical
125
Individual projects
Mohamed Faiz Mohd Amin Removal of micropollutants by organic coagulants/ flocculants in primary settling of wastewater treatment plant Research objectives
sorption of the micropollutants to different type of polymer
▪▪
Selection of the best properties (or mix) of flocculants
and adsorbent will be tested to improve the compounds
for the micropollutant removal.
removal in wastewater primary sedimentation tank.
▪▪
Optimal removal of micropollutant.
▪▪
Removal of additional phosphate in the system.
Results
▪▪
Combination with other adsorbent materials for
The three most important factors that determine the
maximum removal.
extent of micropollutant removal by organic polymer coagulantion/flocculation are:
Project outline
▪▪
Micropollutant-particle relation.
Introduction
▪▪
Polymer-particle relation.
Recent studies have indicated that micropollutants are
▪▪
Polymer-micropollutant relation.
frequently measured in the aquatic environment (in the µg/L or ng/L concentration range) and that they
In order to determine the removal mechanisms of
are a potential threat to environmental ecosystems
micropollutants by coagulation/flocculation in wastewater,
(Virkutyte et al., 2010). The way that these compounds
the understanding of the compound fate and reaction
enter the environment depend on their use and there
in the water matrix has to be first acquired. Several
of application. The major routes seem to be by urban
types of micropollutants are expected to be sorbed to
runoff, municipal and industrial wastewater discharges,
particulate matter that is present in wastewater which is
sludge disposal and accidental spills (Mompelat et al.,
also depending on the particulate matter characteristic.
2009). It is known that micropollutants in wastewater can
Micropollutants expected to have interaction with soluble
be relate to particles, since some of the micropollutants
particle such as humic and natural organic matter in
are adsorbed to or incorporated in particulate matter.
wastewater, which might help in the removal process.
In surface waters, particulates or so-called settleable
Polymers coagulant/flocculants will react to micropollutant
particulate material (SPM) may contain remarkable
in 2 main mechanisms; particulate/colloidal bound
amounts of pharmaceuticals (Byrns, 2001). Wastewater
micropollutants or direct reaction to micropollutant
treatment plants (WWTP) are an important source of
itself. The understanding of these reactions is vital in
this SPM. However, information about the distribution
maximising the compound removal from wastewater by
of contaminants over various particle sizes is rare.
polymers.
According to the equilibrium partition theory sorption of micropollutants to solids such as soil and sediment
The polymer coagulant and flocculant is showing a good
is not solely based on hydrophobic partitioning. The
removal of turbidity and phosphate removal at lower
theory describes that distribution of a solute, between
dosage. During the experiment, the Ptotal removal could
two immiscible solvents (such as aqueous and organic
reach as high as 20% due to particle bound phosphorus
phases) is an equilibrium condition. This is due to the
and turbidity at 90%. More tests are needed in-term of
polar and often ionic nature causing the interaction with
soluble compound/particle removal.
solids to be pH dependent (Schwarzenbach et al., 2003).
Scientific and social relevance Approach
This research gives an insight to the relevancies of using
By spiking a selected micropollutant, with distinct physico-
flocculation as alternative for micropollutants removal
chemical properties and well-defined characteristics,
during wastewater treatment. The removal mechanism of
the governing removal mechanisms and parameters
the compound and its effectiveness will provide valuable
influencing these mechanisms can be determined. The
data for optimization of the process and pilot plant.
126
Mohamed Faiz Mohd Amin Removals of micropollutants in wastewater are expected to depend on how much it’s sorbed to particle. The project approach is very efficient in term of the costs and potential gain (methane generation from sludge digestion). The project partners are a small group of excellent parties with extensive experience in the development of treatment processes.
Literature ▪▪
Byrns, G., 2001. The fate of xenobiotic organic compounds in wastewater treatment plants. Water Res. 35, 2523–2533.
▪▪
Carballa M, Omil F, Lema JM, et al. Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in a sewage treatment plant. Water research. 2004;38(12):2918-26.
▪▪
Mompelat, S., Le Bot, B. Thomas, O.,(2009). Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical products and by-products, from resource to drinking water. Environ. Int. 35, 803–814.
▪▪
Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gschwend, P.M., Imboden, D.M., 2003. Environmental Organic Chemistry, second ed. Wiley, New Jersey.
▪▪
Suarez S, Lema JM, Omil F. Pre-treatment of hospital wastewater by coagulation-flocculation and flotation. Bioresource technology. 2009;100(7):2138-46.
▪▪
Ternes T a, Herrmann N, Bonerz M, et al. A rapid method to measure the solid-water distribution coefficient (Kd) for pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in sewage sludge. Water.Res. 2004;38(19):407584.
▪▪
Virkutyte, J., Varma, R.S. & Jegatheesan, V., (2010). Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater Treatment of Micropollutants in Water and Wastewater IWA Publishing, London, UK.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781462 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.64 Start date project: Oct 2010 Expected end date: Oct 2014 Key words: Organic micropollutants, flocculation, wastewater treatment Cooperation with other institutes: Nalco and Waterboard Rijnland
127
Individual projects
Julian Muñoz Sierra Bio-Extreme: Application of extreme bio-treatment for recycling industrial water Research objectives
The treatability of the process water stream will be
The aim of this study is to develop an engineering solution
researched under controlled lab conditions and synthetic
for the bioconversion of organic compounds existing in
wastewater making use of down-scaled reactor systems.
industrial wastewater streams under extreme conditions.
Relevant aspects of interests such as biomass retention/
The research will focus on the most suitable technologies
bio-augmentation
for this purpose (e.g. granular sludge bed technology,
potentials will be evaluated.
anaerobic/aerobic membrane bioreactors) to encourage
In the third phase of the research, pilot trials will be
reclamation of process waters for reuse. Attention will
performed at the site of the industry using the actual
be paid to the selection and bioaugmentation of specific
process water. Pilot plant trials should confirm lab
biomass and its growth in highly filterable sludge.
results on the feasibility of the bio-treatment whereas
and
conversion/inhibition/toxicity
key aspects related to the technology chosen like cake
Project outline
filtration, sludge filterability, and long-term performance
Introduction
will be evaluated.
Industrial wastewaters generated in oil and chemical industries are often characterized by extreme conditions
Scientific relevance
such as the presence of refractory and hazardous
Extreme conditions in the industrial sector encourage the
chemical compounds, high salinity, high temperatures,
development of non conventional biological treatment
off-spec pH values, among others. Particularly for these
solutions. The understanding of how the complex
extreme types of wastewaters the conventional biological
compounds are converted by the microorganisms, what
technologies have many limitations, but granular or
is the influence of different conditions on the microbial
membrane assisted bio-treatment offers many advantages
community, and how is the process addressed within
such as in-reactor bio-augmentation of the required
the technology selected would be highly interesting to
bacterial species. On the other hand, combination of
compare it with current technologies in several aspects to
anaerobic and aerobic technologies would also lead to
prove and extent the advantages that have already been
a suitable degradation/oxidation of different compounds.
identified for extreme conditions, thereby coming up with
Nevertheless, application of MBR technology for pre-
new process configurations and water reuse possibilities.
treating industrial process waters has several striking advantages: i) system compactness, allowing installment
Social relevance
at or even inside the industry; ii) production of suspended
In the Netherlands, 80% of the fresh water use is
solids free effluents, simplifying effluent upgrading
industrial. The research is focus on fundamental and
techniques; iii) full retention of specific bacterial strains
applied research into the wastewater treatment and reuse
that are required for conversion of complex, recalcitrant
technologies for application in the industry to compile
and hazardous compounds.
know-how for optimizing the industrial water loop and reducing its water footprint.
Approach
Research focus on water recycling has the potential to
In the first phase of the study a selection of waste streams
improve the effectiveness of the existing technologies and
of interest, i.e. at those industries where increased water
invest in the future well-being of the world’s population.
efficiency is considered but hampered by the nature of the organic pollutants present. Potentials of both aerobic
Literature
and anaerobic biology will be evaluated in dependence
▪▪
Jeison, D. (2007). Anaerobic membrane bioreactors
to the exact composition of the process water matrix.
for wastewater treatment: Feasibility and potential
Based on a survey of literature, choices for either
applications. PhD thesis. Wageningen University,
aerobic or anaerobic bio-conversion or combinations of these will be made in the second phase of the research.
128
Wageningen, The Netherlands ▪▪
Dereli, R. K., M. E. Ersahin, et al. (2012). “Potentials of
Julian Muñoz Sierra anaerobic membrane bioreactors to overcome treatment limitations induced by industrial wastewaters.” Bioresource Technology 122: 160-170 ▪▪
Lin, H., W. Gao, et al. (2012). “Membrane bioreactors for industrial wastewater treatment: A critical review.” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 42(7): 677-740.
▪▪
Kleerebezem, R. (1999). Anaerobic treatment of Phthalates: Microbial and Technological aspects. PhD thesis. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2786588 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: 2012 Expected end date: 2016 Key words: Extreme conditions, reuse, aromatic compounds, biodegradation Cooperation with other institutes: Evides Industriewater
129
Individual projects
Sam Olivero A newly designed demineralization technology based on thermosensitive hydrogels Research objectives Current softening technologies are characterized by the production of difficult-to-manage waste, excessive energy consumption, or low efficiency, and business opportunities in this field are still numerous. Hardness needs a new and durable solution on a global scale, and in this scenario enters this research on a new demineralization hydrogel, as a more sustainable and ecologically friendly softening technology. Such innovation aims to soften cold water by using a thermosensitive polymeric hydrogel regenerable
Figure 1: Laboratory Setup for Column Experiments
with low-grade waste heat. The process at issue would make superfluous the addition of other chemicals and
Comparing the breakthrough curves of calcium (sorptive
extra energy within the regeneration process.
solute) and deuterium (inert solute), a simple mass balance was used to calculate the total capacity of the bed
Project outline
using a solution of 4mM CaCl2 and 8mM NaCl. Another
Introduction
investigated aspect was the regeneration efficiency of the
The present study focuses on a thermosensitive
same solution at different regeneration temperatures.
polyampholytic hydrogel based on a LCST polymer, able to soften water at low temperature, and regenerable
Results
with low-grade waste heat without the addition of any
Capacity: In figure 2 the breakthrough curves of calcium
chemical product. During demineralization, the solution
and deuterium are presented in the same graph. The
to be softened is put in contact with the hydrogel
breakthrough is pursued till completion. As expected,
at a temperature lower than the LCST of the material
it is possible to observe the retardation of the calcium
(TLCST=32°C), and the cationic and anionic domains
breakthrough due to the interaction with the softening
within the hydrogel attract and bond the charged
hydrogel, while the deuterium passes though the bed
species in the aqueous system. In the second step,
without being retained if not for physical intrusion of
the polyampholytic polymer is contacted with a second
the conservative tracer in the pores. The mass balance
aqueous system at T2 > TLCST, and the charged species
obtained as difference between the 2H and the calcium
previously loaded on the hydrogel are released and the
front leads to a total capacity of the SH of 0.047 ± 0.004
polymer is ready to restart the loading cycle (Fig.2).
mmol of Ca2+/g resin.
Important to remark is that T2 < 60°C, which makes the investigated material more efficient, on a temperature
Regeneration: The same solution used to load the
point of view, than other thermoregenerable copolymers.
hydrogel was fed during regeneration, but at a different temperature and in up-flow mode. Results confirms the
Approach
higher efficiency of regeneration at each temperature
A dynamic column set-up (see Figure 1) was prepared
increase, and shows clearly the impact of the volume
in order to develop meaningful process data. Column
phase transition of the poly-NIPAAm matrix in lowering
studies are considered essential to compare different
the capacity toward calcium ions. Over the LCST, the
process configurations and to evaluate the pressure
collapse of the hydrogel structure increases the internal
drop due to the presence of the hydrogel bed. The set-
ion pair formation among the charged groups in the
up scheme can be seen in Figure 3. Due to possible
polymer, counteracting the sorption of ions from the
interaction with commonly used tracers (e.g., NaCl), and
solution, leading to the claimed thermoresponsive charge
potential sensitivity to ionic strength changes, the use of
neutralization.
deuterated water (D20, or heavy water) was preferred.
130
Sam Olivero
Figure 2: Breakthrough of Calcium vs. D2O
Scientific relevance The development of a viable softening technology which does not involve salt or acid regeneration would be a significant scientific result. Optimizing the existing material can potentially open a new and more spread application of demineralizers. Better knowledge of thermosensitive hydrogels is nowadays of primary interest, mostly because such materials have been thoroughly investigated in the last decade for the most various purposes.
Social relevance Hardness in water causes many problems in industrial processes and everyday domestic issues. Polyvalent ions such as Ca, Mg and Ba form poorly soluble salts, which precipitates at reactor walls, in pipes and heating devices, resulting in membranes fouling, losses in heating efficiency, shortened life for processing plants and excessive use of detergents in washing machines. On the other hand, traditional ion exchangers should be regularly regenerated with caustic and acid regenerants, with a consequent release of large amounts of salt into the environment. Hardness needs a new and durable solution on a global
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781718 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.44 Start date project: Jan 2010 Expected end date: Jan 2014 Key words: Thermosensitive hydrogels, Ion-exchange, Softening; Sustainability Cooperation with other institutes: Afira Water Technologies AKZO-Nobel Chemicals
scale.
131
Individual projects
Hale Ozgun Treatment of Domestic Sewage by Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Technology – Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor for Aqua Cleaning and Energy Recovery Research objectives
Municipal wastewater is one of the main alternative
The research objective is to develop a system which is
sources for reclamation and reuse. Globally a major
suitable for integral municipal wastewater treatment in
demand exists for more efficient municipal wastewater
order to produce pathogen free but nutrient rich effluent
treatment with higher effluent quality and reduced energy
for re-use in irrigation and enable energy recovery.
consumption which will lead to a cost effective treatment
With the realization of this study flux enhancement in
system with effluent reuse for irrigation. Throughout
anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) technology by
different alternatives, anaerobic treatment systems have
controlling the total solids load will be the major output
a major potential to meet the market demand with biogas
of the program bringing AnMBR to a higher level of
production and almost no energy requirement. However,
understanding.
they have several bottlenecks such as the production of effluents with lower quality in comparison to aerobic
Project outline
treatment systems, retardation of sludge granulation,
Introduction
problematic sludge granule stability, limited feasibility in
Reclamation and reuse of wastewater for various
the treatment of complex wastewaters such as municipal
purposes such as landscape and agricultural irrigation or
wastewater at low temperatures (<15oC) and no
fire protection are increasingly recognized as essential
biological nitrogen removal. Among anaerobic treatment
strategies in the world, especially for the areas suffering
technologies, AnMBR system is a promising technology
from water scarcity. Wastewater treatment and reuse
as a means to retain all of the biomass in the reactor
have two major advantages including the reduction of the
more effectively and achieve high-efficient solid-liquid
environment contamination and hence the health risks
separation producing superior effluent quality. However,
and saving of the huge freshwater amounts.
the state-of-the-art in AnMBRs is not appropriate for municipal wastewater treatment to reach reuse quality due to too high costs and high shear stress in the biology.
Figure 1: AnMBR for Aqua Cleaning and Energy Recovery (A-Racer)
132
Hale Ozgun Approach In the research project, an innovative configuration of AnMBR, named AnMBR for Aqua Cleaning and Energy Recovery (A-Racer), will be developed in order to solve the bottlenecks of AnMBRs and enable effluent reuse in irrigation, energy recovery. The system consists of upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor integrated with a parallel operating digester, which can be operated at any required process temperature. The schematic representation of A-Racer configuration is illustrated in Figure 1.
Scientific relevance AnMBR is a breakthrough technology for industrial wastewater. However, it is not suitable for municipal wastewater treatment to reach re-use quality. Within this project, a different design of anaerobic membrane bioreactor systems will be applied for municipal wastewater, thus solving the bottlenecks and more research towards fouling and energy will be done. The limitations in the treatment of domestic wastewater at low temperatures (<15ºC) will be accomplished by the application of upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor integrated with a parallel operating digester, which can be operated at any required process temperature. It will be the first nano-filtration application in the anaerobic membrane bioreactor technology.
Social relevance The technology is very sustainable due to extreme low energy consumption and biogas (methane) production. The project foresees an optimization towards a net energy production. Moreover, globally there is a fresh water shortage. The re-use of water will reduce the need for scarce fresh ground water significantly and lead to less pressure on the water systems. With ultrafiltration and nano-filtration, the effluent becomes 100% biological reliable so it can be re-used for instance for irrigation purposes. Using a nano-filtarion will even improve the effluent quality further, also removing viruses.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2789086 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 5.62 Start date project: Nov 2010 Expected end date: Nov 2014 Key words: Anaerobic membrane bioreactor technology, municipal wastewater Cooperation with other institutes: Norit P T B.V/X-Flow B. V., Saxion, Water Board Regge and Dinkel
Literature ▪▪
Ho, J., Sung, S. (2010). Methanogenic activities in anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR) treating synthetic municipal wastewater, Bioresource Technology, 101(2010), 2191-2196.
▪▪
Lew, B., Tarre, S., Beliavski, M., Dosoretz, C., Green, M. (2009). Anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) for domestic wastewater treatment, Desalination, 243(2009), 251-257.
▪▪
Liao, B. Q., Kraemer, J. T., Bagley, D. M. (2006) Anaerobic membrane bioreactors: applications and research directions, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 36(6), 489-530.
▪▪
Singh, K. S., Viraraghavan, T. (2002). Effect of temperature on biokinetic coefficients in UASB treatment of municipal wastewater, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 136(2002): 243-254.
133
Individual projects
Marjolein Peters DIPool project: Minimum chlorine concentration in swimming pools to ensure disinfection Research objective
used. The mixed microbial population was obtained
Within the DIPool project the overall goal is to have a
from non-chlorinated bathing water assuming that the
chemical disinfectant free swimming pool. In this study
microorganisms present in swimming pools are released
the objective was to determine how in chlorinated
by bathers which should be released also during bathing
swimming pools the use of chemical disinfectants can
in a bath tub.
be reduced. This was done by determining the minimum chlorine concentration in swimming pools, based on a
Results
mixed microbial population present in swimming pools
First results show a 4-log removal of the E.coli bacteria
and compare this to the needed chlorine concentration
within 30 seconds at a free chlorine concentration of 0.59
based on an indicator microorganism.
mg/L. The mixed microbial population is showing a higher chlorine tolerance. About 30% of the microorganisms
This study is part of the DIPool project in which Maarten
were inactivated within 10 seconds at a free chlorine
Keuten is also working.
concentration of 1.39 mg/L. The number of living cells after 10 seconds was constant in time. For lower free
Project outline
chlorine concentrations the number of living cells was
Introduction
constant in time as well.
Chlorine is present in most swimming pools as residual disinfectant. In the Netherlands, the chlorine
Scientific relevance
concentration in swimming pools has to be between 0.5-
Normally chemical disinfection is used in swimming pools to
1.5 mg/L free available chlorine, which is based on a 4-log
ensure microbiologic safe swimming pool water. However,
removal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 30 seconds.
the use of a chemical disinfectant like chlorine produces
The disinfection of chlorine is based on the penetration
also DBPs which are bad for human health. Therefore it
of the negatively charged chlorine-products through the
is important to lower the formation of DBPs. One way to
negatively charged cell wall of microorganisms. Inside
do that is by lowering the chlorine concentration. So the
the cell, chlorine interacts with enzymes leading to
minimum chlorine concentration must by found in which
inactivation or cell death. Besides this positive reaction
there are as less as possible DBP formation as well as
of chlorine, side reactions occur. Disinfection by-products
it still provides microbiologic safe swimming pool water.
(DBPs) are formed, which are irritating and can be harmful to swimmers health.
Approach The minimum free available chlorine concentration was studied during lab experiments in which the chlorine concentration was changed. Samples were taken in time and analyzed with different methods like total cell count (live/dead staining), plate count, DNA concentration measurement (with Nanodrop) as well as qPCR, to compare the outcome of the experiments. Of the indicator microorganisms for swimming pools (such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, streptococci and E.coli) E.coli was added to nonchlorinated and chlorinated water. Next, to determine the minimum chlorine concentration in a swimming pool a more realistic mixed microbial population was
134
Marjolein Peters
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering and Faculty of Applied Sciences Tel.: +31 15 2787894 E-mail:
[email protected] www.bt.tudelft.nl/ebt www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft Julianalaan 67 2628 BC Delft
Social relevance The development of a chlorine free swimming pool might have big advantages for society. As explained above, the addition of chlorine provides disinfection by products (DBPs). Since some people are sensitive for chlorine and DBPs a chlorine free swimming pool might be their solution to enjoy swimming again. Lowering the formation of DBPs would already be helpful as well.
Start date project: End date project:
Jul 2011 Jul 2015
Key words: Pool water treatment, alternative disinfection, microbial populations Cooperation with other institutes: Department of Environmental Biotechnology of DUT/TNW Hellebrekers Technieken Van Remmen UV techniek AkzoNobel Coram International Sportfondsen Nederland Funding: Agentschap NL EFRO-GO
135
Individual projects
Ana Poças Discolouration-causing loose deposits in distribution systems Research objectives
Results
The main objectives are:
The methodology developed enabled for the sampling
▪▪
To develop practical and simple methodology for
of LD at suitable amounts for physical chemical
sampling loose deposits (LD) in drinking water
characterisation, and has been applied for the collection
distribution systems (DWDS) and get insights on
of ca. 60 LD samples from random locations of the
the origin and behaviour of discolouration causing
Lisbon DWDS (owned and run by EPAL). Methodology
LD, based on their physical chemical and rheological
consisted in collecting large sample volumes that, upon
characteristics.
prolonged settling times, were characterised for the
To study the influence of velocity in LD composition,
typical constituents of LD from DWDS (total iron and
accumulation and behaviour in pilot scale test rigs
volatile solids). Discharged waters included samples with
supplied with drinking water, as well the effects of
very high turbidity levels and samples with turbidities
cohesive materials in LD occurrence and mobilisation.
below the discolouration thresholds which are generally
▪▪
perceived by the consumers (< 10 NTU). The obtained
Project outline
results showed no relation to pipe material or the water
Introduction
characteristics.
The work plan has been developed to further understand the mechanisms related to loose deposits’ (LD) occurrence
The LD collected from the test rigs experiments showed
and accumulation in drinking water distribution systems
similarities in composition and behaviour to the network
(DWDS). Loose deposits accumulate in every DWDS and
deposits, thus, attesting for their representativeness. With
lead to discolouration events, in case of re suspension.
faster LD accumulation rates than network pipes, such a
The origin for LD occurrence is generally associated
setup may be developed to monitor LD build up rates in
to cast iron corrosion, even if LD occur irrespective of
the networks, and further understand the mechanisms
water characteristics and the material of the pipes.
underlying the discolouration processes in DWDS.
Discolouration events, apart from inconvenient to water companies, diminish the consumers’ confidence in tap
Scientific relevance
water quality and may lead to customer complaints,
Despite the many origins for LD occurrence in DWDS,
especially if recurrent.
the general constituents of discolouration causing LD are iron and volatile solids. The iron richness of LD, as well
Approach
as the typical yellowish brownish colour of discoloured
The studies involved sampling of LD from the Lisbon
water, highly contributes for associations to cast iron
DWDS, at velocities as those used for periodical pipe
corroded particles. The development of practical and
discharges. In the scope of sample representativeness
simple methodology for LD collection, without very much
and feasibility, a method was developed to collect suitable
inconvenience to water companies and customers may,
amounts of LD for physical chemical characterisation and
therefore, help to understand the key factors for LD
understanding their behaviour.
accumulation and, possibly, mitigate their occurrence in DWDS.
In the laboratory, pilot-scale studies were conducted for the development of LD beds in test rigs. The
Social relevance
effects of velocity in cohesiveness and accumulation of
Loose deposits occur and accumulate in DWDS and,
the bed loads were analysed with basis on angles of
in case of hydraulic changes, may cause tap water
repose and physical chemical characteristics, and their
discolouration and customer complaints, especially if
representativeness attested with network LD.
recurrent. Apart from water aesthetics, which may be inconvenient to the consumers and the water companies, LD accumulation may be primary cause of water quality
136
Ana Poças degradation in DWDS. Consequently, and because LD may be re suspended in water with no apparent discolouration, mitigation of LD accumulation is necessary, which requires better understanding of the phenomena underlying discolouration and LD occurrence in DWDS.
Literature ▪▪
Poças, A., Vreeburg, J., Rebola, N., Cordeiro, B., Rodrigues, S., Benoliel, M.J. and Menaia, J., 2012. Deposição de sedimentos nas redes de distribuição de água para consumo humano: o problema e as soluções. Encontro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, APESB, Évora, Portugal, 10-12 October 2012, 11 pages.
▪▪
Poças, A., Monteiro, L., Rebola, N., Cordeiro, B., Paiva, J., Benoliel, M.J., Rodrigues, S., Vreeburg, J. and Menaia, J., 2012. Método para amostragem representativa de sedimentos de redes de distribuição, Congresso da Água, APRH, Oporto, Portugal, 6-8 February, 8 pages.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Watermanagement Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +351 218 443 956 e-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Av. Brasil nº101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2628 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Apr 2009 End date project: Apr 2013 Key words: Discolouration, loose deposits, sampling, distribution networks Cooperation with other institutes: Empresa Portuguesa de Águas Livres, S.A. (EPAL) - water company
137
Individual projects
Johan Post Borders of the sewer system Research objectives
obtain insight in the following questions:
This research aims at identifying failure mechanisms of
▪▪
the upper end of sewer systems: house connections and gully pots and to quantify the probability of failure.
How is the occurrence of a failure related to the characteristics of the area?
▪▪
What information is needed to adequately manage these assets?
Project outline Introduction
The latter is used as a base for further research within
Gully pots and household connections collect excess
the framework.
storm water and wastewater and drain this to the sewer system for further transport. Even though these
Scientific relevance
components can be regarded as the first link in the
This research identifies the potential of existing and new
sewer system, knowledge on their actual performance is
information sources to improve the overall knowledge on
limited. Therefore it is unknown whether these assets are
the collecting components of the sewer system.
managed in such a way that customer serviceability is ensured sufficiently.
Social relevance Failure of gully pots or house hold connections has
Approach
an immediate effect on how citizens experience the
Through interviews with professionals from maintenance
functioning of the sewer system. Therefore proper
teams of different municipalities, possible causes for
management of these assets is a key factor in sewer
failures of these components are identified. By further
serviceability.
extending the forms that are filled in after a related calamity, the cause of failure can be specified in more detail. Quantitative research is used as a starting point to
Figure 1: Functioning of a gully pot during a storm event
138
Johan Post Literature ▪▪
Arthur, S., Crow, H., Pedezert, L., and Karikas, N. (2008) “Using serviceability to prioritise proactive sewer maintenance”. 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland (pp. 1 – 11)
▪▪
Veldhuis, ten, J.A.E. (20120) “Quantitative risk analysis of urban flooding in lowland areas”. Enschede: Gildeprint
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 6 25272608 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2012 Expected end date: Nov 2016 Key words: Asset management, system serviceability, sewer system Cooperation with other institutes: To be announced
139
Individual projects
Jeroen Posthumus The PURO concept: Integrating a reverse osmosis technique inside a brackish water well Research objectives
footprint in terms of energy and environmental impact.
The objective of this research is to investigate whether
Experiments must point out whether the PURO concept is
the PURO-concept can be used as an alternative for
successful in reaching the desired goals.
conventional reverse osmosis installations. In addition, the goal is to reach an energy use reduction of 40% over conventional reverse osmosis installations and to investigate whether the PURO-concept has a more sustainable solution for the disposal of brines.
Project outline Introduction Producing drinking water from brackish groundwater is necessary for future needs. Normally, brackish groundwater is being treated by conventional reverse osmosis installations. But the disposal of brine remains a challenge for installations that are located far from the sea. Also, producing drinking water from brackish groundwater by reverse osmosis installations is expensive due to the amount of energy required. Currently, The Delft University of Technology, Oasen NV, Logisticon BV and Haitjema BV and Waternet NV are developing a new concept to produce drinking water from brackish groundwater: The PURO concept.
PURO Concept Figure 1 illustrates the schematic overview of the PURO concept. A reverse osmosis membrane unit is installed inside the well. The well withdraws brackish groundwater and produces demineralized water while at the same time injecting brine disposal in the deeper formation which is separated from the shallow aquifer by a clay layer. The PURO concept has the following advantages over conventional reverse osmosis installations: a more sustainable brine disposal by injecting the brine directly into the deeper subsurface without reaching the surface where the ambient water quality is more or less equal(i), an energy reduction of 30-40% due to the fact that only the demineralized water is being pumped up to the surface(ii), the PURO well uses the hydrostatic pressure at the well depth to overcome the osmotic pressure thus saving energy(iii), since brackish groundwater is abstracted the fresh groundwater availability is maintained(iv). In all, the PURO concept leaves a smaller
140
Figure 1: Schematic overview of the PURO-concept
Jeroen Posthumus Approach The development of the PURO concept faces several research topics to be investigated. Due to the absence of an anti-scalant inside the well, the scaling behaviour should be thoroughly tested in order to maximize recovery and therefore minimize energy costs(i). The environmental effects of the brine injection must be evaluated in order to pass legislation, especially the occurrence of chemical clogging will be investigated(ii). The overall costs must proof whether the PURO concept is favourable over conventional reverse osmosis installations(iii).
Scientific relevance Though the use of hydrostatic pressure for seawater reverse osmosis operation has already been used for desalination, the concept of which a reverse osmosis unit is installed inside a brackish water well is new. If the PURO concept is successful in reaching its desired goals, this could mean a breakthrough for producing drinking water from brackish groundwater in terms of energy savings and environmental impact.
Social relevance Brackish groundwater will be an important water source in future as the demand for drinking water becomes higher and the freshwater availability becomes lower due to expected sea level rise and increase in population. By abstracting brackish groundwater and by treating it, the PURO-concept deals with this issue in a more sustainable way than conventional reverse osmosis installations and also maintains fresh groundwater availability by functioning as a “sweetkeeper”. The market potential for this cheaper technique which deals with brine disposal could be huge if the desired goals are reached. Not only drinking water companies could use this technique, but also farmers located in the Westland could use this technique especially since brine injection (once as the groundwater reaches the surface) is prohibited after 2013.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2789086 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.51 Start date project: Mar 2011 Expected end date: Mar 2015 Key words: RO, brine disposal, PURO, brakisch groundwater, drinking water Cooperation with other institutes: Oasen, Waternet, Logisticon, Haitjema
141
Individual projects
David de Ridder Predicting organic micropollutant adsorption onto activated carbon using QSAR models Research objectives The objective of this research is to determine the critical solute properties, adsorbent characteristics and water quality parameters which govern organic micropollutant adsorption
onto
activated
carbon.
Subsequently,
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relations (QSAR) can be used to predict these critical solute properties based on solute molecule structures.
Project outline Introduction In the eighties, low concentrations of pesticides have
Figure 1: Relation hydrophobicity (log D) versus carbon loading for solutes in different solute classes
been monitored in Dutch drinking water sources. In
sufficient to estimate their carbon loading (Figure 1). It
2000, also pharmaceuticals and personal care products
can be observed that for solutes with high log D values
have been detected. As these organic micropollutants
(3-4), adsorption is relatively independent of binning and
generally are persistent, and might have consequences
the most likely adsorption mechanism is hydrophobic
on human health in long term, a number of these organic
interaction. For solutes with lower values for log D (<2),
micropollutants have been accounted for in regular
it is clear that solutes which are able to form hydrogen
monitoring campaigns. In the European water framework
bonds are adsorbed (far) more effectively than solutes
directive, legal limits are proposed for these previously
with similar log D that can’t. Adsorption of aromatic
unregulated
representing
solutes is higher than aliphatic solutes, but this difference
the interests of drinking water companies. Research
is not as pronounced as between presence/absence of
institutes and drinking water companies investigate which
H-bond donor/acceptor groups. No influences of solute
treatment methods can be applied efficiently to remove
charge and size were observed.
substances,
with
VEWIN
organic micropollutants. Hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bond formation
Approach
both proved to be important adsorption mechanisms.
Based on equilibrium adsorption isotherms of a wide
This creates a paradox with regard to activated carbon
range of micropollutants (or solutes), it is investigated
properties; the functional groups on the activated
which
molecule
properties
affect
adsorption.
The
(combination of) adsorption mechanisms is proposed. The influence of activated carbon surface properties related to these mechanisms is then compared with a similar approach, by investigating the adsorption efficacy of a wide range of activated carbon types for two probe solutes. A thermodynamic model is used to integrate the influence of the properties of solutes and activated carbon on adsorption.
Results When solutes were organized in separate groups (bins) based on the presence/absence of H-bond donor/ acceptor groups or aromatic rings, their log D value (parameter
142
related
to
solute
hydrophobicity)
was
Figure 2: Relationship between work of adhesion per unit area and activated carbon loading of hexanol (diamonds) and 1,3-dichloropropene (squares). Open symbols are considered outliers
David de Ridder carbon surface which promote interaction with water (and thus reduce hydrophobic interaction) are the same that promote hydrogen bond formation with solutes (and thus promote their adsorption by this mechanism). A set of 15 activated carbons was selected and activated carbon hydrophobicity was determined with (a.o.) immersion calorimetry (i.e. heat increase after immersing activated carbon in water). The same technique was used to measure the direct interaction between two (liquid) probe solutes; hexanol and 1.3-dichloropropene. Both had similar log D values, but hexanol can form hydrogen bonds, while 1,3-dichloropropene can’t. Activated carbon hydrophobicity alone was insufficient to explain adsorption, as was solute hydrophobicity. When the thermodynamic (3-phase) work of adhesion was calculated from the interactions between carbon-water, solute-water and solute-carbon, a good correlation was found with the experimentally observed adsorption of hexanol and 1,3-dichloropropene (Figure 2). Hexanol proved to have stronger solute-carbon interaction than 1,3-dichloropropene due to H-bond formation, and showed higher adsorption.
Scientific relevance Because regular analysis of drinking water for all emerging substances is not feasible, it is necessary to predict the removal of the substances in drinking water treatment. This research will try to identify the critical parameters that influence adsorption processes. Although an extensive amount of scientific work has already been carried out in this field, only a few scientists tried to compile this information into a QSAR model, and existing models often only include solute properties. Incorporating relevant carbon properties and water quality parameters in the QSAR model would be an important model improvement, which brings practical application of these types of models closer to realization.
Social relevance More often alarming bulletins appear in the media about the occurrence of micro-pollutants in surface water and drinking water. Besides traditional contaminants as pesticides and industrial waste residues, surface water may also contain emerging contaminants, such as
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 6 38171310 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Mar 2008 Expected end date: Nov 2012 Key words: Adsorption, organic micropollutants, activated carbon Cooperation with other institutes: Universite de Provence, Universidade do Porto, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
pharmaceutical residues and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). It is time consuming and expensive to determine the efficacy of water treatment techniques for these new contaminants experimentally. QSAR models cannot achieve the high accuracy of experimental results, but they can be an excellent tool to quickly give a first indication of process efficacy. With QSARs as a first warning system, regulatory steps can be taken to protect human health more effectively.
143
Individual projects
Wouter van Riel Information Use and Decision-Making in Sewer Asset Management Research objectives
Approach
This research aims at describing the actual decision-
The
making processes and information use in sewer asset
research focused on analysis
management, in order to analyse the effects of variations
of information use in the
in information quantity and quality on decision-making.
decision-making
The study contributes to understanding the influence of
for
information in decision-making in complex sociotechnical
main conclusion is that tacit
systems. As such, it provides a basis for a framework for
knowledge and experience
information provision in sewer asset management.
play
first
sewer
year
this
process
renewal.
important
deciding
of
The
roles
about
in
sewer
Figure 1: Configuration of controller, controlled system and environment
Project outline
renewal. The next step is to
Introduction
further analyse the choice behaviour of sewer system
Sewer systems are vital urban infrastructures aiming
managers by addressing the following question: how does
at protecting public health and preventing urban
information lead to choices? Shown in Figure 1, control
flooding. Appropriate sewer asset management is
actions on sewer systems (repair or replace) are based on
required to maximise sewer service life and minimise
‘hard’ information about the sewer system itself, but also
costs for rehabilitation. Yet, sewer asset management
on many ‘soft’ information sources and influences from
is complicated, because it is embedded in a complex
the sewer system manager’s environment (e.g. other
sociotechnical system. In practise, this complexity is
actors within the organisation or citizens).
expressed by multiple considerations and dilemmas sewer system managers face, including:
Thus, the first thing to know is, which information sources
▪▪
Insufficient availability of relevant and good quality
are actually used? To answer this question, historical
information. Currently, decisions are often based on
sewer renewal works are analysed for their decision
few information sources limited to camera inspection,
argumentation. The second thing to know is, how does
pipe age and hydraulic modelling. Yet, these
a sewer system manager make a choice for sewer
information sources introduce significant uncertainty
renewal? To answer this question, choice experiments
for decision-making (Dirksen et al., 2011; Korving,
are applied. In these experiments respondents are asked
2004). The lack of sufficient information leads to a
to make a hypothetical choice, based on preselected
low level of system performance predictability and ill
given information. By administering multiple choices to
argumentation of decisions.
respondents, statistical analysis allows to analyse the
▪▪
▪▪ ▪▪
Planning of other works in public space, especially
exact influence of each individual information source
road
with
per decision. The third thing to know is, how does an
other public works provides an opportunity for cost
organisation make a choice for sewer renewal? Decision-
reduction, it also introduces difficulties in planning in
making in reality is a group process. Hence, it is needed
space and time.
to include interaction between individuals, as well as
Citizens’ complaints about the functioning of the
changes in information quantity and quality. To do so,
sewer system.
serious gaming is applied to simulate decision-making
Reputation towards citizens and politicians.
processes about sewer renovation and renewal. These
maintenance.
Although
cooperation
These constraints in lack of information and complexity in
simulations allow analysis of the influence of information
political issues cause decision-making for sewer systems
in a simulated complex sociotechnical system.
to be unclear and ill-founded, preventing evaluation of asset management practices and appropriate deployment
Results of first year
of budgets. This leads to the question: what information
The first results show that sewer system managers use
of what quality is needed for sewer asset management?
many sources of information for deciding upon system
144
Wouter van Riel renewal. Yet, a systematic and structured procedure for converting the information into decisions is absent. Moreover, the information sources are actually used in implicit risk analyses (defined as feeling x consequence) considering the following aspects: ▪▪
Pipe collapse.
▪▪
Insufficient hydraulic performance.
▪▪
Extra nuisance for citizens and related image of the municipality due to extra excavation works.
▪▪
Higher costs due to extra excavation works and road reconstruction.
▪▪
Extra traffic disruption due to extra excavation works.
Since tacit knowledge and experience seemingly play large roles in decisions, we wonder whether changes in information quantity and quality will influence the decision-making.
Scientific and social relevance This research contributes to understand the role of information in decision-making in complex sociotechnical systems. Decision-making in such systems is mostly based on interaction and negotiation between actors (De Bruijn & Herder, 2009). As such, the role of information seems limited from this actor perspective. From a systems perspective however, information has a more prominent role. Is current sewer asset management in need for improvement? The current availability of sewer services is good compared to other utility services in the Netherlands. The customer minutes lost in the for sewer services is 0.2 minutes/customer/year, while for gas this is 0.4, drinking water 14.0 and electricity 28.9 (RIONED Foundation, 2010). An increased understanding of decision-making results in increased insight into argumentation of spending money on sewer works. So far, no research has been carried out to investigate what information is used for choices and how this influences decision-making. This allows for making conclusions about what information, and what quality of information, is relevant to collect and what is not.
Literature ▪▪
De Bruijn, H., & Herder, P.M. (2009). System and actor perspectives on sociotechnical systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, 39(5), 981-992. doi: 10.1109/tsmca.2009.2025452
▪▪
Dirksen, J., Clemens, F.H.L.R., Korving, H., Cherqui, F., Le Gauffre, P., Ertl, T., Plihal, H., Müller, K., & Snaterse, C.T.M. (2011). The consistency of visual sewer inspection data. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 1-15. doi: 10.1080/15732479.2010.541265
▪▪
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781462 E-mail:
[email protected] www.urbandrainage.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Room 4.64 Start date project: Nov 2011 Expected end date: Nov 2015 Key words: Sewer asset management, information use, decision-making Cooperation with other institutes: ARCADIS, Gemeente Almere, Gemeente Breda, Gemeente ’s-Gravenhage, Gemeentewerken Rotterdam, Gemeente Utrecht, GMB Rioleringstechnieken, Grontmij, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Platform Water Vallei en Eem, Royal HaskoningDHV, Stichting RIONED, STOWA, Tauw, Vandervalk & De Groot, Waterboard De Dommel, Waternet and Witteveen+Bos
Korving, J.L. (2004). Probabilistic Assessment of the Performance of Combined Sewer Systems. (PhD thesis), Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
▪▪
RIONED Foundation. (2010). Riolering in beeld. Benchmark rioleringszorg 2010. Bennekom, The Netherlands.
145
Individual projects
Petra Ross Optimization of Drinking Water Treatment Processes using models and on-line monitoring tools Research objectives
UV/Vis-spectra measurements to AOC measurements.
The research objective is to develop and combine existing
The development of new models combined with the
models for a water treatment platform, which enables
use of online monitoring tools will be addressed in this
users to virtually construct a water treatment plant and
part, whereas the description of testing protocol and
to monitor and optimise existing water treatment plants.
the calibration and validation will be executed in future research. When ozonation is followed by biological
Project outline
filtration, part of the AOC formed during ozonation is
Introduction
biodegraded by the biomass present in the biological
To achieve the objective following topics are addressed:
filters. The AOC is consumed and transferred into
▪▪
An inventory of models and water quality parameters.
biomass, resulting in an increase in pressure drop over
▪▪
Incorporation of online monitoring tools.
the filters, until the filters need to be backwashed. The
▪▪
Development of new models.
amount of produced biomass in the filters can be directly
▪▪
Description of a testing protocol.
linked to the amount of AOC present in the water. The
▪▪
Calibration and validation of the individual models
clogging of biological activated carbon filters is modelled.
and treatment trains.
In order to study clogging due to the development of biomass, different ozone dosages were applied, on pilot
Approach
scale, resulting in different AOC concentrations. The
An inventory of models and water quality parameters
pressure drop was measured at several heights in the
was carried out from October until December 2006.
filter bed, see Figure 1.
Existing water quality models written in MATLAB® Simulink were converted to c-code after which they were
Results
implemented in SimEau, European Water Treatment
The pressure build-up only took place in the top layer of
Simulator developed within the European 6th framework
the filter bed due to stratification of the filter material.
project Techneau (www.techneau.org).The development
The results of a model prediction for pressure drop and
of online monitoring tools was done from January until
the actual measured pressure drop for one of the filter
December 2007. Biostability was determined through
runs is presented in Figure 2.
an on-line estimation of assimilable organic carbon (AOC). This was conducted by correlating differential
Figure 1: Experimental set-up of pilot plant with sampling points
146
The presence of biomass causes the formation of a cake
Petra Ross
Figure 2: Model prediction filter run
layer and accounts for the majority of the pressure build up in the BAC filter. The model is used to predict the filter run time between backwashing, for both cold as warm temperature, and can be used to set backwash intervals more accurately.
Scientific relevance To be able to develop a model, understanding of the processes involved during the treatment process is necessary. Additionally the combination of joint unit processes also gives insight in the interaction between the different processes. On-line monitoring tools can be used to calibrate and validate the models and is a tool for direct optimization of the treatment processes.
Social relevance Direct notice of changes in the raw water quality can result in direct action and optimization of the operation of the drinking water treatment plant. Combined with the existence of a water treatment simulator comprised of models of different treatment processes this will lead to an improved operation of the drinking water treatment plant and will result in a better water quality benefiting public safety.
Literature ▪▪
Ross, PS, Helm, AWC van der, Broeke, J van den, Aa, LTJ van der &
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2781585 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Oct 2006 Expected end date: Jun 2013 Key words: Drinking water treatment, Modelling Cooperation with other institutes: WRc Riga Technical University Eawag
Rietveld, LC (2008). Effect of raw water quality on performance of ozone and biofiltration based on modelling and on-line monitoring. In Proceedings of WISA Conference. Sun City, South Africa ▪▪
Ross, PS, Broeke J van den &Rietveld L.C. (2008). Drinking water treatment: On-line estimation of biological stability using UVspectrography. In: Proceedings of UV-Workshop, Vienna, Austria.
▪▪
Broeke, J van den, Ross, PS, Helm, AWC van der, Baars, ET, & Rietveld, LC (2008). Use of on-line UV/Vis-spectrometry in the measurement of dissolved ozone and AOC concentration in drinking water treatment. Water Science and Technology, 57(8), pp 11691175.
147
Individual projects
Helena Sales Ortells Health Impact of New Urban Water Concepts Research objectives
drinking water, is concluded. A probability of disease of
The objective of this research is to evaluate the
10-6 was estimated for a groundwater treatment plant
microbiological safety of a series of water systems in the
located 1km downwind from an infected barnyard,
urban environment by developing a Quantitative Microbial
concluding that the risk of developing Q fever through
Risk
Specific
drinking water is very low. A sensitivity analysis was
objectives include the development of methods for
performed to quantify the effect of each model input
detecting pathogens in urban water systems, analyzing
in the risk of Q fever disease. The sensitivity analysis
the presence of pathogens in urban water systems,
showed that the calculated risk strongly depended on
characterizing the survival, transport and aerosolisation
the air transport model, the air filtration efficiency, the
of pathogens in these systems, and studying the human
aeration process and the aerosolization of bacteria in the
exposure to microbial hazards.
shower.
Project outline
A study on the microbial health impacts of exposure
Introduction
to urban recreational water in the Watergraafsmeer
Cities in The Netherlands are often crowded and of close
polder (Amsterdam) is being performed. For this
proximity leaving few areas without human settlement.
purpose, specific locations were sampled under extreme
As a result, it is often necessary for water systems to
events (extreme rain or extreme heat) during the late
be located within metropolitan areas. Consequently,
summer period in 2012. Moreover, a weekly monitoring
consumers are exposed, through ingestion, inhalation,
program was conducted to understand the background
and skin contact to microbial hazards contained in
contamination of the water. The study locations were
water (e.g. E.coli, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium,
selected after a screening-level risk assessment of 20
Norovirus…). New water concepts like spray parks,
water locations in the polder. Four of them were selected
rainwater reservoirs combined with water parks, etc, are
for the monitoring program, three for the study of the
being introduced into the urban environment, exposing
health impact of recreational water exposure during
children, who are more sensitive, to microbial hazards.
extreme hot conditions, one was chosen for a rowing
Assessment
(QMRA)
based
method.
exercise as part of the extreme hot event experiment,
Approach
and finally, five locations were selected for the study of
The QMRA approach is applied to study the risk that
the impact of extreme rain events.
microbes pose to human health. The QMRA process consists of 4 steps: hazard identification, exposure
Figure 1 shows Escherichia coli concentrations during the
assessment,
(dose-response
ten week summer monitoring period (nine at the park
relationship) and risk characterization. Specific urban
Frankendael). The water did not reach the good quality
locations are selected based on possible contamination,
standard levels (Bathing water directive 2006 76/160/
human exposure, and site engineering characteristics.
EEC) in 30%, 20%, 50%, and 44% of the samples in
Pathogens of study are selected regarding specific
the river Amstel, the Nieuwe Diep lake, the Julianabak
characteristics of each location.
sedimentation pond, and the pond at theFrankendael park,
hazard
characterization
respectively. A trend of increasing contamination after A related project is carried out by another PhD student,
rain events has been obsereved in Julianabak samples.
Heleen de Man, in the Institute for Risk Assessment
Fluoroprobe analysis demonstrated high cyanochlorophyll
Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, making collaboration
concentrations in 9 out of 10 samples from the pond
possible.
Frankendael
(data
not
shown).
Quantification
of
pathogens (Legionella pneumophyla, Campylobacter,
Results
Cryptosporidium, Norovirus, and Adenovirus) through
The first case study, screening level assessment of the
q-PCR and ELISA mycrocistine determinations, will
risk of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) related to aeration of
provide specific data to determine the microbial risks at
148
Helena Sales Ortells the studied locations. Analysis of the data and comparision to several weather parameters might provide usefull information for pathogens predictions under future climate change scenarios.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Figure 1: Results of the weekly monitoring experiments at the four locations. Squares and solid lines represent E. coli counts; dashed lines represent water temperature (circles), and relative humidity of the atmosphere (triangles). Horizontal lines represent the Bathing water directive parameter values for inland waters (Bathing water directive 2006 76/160/EEC). The dashed line is 1000 E. coli cfu/100mL and indicates good water quality; the solid line is 500 E. coli cfu/100mL and indicates excellent water quality. Vertical lines are standard deviations (SD) of duplicate analysis.
KWR Watercycle Research Institute Tel.: +31 30 6069649 E-mail: helena.sales.ortells@ kwrwater.nl
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Scientific Relevance
Visiting address: Groningenhaven7 3430 BB Nieuwegein
The aim of the project is to study new water systems that have not been investigated previously following a QMRA approach. Information about the presence of microbes in these water systems and about the exposure of the population to them will be released. This knowledge will enable the expansion of new ways of using water or new water systems.
Social Relevance The presence of microbial hazards in water poses a risk for human
Postal address: P.O. BOX 1072 3430 BB Nieuwegein
Start date project: Nov 2009 Expected end date: Nov 2013 Key words: Health impact, QMRA, Urban water Cooperation with other institutes: KWR Watercycle Research Institute
health. Water companies and civil engineers can use the results of the study to modify the efficiency of their water treatment processes or the design of urban water systems when it is required. The exposure of the population to microbial hazards in water and the risk of contracting disease through this path will be determined and, if present, water companies and civil engineers will have the opportunity to take measures to decrease it.
Literature ▪▪
Sales-Ortells, H. and Medema, G. (2012) Screening-level risk assessment of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) transmission via aeration of drinking water. Environmental Science & Technology, 46 (7): 4125-4133.
149
Individual projects
Luis Dario Sanchez Upflow gravel filtration for multiple uses Research objectives
The problems particularly affect water supply systems
General objective
in rural areas and small towns, many of which even still
To improve understanding of upflow gravel filtration
lack adequate water treatment systems. Multi-Stage
(UGF), a component of multi-stage filtration technology
Filtration (MSF) is one option for water treatment used
(MSF), and explore other potential applications of this
for this type of communities. This technology uses a
technology to contribute to a better response to the water
combination of gravel filtration (GF) in combination
quality problems that water treatment systems face as a
with slow sand filtration (SSF), more than 140 MSF
consequence of environmental deterioriation aggravated
systems existed in Colombia. MSF systems are also being
by climate change.
introduced in different countries of Latin America (e.g. Bolivia, Ecuador, Honduras, Peru, Argentina, Costa Rica
Specific objectives
and Mexico). MSF application can be compromised by
▪▪
To analyse and improve the performance of UGF in
sudden changes in raw water quality, which may interfere
MSF for surface water treatment, with and without
with the efficiency of the treatment process and good
application of chemicals for coagulation.
performance of pretreatment by upflow gravel filters
To explore the potential of UGF in the treatment of
(UGF) is required. UGF pretreatment systems also can
groundwater with high iron and manganese content.
be used to improve groundwater quality and the water
To assess the potential of UGF to condition the water
quality in high frequency irrigation systems, but has been
quality for high frequency irrigation (HFI), systems.
little investigated.
▪▪ ▪▪
For drinking water supply should minimize the risk ‘to public health, while HFI, it should minimize the risk
In view of the deterioration of raw water quality and the
of blockages of irrigation emitters.
costly solutions that are already being adopted in some MSF systems, a better understanding of the performance
Project outline
of the gravel filters in these systems is needed. This
Introduction
particularly relates to UGF as the type of the gravel filters
In Colombia, water quality and quantity from surface
being used in almost all MSF systems in Colombia. This
sources is changing due to the deterioration of watersheds
research therefore will focus on learning more about
caused by deforestation, erosion, and the discharge of
the process in UGF in MSF systems and will also explore
untreated wastewater. These changes are intensified by
its potential application in ground water and irrigation
the global climate change causing longer dry periods
system given his proven ability as a pretreatment system
on the one hand and more intense rainfall on the other.
and effectiveness in the removal of turbidity, iron,
The main problems that occur include the increase in
manganese, suspended solids and microorganisms.
turbidity and suspended solid levels with higher peaks of longer duration. These changes are affecting the existing
This project includes the systematic review in full scale
water treatment plants, causing higher operation and
aplication of UGF and other uses such as: coagulation
maintenance requirements and even interruptions in their
and floculation with UGF, iron and managanese removal
operation. To overcome such problems it is necessary to
with UGF and assess the potential of UGF to condition the
optimize and improve existing water treatment systems
water quality for high frequency irrigation (HFI).
or find alternative surface or ground water sources of better quality.
Approach The project is being developed in Cali, Colombia, in
These growing water quality problems imply a significant
full scale projects and pilot units. Pilot and laboratory
challenge for Latin America as a whole as some 80% of
studies are done in research station of Cinara Institute
water supply systems are based on surface water supply.
-Universidad del Valle. The station includes pilot units for coarse gravel filtration, slow sand and rapid filtration research, and laboratories for physicochemical and
150
Luis Dario Sanchez microbiological analysis. Full scale MSF plants are fed with water from small rivers of streams draining relatively small watershed areas. Based on the objectives, an overview of the proposed methodology is shown in Figure 1.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section
Figure 1: Overview of the proposed methodology
Scientific relevance Based on the experience with UGF in Colombia, a growing number of full scale systems were developed with MSF in Latin America. However research in this type of technological solutions is highly relevant especially in rural communities of Latin America because persist the low coverage of safe water. The scope of the application of UGF is growing but a better understanding of its performance and its ability to cope with growing water quality problems is needed.
Social relevance UGF has significant advantages over other technologies as it only requires materials that are often readily available. Also it can be easily administrated, maintained and operated by local operators at reasonable cost. This type of technology can be useful for rural communities but especially for those living with about one dollar per day. Several MSF
Tel.: +31 15 2783347 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Aug 2010 Expected end date: Aug 2014 Key words: Upflow gravel filtration, water quality, multi stage filtration Cooperation with other institutes: Universidad del Valle-Instituto Cinara, Cali-Colombia
systems are already in operation for more than 20 years at a cost that never exceeded 4% of total family income. This makes that it can contribute to helping meeting the Millennium Development Goal 10, to ‘halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe water’.
151
Individual projects
Ran Shang Innovative ceramic ultrafiltration for water reuse: P rejection by CTUF for RO pretreatment Research objectives 1. Operate a lab scale ceramic UF and a pilot ceramic UF plant as RO pretreatment for the reuse purpose. ▪▪
Hydraulic irreversible fouling on low pressure ceramic membranes (MF/UF).
▪▪
Role of cations on the hydraulic irreversible fouling of the low pressure membranes.
2. Reuse water for industry with optimized Ceramic Tight UF processes. ▪▪
Case study of RO plants for industry.
▪▪
Optimize CTUF processes as RO pretreatment.
Figure 1: Effect of pH on the phosphate rejection
limitation is one of the methods to prevent biofouling
Project outline
on RO. The enhanced phosphate rejection by CTUF to
Introduction
achieve P limitation is being investigated.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is increasingly used in desalination and water reuse installations. However, a crucial issue of
Approach
these installations is bio-fouling, which leads to ascending
1. Two CTUF (1 kDa, 3 kDa) ceramic membranes (TAMI)
operational costs and shortening membrane lifetime. Optimizing the pretreatment of RO is the one of the effective methods to prevent RO from rapid bio-fouling.
were applied for tests. 2. Filtration tests were carried out with 2 m/s crossflow and flux of 50 L/(m2.h).
The RO pretreatment by ceramic tight ultrafiltration
3. The P rejection experiments were carried out under
(CTUF) can offer many benefits over pretreatment by,
different operational conditions, salinities, organic
for example, nanofiltration: 1. the brine contains less salt
matters, to understand the influential factors on P
than that from nanofiltration (NF); 2. The operational
rejection.
pressure of CTUF is much lower than that of NF; 3. CTUF membranes have less fouling potential than RO and NF
Results
membranes, because hydraulic backwash and chemical
1. The phosphate rejection increased to 87% when
backwash can be applied to CTUF membranes. Phosphate
pH was raised to 8.4 (Figure 1). The surface charge
Figure 2: The membrane surface charge with different pH value and electrolytes
152
Ran Shang (zeta potential) of membranes increased from pH 6 to pH 9 (Figure 2). This indicates that the most plausible mechanism of phosphate rejection was charge repulsion between the trivalent phosphate ion and the membrane surface [1, 2]. 2. The phosphate adsorption on the TiO2 membranes enhances (more negative) the surface charge of the membranes (Figure 2). 3. The effect of the CTUF pretreatment on the RO biofouling prevention will be investigated.
Scientific and social relevance Combined phosphate limitation (0.3 μg P/l [3]) and organic matter limitation (0.5 mg TOC/l) for biomass accumulation are conceivably achieved by coagulation-TCUF, in order to prevent RO from bio-fouling. The in-line coagulation can already reduce the phosphate level from 7-115 to 0.2-2.8 μg P/l [4]. With the rejection of phosphate by the followed CTUF, to reach the phosphate limitation is expected, and thus the RO biofouling prevention is plausibly achieved.
Literature ▪▪
Brandhuber, P. and G. Amy, Alternative methods for membrane filtration of arsenic from drinking water. Desalination, 1998. 117(13): p. 1-10.
▪▪
Brandhuber, P. and G. Amy, Arsenic removal by a charged ultrafiltration membrane- Influences of membrane operating conditions and water quality on arsenic rejection. Desalination, 2001. 140(1): p. 1-14.
▪▪
Vrouwenvelder, J.S., et al., Phosphate limitation to control biofouling. Water Research, 2010. 44(11): p. 3454-3466.
▪▪
Jacobson, J.D., et al., Phosphate limitation in reverse osmosis: An option to control biofouling? Desalination and Water Treatment, 2009. 5(1-3): p. 198-206.
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2783539 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: 2009 Expected end date: 2013 Key words: Ceramic UF, RO pretreatment, water reuse Cooperation with other institutes: Logisticon, Evides, Vitens, CoMeTas
153
Individual projects
Matthieu Spekkers Modelling rainfall damage Research objectives
numbers of damage claims were associated with high
This project aims to better understand damages related
rainfall intensities. Rainfall data were used for the period
to extreme rainfall for urban areas, using a data-driven
of 2003–2010 in the Netherlands based on a network of 33
approach.
automatic rain gauges operated by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). A logistic regression
Project outline
model was used to link high claim numbers to maximum
Introduction
rainfall intensities.
High-intensity rainfall can have serious consequences for households and industries. Rainwater may result
In an on-going study using the same source of damage
in flooding of streets and properties if it is not able to
data, a 11-year weather radar database by the KNMI
enter natural or engineered drainage systems. Despite
(Overeem et al., 2009) is analysed to take into account the
recent advances to model pluvial flooding and the related
spatial variability of rainfall. In particular, convective rainfall
damages at an urban scale, damage estimation models are
is hard or impossible to detect using rain gauges only. A
still subject to large uncertainties because of the inherent
large range of rainfall characteristics are included in the
complexity of damage processes and the lack of datasets
analysis, such as rainfall duration, intensity, volume and
to validate those models. Within this project attempts are
timing of the rainfall peak. Through a spatial regression
made to analyse different sources of damage data, e.g.
model, rainfall patterns are compared with damage
from insurance industry, to better understand the factors
locations and attributes.
contributing to damage. Topics that will be part of future research include:
Approach
▪▪
A more detailed analysis using household/building
▪▪
An international case study to compare/validate
Netherlands, provided by the Dutch Association of Insurers,
▪▪
The inclusion of socio-economic indices.
was analysed. The aim was to investigate whether high
▪▪
The effect of (local) topographical features on flooding.
In a first study (Spekkers et al. 2012), data from an insurance database containing 20 years of water-
level data.
related claims for private properties and contents in the
154
results.
Matthieu Spekkers Results This study is part of the EU Seventh Framework Programme project ‘Smart Resilience Technology, Systems and Tools’ (SMARTeST, 2010). Results are discussed and compared with other case studies within the international network. The results of the first study (Spekkers et al., 2012) show that high claim numbers related to private property and content damages were significantly related to maximum rainfall intensity. The variance explained by rainfall intensity, approximated by a pseudo-R2 statistic, was at most 34% for property damage and at most 30% for content damage, depending on the time window over which rainfall data was aggregated. When directly comparing predicted and observed values, the model was able to predict 5–17% more cases correctly compared to a random prediction. No important differences were found between property and content damage data. A considerable fraction of the variance is left unexplained, which emphasizes the need to study damage generating mechanisms and other explanatory variables, such as total rainfall volume, wind speed or building characteristics.
Scientific and social relevance A better understanding of the mechanisms that result in damage may help: ▪▪
Scientists to focus research on flood damage modelling and data collection efforts.
▪▪
Water managers to prioritize flood investments.
▪▪
Water managers to decide on whether or not to take preventive actions based on rainfall forecasts, e.g. a decision to open or not to open a water storage facility.
▪▪
Insurance sector to make better damage estimations directly after Meteorologists to improve weather alarm services.
Literature ▪▪
Tel.: +31 15 2788578 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Mar 2010 Expected end date: Mar 2014 Key words: Pluvial flooding, extreme rainfall, statistical analysis, insurance data
an extreme rainfall event. ▪▪
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section
Spekkers, M. H., Kok, M., Clemens, F. H. L. R., and ten Veldhuis,
Cooperation with other institutes: City of Rotterdam
J. A. E. (2012). A statistical analysis of insurance damage claims related to rainfall extremes. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
Discussions,
9(10),
11615–11640.
doi:10.5194/
hessd-9-11615-2012 ▪▪
Overeem, A., Holleman, I., and Buishand, A. (2009). Derivation of a 10-Year Radar-Based Climatology of Rainfall. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 48(7):1448–1463.
▪▪
SMARTeST (2010). http://www.floodresilience.eu/. Website of the EU Seventh Framework Programme ‘Smart Resilience Technology, Systems and Tools’.
155
Individual projects
Nikola Stanić Effective Sewer Asset Management by improving the quality of information Research objectives
information is needed for proper decision making because
This research project aims at defining the information
of insufficient quality of visual inspection data. As a
needs, quantifying the uncertainties of information and
consequence, decisions on sewer management are based
improving the quality of this information in order to
on partial knowledge due to scarcity of information on the
achieve the desired efficiency gains for urban drainage
functioning and conditions of urban drainage systems.
systems.
Approach
Project outline
It is difficult to achieve a well-established relation
Introduction
between required asset management efforts and the level
Throughout history urban drainage systems have evolved
of service provided, due to sewer systems processes and
and today they are viewed as a vital component of a
structure complexity. Information on the physical status
sustainable urban systems. Sewer systems are capital
and the serviceability by themselves are not sufficient for
intensive infrastructure systems, that have to last for
identifying the trend towards failure. The understanding of
decades. However, with time drainage systems deteriorate
the changes in processes/status is essential for achieving
due to aging, overloading, misuse and mismanagement
effective sewer asset management. Through an increased
(Butler and Davies 2004). As many sewer systems have
understanding of sewer failure mechanisms this can be
been constructed between 1950s and 1970s, the societal
achieved. In order to identify the failure mechanisms
costs of managing the sewerage systems increased
involved, the HAZard and OPerability (HAZOP) approach
strongly over the past years. For instance, Oosterom and
was applied. The HAZOP analysis allows identification
Hermans (2005) shows that the replacement value of
of failure mechanisms, as well as identifying sources of
the sewerage system in the Netherlands is around € 58
information to detect and quantify the identified failure
billion. Estimate that today’s average annual sewerage tax
mechanisms. Further research will concentrate on
per household in the Netherlands is € 125, which covers
quantifying failure processes, as well as determining the
87% of costs. In order to protect these investments,
availability of the information. To quantify the probability
ensure delivery of sewerage service and an extended
of failure occurrence for each component and to identify
serviceability of the infrastructure, such systems have
critical components, the Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA) will be
to be properly operated and maintained together with
used.
adequate rehabilitation.
Results Sewer asset management aims at providing optimum
The HAZOP technique proved to be applicable to analyse
decision on the provision for maintenance, on-going
the information need for sewer asset management. Table
operation and on the provision of the large investments,
1 shows the top failure events that affect the sewer
associated with sewer rehabilitation and replacement
system serviceability and the principle causes why these
(Nederlands
Currently,
events are occurring. The main processes and defects
decisions (e.g. rehabilitation, maintenance) mostly are
responsible for the structural/operational failures of sewer
made based on the information on the sewer physical
elements were identified, as well as the possibility of
status and on the information on serviceability only. For
obtaining the information about them. A comprehensive
instance, the primary sources of information used in
description of the failure mechanisms is obtained as well
decision making are pipe age, closed-circuit television
as the failure trees that describes the failure process,
(CCTV) inspections along with monitored hydraulic
these are used as a basis from which to prioritise research
performance. The information obtained from CCTV
aimed at obtaining proper information on sewer failure.
Normalisatie-instituut
2008).
is limited due to the fact that only defects from within the sewer are taken into account. Furthermore, recent research of Dirksen et al. (2011) concluded that more
156
Nikola Stanić Table 1: Top failure events of sewer systems and their main cause.
System Performance Failures
Element Performance Failures
Top event
Cause
Flooding Frequent CSOs
load ↑ and/or capacity ↓
Soil contamination
load ↑ and/or strength ↓
Exposure to health hazards
load ↑ and/or protection ↓
Collapse of structural elements Breakdown of mechanical elements
load ↑ and/or strength ↓
Furthermore, the study was carried out to further understand the limitations and potentials of both visual inspection and drill core analysis. This is a first step towards identification of uncertainties in results of inspection methods. Overall, the understanding of uncertainty of inspection data is relevant for future decision making and model development. Uncertainties related to application of both CCTV inspection and core analysis in today’s practice could be decreased. Proper selection of core classification parameters and their classification range will provide more reliable results. Further, the core should not be damaged during collection and they should have proper dimensions.
Scientific relevance One of the main challenges of asset management is to be able to define a sufficient level of information. This study will contribute the further research in the area of data acquisition and data management. Generally it will help defining the information needed for proper serviceability.
Social relevance Sewerage and urban drainage systems are important infrastructures in terms of preventing urban flooding, and mitigating possible health hazards. Proper serviceability of the asset can be achieved with an effective management on the long-term, which will minimize adverse effects on human health and environment and will also be more cost effective.
Literature ▪▪
Butler, D., and Davies, J. W. (2004). Urban drainage, London: Spon Press.
▪▪
Dirksen, J., Clemens, F., Korving, H., Cherqui, F., Le Gauffre, P., Ertl, T., Plihal, H., Müller, K., and Snaterse, C. (2011). “The consistency of visual sewer inspection data.” Structure and Infrastructure
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2784026 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: May 2011 Expected end date: May 2015 Key words: Asset management, information needs, sewers & drains Cooperation with other institutes: ARCADIS, Gemeente Almere, Gemeente Breda, Gemeente ’s-Gravenhage, Gemeentewerken Rotterdam, Gemeente Utrecht, GMB Rioleringstechnieken, Grontmij, KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Royal HaskoningDHV, Stichting RIONED, STOWA, Tauw, Vandervalk & De Groot, Waterboard De Dommel, Waterboard Vallei & Eem, Waternet and Witteveen+Bos
Engineering, DOI:10.1080/15732479.2010.541265. ▪▪
Nederlands
Normalisatie-instituut.
(2008).
NEN-EN
752:
Buitenriolering (Drain and sewer systems outside buildings). the Netherlands. ▪▪
Oosterom, G. E., and Hermans, R. H. J. J. (2005). The Sewerage Atlas. Summary RIONED, the Netherlands.
157
Individual projects
Steef de Valk Enhanced Enzymatic Anaerobic Fermentation of Organic Residues (EnzyFOR) Research objectives
industrial processes or biogas. Hereby increasing the
Aquatic sludge degrading worms offer great opportunities
valorisation of sludge and reducing the amount of sludge
to investigate the way nature efficiently hydrolyses
associated with further processing and disposal costs.
complex organic matter. The aim of this research is to explain the increase of sludge biodegradability, observed
It has been shown that the aquatic worm Aulophorus
in worm predated excess activated sludge. This research
furcatus increases the biodegradability of excess sludge
will give insight into ways to mimic the biological activity
significantly, in terms of process time and methane
of these worms for large scale processes in order to
potential, compared to other sludge reduction methods
increase the valorisation of waste streams by degradation
currently available (Tamis et al., 2011). Worms feed on
of complex organic substrates.
complex bio matter present in sludge by hydrolysing the polymeric substances (e.g. biomass and possible other
Project outline
polymeric substances) and convert these into VFA and
Introduction
simple sugars. However the mechanisms in the intestines
The activated sludge process is the most used process
of the worms are unknown.
to remove organic carbon and other pollutants from wastewater. The organic fraction of wastewater is aerobically respired and partly converted into biomass. The surplus biomass is a by-product of this process and is called excess activated sludge. The main constituents of activated sludge are biomass, organic matter and water. In general, this sludge stream is partly converted in biogas and partly processed e.g. incinerated. The major problem, associated with activated sludge technology, is the cost for processing and disposal of the large amounts of excess sludge. The major fraction of excess activated sludge consists of complex organic matter, which could be utilized if
Figure 2: Tubefix tubefix worms on carrier material
transformed into VFA precursors for use in (bio-)chemical
Approach The aquatic worm Aulophorus furcatus will be the first predating worm that will be studied in this research project. A lab scale worm reactor is build and operated at the wastewater treatment plant Harnaschpolder, Delft, The Netherlands. The full scale worm process, described by J.Tamis et al. (2011) will be validated at lab scale. Furthermore, worm predated sludge will be compared to untreated sludge, both processed under the same conditions. In a later stage conditions of the worm track will be mimicked to enhance the hydrolysis step of excess sludge digestion or VFA production
Figure 1: Tubefix tubefix in pilot worm reactor at WWTP Wolvega
158
Steef de Valk Partners ▪▪
DSM
▪▪
Delfuent Services BV
▪▪
Royal Cosun
▪▪
STOWA
▪▪
STW
▪▪
Tauw
▪▪
Wageningen UR
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2785457 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Figure 3: Worm reactor at WWTP Harnaschpolder, Delft
Scientific relevance This project will give insight into the hydrolysis of complex organic molecules. Developing a cost effective process for the degradation of complex organics into VFA or biogas is in the scope of this research.
Social relevance In order to achieve a sustainable bio-based society, we should be able to transfer complex organic waste into useable products, as VFA. Furthermore. Disposal of excess sludge of wastewater treatment is costly. This project aims on enhancing product formation from excess
Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Jan 2012 Expected end date: Jan 2016 Key words: Hydrolysis, Sludge reduction, Aquatic Oligochaetes, Worms Cooperation with other institutes: Wageningen UR
sludge by increasing its biodegradability by hydrolysing complex organic matter. Therefore, disposal of the waste sludge will decrease and production of useful components of waste, as VFA or biogas, will increase.
Literature ▪▪
Tamis, J., van Schouwenburg, G., Kleerebezem, R., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., 2011. A full scale worm reactor for efficient sludge reduction by predation in a waste water treatment plant. Water Research 45, 5916-5924.
159
Individual projects
Feifei Wang Hybrid Advanced Oxidation and Artificial Recharge to Remove the Organic Micropollutants from Drinking Water Research objectives
in 2006 and started research to extend the treatment with
The objective of the research is to find a robust
an advanced processes, situated at the pre-treatment
combination of AOP (Advanced Oxidation Process) and
location in Bergambacht, to limit or remove OMPs.
AR (Artificial Recharge), to remove the OMPs (Organic Micropollutants) from drinking water for drinking water
Many AOP processes, such as UV/H2O2, H2O2/O3, UV/
companies using river water as raw water source and
O3, UV/H2O2/O3 and UV/TiO2, exit. In order to prevent
applying AR in the treatment scheme.
the formation of bromate from bromide (since bromate is a suspected carcinogenic), the Company Dunea is
The following sub-objectives are as follows:
mainly interested in AOPs without the use of ozone such
1. To establish the optimal combination of H2O2 dose,
as UV/H2O2 which avoid bromate formation. However,
O3 dose and some kind of UV lamp for the best
experiments with a test installation in 2009 and 2010
conversion of OMPs.
showed that the bromate formation could be reduced
2. Research on Artificial Recharge to quench bromate,
if the ozone dosage was limited and enough hydrogen
the by-products of AOPs, and excessive hydrogen
peroxide was dosed before the ozone introduction.
peroxide.
Compared with UV-AOP, the formation of hydroxyl radicals
3. To find out the optimal and most robust combination of AOP and AR.
by peroxone (AOP with O3/H2O2) is much more efficient. Besides, artificial recharge may enable bromate(BrO3-)removal from ozonated and infiltrated water biologically.
Project outline
So, the scientific hypothesis of the research is: the AOPs
Introduction
with UV/ O3/H2O2 can reduce effectively the concentration
In recent years, pesticides, pharmaceutically active
of OMPs, and then artificial recharge can reduce the by-
compounds, endocrine disrupting compounds, X-ray
product, bromated (BrO3-), and quench the excessive
contrast media and personal care products have been
H2O2. End 2012 Dunea will decide whether they will
found at ng/L to low μg/L concentrations in surface
implement AOP preceding AR.
waters throughout the world. Large quantities of OMPs are used in western society.
Approach To establish the optimal combination of AOP and AR, a
The treatment of the drinking water companies using
large number of experiments will be carried out to find
river water and applying AR has gradually been extended
the highest efficient and lowest cost combination and
to a multiple barrier treatment consisting of several serial
a suitable model will be applied to predict the effect
purification processes. The treatment can be divided in
of the most robust system, consisting of AOP and AR.
pre-treatment, artificial recharge and recovery (ARR) and
Depending on the decision of Dunea whether or not to
post-treatment Figure 1 shows the treatment scheme of
implement AOP preceding AR, also AR as single process
drinking water company Dunea. The current treatment is
will be studied for its robustness to remove OMPs. With
not adequate, so Dunea acknowledged the future threats
and without preceding AOP, the vital parameters (such as T, PH, redox and contact time) for the artificial recharge will be determined to remove the by-product and quench the excessive H2O2 effectively, the capacity to remove bromate, and the capacity to remove OMP. Finally, a simple model will be used to predict the effect of the combined AOP-AR process.
Figure 1: Drawing of treatment scheme Dunea
160
Feifei Wang
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section
Figure 2: The Research Route
Tel.: +31 15 2786588 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
Scientific relevance
Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft
The combination of AOP and AR looks very promising for a treatment
of both processes.
Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering
Social relevance
Start date project: Nov 2012 Expected end date: Nov 2016
for OMP removal and by-products removal. The scientific question is to find out the optimal process condition to make benefit of the strength
Now the measured concentrations of OMPs in the drinking water are low and the effect on human health for a single compound in the low concentrations at present is judged negligible, but it is still a potential threat to the human health in the long run. The hybrid of AOPs and AR will be the best optimal to efficiently reduce the OMPs from drinking water based on the lowest cost.
Key words: Drinking water, OMPs, AOPs, Artificial Recharge Cooperation with other institutes: Dunea
Literature ▪▪
A. H. Knol. Peroxone process in drinking water treatment: conversion of organic micropollutants with limited bromated formation, the ultimate challenge in the Netherlands. Delft University of Technology, NL, 2011.
▪▪
J. Collins, C. Cotton and M. MacPhee. Advanced treatment for impaired water supplies: when advanced oxidation systems are the best option. Water Practice and Technology, 2011, 6(4).
▪▪
K. Lekkerkerker, J. Schelideler, S. K. Maeng, A. Ried, J. Q. J. C. Verberk, A. H. Knol, G. Amy and J. C. van Dijk. Advanced oxidation and artificial recharge: a synergistic hybrid system for removal of organic micropollutants. Water Science and Technology-Water supply, 2009 (9): 643-651.
161
Individual projects
Ignaz Worm Virtual commissioning of drinking water treatment plats’ software Research objectives
Approach
The objective of this research is to minimize the risks of
In the Waterspot project software developers, a
fully automated drinking water treatment operations.
consultant, university and watersupply companies as end-users, joined forces to setup a simulator and test it.
Project outline
For each of four plants, models were set up and validated.
Introduction
The usability of the simulator was tested. Within PWN,
Drinking water treatment companies want to minimize the
the Waterspot simulator is being integrated with the
risks in its operations. In fully automated operations some
emulated process automation environment Simit.
of the urgent alarms are directly or indirectly caused by the automation itself, especially during software updates
Results
or the implementation of new software. To prevent or
Research has been carried out on the setup of the simulator
limit this, software is tested in a test environment before
and the added value of the possibility to accelerate
uploading in the real plant. These test environments
simulation training. Stimela water quality models and
consist of a battery of controllers and hardware for
EPAnet hydraulic models have been integrated in four
the communication between them. The testing of the
stand alone simulators. Topologies of the plants were
software is static. Values of the input signals are changed
set up in the simulator and the models were integrated.
one by one and the values of output signals and the
A user interface was created. The simulator has been
robustness of the software are evaluated. Today, the first
connected with a historian at Waternet. The Stimela
dynamic test of the software occurs after implementation
model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a new
of the software in the real plant. The possible process
control strategy for the pellet softening of Drinking water
disturbances and accompanying process alarms must be
treatment plant Wim Mensink.
accepted.
Scientific relevance A recent development is the emulation of the process
This project encourages development of existing models
automation (PA) software. An emulation is copy of the
in reaching a next level of development, in terms of
functionality, communication and man-machine interface
calculation speed, documentation and usability. The
on a standard personal computer or laptop. Emulation
amount of model applications has increased significantly.
saves costs on the expensive test environment of several
New modules have been added to the Stimela modelling
controllers and communication hardware.
environment. The research includes new insights in the human factors related to simulator training.
But more important, emulation opens the gate to integration of water quality and hydraulic models for
Social relevance
dynamic testing of the software. The output signals of
This project will decrease the risks of fully automated
the software are used as input for the models, and the
drinking water treatment operations. A more efficient
model results are written on the input signals of the new
and effective testing of PA software will yield less alarms,
software, see Figure 1. In the same time this setup of
less process disturbances and less down time. The aimed
emulated PA software and process simulation can be
system will help operation supervisors of fully automated
used as a high fidelity training simulator for operation
drinking water treatment plants to maintain their skills
supervisors. The higher level of automation leads to
and knowledge.
a lack of natural training, as a consequence of which skills and knowledge wear out. This is another risk: an operator who is not able to respond adequately in the rare moments that the automation fails.
162
Ignaz Worm
Figure 1: Simulation models connected to emulation of process automation (PA) software.
Literature ▪▪
Worm, G.I.M., Mesman, G.A.M., Schagen, K.M. van, Borger, K.J., Rietveld L.C., Hydraulic modelling of drinking water treatment plant operations, Drinking Water Engineering and Science, 2 (2009) 15-20.
▪▪
Worm, G.I.M., Helm, A.W.C. van der, Lapikas, T., Schagen, K.M. van, Rietveld L.C, Integration of models, data management, interfaces and training support in a drinking water treatment plant simulator, Environmental Modelling and Software, 25 (2010) 677-683.
▪▪
Worm, G.I.M., Wees, van der, M., Winter, de, J.C.F., Graaf, de, L., Wieringa, P.A., Rietveld, L.C., Training and assessment with a faster than real-time simulation of a drinking water treatment plant, accepted for publication in Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory
▪▪
Worm, G.I.M., Wuister, J.J.G., Schagen, K.M. van, Rietveld, L.C., Control-design for drinking water treatment plants using a process model, case study WTP Wim Mensink, Proceedings of Watermatex 2011, p. 468-475, 2011, San Sebastian, recommended for publication in Water Science and Technology
PWN Waterleidingbedrijf NoordHolland Postbus 2113 1990 AC Velserbroek Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 6 10453808 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: 2005 Expected end date: 2012 Key words: Simulation, virtual commissiong, operator training Cooperation with other institutes: PWN, Waternet, DHV, UReason
163
Individual projects
Jixiang Yang Fouling control in anaerobic membrane bioreactors under saline conditions Research objectives
to be operated at a high flux (50 L/m2.h). Although a low
Membrane fouling in anaerobic membrane bioreactors
transmembrane pressure (TMP) was observed at the
(AnMBRs) proceeds more quickly than in aerobic
beginning of the long term experiment, it gradually rose
bioreactors. Many fouling reduction methods that work
afterwards. However, the time for reaching a similar high
in aerobic bioreactors have limited effect in anaerobic
TMP as for sludge without coagulant was greatly extended
bioreactors, or they could decrease anaerobic reactors’
when the coagulant was added. Without the addition of
biological efficiencies. The objective of the research is
coagulant, TMP would increase to 200 mbar within 30
to develop a sustainable approach that allows operating
minutes while a low flux (20 L/m2.h) is applied.
membranes at high fluxes under anaerobic conditions. The TMP increased more drastically during days 20
Project outline
and 30 of the AnMBR operation days, possibly caused
Introduction
by accumulation of sub-micron particles, which can be
Typically, large amounts of fine particles are present in
explained by the decrease in sludge filterability due to
AnMBRs. The fine particles can significantly and quickly
the increase in the number of sub-micron particles in
decrease membrane flux of AnMBRs. In long term AnMBRs
the reactor. The addition of the coagulant significantly
operations, the formation of cake layers also increases
decreased the number of the submicron particles from
membrane filtration resistance. In order to sustain high
2.5×105 to 1.7×105 particles per liter within one day,
fluxes of AnMBRs in short term and long term operations,
which contributed to the observed increase in sludge
applicable approaches must be developed.
filterability in the short term experiment. However, after 30 days of continuous operation the particle number
Approach
increased to almost its initial value: 2.3×105 per liter.
Dosing coagulant was proved to be an effective method to reduce the membrane fouling. The coagulant can
It is argued that the increase in the number of sub-micron
effectively reduce the number of fine particles, which
particles in the long term experiment was mainly due
contributes to increase the filterability of anaerobic sludge.
to the breakage of the flocs formed by the coagulant.
Results
It is hypothesized that by adding the coagulant, sub-
Results showed that dosing coagulant allowed membranes
micron particles are scavenged resulting in increased sludge filterability. However, on the more long term, the coagulant-based large flocs broke into smaller (submicron) particles due to shear stress in the reactor, e.g. in the tubular membrane. Obviously, during long-term operation sub-micron particles are also continuously produced, resulting from substrate conversion and other bioactivities. Therefore, we expect that the number of sub-micron particles gradually increases in continuous operation, resulting in a gradual deterioration of the sludge filterability. As a consequence, periodic coagulant dosage is regarded imperative to ensure stable AnMBR operation at high flux and low TMP. Such periodic coagulant dosage requires an advanced control strategy that aims at effective membrane fouling control as well as preventing an unlimited rise of the coagulant concentration in
Figure 1: Long term TMP development (50 L/m2.h, 0.96 g Al/L)
164
AnMBRs. Further optimization studies in this are required.
Jixiang Yang Scientific relevance Potential methods for controlling the fouling are quite limited because the activity of anaerobic sludge is sensitive to some factors such as high shear stress. Dosing coagulant showed a significant effect in reducing membrane fouling. Also the addition of the coagulant did not reduce sludge activity. Therefore coagulant dosing could be considered as a potential method to reduce membrane fouling. Because coagulation capacity would decrease and fine particles are always produced in bioprocesses, further coagulant dosing is required and an auto control approach can be developed to realize that, which should ensure stable reactor biological efficiencies.
Social relevance The research provides an approach to significantly reduce membrane fouling. Based on the approach, a sustainable approach could be developed in future, which could realize membrane fouling auto control. The auto control approach could effectively and intelligently reduce membrane fouling, while manual power and operation cost could be reduced in the operation of membrane reactors. The research was carried out under saline conditions which promote membrane fouling. It is expected that the the approach would have a better effect in aerobic membrane bioreactors and conventional AnMBRs not operated under harsh conditions.
Literature ▪▪
Yang, J., Buntner, D., Spanjers, H., van Lier, J.B., 2012. Improving feasibility of saline wastewater treatment by anaerobic membrane bioreactor. (submitted)
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2789086 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Mar 2009 Expected end date: Dec 2012 Key words: Anaerobic, membrane, fouling, flux Cooperation with other institutes: Ghent University
165
Individual projects
Mostafa Zahmatkesh Development of fungal bioreactors for the treatment of lignin-rich wastewater and sludge Research objective
lignin acts as a barrier to any solutions or enzymes and
The objective of this research is to design fungal
prevents penetration of lignocellulolytic enzymes to the
bioreactors for wastewater treatment plants with the
interior lignocellulosic structure [1].
purpose to enhance sludge bio-digestibility and reduce effluent inert organic matter.
Lignin is a major problem in the treatment of lignocellulosic material containing wastewaters and utilizing lignocellulos
Project outline
containing waste. There are not many ways to degrade
Introduction
lignin. The most efficient way, so far, is biodegradation
Lignocellulosic complex is the most abundant biopolymer
of lignin by fungi [2]. White rot fungi can produce series
on earth. It is considered that lignocellulosic biomass
of “Peroxidases” that are able to degrade lignin [1,2].
comprises about 50% of world’s biomass and its annual
This research aims to design bioreactors that use fungi
production was estimated in 40-50 billion ton [1]. Ligno-
to treat lignin rich wastewaters in order to meet effluent
cellulose is a renewable organic material and is the
standards, and to treat waste sludges to enhance biogas
major structural component of all plants. Consequently,
digestion.
lignocellulose is a major component of many waste streams. In general lignocellulosic materials are thought to occur in six groups of residual biomass: crop residues, hardwood, soft wood, cellulose wastes, herbaceous biomass and municipal solid wastes [1]. Lignocellulose consists
of
three
major
components;
cellulose,
hemicellulose and lignin, and it is a potential valuable source for many products such as biofuel, and animal food because of its cellulose content. The problem is that the cellulose in their structure is protected by lignin, a complex heterogenic biopolymer that is resistant to most enzymatic reactions. Hence lignin not only makes these potentially valuable materials to waste, but makes them a major problem in wastewater treatment [2]. Lignin is
Figure 2: White rot fungi
the only naturally synthesized polymer with an aromatic backbone. By linking to both cellulose and hemicellulose,
Approach The use of white rot fungi is a well known method to degrade lignin but the technology is still developing and yet not industrialized. Many strains of this group of fungi are screened and known. The scientific and technological challenge is to optimize the secretion of peroxidase enzymes by these fungi. Peroxidare enzymes include: Lignin peroxidase (LiP), Manganese peroxidase (MnP) and Laccase. Optimization of production of these enzymes is related to the growth rate of the microorganism, but this is not straightforward because these enzymes are secondary metabolites. Optimization of the media,
Figure 1: Lignin in Lignocellulosic complex. Dark areas representlignin, protecting cellulose and hemi cellulose (grey areas)
166
immobilization of the fungi, bioprocess design and bioreactor design are major steps in this project.
Mostafa Zahmakesh Scientific relevance The application of bioligninolysis is a breakthrough technology for industrial wastewater treatment, and biofuel production. Within this multidisciplinary project real waste streams will be used and treated with fungal reactors, which which has not been done so far.
Project context The project is funded by the Dutch Technology Foundation (STW) and is part of a collaborative project with the Animal Nutrition Group and the Plant Breeding Group of Wageningen University. The research in Wageningen focusses on increasing the utilization of organic waste and low value feeds with the help of lignin degrading fungi.
Selected references: ▪▪
Sanchez, O. J., et al. Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstock. Bioresource Technology 99 (2208) 5270-5295
▪▪
Dashtban M., et al. Fungal biodegradation and enzymatic modification of lignin. Int J Biochem Mol Biol 1 (2010) 36-50
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2786588 Email:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: May 2012 Expected end date: May 2016 Key words: Fungi, Lignin, Biodegradation, wastewater treatment, Bioreactor Cooperation with other institutes: Wageningen university
167
Individual projects
Xuedong Zhang Emission Minimization of Marine Aquaculture Recirculation Systems Research objectives
from R3 (stirring). The results have shown that relatively
This research aims to investigate and apply processes
high COD and methane conversion ratios, 0.23 to 0.35
(coagulation/flocculation and anaerobic digestion) in
LCH4/gCODremoved have been achieved by using
marine Aquaculture Recirculation Systems (RAS) that will
inoculum cultured in saline conditions to treat the salty
not only capture and concentrate the waste but minimize
sludge, compared to the value reported in literature. The
it through conversion and volatilization and recuperate
effects of organic loading rates on methane productions
nutrients for re-use and intensify its sustainability.
and biogas composition have been shown in Fig. 2 (top) and Fig. 2 (below), respectively. The results showed that
Research outline
at low organic loading rates (1.3-1.6kgCOD/(m3∙d)).
Introduction
shown in Fig. 2 (top) the loss of 25% of methane
Marine Recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) are
production happened, compared with that at high organic
considered as a sustainable production method to
loading rates (2.0-3.0kg COD/(m3∙d)). Moreover, high
meet future demand for seafood (EU communication
organic loading rates results in high methane percentage
on Aquaculture, 2009, Schneider et al, 2009). RAS are
in biogas, shown in Fig. 2 (below). In order to simulate
economical and ecological viable, highly sustainable and
phosphorus release process in reactors under feeding
bio-secure in terms of disease and escapee prevention.
and starvation, batch tests have been conducted and the
The biosolid streams from marine RAS, containing high
results are shown in Fig. 3.
contents of nutrients as well as salts, however, are impending to be disposed, which limits the sustainability of marine RAS. The project aims to develop an approach to waste management to minimize the emission of RAS. The research will focus on anaerobic digestion of wastes with high salinity levels from marine RAS, and recuperate the nutrients and energy as well.
Approach
Figure 1: Marine Recirculation Aquaculture System and Research Topics
Results Three completely stirred tank reactors, Reactor 1 (R1), Reactor 2 (R2) and Reactor 3 (R3), have been inoculated to anaerobically treat the concentrated sludge from brackish fish farm at mesophilic condition. The mixing regimes of R1 and R2 (biogas recirculation) are different
168
Figure 2: Biogas and Methane Production from Reactor 1, 2 (top) and Reactor 3 (below)
Xuedong Zhang
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section Tel.: +31 15 2785457 E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Nov 2009 Expected end date: Nov 2013 Figure 3: Reactive Phosphorus (RP) Release (top) and PA Dynamics from Batch Tests (below)
Scientific relevance Treatment of salty wastes and wastewaters via biological methods has been always a challenge due to the relatively lower metabolic activities of microorganisms at high salinity levels. This work focuses on several avenues to enhance biogas production of the anaerobic digestion of sludges with the salinity of 25g NaCl/L, which would be a great
Key words: Marine Recirculation Aquaculture Systems (RAS), Anaerobic Techniques, Waste Conversion, Effluent Recycling, Recuperation of Nutrients Cooperation with other institutes: van Antwerpen Milieutechniek, GrovisCo, Wageningen IMARES, Aquaculture and Fisheries (AFI) of Wageningen University
contribution to literature and the practical operation of saline waste and wastewater treatment.
Social relevance The project is conductive to minimize emission from RAS, mitigate the pollution caused by salty waste discharge and sustain the development of marine RAS, which is a major solution to keep satisfying the increasing demand of seafood. Moreover, the obtained project results will not only influence marine RAS development in The Netherlands but will impact the global development and application of RAS.
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Individual projects
Ljiljana Zlatanovic Development and application of an innovative concept for residential fire sprinkler system in drinking water Research objectives
Approach
The first objective of this research is to focus on
The central goal of conducted experiments was to gain an
development of low flow and low pressure sprinkler head
insight into atomization process of residential fire sprinklers
that will be able to contain a fire in its initial stage. The
formed at low injection pressures. Two commercially
second aim of the research is to examine the influence
available fast-response residential fire sprinklers (k=4.2
of implemented fire sprinkler system onto water quality
and k=4.9) were modified for the present research.
parameters in house installation.
Modification of the sprinkler heads was made in terms of changing the existing orifice diameters and altering the
Project outline
geometry of the deflector plates. Flow visualization and
Introduction
investigation into initial characteristics of spray, such as
Even though the first fire sprinkler head dates from 1874,
sheet break up distances, diameter, velocity and centricity
the large scale use them is mainly limited to industrial
of droplets, were obtained applying a state of the art
application, while the application in residential environments
Shadowgraphy technique.
has been generally impeded due to emotional and technical issues. The emotional issue of fire sprinkler prohibition
The shadowgraphy system consisted of a CCD camera,
comes down to “Smoke detector” and “Hollywood”
double pulsed laser, high efficiency diffusor and Davis 8.1.1
syndrome. ”Smoke detector” syndrome is associated
software. The CCD camera used in this research was La
with alarm going off once in a while for no apparent fire
Vision Imager Pro X 4M CCD camera with CCD resolution
reason, while the “Hollywood” syndrome implies that if one
of 2048 x 2048 pixel. To increase the magnification factor,
sprinkler goes off, all of them go off, as well. However, only
the camera was fitted with a Sigma Macro 180 mm, f/2.8
the sprinkler closest to the fire source will be heated and
lens spaced on extension rings. The source illumination
eventually go off. The technical problem of fire sprinkler
was provided by a Litron double pulsed laser with an
system implementation on a large scale lays in required
output energy of 200 mJ at a wavelength of 532 nm. The
water flow for commercial sprinkler heads, which is in order
pulsed laser light was delivered to a high efficiency diffuser
of 60 l/min to 80 l/min. In the Netherlands, water flows at a
which created the uniform background illumination. The
household level are considerably smaller (approximately 30
discharge of the laser and capture rate of the camera were
l/min) and thus, required flow for a sprinkler system cannot
set by a programmable time unit to acquire double images.
be delivered by a standard drinking water connection. Installation of a commercial sprinkler head would require a separate reservoir and a pump unit. Such a system should be maintained and tested regularly, which would, in turn, increase both investment and operational costs. On the other hand, most water distribution networks are dimensioned on fire fighting flows rather than actual water demand. In general, every 80 to 150 meter a fire hydrant is installed, with a minimum fire fighting flow demand of 60 m3/h and a network of pipes with at least 100 mm diameters. The impacts of these oversized networks are low velocities throughout the system and long residence times resulting in accumulation of sediment and associated water quality issues (such as discolouration, low chlorine residual and bacteriological regrowth).
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Figure 1: Correlation between dimensionless sheet breakup distance and Weber number. Fast response sprinkler with k=4.9.
Ljiljana Zlatanovic Results Previous researches proposed semi-empirical equations in which sheet break up locations are correlated to Weber number (We). 2rbu,sh/do = cWe-1/3 Where: ▪▪
2rbu,sh/do - dimensionless sheet break up distance.
▪▪
C - coefficient empirically determined.
▪▪
We - Weber number.
For the set of data gathered in this research, correlation between the dimensionless sheet breakup distance and Weber number is depicted in Figure 1. The breakup locations for all nozzle configurations were found to fit well with the We-1/3 scaling law. The empirical equations established based on the measurements are as follows.
Deflector type
Empirical equation
Flat deflector
2rbu,sh/do = 1125We-1/3
Short slots
2rbu,sh/do = 989We-1/3
Long slots
2rbu,sh/do = 777We-1/3
Commercial
2rbu,sh/do = 715We-1/3
Scientific relevance The main aim of the present research is to find the link between drinking water supply and fire extinguishing facilities. Understanding the science behind the required flow for fire fighting and undertaking detailed and complex analyses of different sprinkler’s and DWDN’s parameters (layout of pipes in a household and water quality parameters at the household level) are the challenges to be tackled.
Social relevance Residential fires pose one of the biggest threats to people. Thousands of
Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering Water Management Department Sanitary Engineering Section E-mail:
[email protected] www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl Postal address: P.O. BOX 5048 2600 GA Delft Visiting address: Stevinweg 1 2611 CN Delft Building of Civil Engineering Start date project: Dec 2011 Expected end date: Dec 2015 Key words: Fire, fire sprinkler systems Cooperation with other institutes: Bam techniek, Brandeweer Haaglanden, VSH, Dunea, Waternet, PWN and Vitens
human lives are lost in fires each year. Fire sprinkler systems are a proven technology having helped to protect human lives for over 100 years. What is more, these systems do more than protecting the people; they also protect residential occupancies from being destructed by fire and reduce environmental impact caused by home fires.
Literature ▪▪
Ren, N. (2010). Advances in characterizing fire sprinkler sprays. PhD,
▪▪
Marshall, A. W. and M. Di Marzo (2004) Modelling aspects of sprinkler
University of Maryland-College Park. spray dynamics in fires.Process Safety and Environmental Protection 82(B2): 97-104. ▪▪
Vreeburg, J. H. G. (2007) Discolouration in drinking water systems: a particular approach. PhD thesis, Technical University of Delft
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Education
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Annual report 2012
Education
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Education
Study Trip Dispuut Water Management Exploring the Southwestern part of the African continent
Every year the Dispuut Watermanagement organises a
which generates more power than the whole country of
study tour during the summer holiday. Every second year
Mozambique consumes. In Malawi the drinking water
this is a large three week tour to another continent. This
facilities of Blantyre have been visited. In Blantyre the
year’s study of the Dispuut Watermanagement has been
second largest city of Malawi, water has to be imported
to Africa. In a three week tour to Mozambique, Zimbabwe
from a region 800 meters lower and after that distributed
and Malawi 20 students and three academic staff
to many of the lower income areas of the city. Back in
members have visited many water management related
Mozambique many irrigation related projects in the
projects. Staff members consisted of Prof. Rietveld, Prof.
region of Beira and Chimoio. Over the three weeks more
Van de Giesen and Ir. Luxemburg who all were already
projects have been visited, however there has also been
familiar with the African continent.
some time for leisure. This consisted of a day on the Mozambican beach, a day at Lake Malawi and a true
The study tour started July 10th in Harare, the capital of
safari in the Gorongosa National Park.
Zimbabwe. After a long flight with a transit at Dubai all the students got the opportunity to get adjusted to the
Summarising the study tour was an opportunity for many
African continent. In the three weeks that followed we
students to explore their field of studies both in practice
have visited a wide diversity of projects and institutions.
and in a different continent. The large challenges and
A few highlights are: the visit to the University of
limit recourses to fight these challenges have stimulated
Zimbabwe. Here we got to meet with students of the
the engineering instinct of the participating students.
Waternet program that facilitates higher education in the field of water management for Southern African students. In Mozambique we visited the Cahora Bassa dam. This is a humongous hydropower dam in the Zambezi river
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Study Trip Dispuut Water Management
175
Education
Intership projects Alida Adams: Financial Sustainability of Rural Water Supplies in Western Kenya Comparing technology types and management models
were well organized but they did not manage to make all users pay. At the privately managed motorized pumps, the responsibilities for O&M and financial management
In Kenya, large investments are done for the rural water
were not clearly defined but the financial situation was
supply. But recent studies show that many of the new
good. There was enough money for the O&M and for
water supplies stop functioning within a few years after
replacement on the long term.
implementation. Causes for this low ‘post-construction sustainability’ can be technical, institutional, financial,
Comparing the two technologies, the handpumps score
social or environmental. One of the most critical factors
higher on system quality and cost recovery and the
which is mentioned in literature is the financial factor,
motorized pumps score higher on O&M and financial
e.g. having an adequate water tariff for the recurrent
management. At the handpumps it happens more often
costs. Therefore, the focus of my Master Thesis is to
that the regular money collection is neglected. The
compare the financial sustainability of several rural water
responsible entities at the motorized pumps have more
supplies (in Western Kenya). Within this comparison the
need to be organized because of the daily need for staff
aim is to compare different technology types, different
and money for e.g. fuel refilling. A negative side of the
management models and different combinations of
motorized pumps are the high costs per user per year,
these two. Included technologies are a handpump
about nine times higher than at the handpumps.
and a motorized pump, both used for ground water pumping. Included management models are community
Comparing the four management models, the differences
management, combined community and government
were not big. The community managed locations have
management, government management and private
difficulties with making people pay. At the combined
management. Data for this study is collected during
managed systems the responsibilities for O&M and
interviews with the responsible persons for the water
financial management are not clear. At the government
supplies. Data is collected about system quality, O&M,
systems the costs (including high salaries of government
financial management and cost recovery. All data are
staff) are too high for the amount of users. The privately
organized into criteria with several score intervals. In total
managed systems score slightly higher, especially in
27 handpumps and 25 motorized pumps were evaluated.
terms of cost recovery.
Out of all handpumps, the locations with community
It is recommended that the Government of Kenya and
management
combined
other supporting entities pay more attention to the option
community and government management scored low.
of private management, especially for the handpumps.
The communities were not able to collect enough money
This option seems to have a better financial sustainability
to keep the system functioning on the long term. The
for the long term. And because of the fact that the
private managed handpumps scored good, especially in
water quantity is not sufficient at many locations and
terms of cost recovery and quick response to breakdowns.
the walking distances are large, more water supplies
and
the
locations
with
are needed in the research area. It is recommended to The motorized pumps scored low at the locations with
focus more on handpumps than on motorized pumps for
combined community and government management and
new water supplies. The high costs make the motorized
at the locations with government management. At the
pumps less suitable for the rural areas of Western Kenya,
combined managed motorized pumps the responsibilities
where domestic income is low and people are not open to
for O&M and financial management were not clear. At the
pay for their water.
government managed motorized pumps the payments were not good enough to cover the costs. At the community managed motorized pumps, the committees
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[email protected]
Intership projects Sandra Borges Freitas: Subsurface Arsenic Removal in rural Bangladesh I have been in Bangladesh from October until December 2011 and later during February 2012 and I should say that the hospitality has been amazing and I was no less lucky with the weather, projects and the activities that I undertook. Here are some random thoughts about Bangladesh: The buildings are often very rundown and dirty. I think this is primarily a result of the humid climate. The Bangladeshi sense of space is much different than ours. They have no problem pressing their chest up against the back of a perfect stranger. This is how they line up. To go to the university I prefer to take a rickshaw. It is cheaper and
rickshaws, etc.) are intricately decorated. Dhaka is the
faster. The roads are completely insane and it would
rickshaw capital of the world! Rural area is very poor, and
be suicidal to go by car. It’s almost impossible to get a
has the problem of arsenic contamination. Although, it’s
normal taxi anyway and of course nobody likes to be
so peaceful, so green… On November 7th 2011, they have
in the traffic for hours. The problem with the road is
celebrated the Eid. During Eid-ul-Adha in Bangladesh it is
partially due to the layout of the city. There are a few
mandatory that an animal is sacrificed. I felt so sad.
main roads through the city and then huge city “blocks” that are only accessible through little alleys. Because of
But since I was there to do my field study, it was important
this everyone is funneled onto the main roads. Also the
to make use of time. The objective was to study the
city was designed to handle about 1.5 million people.
performance of SAR under low phosphate conditions.
There are now 16 million. The power is constantly going
For the purpose of subsurface arsenic removal, injection
out. Except for the cars, all other vehicles (trucks, busses,
of aerated water (oxidation) followed by abstraction of anoxic water (adsorption) was applied. Due to the periodic injection of aerated water adsorbed Fe(II) oxidizes to Fe(III) which attaches itself to the sand grains and forms new adsorption sites for Fe(II) and trace elements such as arsenic. The Muradnagar upazilla, located in Comilla district about 100km southeast Bangladesh, was selected for this study, since the area is known to have high iron and arsenic and low phosphate concentrations known to be the main competitor with arsenic. The wells were drilled using the “sludger method”, a manual drilling technique. But all that said, apart of my camera being stolen, I have sincerely enjoyed my stay in Bangladesh. I can honestly say that I found Bangladeshis to be uniformly warm, gracious and hospitable. I feel so very fortunate and I would recommend a trip to Bangladesh to anybody who wants a bit “out of the normal”. Bangladeshis have a lot to be proud of!
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Education
Intership projects Marleen Heidekamp: Project Durban When the Netherlands was full of speculations about a possible ‘Elfstedentocht’, I was already for over one month in the summer of South Africa. From January to the end of March, I have done a research internship on membrane filtration, at the Durban University of Technology (DUT). The department of Chemical Engineering at the DUT focusses on the application of membrane filtration in drink and wastewater treatment. One of their projects involves the development of a point of use watertreatment unit. This is a unit which can be used in rural areas of Africa to treat raw water to such an extent that it is safe to drink. The unit consists of a spiral wound membrane with an
was very interesting to see and investigate the current
outlet at the bottom of a feed tank of 25 litres. The feed
water situation of the people. Daily, mainly women and
tank should be filled with water from a local river or dam,
children, walk for kilometres to fetch water from a small
as soon as the tap is opened; water is filtered through the
(contaminated) stream. During the visit the knowledge
membrane by gravity. Filtered water is free of suspended
level of the people on water and sanitation surprised me.
solids and most bacteria. A few drops of chlorine should
They are aware of possible water borne diseases and that
be added to the effluent to have a residual disinfectant
it is better to protect their sources from cattle and other
in case of recontamination. The aim is that the filter can
things. However resources are limited and therefore the
purify 20 litres of water in one hour.
people are even more grateful for this project and well willing to cooperate.
During my stay in Durban I did research on the hydraulic aspects of the system. Therefor I had to make my own
Besides work at the university, there is of course also
membranes which are fabricated from two identical
some free time. South Africa is a country with a rich
sheets with a spacer in between. My research focused on
history, and many different cultures. That makes it a very
the design and evaluation of a membrane configuration
vibrant environment to stay in, especially Durban with
with multiple small membranes with their outlet at
a large community of Indians. The city is on the warm
various heights. I have run several series of experiments
Indian Ocean, which is refreshing in the hot summer
to evaluate the flow rate and effluent water quality.
months of January and February. Moreover there is the
The main outcome of my research is that the flow rate
eye catcher of the skyline: the soccer stadium, which was
is considerably increased by the application of multiple
also an easy point of orientation in the busy city, as I
outlets on the membranes. However the requirement of
lived close to it!
20 litres per hour is not yet reached after my research but the system shows great potential, although increased sensitivity of the system due to multiple outlets should be taken into account. Besides the technical part, there is also an NGO involved in the project to assist in the social aspects concerning technology transfer. During my stay I attended a workshop to investigate these aspects. Apart of the different sessions and discussions, we visited a village in the Eastern Cape where this system will be tested. It
178
Intership projects Job Hogewoning: Project Colombia Colombia, een land met een iets wat twijfelachtige
sluitende conclusie te vormen, maar er is zeker genoeg
reputatie. Vraag een aantal mensen om je heen wat ze
om aan te dringen op een vervolg studie. En dit, in een
weten van Colombia, en waarschijnlijk zegt het merendeel
wereld waar het eerst fout moet gaan voordat mensen
slechts woorden als drugs, conflict en de FARC. Echter, er
het goed willen doen, is al 100% winst.
is meer aan Colombia dan men zou denken. Toen ik vorig jaar mijn minor uit mocht gaan zoeken, heb ik gekeken naar een aantal verschillende opties, maar geen van het sprak volledig tot mijn verbeelding. Op zoek naar de uitdaging ging ik op zoek naar 30 studiepunten om een vrije minor mee op te vullen. Toen ik dan ook de kans kreeg van professor Rietveld om naar Colombia te gaan voor een project, had ik slechts kort nodig de knoop daadwerkelijk door te hakken. Zo kwam het dat ik sinds 18 November 2011 in Santiago de Cali woon. Hier, in samenwerking met Cinara, het lokale adviesorgaan en ingenieursbureau, ben ik in samenwerking met het Secretariaat van de Gezondheid aan de slag gegaan. Mijn project besloeg
Colombia is een raar land. De enorme tegenstrijdigheden
de waterzuiveringsinstallatie voor de gemeente van
die hier plaats vinden zijn van tijd tot tijd maar moeilijk te
Montebello. Montebello, een kleine gemeente net buiten
bevatten. Verhalen over bepaalde onveilige delen van het
de stad, kampt al een kleine 40 jaar met waterlevering en
land zorgen er ook domweg voor dat hulp en verbetering
waterkwaliteit problemen.
slechts langzaam zijn weg vindt naar plekken waar ze het hardst nodig zijn. Echter, er is duidelijk een stijgende lijn
Een eerste snelle inventarisatie van de installatie liet
te zien. Het is een land in opmars, maar is helaas nog
al direct een aantal problemen zien. Zo is de ligging
lang niet bij het eindstation.
niet ideaal, de zuiveringsinstallatie ligt aan een andere kant van een berg. Het water moet dus eerst rond de
Al met al is het een diep leerzame ervaring. Waar wij
berg worden gevoerd voordat het daadwerkelijk bij de
in Nederland punctueel en erg precies zijn, is het goed
gemeente aan komt. Daarnaast staat de installatie ook
om ook de andere kanten van het verhaal te zien. Het
op onstabiele grond. Dit feit werd pijnlijk duidelijk kort
is, naar mijn mening, goed om de slechte kant van de
geleden, toen door een aardverschuiving een leiding
wereld te zien, zodat je wat je hebt een stuk meer gaat
richting Montebello aan stukken werd gereten.
waarderen. Colombia is een diep inspirerend land en is meer dan gretig op zoek naar onderzoekers en ingenieurs
Er was origineel gepland om een vol onderzoek te doen.
die komen helpen. Voor de civiel ingenieur is hier meer
Deze zou een week beslaan en zou alle nodige facetten
dan genoeg te doen. Voor mij is het in ieder geval een
beslaan om een sluitende conclusie te kunnen vormen
gigantische berg extra levenservaring en een enorme
over de installatie. Echter, het weer zit niet altijd mee, en
stimulans om door te gaan met wat ik aan het doen ben.
mede door het el Niña verschijnsel, was op het moment
Nog eens iets anders dan aan een kookprogramma mee
dat het onderzoek gaande was de berg dusdanig instabiel
doen…
dat een direct vertrek uit het gebied nodig was. Vanuit Santiago de Cali, Echter, de schaarse proeven lieten wel direct een aantal fouten zien in het geheel. Er is niet genoeg om een
Job Hogewoning
179
Education
Intership projects Shirin Malek Pour: Project Melbourne Getaway to the Land of Sunshine
A research project was defined in this regard to assess
Everyday sunshine! A multi-cultural society with great
the options of recycled water irrigation of different crops
openness towards other nations! Diverse tasty food from
in the Goulbrun Valley in Victoria. My work specifically
all over the world! A real city life in a 24-hour active and
consisted of assessing the Noroviruses disease risks in
lively place!... Aren’t these enough reasons to leave the
overhead irrigation of iceberg lettuce with the effluent
cold and gloomy Europe in November for warm and jolly
of the Shepparton Sewage Treatment Plant in Victoria,
Melbourne?
and to come up with the interventions that shall be implemented in the treatment plant to produce an effluent
As a second year master student at the Sanitary
which is safe enough for irrigation of lettuce, according to
Engineering section, I worked on a research project in
the Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling.
Australia for my internship. The project was performed by and between the Goulburn Valley Water (a water and
Under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Gertjan Medema from
wastewater corporation in the Goulburn Valley, Victoria)
the Sanitary Engineering section, and a super enthusiastic
and the School of Land and Environment in The University
and supportive professor at The University of Melbourne,
of Melbourne. The period of this internship was from
Dr. Ir. Andrew Hamilton, I managed to sneak into the
November 2011 to January 2012.
world of health risk assessments. It was not an unfamiliar topic by name, but very much unknown to me (and
Goulburn Valley Water (GVW) manages 26 sewage
certainly many engineering students) in practice. The
treatment plants (STPs) in Victoria, Australia, with treated
journey I began to decode this ‘unknown’ for myself,
effluent from 25 of these being used to irrigate pasture in
created one of my most enjoyable experiences ever! I
the immediate vicinity of the STPs. The potential exists,
got the opportunity to work in one of the most reputable
however, to grow higher-value crops such as vegetables
universities in the world on an interesting project. In
in place of pasture. Furthermore, competition for
a world where 80% of its population live in areas with
conventional surface water in a water scarce country like
threats to water security, reusing wastewater to grow
Australia could make recycled water a more economically
food is definitely a hot topic for the present and the
attractive option for many irrigators in the long-term.
future. At the same time, I experienced a unique social life in an amazing country which is very much receptive towards other cultures. Observing a diverse society with people from all colors and races living together in Melbourne gives a true sense to the title of “Cultural Capital of Australia” for this fantastic city. Having said about the pros, I can very well think of a down side for this trip to Australia : IT’S A BLOODY LONG WAY TO GET THERE!
180
Intership projects Wikke Novalia: Evaluation of technology indicators as monitoring proxy for safe drinking water provisions The target year of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) is approaching and in the latest Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) report, WHO/UNICEF concluded that the world has met the target of halving population without access to improved water supply. However, about 700 million will still lack access to improved water supply in 2015, largely in rural areas. The most serious burden of disease associated with unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene is infectious diarrhea. Approximately 88% of the yearly deaths due to diarrhea are attributable to this risk factor, which is a loss of 1.8 million lives. In their report, the JMP approximates drinking water safety through technology indicators, whereas water quality is used as a proxy for health risks in the WHO guidelines. Does the technology indicators directly relate to microbial quality of consumed water? Next, does the quality of the water collected from
Figure 1: Household storage (medium earth jars) and point of use container (plastic gallon) in Laos (left)
the sources deteriorate at household level (post-transport
variations sampling was performed in two consecutive
and storage)?
weeks. A stratified sampling strategy was used where 33 and 37 households were sampled in Thailand and Laos
In February 2012, a preliminary survey consisting of
across the different risk levels. Non-parametric statistical
household visits and sanitary inspection of water sources
methods were employed to analyse the datasets.
was conducted in two rural sites in Thailand and Laos. This study was co-facilitated by the DIADEN (Diarrhea
It was found that the water quality data vary considerably
and Dengue) research group. The survey revealed that
implying that the technology indicators may not be
various water sources were used in Laos: unprotected
sufficient in reflecting the water quality. With regard
dug wells, rainwater, boreholes, surface water and bottled
to deterioration between sources and households,
water. Only rainwater and bottled water were used
there appears to be inconsistent patterns. In total,
in Thailand. Sanitary inspection of the water sources
about 39%, 35% and 25% of the samples in Laos had
was developed based on WHO recommendations. The
either deteriorated, remained constant and improved,
inspection framework distinguished four sources of
respectively. In Thailand the proportions were 30%, 47%
hazards: physical conditions of the water supply system,
and 23%. Using the Wilcoxon test, it was indicated that
operational methods, proximity of hazardous external
there was more prevalent deterioration in Laos. When both
environmental factors and water quality indicator. A large
datasets were combined, deterioration remains dominant.
proportion of the households (91%) in Laos depended
Statistically, it was found that no strong correlations
on high to very high-risk water sources. In Thailand, the
might yet be derived from the hazard assessment scores
majority of the households had medium risk water sources
and the actual microbial contamination levels. More water
(62%) and high-risk sources (27%). Sanitation and
quality and inspection datasets are needed to validate the
hygiene levels in the study areas also differ considerably.
framework.
Thailand has higher level of services overall. To reduce the risk of recontamination, hand-water In June 2012 paired microbial water quality analysis
contacts during transport, storage and extraction need
at the identified water sources and the corresponding
to be minimized. The use of unprotected dug well in
household containers were performed. E. coli was used
Laos during dry season should also be reconsidered with
as an indicator of water quality. To account for temporal
improved methods to use rainwater for the whole year.
181
Education
Intership projects Ravina Rukmina Binol: Biogas digester project in Kenya Throughout my scholarly years in Indonesia and the
achieved a relatively high grade for the case study hence
Netherlands I had been immersing myself in the study
I felt confident in terms of fulfilling the traineeship tasks.
of environmental engineering. I was exposed to various technologically advanced concepts and my professors
Whilst I was confident about my technical skills I was not
showed me the importance of environmental sustainability
prepared for the social, political and cultural aspects of
in an ever changing globalized world. During my studies
Kenya, Africa. Unlike the case study, I was living amongst
in Indonesia I had also taken on a traineeship at a textile
and confronted with the aforementioned contextual
industry. The value of a traineeship is derived from the
elements. The tasks were mostly hindered and postponed
fact that as a student I am finally able to put those
due to transport unavailability, inaccessible roads and my
accumulated theories into practice. In addition to that
low experience in actual construction works. Nevertheless,
I feel that a traineeship is necessary to experience the
after adapting to local conditions, by the end of the third
“working world”.
month I was able to adopt to the culture of “expecting the unexpected”.
In search of the traineeship, I was fortunate enough to set my eyes on a traineeship vacancy posted on the
As stated earlier I simply wanted to make a difference. I
advertisement board of the Dispuut Watermanagement.
wanted to contribute my skills as an engineer to society
A student was called upon to perform the preliminary
at large. I have always had the innate desire to work in a
studies of a biogas digester construction in Namanga,
developing country. Upon the completion of my Master’s
Kenya.
studies in TU Delft I had originally intended to work in a developing country and improve the living and sanitary
I wanted to work in a developing country other than
conditions there. Being in Kenya has given me a whole
my own; the thrill of the unknown combined with the
new perspective on my future goals. The challenges
opportunity to conduct Biogas implementation was the
involved with emerging nations are not issues that could
main driver for choosing a traineeship in Kenya, Africa. I
not be tackled overnight. I realized that it takes a long
simply wanted to make a difference.
process to make a difference. Although I was not able to create a better future for the world during my internship,
The traineeship was made available by an NGO from
I learnt many things that helped me redirect my own
the Netherlands, Catharina Fonds, which supports
future.
the improvement of education and the community in Namanga, South of Kenya. I had never been to Africa so it was definitely an unfamiliar context but I was eager to experience something new and different. This traineeship differed from my last traineeship in Indonesia because I worked within an African community, hired by non-profit organization as opposed to working in an Indonesian textile factory, which is clearly profit oriented. In terms of my expectations, the traineeship required me to develop a blue print of a fully functioning biogas reactor. I had never developed a biogas reactor before so this was quite a considerable challenge. However, previous to my traineeship I had done a case study based in Aruba to design and build a wastewater treatment plant. I had
182
[email protected]
Completed MSc theses 2012 Alida Adams: Financial Sustainability of Rural Water Supplies in Western Kenya Comparing technology types and management models
because of the daily need for staff and money for e.g. fuel refilling. A negative side of the motorized pumps are the high costs per user per year, about nine times
Introduction
higher than at the handpumps.
Kenya is in the top ten of countries with the largest
▪▪
Comparing the four management models, the
population without access to safe drinking water. Large
differences were not big. The community managed
investments are done in the Kenyan rural water supply, but
locations have difficulties with making people pay. At
recent studies show that many of the new water supplies
the combined managed systems the responsibilities
stop functioning within a few years after implementation.
for O&M and financial management are not clear. At
This study compares the financial sustainability of rural
the government systems the costs (including high
water supplies in Western Kenya. Within this comparison
salaries of government staff) are too high for the
the aim is to compare different technology types,
amount of users. The privately managed systems
different management models and different combinations
score slightly higher, especially in terms of cost
of these two. The included technology types are a
recovery.
handpump and a motorized pump, both used for ground water pumping. The included management models are
Recommendations
community
Four recommendations are made:
management,
government
management
and private management. For 27 handpumps and 25
▪▪
motorized pumps data are collected about service level, operation and maintenance, financial management and
The higher costs make the motorized pump less suitable for use in rural areas of Western Kenya.
▪▪
cost recovery.
Actions regarding users’ willingness to pay are required: economic development, training about the importance of clean water which is not for free and
Results / Conclusions
training for responsible entities about dealing with
▪▪
sanctions against non-payment and about making
Out of all handpumps, the locations with community management and the locations with combined community and government management scored
finances more transparent. ▪▪
the influence of the local authorities: part of major
enough money. The private managed handpumps
maintenance costs, performance monitoring and
scored good, especially in terms of cost recovery and quick response to breakdowns. ▪▪
Improving community management by increasing
low. The communities were not able to collect
retraining. ▪▪
More attention for private management including
The motorized pumps scored low at the locations
government contribution in investment costs, training
with
for private owners and formal recognition of private
combined
community
and
government
management and at the locations with government
management.
management. At the community managed motorized pumps, the committees were well organized but they
Student:
did not manage to make all users pay. At the privately
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld, Dr. Ir. D. van
Alida Adams
managed motorized pumps, the responsibilities for
Halem, C. Tiwari (SNV Kenya), Dr. Ir. J.O. Kroesen (TBM)
O&M and financial management were not clearly ▪▪
defined but the financial situation was good.
For
Comparing the two technologies, the handpumps
Management department, section Sanitairy Engineering,
score higher on cost recovery and the motorized
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score
management.
higher The
on
O&M
responsible
and
entities
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financial at
the
motorized pumps have more need to be organized
183
Education
Completed MSc theses 2012 Nikolaas van Balkom: Energy production from fine sieve material for the benefit of the sewer mining concept Biodegradability and reactor design aspects
often thermophilic plug-flow reactors at high (> 20 %) solid content are applied. The plug-flow configuration
Introduction
enhances mixing and inoculation and the thermophilic
Every person uses more than 10 kg toilet paper per year.
conditions benefits the flow properties inside the reactor
As a result, almost half of the suspended solids in the
and can increases metabolic rates.
sewage consists out of cellulose. To completely degrade cellulose inside the sewage treatment plant (STP), long
Biodegradability of the residual fraction
retention times are required. Fine sieves are able to
With help of a number of biomethane potential tests
remove suspended solids and cellulose fibers from toilet
(BMP) the anaerobic biodegradability was investigated.
paper, directly from raw sewage. This significantly reduces
BMP is the maximal methane volume that is produced
the oxygen requirement in the aeration tank of a sewage
per mass degraded organic material. First the material
treatment plant. Waternet researches this application
is compared with similar substrates (toilet paper,
at STP Blaricum already since 2008 (See STOWA report
crystalline cellulose and primary sludge). Secondly,
2010/19 and 2012/07). A significant part of that research
the biodegradability at mesophilic and thermophilic
is dedicated to the handling of the residual fraction
temperatures were compared. And thirdly the influence
(RF) produced by the fine sieves. One of the options
of inoculation on conversion rates was tested.
is to anaerobically digest the RF to produce renewable energy at a decentralized location. This option could also
From the results it became clear that the RF has similar
be implemented within the sewer mining concept which
BMP compared to toilet paper and cellulose at thermophilic
is a decentralized approach to obtain high quality water
temperatures. At mesophilic temperature the anaerobic
directly from the sewer without the need of a centralized
degradation of the RF was lower, however metabolic
energy source.
rates where comparable. The influence of inoculation on the conversion rates was not significant, however higher
During the MSc project I worked on the assignment
inoculation resulted in shorter lag times.
to research the anaerobic digestibility of the RF with a reactor design as an end goal.
Residual fraction from fine sieved sewage
Mathematical modeling to obtain design criteria From the lab results, kinetic parameters (the hydrolysis constant and specific methanogenic activity) were
From literature and lab experiments it was found that
obtained by applying (non-)linear regression models.
the RF has a high solid content: ± 20% dry solids where
These parameters were input parameters for a two-
80% of the solid content consists out of cellulose fibers.
step anaerobic digestion model. This model contains a
Important is that the RF has bad flow characteristics
hydrolysis step and a methanogenic step. The model
and a very high organic content: ± 90% of dry solids. It
is first calibrated with the lab results and results from
was therefore necessary to consider different digestion
a completely mixed lab reactor. After this, the model is
techniques as currently applied at Dutch STP’s. Reactor
used to predict the volume, hydraulic retention time and
configurations from the field of OFMSW (Organic
recirculation rate for a anaerobic plug-flow reactor.
Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste) digestion where therefore considered. For the digestion of OFMSW,
Student:
Nikolaas van Balkom
Committee Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier, Dr. Ir. R. Kleerebezem, Dr. Ir. M.K. de Kreuk, S.M.D. Ghasimi, Dr. Ir. M. Zandvoort (Waternet), Dr. Ir. K. Roest (KWR)
184
Completed MSc theses 2012 Inge Blommers: Water quality in bathing waters An analysis to determine the influencing factors on faecal bacteria concentration peaks
Results Statistically significant relationships were found with E.coli and/or intestinal enterococci for the following variables:
Introduction
▪▪
Surface area of the bathing water
The water quality at bathing locations in the Netherlands
▪▪
Depth of the bathing water
is assessed once every two weeks during the bathing
▪▪
Presence of an adjacent combined sewer overflow
season by monitoring for the presence of faecal indicator
▪▪
Rainfall
bacteria, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci. If the
▪▪
The average air temperature
limits of bacteria concentrations (CEC, 76/160/EEG and
▪▪
Soil type
CEU, 2006/7/EG) are exceeded the public is informed via the internet and by posting signs at the bathing locations.
Conclusions and recommendations The variables average air temperature, soil type and
Problem definition
rainfall are likely to have covariance to other variables
Swimmers who have a low immune system, like older
and it is recommended to study that suspected
people, children and sick people, are most vulnerable to
covariance in future research. This thesis encountered
the effects of faecal bacteria. Therefore it is important that
several difficulties concerning data reliability due to
the public is notified not to use the bathing water as soon
estimates of the variables of several external pollution
as possible when the concentrations of faecal indicators
sources such as numbers of Swimmers and Boats and
are too high. Peaks of faecal indicator bacteria can occur
presence of Manuring. The analysis is thought to be
rapidly, therefore the peaks are not always detected and
unreliable and in the absence of actual daily data, the
a warning cannot be given in time to warn the bathers.
use of these variables for predictive modelling of peak
This thesis helps to identify influencing factors for further
contamination events will be limited. Therefore another
use in future predictive modelling research in order to
recommendation is given for future reference to procure
predict those peaks for small, fresh water, inland lakes.
the necessary data from fieldwork or a reliable secondary source. The most pressing recommendation is to increase
Research
the temporal resolution of the water quality samples that
In this thesis research was conducted into various
are now taken biweekly. This frequency is not enough to
variables representing meteorological conditions, physical
detect the peaks in the concentration.
characteristics and external pollution sources, at 52 fresh water bathing locations, which are thought to be of
Student:
influence on the concentrations of the faecal indicator
Committee: Prof. Dr. G. Medema, Dr. Ir. J.A.E. ten
I. Blommers
bacteria Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci.
Veldhuis, Ir. R.W. Hut
The analysis was done by using Spearman’s correlation method to find a relationship between the continuous
For
variables and the bacteria concentrations and Point-
Management department, section Sanitairy Engineering,
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Biserial correlation to find relationships between the
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bacteria and dichotomous variables. The Mann-Whitney U-test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to see if the difference in distribution between categories is statistically significant and thus indicating an influencing category.
185
Education
Completed MSc theses 2012 Wouter Bosch: The underground connects us Exploratory study into the added value of information exchange between network managers for assetmanagement of underground infrastructures
the same sort of materials are used in the construction of these networks and the fact that that the networks are situated in the same ground layer, the same need for information is expected for the management of the considered networks.
In
the
Netherlands
managers
of
underground
infrastructures are facing the same challenges: aging
The research is performed by a literature study and
networks,
interviews with assetmanagers. The literature study gives
in
upcoming
demand,
replacement
increasing
public
waves,
awareness
change and
an
a theoretical framework of the information requirement
ever increasing busyness of the underground are a
and shows to what degree network managers acquire
few examples. To tackle these challenges network
such information. The interviews are to acquire the
managers see that management on a reactive basis is
information need in practice.
not adequate anymore. A (new) form of management called assetmanagement, is seen as a fit strategy to
The literature study shows that there are indeed
face the mentioned challenges. Assetmanagement seeks
similarities between the materials used and the way
a balance between performance, cost and risk in the
these materials fail. Thus showing the same requirement
management of the networks. However, with this new
of information. Next to damages done by digging, other
form of management, a different kind of information is
causes such as external corrosion, loads due to traffic
necessary compared to management on a reactive basis.
and tree roots etc. and settlements are of influence on all
Making effective decisions on an assetmanagement based
of the considered infrastructures. Information from the
strategy, requires a number of conditions. Information
surroundings is important in determining the condition of
from the networks themselves and of the surroundings
the infrastructures. Here, there are possibilities to share
of the networks, are crucial in meeting these conditions.
information. The results from the interview show that combining
The exchange of information between network managers
research of material failure, combining field actions
in the Netherlands, is currently driven by the Wet
and sharing information about the surroundings of the
Informatie-uitwisseling Ondergrondse Netwerken (Act on
networks is desirable.
Information-exchange Underground Networks). However, this is limited to the location data of the networks to
In total the results of the research are seven suggestions
prevent damages caused by digging. Another form of
where information exchange potentially has added value:
information exchange is sharing the short term planning,
1. Combining research of commonly used materials
for decreasing digging costs. By increasing the current
2. Exchange of failure data
exchange of information, possibilities are seen to limit
3. Further exchange of location data
costs and nuisance for the consumers of the services
4. Information about local influences on the risks
provided by the networks. The reduction of costs and
5. Long term planning
nuisance is the reason why the purpose of the research
6. Combining actions in the field
is to make an exploration of the information network
7. Exchanging experience dealing with the transition
managers gather now, and see where there is potential
from building networks to maintaining networks
added value by sharing this information. The added value is expressed in the way it contributes in the balancing of
On the 26th of October I will explain my research further
performance, cost, risk and nuisance for consumers.
and will elaborate more on the seven suggestions.
In the research the following underground infrastructures
[email protected]
are considered: drinking water, sewerage, gas, electricity and telecommunications. Because it is expected that
186
Completed MSc theses 2012 Wouter de Buck: Struvite crystallization and separation in digested sludge Introduction
rapid mixing, improves recovery compared to instant
Phosphorus depletion is an emerging and serious global
dosage. Mixing at a higher stirring speed further improves
environmental issue. At this moment, research and
recovery.
policy discussion on phosphorus scarcity is still limited. This research investigates the possibilities of phosphorus
Thirdly, it is found that struvite recovery under given
recovery by controlled precipitation of struvite from
circumstances is poor in a combined aerated and stirred
digested sludge.
sludge environment. In such environment higher aeration rates deteriorate struvite recovery further, while struvite
Research
recovery improves with decreasing aeration rates at a
At Waternet’s wastewater treatment plant Amsterdam
higher stirring speed.
West, plans for a struvite reactor are scheduled. The advantage of phosphorous recovery through struvite
Fourthly, struvite separation experiments have verified
precipitation from digested sludge is three-fold. First,
that separation is well possible in a counter-current
struvite can be directly used as fertilizer. Second,
washing set-up, separating 86% of detectable struvite
undesirable struvite precipitation in the wastewater
within 15 minutes at an upflow velocity of 1.3 mm/s.
treatment plant is prevented by reducing the phosphorus W. J. de Buck
concentration in the dewatering reject stream which is
Student:
fed back to the inlet of the treatment plant. Third, sludge
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier, Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C.
dewaterability improves due to the addition of MgCl2.
Rietveld, Ir. Y. Lin, Ir. E. Klaversma
This thesis investigates the influence of mixing speed,
For
aeration rate, magnesium dosing method and crystal
Management department, section Sanitairy Engineering,
recycle method on struvite growth and phosphorus
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removal, as well as separation of struvite from sludge. For that purpose, experiments have been performed in a crystallization reactor and a counter-current washing column at lab scale at wastewater treatment plant Amsterdam West. MgCl2 was added under varying reactor conditions, struvite constituent concentrations were measured and struvite growth was assessed.
Conclusions and recommendations First, it is demonstrated that struvite recovery is well possible in a stirred sludge environment at neutral pH commonly applied in sludge digesters (7.0 - 7.1). Phosphorous removal under these circumstances is at least 85%. More complete mixing by stirring at a higher speed further improves struvite recovery by keeping supersaturation low. Secondly, a significant difference in struvite recovery was observed between experiments in which MgCl2 is dosed instantly versus experiments in which MgCl2 is dosed gradually. Gradual MgCl2 dosage, and therefore
187
Education
Completed MSc theses 2012 Fei Cui: Cold CANON: Anammox at low temperature Introduction
Conclusions and recommendations
The process of one-stage partial-nitritation and Anammox
CANON or Anammox at 15°C can have a good
system can be called CANON. Although CANON has
performance (with TN removal efficiency of more than
many advantages over traditional N removal methods,
60%) in lab-scale as long as suitable operating conditions
CANON needs high temperature (around 30°C) to
were supplied. The suitable operating conditions were
operate. So if CANON or Anammox in CANON can work
determined by understanding granular sludge structure
at low temperature, this innovative technology can
and bacterial characteristics and by lab experience. Based
also be applied in mainstream WWTP, which will make
on the model simulation and balance calculation of N and
WWTP more cost-efficient and sustainable. CANON
energy, the mainstream CANON would be very promising
at low temperature would be the focus of my thesis.
to Dokhaven WWTP.
I did my research in cooperation with Environmental Biotechnology department and my lab experiments were
Student:
also done there.
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier, Prof. Dr. Ir.
C. Fei
M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, Dr. Ir. M.K. de Kreuk, Dr. Ir. R.
Research
Kleerebezem, Dr. Ir. H. Spanjers, Ing. T. Lotti
My research focused on how AOB, NOB, Anammox competed with each other and develop themselves in
For
granules at low temperatures (mainly at 15°C) under
Management department, section Sanitairy Engineering,
different operating conditions. The whole research was
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divided into two parts: 1. Lab experiments: to obtain the overall N removal efficiency of the system, activities of AOB, NOB and Anammox, and morphology of granules under different operating conditions at 15°C. 2. Model simulation: to know the impact on energy consumption and N removal efficiency of the implementation of mainstream CANON in Dokhaven WWTP.
Results 1. Through lab experiments, ways of limiting NOB activity (by lowering DO) and remaining high AOB activity (by setting an appropriate DO) and Anammox activity (by setting an appropriate DO and pH, ensuring enough N load, controlling low shear stress and low NO2-concentration in the bulk, keeping a short SRT which didn’t washout Anammox) at 15°C were found. 2. Through model simulation, mainstream CANON had smaller energy consumption, less footprint and better effluent quality, so its application would be cost-efficient for Dokhaven WWTP.
188
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Completed MSc theses 2012 Reinoud Feenstra & Sid Vollebregt: Renewable driven desalination for decentralized drinking water production Design, implementation and evaluation of a brackish groundwater desalination pilot plant for remote areas
actual behavior of the system is monitored by measuring the flows and pressures at different locations in the system, the salinity and temperature of the feed and produced water flow and the available solar irradiance.
Introduction In today’s society, there are still hundreds of millions of people lacking access to safe drinking water. The majority of these people live in rural and arid areas. In many of these places desalination is the main option to provide access to safe drinking water. Reverse osmosis is the desalination technique with the largest installed capacity worldwide. The main reason behind this is the lower specific energy consumption for the process, compared to other desalination techniques. With increasing fossil fuel scarcity and willingness to avoid carbon dioxide emissions, the next logical step
Conclusions and recommendations
in the reverse osmosis industry is the introduction of
The pilot is a success, using fluctuating solar energy input
renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy.
only, continuous desalination is realized. The system is
This solution is attractive for remote communities with a
able to continuously purify an average amount of 2176
lack of easy access to an electricity grid or fossil fuels.
liter per day of brackish groundwater with an average salinity expressed in TDS of 8800 ppm to drinking water quality with an average TDS of 280 ppm using only the solar energy available during the test month in October 2011. The pressure at the inlet of the reverse osmosis membranes is 10.2 bar. The system proves to be able to function autonomous, as automatic restarts are witnessed. An economic analysis of the system including capital, operational, and interest costs, leads to a drinking water price of 2.68 € per m3. The specific energy consumption of the installed system is calculated at 1.24 kWh/m3.
Research
System improvements regarding the pre-filtration can be
A concept study for the design of an autonomous
easily made and recommendations for implementation
renewable powered continuously operating brackish
with wind energy and for seawater are given.
water reverse osmosis desalination plant is made. A final concept is chosen considering the concept’s energy
Students:
requirements, innovativeness and costs and time required
Committee: Dr. Ir. S.G.J. Heijman, Prof. Dr. Ir. F.M.
R.W. Feenstra & S. Vollebregt
to build and test a pilot plant in Indonesia. Making this
Mulder, Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld, Dr. Ir. J.Q.J.C Verberk,
choice is enabled by performing local wind and solar
Dr. Ir. R. Garsadi
studies for Java and Bali, Indonesia. A pilot plant is constructed and tested from May until
For
November 2011 in Bali with cooperation from the
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189
Education
Completed MSc theses 2012 Ton Knol: Peroxone process in drinking water treatment Results
Conversion of organic micropollutants with limited bromate formation The ultimate challenge in the Netherlands
1. The bromate concentrations at setting 6/1.5 (6 mg/L hydrogen peroxide and 1.5 mg/L ozone) varied from 0.27 till 0.69 μg/L, with an average of 0.41 μg/L
Introduction
and complied the Company bromate guideline of an
Dunea yearly produces and supplies about 75 million m3
average value 0.5 μg/L and a maximum of 1 μg/L.
drinking water to 1.2 million customers in the Western
With that optimal peroxone setting, the conversion
part of the Netherlands. The source of the drinking water
of the 14 dosed target compounds differed between
production is surface water from the Afgedamde Maas,
24% and > 95%, with an average conversion of
a branch of the river Meuse. The multi barrier treatment
all compounds of 70%. The ozone dosage mainly
delivers an excellent drinking water quality that comply all
determines the conversion and the peroxide limits
strict guidelines of the Dutch Drinking Water Law.
the bromate formation. 2. Decomposing excessive hydrogen peroxide after
Problem definition
applying peroxone in the pre-treated water, up to
Dunea recognize future threats in form of polar organic
about 5.75 mg/L till 0.25 mg/L in the infiltrated
micropollutants
active
water in the dune areas, required an EBCT of about
compounds and pesticides are main contaminants
150 seconds with GAC. With ground water gravel
detected structurally in the river Meuse and they are
skins, the required EBCT was spectacularly lower,
of concern to drinking water utilities because of their
no longer than about 11 seconds.
(OMPs).
Pharmaceutically
possible long term effects, the possibility of mixture activity and the sensitivity for customer perception.
Conclusions and recommendations It was proved that peroxone will increase the robustness
Research
of the multi barrier treatment of Dunea against OMPs.
Dunea built a pilot plant in the pre-treatment in
The bromate formation can be controlled and comply
Bergambacht to investigate Advanced Oxidation Processes
the strict Company guideline. Ground water gravel skin
(AOPs) to increase the barrier against OMPs. My research
is a very promising catalyst to decompose excessive
concerned applying AOP with O3/H2O2, commonly called
peroxide. Research to this catalyst, also suitable for up
peroxone process, with the goals:
flow operation, is advised.
1. Investigation of the optimal dosage combination of hydrogen peroxide and ozone for the best conversion
Student:
of OMPs, without exceeding the Company guideline
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. J.C. van Dijk, Prof. Dr. Ir. T.N.
for bromate.
Olsthoorn, Dr. Ir. J.Q.J.C. Verberk, Ir. K. Lekkerkerker-
2. Investigation of catalysts to decompose excessive hydrogen peroxide.
Treatment scheme
190
Teunissen
A.H. Knol
Completed MSc theses 2012 Franca Kramer: Removal of organic micro pollutants in batch experiments mimicking riverbank filtration For several years small concentration of pharmaceuticals and pesticides have been measured in river water. The source of these pollutants in the river water is the increasing consumption of pharmaceuticals by human beings. Most pharmaceuticals are after consumption are not degraded by the human body and thus leave the body with urine. This means that they end up in the wastewater and via the sewer in the wastewater treatment plants. The wastewater treatment plants are only capable of removing a small part of these pharmaceuticals and pesticides from the wastewater;
One possible measure to remove pharmaceuticals from
the rest will be discharged into the river with the treated
river water is using riverbank filtration as a pre-treatment
water. Meaning that for instance in the river Rhine a
step for producing drinking water. This way the water
build-up of pharmaceuticals can be measured originating
will be gained from the soil next to the river instead
from the pharmaceutical use in Germany.
of from the river itself. Studies have shown that during riverbank filtration a major part of the pharmaceuticals
The pharmaceuticals and pesticides measured consist
and pesticides are removed from the river water. However
among others of birth control and natural hormones,
what happens in the riverbank is not fully understood.
antibiotics, antimicrobials, pain relievers, and caffeine;
This is where the topic of my master thesis research
compounds with known pharmacological actions in
starts. Looking at the removal of organic micro pollutants
humans and animals. Although quantities of these
in different layers of the riverbank (oxic, and anoxic
contaminants in surface water may be low, they constitute
zones) and trying to distinguish main removal mechanism
a constant exposure, because they are almost constantly
of removal; this can be sorption onto the sand or/and
present. Effects of these compounds on human health
biodegradation by microorganisms present in the sand.
are assumed to be non-existent, but this has not been
This study is part of the research project ESTAB.
fully characterized. Toxicological studies have shown that these small pollutants might have an effect on aquatic
To be able to contribute to this study, I designed and
life. Meaning very small animals in the river have a
performed a laboratory experiment, using sand and river
higher chance of growing mutant forms. A big part of
water from the Lek river (near Oasen). During this study
the drinking water produced in the Netherlands is gained
batch processes were used to mimic riverbank filtration
from the rivers Rhine and Meuse.
for two layers of the aquifer; the oxic- and nitrate reducing zone. In practice bottles were filled with sand and water
A large part of the drinking water produced in the
and samples were taken after certain time steps. These
Netherlands is gained from the river Rhine and Meuse by
samples were analysed with a LCMS-MS to determine the
drinking water treatment plants. Due to the senescence
removal of 20 selected pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
of the population, more and more pharmaceuticals will be
Moreover eight other analysing procedures were used
used in the future. This leads to higher pharmaceutical
to make sure the conditions stay comparable with the
concentrations in the river water. Some are removed with
natural riverbank.
the current treatment, e.g. adsorption with activated
At this moment my lab days are over and my report is
carbon, nano filtation and reversed osmosis. But to be
almost finished. For me this research is almost finished;
able to secure safe and healthy drinking water in the
hopefully my results can contribute to a small part of
Netherlands future measures need to be considered.
the understanding of the processes in the sand of the
Therefore further research on this topic is required.
riverbank. However the knowledge on this field is still very minor, thus there is still a lot to be discovered!
191
Education
Completed MSc theses 2012 Mingyang Li: Cake layer characteristics in long time ceramic MF filtration for surface water treatment Introduction Ceramic microfiltration is becoming popular during the last years. However, membrane fouling is still a challenge for the development of ceramic microfiltration. Conventional methods for membrane fouling control concentrates on two issues: pre-treatment (such as pre-coagulation) and frequent backwash. Both methods show good fouling control in membrane filtration, but meanwhile, precoagulation results in high amounts of solid wastes and frequent backwash brings high energy use. As a result a new and more economic way is required for fouling
Figure 1: Experiment setup
control in membrane filtration systems.
Research In this research pre-coagulation without floc formation
Conclusions The following conclusions were drawn from the research: ▪▪
and long filtration times (more than 10 hours) were applied, so that there was less solid waste and less
applying cake filtration. ▪▪
energy consumption for backwash. In this circumstance, an artificial cake layer formed from the coagulated pin-
It is possible to achieve a long filtration time by The cake layer plays an important role in fouling control of the process.
▪▪
pH=4 leads to a loose cake structure, measured as
flocs precipitated on the membrane surface, which
low cake layer density; high cake layer water content;
protected the membrane to some extent. Since the cake
cake layer thickness; particle size and compressibility,
layer formation is highly dependent on the coagulation
resulting in a slow TMP increase.
conditions (pH and coagulant dosage), different pH (4, 6, 8) and coagulation dosages (8mg/L and 16mg/L)
Student:
were tested. Under these circumstances, the coagulation
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. Luuk Rietveld, Dr. Ir. S.G.J.
Mingyang Li M.Li
mechanisms were in the so-called “destabilization zone”,
Heijman, Dr. Ir. Louis de Smet, Jie Lu
the “adsorption zone”, and the “sweep coagulation zone”. The cake layer characteristics were measured separately
For
in order to show the relation between the cake layer and
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Membrane with cake layer
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Completed MSc theses 2012 Shirin Malek Pour: Judgment under Uncertainty A Probabilistic Evaluation Framework for Decision-Making about Sanitation Systems in Low-Income Countries
measures that could be taken to improve the performance
Introduction
By applying the probabilistic evaluation approach for
of sanitation options.
Conclusions and recommendations
Sanitation, as described by the World Health Organization
decision-making about sanitation facilities in low-income
(WHO), refers to the provisions of facilities and services
unplanned slum settlement of Nyalenda in Kisumu, Kenya
for safe disposal of human urine and faeces. On the
(based on limited available data about this region in
outset of the 21st century, 40% of the world’s inhabitants
literature) it is indicated that while a sanitation option may
do not have access to sanitation facilities and still rely
be known for fulfilling a certain task by definition, through
on a bucket, a bush or a backstreet for excretion.
a probabilistic evaluation it may be revealed that the local
Technically, all options that are required to deal with the
conditions are not likely to allow the expected outcome to
global sanitation problem seem to have been already
occur in practice and as a result this option would have no
developed. However, the challenge remains in selection
priority among other options. The necessity for monitoring
and implementation of technologies in a way that the
and post-evaluation of implemented sanitation projects
desirable outcomes would be resulted. Some decision-
in order to have sufficient feedback for improvement of
making support tools have been developed so farto
future decisions is also highlighted.
address this problem by assisting the decision-makers in selecting the appropriatetechnologies. While decision-
Student:
making is about considering the likelihood of uncertain
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. Jules van Lier, Prof. Dr. Ir. Francois
events, in most of the existing evaluation approaches the
Clemens, Dr. Ir. Jeroen Langeveld, Ir. Laura Talsma
Shirin Malek Pour
complex task of predicting and evaluating probabilities is reduced to simple judgmental operations. For instance,
For
evaluation of sanitation options is often performed
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sanitation system, with no or little regard to the factors that limit the predictive accuracy.
Research This thesis adopts a new evaluation approach by taking into account the real world examples from executed sanitation facilities and develops a probabilistic evaluation framework in which sanitation options are assessed based on the probabilities that specific outcomes occur in practice. Absolute judgments are replaced by probable assessments, as this approach tries to keep its distance from making the uncertain certain. Although there may be a hidden consensus that quantification of occurrence probabilities for various outcomes of sanitation options is not always possible, some quantification methods are developed and presented in this thesis for all the assessment criteria. Moreover, this thesis does not only focus on making the decisions, but also tries to channel the decisions in a way that the negative outcomes of sanitation facilities would be reduced through the
193
Education
Completed MSc theses 2012 Wikke Novalia: Evaluation of hazard classification systems of water source, sanitation and hygiene behavior in determining drinking water safety Introduction
systems. Simultaneously, a new E. coli enumeration
The research was performed in two rural sites in Thailand
method, the Compartment Bag Test (CBT) by University
and Laos. The Diarrhea and Dengue (DIADEN) group
of North Carolina, was used in parallel to investigate the
from the Norwegian University of Life Sciences facilitated
comparability of the two tests.
the fieldwork. In the Thai site, rainwater was the main drinking water source, whereas in Lao site, unprotected
Results
dug well was predominant in dry season and was replaced
1. The first investigation found that the hazards in
by rainwater in wet season. Drinking water was largely
Laos were more severe than in Thailand.
consumed untreated. Combined with varying sanitation
2. Water quality of the rainwater source (improved)
service and hygiene behavior, it was assumed that the
was variably contaminated. The unprotected dug
safety of drinking water might be compromised.
well (unimproved) was grossly contaminated. 3. Water quality at the household containers was also
Problem definition
variable. Overall, there was significant deterioration
The global monitoring of the MDG target to halve
of water quality from sources to households that can
the population without safe drinking water access is
be attributed to household water handling practices (e.g. extraction methods, cleanliness, treatment).
performed by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP). The JMP uses technological classification (improved or
4. The hazard classification system for water sources
unimproved sources) as monitoring indicator for water
in Laos was moderately correlated with water
safety. This has been criticized for being inadequate in
quality data and was not significantly correlated for
representing the actual conditions in water provision. The
Thailand. The sanitation and hygiene hazards were not significantly correlated in both sites.
core argument is that drinking water quality at improved sources might not necessarily be free from pathogens.
5. The CBT data was significantly different from the Colisure/Quanti-tray 2000 data.
In addition, drinking water that is safe at the sources might as well be recontaminated through various water handling practices, particularly where manual collection,
Conclusions and recommendations
transport and storage are common. Thus, in this study
The JMP indicator overestimates water safety both at
it is proposed that the technological classification is
sources and at households. The hazard classification
refined through the use of a semi-quantitative hazard
system, if refined further with weighted-scoring and long-
classification system.
term water quality data, might enable a more accurate representation of the actual conditions. Correlations with
Research
health impacts are also recommended. Furthermore,
In the first part, the research was focused on the
manual water handling practices compromises water
identification and classification of the hazards found
quality and it is thus advised to eliminate hand-water
at the various water sources and the hazards related
contact as much as possible.
to sanitation facility and hygiene behavior. This was achieved
through
sanitary
inspection,
household
Student:
W. Novalia
questionnaire and spot observation carried out in about
Committee: Prof. Dr. Gertjan Medema, Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B.
two weeks time. In the second part, water samples
van Lier, Dr. Ir. M. Bakker, Prof. Dr. Ir. T. A. Stenström
were collected twice at selected sources and household
(Norwegian University of Life Sciences)
drinking containers. Samples were tested for E. coli as faecal indicator organisms, using the standard Colisure/
For
Ouanti-tray 2000 method from IDEXX. The water quality
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Completed MSc theses 2012 Thijs Padmos: Towards a wastewater treatment calculator Introduction
Conclusions and recommendations
The wastewater treatment facilities in Holland are
Conclusions
controlled by waterboards. As an obligatory part of their
1. 3 tests were performed, in which the tool estimated
control, the waterboards are to estimate the investment
CT costs and WTB costs of existing facilities within a
and exploitation costs of those facilities. Therefore a cost estimation tool is developed, which is the topic of this
10 % margin. 2. More available cost specifications of facilities
thesis.
improve the reliability of the tool. This makes cost estimations more accurate.
Research The goal was to develop a first version of the tool, named
Recommendations
“afvalwatercalculator”. The research was divided in 4
1. Conduct further tests on the reliability of the tool.
parts:
Also analyze outliers in costs.
1. Make a cost inventory, by accessing multiple cost
2. Start a research on the ‘wishlists’ of waterboards for
specifications of built facilities.
the tool: what do they want most?
2. Analyze the costs, to assess cost specification
3. Request the Dutch waterboards to provide adequate
completeness and data reliability.
cost specifications.
3. Produce cost functions, to use in the cost estimations
4. Introduce a scope to waterboards for their provided
of key parts of a facility.
cost specifications. The key is to support them to
4. Decide on a structure for the tool, with basic design
provide structured, known and correct data.
functions of treatment facilities. Student: The
structure
for
the
tool
is
based
on
“Drinkwatercalculator”, developed by DHV.
the
T.W. Padmos
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. L.C. Rietveld, Ir. J.G. Verlaan, Prof. Dr. Ir. J.B. van Lier, Ing. M.J.W.M. Bakker (DHV). For
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The operation of de afvalwatercalculator
195
Education
Completed MSc theses 2012 Do Phi Bang: Upflow limestone contactor in soft and desalinated water Introduction
In the end, a case study of Hoenderloo limestone marble
The calcite dissolution kinetics plays the key role in the
filter would be then brought into the picture for practical
efficiency of limestone contactor – a popular technology
verification and further designing application.
in remineralized water nowadays. There are currently no kinetics models which are widely applicable in practice
Conclusions and recommendations
since the theoretical ones tend to idealize the practice
The theoretical PWP model which is incapable of
process while the empirical ones are too specific for certain
simulating calcite dissolution kinetics near equilibrium
cases or not constituent enough. Therefore, there is a
could now be replaced by the developed corrected PCM
need for establishing kinetics models on the theoretical
model. With the developed contactor (layer) model, the
base that could predict the limestone dissolution in
calcite dissolution in practice marble filter could now
practice industry with a better accuracy. The established
be predicted at a better accuracy level. Besides, the
model could be applied for analyzing different influence
analyzing results suggested upflow limestone contactor
factors on the dissolution process which formulate the
with fluidized bed should be the optimal design for
base for a better design of practical marble filter in terms
remineralizing desalinated water.
of effluent quality and economic benefits. Student:
P.B. Do
Research
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. W.G.J. van der Meer, Ir. P.J. de
The theoretical models (PWP, Chou) have been developed
Moel, Dr. Ir. J.Q.J.C. Verberk, Dr. Ir. P.J. Visser (TUD), Dr.
into the corrected PCM model based on the complete
Ir. Lin Yi-Pin (NUS)
experiments of Vosbeck and Anderlohr. Using this model as the elementary basis, a steady state multi-
For
layer downflow (or upflow) model would be established
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filtering bed with classified layers of different grain size.
Figure 1: PCM model
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Completed MSc theses 2012 Johan Post: Combining Field Observations and Hydrodynamic Models in Urban Drainage Design of a Monitoring Network and the Application of Data Assimilation
able to provide sufficient information for DA to be applied. How can important model parameters be identified and where should monitoring sensors be placed?
Introduction Hydrodynamic models are often the main source of
Results
information used to judge the performance of urban
For two simple examples, the DA method proves to be
drainage systems with respect to the occurrence of
robust with respect to changes in the system, initial
flooding. If the performance is deemed insufficient,
parameter value estimations. One example is compiled
adequate measures are to be determined.
in a Matlab environment, while the other consists of a Sobek model in combination with OpenDA for the
Problem definition
implementation of the DA method. An algorithm is
Since hydrodynamic models are subject to uncertainties
proposed that is used to identify potential monitoring
stemming from various sources, the reliability of the
locations, while incorporating some form of overlap in the
results obtained are limited. Previous research has shown
information gathered for cross validation and to increase
that these uncertainties can be addressed by calibrating
the overall robustness of the system with respect to
the models against field data. However, it has been found
sensor failure.
that the set of model parameter values acquired by calibration varies over different storm events, limiting the
Conclusions and recommendations
“lifespan” of the obtained parameter values. Moreover, the
Although more research is needed on large scale
process of calibration imposes requirements with respect
application of DA in the field of urban drainage, the first
to the monitoring data. Potential monitoring locations
small scale experiments are successful. The algorithm
need to be identified and a measuring frequency has to
proposed is able to produce a set of monitoring locations
be determined, in order to obtain sufficient information
with the ability to collect information on the parameters
for calibration.
of interest, while incorporating some form of redundancy.
Research
Student:
This thesis focusses on the application of data assimilation
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. F.H.L.R. Clemens, Prof. Dr. Ir.
in order to reduce uncertainties in model results for
A.W. Heemink, Dr. Ir. J.L. Korving
J.A.B. Post
continuous time series. The process of Data Assimilation (DA) combines measurements and models by continuous
For
updating the set of model parameter values. Is the
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urban drainage? A monitoring network is designed that is
Figure 1: principle of data assimilation, adapted from (Solonen, 2011)
197
Education
Completed MSc theses 2012 Bram Stegeman: Model calibration as a tool to identify sewer maintenance From visual inspections it is known that in the combined
sewer defects in the calibration process an obvious
sewer system of the Professor Fuchslaan catchment
shift in some model parameter values occurred to
(Utrecht, the Netherlands) in-sewer defects (e.g. root
compensate for the in-sewer defect influence visible
intrusion, attached and settled deposits and sediment)
in the measurement data. In addition, as a result of a
are present. Since these in-sewer defects are influencing
new balance between the different model parameters in
the hydraulic behavior of the sewer system leading to e.g.
general the differences between modeled and measured
an increase in pluvial flooding, the in-sewer defects are
hydraulic behavior increased (i.e. the residues). As
normally removed to recover the discharge capacity of
a result, the presence of the in-sewer defect is visible
the sewer system. However, next to check the reliability
in both the joint statistical properties of the residues,
of the full hydrodynamic model with help from a model
as well as in the statistical properties of the individual
calibration procedure, a detailed monitoring network (32
measurement locations. Although in this research not
gauging stations) is installed and the sewer system is not
implemented, it is likely that the Ensemble Kalman Filter
cleaned in recent years to investigate the influence of the
could be used as an alternative to the applied model
in-sewer defects on the hydraulic behavior of the sewer
calibration procedure. The latter has interesting aspects
system.
with respect to the parameter optimizing process since at each time step new measurement data is taken into
The objective of this research is to investigate the
account and subsequently parameters are estimated.
applicability of batch model calibration and sequential
Therefore a significant change in parameter values over
data-assimilation under time-varying fouling in the field
time, such as an increase of the hydraulic roughness
of urban drainage in combination with the possibilities
could be used to identify in-sewer defects.
with respect to sewer maintenance and forecasting. For this purpose various options are investigated to mimic
One of the important conclusions from this research is
the behavior of the in-sewer defect and how to deal
that if once a full hydrodynamic model is calibrated, in-
with it during model calibration. In addition, a calibration
sewer defects could be spotted with help from different
procedure is conducted without the incorporation of the
calibration runs since next to a deterioration in statistical
in-sewer defects in the model to investigate the influence
properties of the residues a change in parameter values
on the calibration results and how it can be used with
is expected. For this purpose, storm events with different
respect to sewer management. As an alternative to the
characteristics have to be used since these determine
model calibration process, the theoretical application the
next the in-sewer defects dynamics the influence on the
Ensemble Kalman Filter is investigated on its possibilities
local system behavior visible in the measurement data.
with respect to time-varying fouling and forecasting.
Next to the model calibration process, the Ensemble Kalman Filter is a promising tool with respect to sewer
Due to among others complicated in-sewer dynamics
management. Although more investigation is needed,
and modeling possibilities available, it was not always
both methods could be used to save money and effort
possible to mimic the influence of the in-sewer defects
since sewer inspections does not necessarily need to
with the hydrodynamic model. However, a significant
be performed regularly to determine the state of the
model improvement is obtained with help from relatively
sewer system. Since both methods are dependent on
simple model components, such as an orifice and a weir.
measurement data, next to automatic validation of the
The calibration results in which the in-sewer defects
latter, the amount and exact location of the different
are incorporated illustrate that the characteristics of the
measurement locations is one of the important aspects
components are dependent of the in-sewer dynamics in
for further research.
combination with the characteristics of different storm events analyzed and are therefore different for each storm event. The results illustrate that without the in-
198
Completed MSc theses 2012 Laura Sterna: Pluvial flood damage modelling Assessment of the flood damage model HOWADPREVENT
Introduction Flooding is a natural phenomenon, but human activity has significantly altered the natural drainage processes thereby occasionally causing greater flood risk. Urban flooding has become more frequent due to a number of factors including climate change, urban growth and an increase in paved surfaces. Pluvial flooding results from
sensitivity was tested by running the model with two
heavy rainfall when water that does not infiltrate into
building type files together with three water level files.
the ground ponds in hollows or flows over the ground. In flood damage estimation, the concept of damage
Results
curves or damage functions is applied. Such functions
Results show that there is significant increase in the
give the building damage due to inundation. Most
number of flooded buildings and consequently the
damage assessment models have in common that the
damage with a water level increase of each 0.1 m step
direct monetary damage is obtained from the type of the
meaning that the model estimates are sensitive to water
element at risk and the inundation depth.
level changes. As expected, there is difference in damage estimates, if two different depth-damage curves are used.
Problem definition Flood damage assessment models do not focus solely on
Conclusions and recommendations
pluvial flood damage estimation. In addition, the existing
The model can be successfully used for pluvial flood
flood damage models and developed depth-damage
damage assessment. The main uncertainty sources
curves have not been tested for application of pluvial
of the HOWAD-PREVENT are all input data sources
flood events.
– water level, building stock classification and depthdamage curves. While building classification has the
Research
least influence on the uncertainty, both water level and
This study is carried out with the main objective to test
depth-damage curves have the most influence. Some
the flood damage assessment model HOWAD-PREVENT in
of the recommendations for model adjustments include
a case study in Rotterdam and to evaluate the uncertainty
relative depth-damage curve development especially
and sensitivity of this model. The model applicability and
for pluvial flood events and automation of the building stock analyses. Recommendations for further research are model validation by comparing model outcomes with insurance company payouts. Student:
L. Sterna
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. F.H.L.R. Clemens, Dr. Ir. J.A.E. ten Veldhuis, Dr. Ir. O.A.C. Hoes, Ir. M.H. Spekkers For
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199
Education
Completed MSc theses 2012 Cao Yun: Evaluate two different PAC operations in combination with submerged ceramic MF membrane in surface water treatment Introduction Membrane
technologies,
regarded
as
a
modern
technology, are playing an increasingly significant role in drinking water treatment. However, membrane fouling is one of the most important factors limiting the performance of membrane process. Pre-treatment is the first step to control membrane fouling. And coagulation is considered as the most common pre-treatment. Otherwise, as powdered activated carbon (PAC) can reduce taste, odour, colour and other concerns caused by organic material, it is widely used in conjunction with membrane microfiltration.
Figure 1: Recovery of TMP
Problem definition Most PAC application in water treatment is the PAC/MF
2. The PAC pre-coating operation had a high recovery
or UF systems, which usually dose the PAC before the
with 99.2% while the continuous operation owed a normal recovery of 85.5%.
membrane filtration and with a frequent backwash during the filtration time. Besides, the operation of PAC pre-
3. The total DOC and UV254 removal of these two
coated on the membrane surface is also studied by many
operations are similar to each other during the
researchers. However, most of them focus on the short
experiment.
time filtration within about two hours. The performance of long time filtration without backwash in pre-coated
Conclusions and recommendations
PAC operation is still necessary to be researched.
Combined with various aspects of results, it is can be concluded that the PAC pre-coating operation in long time
Research
filtration has a better performance than that of continuous
My research focuses on evaluating the PAC/MF system
operation. But the research has to be continued to test
(continuous operation) and the PAC pre-coating operation
and improve the PAC pre-coating approach.
on the membrane fouling in a long filtration time as well as on recovery, energy economization, NOM (DOC) and
Student:
UV removal.
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. Luuk Rietveld, Dr. Ir. Bas Heijman,
Cao Yun
Dr. Ir. Hans Vrouwenvelder, Peter Lu
Results 1. Of the same flux, the recovery of TMP in PAC
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operation. The PAC pre-coating operation had a better performance on membrane fouling. And the most important fouling in continuous operation is the cake fouling, which is non-backwashable. Whereas, the most fouling in pre-coating can be backwashable (Figure 1).
200
For
pre-coating channel after every cycle (6 hours)
Completed MSc theses 2012 Zheyi Zeng: Phosphorus removal by ceramic tight ultrafiltration (CTUF) membrane for RO pre-treatment Introduction This MSc program is part of ICAN project (Innovative application of ceramic ultra- and nano- filtration). The project is aiming at wastewater reclamation and in ICAN, the RO system is chosen to treat the wastewater thus effluent of RO system will be reused as industrial water for the factory. Due to large number of inorganic and organic matters of the feed water, bio-foiling will occur which needs to be controlled. Phosphorus limitation is one strategy to control bio-fouling. This report focuses on phosphorus removal by ceramic tight ultra-
Figure 1: Measurement set-up
filtration (CTUF) membranes (1kD and 3kD MWCO) as a pretreatment before RO systems.
of phosphate but after pH 8.3, removal rate of phosphate begins to decrease.
Problem definition
▪▪
In the same ionic strength, the zeta potential of membrane with NaCl solution is larger than it with
1. What could be the highest removal rate of phosphorus with CTUF membranes in different
Na2SO4 solution and larger zeta potential gets better
filtration conditions?
removal rate of phosphorus.
2. What are the influence factors of phosphorus removal and how do they influence the removal rate
Conclusions and recommendations
of phosphorus.
CTUF membrane could remove phosphorus and its removal rate is determined by operational parameters.
Research
Larger flux and cross flow velocity will have better removal
The research in laboratory consists for more than six
rates and at pH 8.3 the removal rate gets highest. The
months. Here are planned phases to answer the research
following steps are suggested that observing phosphorus
questions.
removal rates with NOM in feed water, with effluent of
1. Observe removal rate of P-PO4 with different fluxes,
wastewater plant as feed water and combine coagulation.
cross flow velocities, phosphorus concentrations in feed water. 2. Observe removal rate of P-PO4 with different solutions (NaCl & Na2SO4).
Student:
Zheyi Zeng
Committee: Prof. Dr. Ir. Luuk Rietveld, Dr. Ir. Bas Heijman, Ir. Ran Shang (CiTG), Dr. Ir. Hans Vrouwenvelder (TNW)
3. Observe removal rate of P-PO4 with different pH value (5.7~9). 4. Zeta potential measurements.
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Results ▪▪
Increasing flux, cross flow velocity will increase the removal rate of phosphate.
▪▪
Increasing ions strength decreases the double layer thickness and decreases the removal rate of phosphate.
▪▪
The pH effect both the zeta potential of the membrane as well as the charge of the phosphate ion. Increasing pH will increase removal rate
201
Education
MSc theses MSc thesis projects Sanitary Engineering Alida Adams
Financial Sustainability of Rural Water Supplies in Western Kenya
2012
Nikolaas van Balkom
Energy production from fine sieve material for the benefit of the sewer mining
2012
concept Inge Blommers
Water quality in bathing waters
2012
Wouter Bosch
The underground connects us
2012
Wouter de Buck
Struvite crystallization and separation in digested sludge
2012
Fei Cui
Cold CANON: Anammox at low temperature
2012
Reinoud Feenstra & Sid
Renewable driven desalination for decentralized drinking water production
2012
Marieke de Goede
Subsurface water recovery in the water supply dune area of Amsterdam
2012
Ton Knol
Peroxone process in drinking water treatment
2012
Franca Kramer
Removal of organic micro pollutants in batch experiments mimicking riverbank
2012
Vollebregt
filtration Mingyang Li
Cake layer characteristics in long time ceramic MF filtration for surface water
2012
treatment Shirin Malek Pour
Judgment under Uncertainty
2012
Wikke Novalia
Evaluation of hazard classification systems of water source, sanitation and hygiene
2012
behavior in determining drinking water safety Thijs Padmos
Towards a wastewater treatment calculator
2012
Do Phi Bang
Upflow limestone contactor in soft and desalinated water
2012
Johan Post
Combining Field Observations and Hydrodynamic Models in Urban Drainage
2012
Bram Stegeman
Model calibration as a tool to identify sewer maintenance
2012
Laura Sterna
Pluvial flood damage modelling
2012
Cao Yun
Evaluate two different PAC operations in combination with submerged ceramic MF
2012
membrane in surface water treatment Zheyi Zeng
Phosphorus removal by ceramic tight ultra-filtration (CTUF) membrane for RO
2012
pre-treatment Bart Bergmans
Struvite recovery from digested sludge
2011
Carla Generaal
Using eutectic freeze crystallization
2011
Evangelia Gkeredaki
Autonomous photo powered revers osmosis for remote areas
2011
Amir Haidari
High silica concentration in RO-concentrate and magnesium-silica polymers
2011
formation David Moed
Stand-Alone Applications
2011
Tan Quach
Biofouling and organic micropollutants rejection
2011
202
MSc theses Gieljam Schutgens
Discharge capacity reduction in pressurised pipelines: A study on capacity in the
2011
pressurised system of Rotterdam due to gas pockets Nguyen Tan Thai Hung
Memstill for wastewater effects of surfactants in the feed solutions
2011
Soledad Villaroel Toral
Heavy metal removal by dual media
2011
Feng Xue
The effect of backwashing procedures on filter ripening and effluent quality
2011
Tinguyn Zhou
Removal of organic micro pollutants by coagulation in wastewater treatment
2011
Xingcan Cui
The contribution of deposits to the biological activity in the drinking water
2010
distribution network Ioannis Vidalis
Surface hydrophilic modification of RO membranes by plasma polymerization for
2010
low organic fouling Cheryl Bertelkamp
1
Performance assessment of different pre-treatment techniques for the advanced
2010
oxiation process Rick Reijtenbagh
Towards a design for an improved drinking water supply system on Bonaire, St
2010
Eustatius and Saba Laia Moré Roca
Water reuse: Fundamentals of hardness solubility in water systems
2010
Thijs van Delft
Analysis of microbiological growth in drinking water networks and sediments
2010
Josanne Derks
Performance comparison of LP vs. MP mercury vapour lamps - Degradation of
2010
organic micropollutants via UV/H2O2 Robin Harder
Data validation in environmental sensor network
2010
Tian Zheng
Membrane fouling of Anmbr in hypersaline condition
2010
Marieke Benschop
Influence of temperature on filtration in membrane reactors
2009
Xiaoyu Yuan
Model Validation and New Water Control Strategies in Drinking Water Treatment
2009
Plant Wim Mensink Harmen van der Laan2
Investigating subsurface iron and arsenic removal: anoxic column experiments to
2009
explore efficiency parameters Yvonne Mikkers
Regeneration of zeolites used for ammonium removal from anaerobic groundwater
2009
Tonny Schuit
Capacity reduction of pressurized sewerage mains
2009
Evgenia Rabinovitch
Drinking with the wind
2008
Perry van Overveld2
Countering threats to drinking water quality
2008
Floor van den Berg van
Optimising process parameters to achieve advanced chemical phosphorus removal
2008
Arthur Geilvoet
Pre treatment of WWTP effluent for ultrafiltration
2008
Li Gao
Reuse of softening pellet for remineralizing desalinated water
2008
Raheena Doekhie
Low cost water treatment for rural communities in Suriname
2008
Anushka Salmin
Conditioning of aggressive water in Suriname
2008
Anurat Kaeocha
Ion exchange for NOM removal in drinking water treatment
2008
Heleen de Man
On the applicability of discharge measuring techniques in partially filled conduits
2008
Gerdien Sterk
Microbial risk assessment for pluvial urban flooding
2008
Saparoea
203
Education
MSc theses Hanning Guo
Drinking water treatment under a high nanofiltration recovery with zero liquid
2007
discharge Karen Shao
Degradation of 4TBP by AOP
2007
Karin Teunissen2
Iron removal at groundwater pumping station
2007
Marianne Kruger van der
Vergelijking van de resultaten van verschillende berekeningsmethoden voor het
2007
Griendt
bepalen van de frequentie van overstortingen voor rioolstelsels en de frequentie en omvang van water-op-straat
Jojanneke Dirksen
Probabilistic modeling of sewer deterioration
2006
H.J. Liefting
Validation of water quality data from in-sewer measurements
2006
Doris van Halem
Ceramic filters for developing countries
2006
Petra Ross
Clogging of biological activated carbon filters
2006
Sheng Li
IEX-UF-NF-GAC treatment
2006
Qing Wang
Characterization of sediment
2006
David de Ridder
UV-H2O2 treatment - Research and design
2006
Leo Meijer
Reuse of wastewater for Amsterdam
2006
Sigrid Scherrenberg
Treatment of CSO water
2006
Harm Jansen
Development of indirect potable reuse in impacted areas of the United States
2006
Stefan Geilvoet
Fouling by extracellulair poly saccharides in membrane bioreactors treating
2005
2
municipal wastewater Sharleen Alberga
OLM/Asset management
2005
Martijn Klootwijk
An erosion meter for sewer sediment, a crticial consideration
2005
Anke Grefte
Test-rig research distribution
2005
Jan-Hendrik Vos
Sediment transport in distribution network
2005
Menno van Leenen
Influence NOM on ozone
2005
Maarten Lut
Laboratory research distribution
2005
Christiaan Kivit
Q21 – distribution
2004
Michiel van der Meulen
Particles in distribution network
2004
Sawan Raktoe1
Backwashing leads to fouling
2004
Danny van der Veldt
Hergebruik van effluent HHRS Delfland
2003
Jeroen Stok
Invloed van influentfluctuaties op de werking van een afvalwaterzuivering
2003
Cathelijne Flamink
Verwijdering van (xeno-)oestrogenen uit afvalwater
2003
Mark Scheres
Verkennend onderzoek naar mogelijkheden ultrafiltratiepermeaat RWZI-influent
2002
voor irrigatiedoeleinden Guy Heijnen
Capillary NF for horticulture
2002
Martijn Kramer
UV-disinfection Andijk
2002
Angela Puts
Risk analysis Legionella
2002
Michel Bretveld
Ozonation Weesperkarspel
2002
Remco Keijser
Real-time control Loosdrecht plant
2002
Colette de Roo
Airflush of capillary membranes
2002
204
MSc theses Pepijn Koenders
Nanofiltration Twentekanaal water
2001
Guy Henckens
On monitoring of turbidity in sewers
2001
Maaike Glastra
MBR in drinking water treatment
2001
S.G. Tan
Modeling WRK-treatment
2001
M. Bouwma
Zuurstofoverdracht bij toepassing van persluchtinjectie in de verzadigde zone
2001
Jamie Reuvers
Interacties in het afvalwatersysteem van Apeldoorn
2001
Yiqun Wang
Membraanvervuiling bij ultrafiltratie van rwzi-effluent
2000
Robin das Gupta
Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse einer zusätzlichen detailierten Messkampagne zur
2000
Optimierung der Dentrifikation einer kommunalen Kläranlage Herman Evenblij
Verkennend onderzoek naar membraanfiltratie van ruw RWZI influent in Bennekom
2000
Roel Derckx
Toepassing van ultrafiltraat als natuurwater
2000
Ingrid Bonnet
Directe filtratie van afvalwaterinfluent - Onderzoek naar een nieuwe methode voor
2000
de primaire behandeling van afvalwater Eelco Teesink
Pilot-onderzoek naar hergebruik van rwzi-effluent te Kerkrade
2000
Jan Post
Concentrate treatment with cNF
2000
Anton van Rosmalen
Risk analysis water market
2000
Ignaz Worm3
Air/water backwash UF
2000
Johannis Vijlbrief
Urban water chain company Overijssel
2000
René van der Aa1,2
Nitrification in rapid filters
1999
Jeroen Boel
Microfiltration Philips Nijmegen
1999
Bram Martijn
Ultrafiltration Biesbosch water
1999
Jeroen Krijgsman
Industrial water project Roermond
1999
Laura de la Torre
Ammonium removal from municipal wastewater by ion exchange
1999
Wout Smans
Membraanvervuiling bij ultrafiltratie van rwzi-effluent
1999
Isabelle Wasmus
Productie van een andwer water op basis van vlokkingsfiltratie van effluent
1998
Maarten Rutte
Waterzuivering met helofytensystemen
1998
Robin Bos
UASB post-treatment
1998
Eefje Dekkers
Evaluation of WateRat Software and WaterPinch Technology for refinery water
1998
1
Gutiérrez
management Marja Weijs
Ultrafiltratie van RWZI eflluent - Verkennend onderzoek met een pilotplant
1998
Dick van den Heuvel
Verkennend onderzoek naar de droge fysische fractiescheiding van verontreinigde
1998
grond Alex van de Helm3
Modeling gas transfer systems
1998
Bonne Hylkema
Hybrid membrane filtration Nuland
1998
Siebe van de Zel
Sludge treatment and disposal Gelderland
1998
Joukje Klomp
Anaerobic membrane filtration
1997
Martijn Riemersma
Modeling nanofiltration
1997
Martin de Koning
Electrodialysis Leiduin
1997
Steven Oterdoom
Reservoir Drentsche Aa
1997
205
Education
MSc theses Weren de Vet
Riverbank filtration Panheel
1997
Jan-Dik Verdel
Modeling groundwater filtration
1997
Joost Pluim
Pilotonderzoek naar de toepassing van ultrafiltratie op effluent van
1997
rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallaties Danny Gerritsen
Werking van een deflectieschot in ronde nabezinktanks
1997
William Pangemanan
Nabehandeling van RWZI-effluent m.b.v. membraanfiltratie; ervaringen en
1997
experimenten Jeroen Oosthof
Mogelijkheden tot rductie van de fosfaatemissie door toepassing van
1996
effluentfiltratie Meike van Ginneken
Wastewater reuse for irrigation in Cali Region, Colombia
1996
Jan-Hendrik Bouman
Bezinkingsproblematiek van een seriegeschakelde airlift-loop reactor
1996
Arjen van Nieuwenhuijzen
Optimalisatie van vlokkingsfiltratie voor RZWI-effluent - Een onderzoek naar de
1996
optimale verhouding van filtratiesnelheid en filterlooptijd Eelco Trietsch
See weed membrane filtration
1996
Eric Schwencke
Water treatment Achterhoek
1996
Joukje Keuning
Flocculation Brakel
1996
Marije Hendriks
Dynasand filtration WRK III
1996
Francois van Ekkendonk2
Industrial water project Philips Nijmegen
1996
Martijn Nijsse
Industrial water project Cerestar
1996
Ernst-Jan Hageman
Membrane filtration backwash water
1996
Piet-Hein Spaans
Dynasand filtration Loenderveenseplas
1996
Maarten Keuten
Optimization treatment swimming pools
1996
Jasper Verberk
Optimization treatment plant WRK I/II
1996
Mark Brieskorn
Design Bergen op Zoom treatment plant
1996
Peter Tienhooven
Expansion Lake water supply Amsterdam
1995
Edgardo Valeriano
Design backwash gutters
1995
Mark Eikens
Drinking water project for the Veluwe
1995
Mireille Beumer
Industrial water project Parenco
1995
Marieke van Winkelen
Industrial water reuse Akzo Amsterdam
1995
Gert-Jan Schoterman
Biesbosch water treatment
1995
Jan Leen van de Vlies
Industrial water South West Netherlands
1995
Bas van Efferen
Large-scale membrane filtration
1995
Patrick Smeets
Virus removal through infiltration
1995
Martijn Bakker
Real-time control of water production
1995
Örjan van Drongelen
Reliability study for Panheel
1995
Hella van de Maarel
Removal of micro-organisms
1995
Ronald van de Berg
Design Aalsterweg treatment plant
1995
David Visscher
Activated carbon filtration Bergambacht
1995
Petra Holzhaus
Riverbank filtration along the Lek
1995
René Knipscheer
Bodemluchtextractie met behulp van verwarmde lucht
1995
206
MSc theses Marcus Zutphen
Schoonebeek Schoon
1995
Edwin Lakerveld
Persluchtinjectie in de verzadigde zone
1995
Michel Geven
Inventarisatie en evaluatie van filtratiemethoden voor effluent
1995
Jetske Verkerk
Fosfaatverwijdering uit effluent door vlokkingsfiltratie
1995
Jan Willem Bonekamp
Het gebruik van meetwaarden bij de optimalisatie van de N-verwijdering bij RWZI’s
1995
A.H.M. van Weel
Behandeling van het afvalwater van een chemische industrie
1995
J. Krabbenbos
Opschalingsmogelijkheden van de airliftloopreactor
1995
Jan Busser
Preciptatieonderzoek op rwzi De Groote Lucht
1994
Saskia Jouwersma
Effluentvijvers als tertiaire zuivering
1994
Patrick van de Wens
Distribution strategy PIM
1994
Roel Bronda
Reuse backwash water WMO
1994
Ellen van Duikeren
Deep infiltration South East Netherlands
1994
Nico Versteeg
Use of surface water for Overijssel
1994
Peter Wessels
Use of Biesbosch water for Gelderland
1993
Jenne van de Velde
Reuse backwash water WMN
1993
Georgina Martinez Ortiz
Industrial water project Veendam
1993
Jan Timmer
Softening with lime
1993
Carel Aeyelts Averink
Modeling of membrane filtration
1993
Saskia Deegmulder
Filtratie van effluent in de praktijk
1993
Kees Meinema
Lamellenbezinkers tussen beluchting en nabezinking
1992
Idsart Dijkstra
Water supply of Vlieland
1992
Robert Willemse
AOC-removal in filters
1992
Gertjan Schers
Flotation: theory and practice
1991
S.E. de Rijk
Indikking van surplusslib door middel van flotatie
1991
Jeroen Rijnhart
Nazorg van afvalstortplaatsen, de zuivering van percolatiewater
1991
R.J.M.L. Koster
De effecten van simultane defosfatering op de nitrificatie
1991
C.J.M. Ruiters
Dynamic modelling of the thickening process of activated sludge in clarifiers
1990
G.R. uit de Bosch
Verbetering van de indikking van anaeroob uitgegist slib door middel van
1990
beluchting of ontgassing Heleen Sombekke
Behandeling van stedelijk afvalwater in een drie-fasen airliftreactor gevolgd door
1990
fosfaatprecipitatie G.H. Liem
Karakterisering van de slibontwatering in relatie tot afvalwaterzuiverinigssystemen
1
Gijs Oskam Award for best young researcher
2
Graduation with honours (cum laude)
3
Faculty Award for best graduation
1989
All theses can be downloaded from www.sanitaryengineering.tudelft.nl
207
Education
Completed BSc theses 2012 Irene Caltran: Household storage (medium earth jars) and point of use container (plastic gallon) in Laos (left) Public health in Bangladesh is menaced by arsenic
The high percentage of adsorbed arsenate with very
infected groundwater. A suitable arsenic removal system
small quantities of CIM was impressive: with 0.01 g/L the
should be inexpensive, effective and easy to use. Small
arsenate concentration dropped to 51.5% in tap water and
scale systems of filters are used for this purpose.
to 78.5 % in canal water (with high DOC). CIM was also the less sensitive material to variation in concentration
In this bachelor work, these three adsorptive materials
of organic material in the arsenate contaminated water.
used in household filters for arsenic removal from drinking
As for kinetics, using 5 g/L of CIM, after only 10 minutes
water have been investigated:
the remaining percentage of arsenate concentration had
▪▪
ALCAN AAFS50 Activated Alumina
▪▪
GFH, Granular Ferric Hydroxide
▪▪
CIM, Composite Iron Matrix
dropped to circa 20%. Student:
Irene Caltran
Committee: Dr. Ir. Doris van Halem, Sandra Borges The characteristics of these materials were analyzed with
Freitas, MSc
laboratory experiments using arsenate (x-ray diffraction, batch experiments & kinetic experiments) and literature
For
research.
Management department, section Sanitairy Engineering,
more
information
please
contact
the
Water
+31 (0)15 2783347. In all the experiments the initial arsenate concentration was circa 100ug/L and CIM seemed to be the best performing medium.
Emiel Verstegen: A statistical analisis on the influence of the time of precipitation on content and property damage In this study the influence of the time of the day that
Because the lower amount of claims occurs in the same
precipitation occurs on content and property damage
hours where the intensity of the precipitation is lower it
is researched. Data from the KNMI and Verbond van
is hard to say if there is any influence of time on the
Verzekeraars is used for the statistical analysis. All the
damage.
data has been divided in a summer and winter period. It is found that in the summer there is a significant lower
Student:
amount of claims during the morning hours (± 7 to 11
Committee: Ir. M.H. Spekkers
Emiel Verstegen
UT). In the winter there are too few significant deviations to draw conclusions about any time influence.
For
more
information
please
contact
the
Water
Management department, section Sanitairy Engineering, Also the frequencies and intensities of precipitation have been researched. It appears to be raining less than average in the morning, and more in the evening. For intensities it is found that in the summer there are lower intensities in the morning (4 to 13 UT) and higher intensities in the late afternoon (16 to 20 UT).
208
+31 (0)15 2783347.
Completed BSc theses 2012 Luc Schouten: The accuracy and spatial variability of the X-band radar, with respect to the C-band radar and rain gauges The KNMI CESAR observatory, located in Cabauw,
values do not match the actual values, measured by the
measures all kind of meteorological data. Since 2008,
rain gauge. A finer rain gauge grid (for example one
the IDRA X-band radar (8.0-12.0 MHz) records rainfall
gauge every X-band cell) would increase the accuracy of
data in a 15 km radius. In this area several rain gauges
this research.
measured rainfall information as well. Finally, a C-band radar (4.0-8.0 MHz) located at de Bilt measured rainfall
Student:
data at the same locations. The X-band radar recordes
Committee: Dr. Ir. J.A.E. ten Veldhuis; Ir. G. Bruni
Luc Schouten
in a dense 100x100m grid cell size with a 1 minute scanning frequency, while the C-band radar records in a
For
1000x1000m grid cell size with a scan every 5 minutes.
Management department, section Sanitairy Engineering,
more
information
please
contact
the
Water
+31 (0)15 2783347. Research of one rainfall event (recorded 25th of May 2009) showed differences in the accumulated rainfall, the intensity of the rainfall, the peak distribution, the spatial and temporal variability. For the rainfall rate intensities, it is clear that rainfall data is alike for some locations. However, there is no solid correlation for all locations. Its accumulated values do not show a pattern as well. Concluded, the X-band radar is able to detect rainfall in a fine grid with a high temporal resolution, but its recorded
209
Education
Completed BSc theses 2012 Martijn Sparnaaij: Clean drinking water after a natural disaster, decontamination with chlorine In my BSc-thesis, titled ‘Clean drinking water after a
I had to choose which model I would implement. I chose
natural disaster, disinfection with chlorine’, I looked at a
the models which only depended on measured data
mobile drinking water production installation in Indonesia,
as input and not the models which needed empirical
which can be used after natural disasters and uses the
constants which would have to be collected through
conventional method of producing drinking water from
experiments.
surface water. To simulate this installation Stimela, a simulation tool for drinking water processes, can be
After implementing the model in the Stimela environment
used. However there was no module for the process of
I tested the model to see if it was reacting as expected and
disinfection with chlorine, so my goal was to create such
it did. However the model could not be validated because
a model.
there was not enough data available so I recommended the collection of this data to make validation possible.
By going through the literature I compiled a list of models that are available for the four main processes, which
For
are: the chlorine demand, disinfection, the production of
Management department, section Sanitairy Engineering,
Trihalomethanes (THMs) and the production of Haloacetic
+31 (0)15 2783347.
acids (HAAs). After the collection of the different models
210
more
information
please
contact
the
Water
“Point-of-use drinking water treatment” for developing countries Secondary school students working in the lab
211
Education
OpenCourseWare TU Delft article, 12 November 2012 http://opencourseware.weblog.tudelft.nl/2012/11/12/earn-certificates-of-participation/
Earn Certificates of Participation Posted on 12/11/2012 by Martijn Ouwehand Earlier on we reported on a pilot in which students worldwide can earn a certificate of participation for (among others) two TU Delft OpenCourseWare Courses (being Sanitary Engineering and Solar Cells). The certificates are issued by the OpenCourseWare Consortium in partnership with OpenStudy. This Monday the initiative went live. So now, everyone in the world will be able to earn Certificates of Participation in TU Delft Sanitary Engineering and TU Delft Solar Cells.
The Open Study Press release:
OpenCourseW are Consortium , 20M illion M inds Foundation and Ex celsior College to offer certification and college credit for online courses in partnership w ith OpenStudy Palo Alto, CA. Global learners studying on open courses offered by the OpenCourseWare Consortium member institutions, the 20 Million Minds Foundation and Excelsior College,now have the opportunity to earn Certificates of Participation and college credit. OCW Consortium members, University of Notre Dame, UC Irvine and TU Delft, will offer the first set of courses. OpenStudy offers open learners a vibrant, award winning community of practice and offers partners next generation assessment based on documented competencies, behavioral profiling and social analytics. “We are delighted to be working with these innovators in education who realize the potential of open online courses and who are focused on helping not only high achievers but also at-risk learners. For high school students, this is an opportunity to engage with college level content – and add a credible documentation of engagement, helpfulness and academic competence to their college applications. For college students it serves the dual purposes of enhancing their performance in a college course and creates a verified e-portfolio for their first job.” says Preetha Ram, CEO of OpenStudy Open, online courses attract global learners to study together on free content. OpenStudy’s partners are extending the value of the open course experience by offering Certificate of Participation that not only reports on competencies gained in the course but more importantly, job skills: teamwork, problem solving and engagement.
Together this
Documentation will increase the employability of learners and address the issue that confronts employers: how does one obtain a reliable report of on the job performance?
212
OpenCourseWare
The OpenCourseWare Consortium is a non-profit organization of over 300 member universities that has played a leadership role in the development of free online courses. Twenty million users visit over 20,000 OCW courses annually. Mary Lou Forward, Director of the OCW Consortium says, “The Certificate of Participation is just what selflearners have been asking for: a signal to employers of skills and competencies and a real incentive to keep them engaged with the learning. The 20 Million Minds Foundation is a non-profit dedicated to bringing down the cost of textbooks and creating more engaging and effective open educational materials for college students. With their novel online course, 20MM is reinventing online textbooks by building social learning communities around static content and giving learners worldwide the opportunity to learn together. “Students who sign up for the certificate will be further incentivized to study through a “pay for performance” model,” announced Dean Florez, former CA State Senator and President of 20 Million Minds. “After completing the course and submitting their grade for the course, students will receive rewards, including cash back and gift cards, to further recognize their success.” Excelsior College a recognized leader in educational innovation will offer global learners the option of earning college credit after passing an Excelsior examination. Certificates are priced starting at $30. OpenStudy is also integrated with a MOOC offered by MIT OCW, P2PU and Codecademy that launched in midOctober. Certification is not yet available for this MOOC. Individuals can register for these courses at www.openstudy.com/courses. Partners plan to roll out additional courses in the following weeks. About OpenStudy: OpenStudy’s vision is to help learners anywhere anytime. Their first product, a social learning platform connects over 300,000 learners to each other each month, with over 2000 questions asked each day. The SmartScore Assessment engine that powers the Certificates of Participation was recently released. Today they offer their innovative assessment to open course providers and to learners worldwide.
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213
Education
Summer School Summer School PHREEQC voor drinkwater trok veel belangstelling In samenwerking met Vitens werkt TU Delft aan de
Praktische voorbeelden
ontwikkeling van PHREEQC voor de modellering van
In de middag-sessies werden in 11 korte voordrachten
waterchemie in drinkwater (zie H2O 2012, nr. 3 blz. 34-
praktische voorbeelden getoond van waterchemie in
36). In een eendaags symposium werden op 30 augustus
drinkwater met PHREEQC.
jl. diverse aspecten gepresenteerd. De naam ‘Summer School’ is een moderne Engelstalige verwijzing naar
Kim
van
Schagen
de 1e Vakantiecursus in Drinkwater uit 1947. Met 58
zien
hoe
PHREEQC
deelnemers en 16 sprekers kan van een zeer geslaagde
procescontrole
cursus/school worden gesproken.
Vitens.
Hierin
van
(Royal
HaskoningDHV)
toegepast pompstation
rekent
wordt
binnen
liet de
Oldeholtpade
van
permanent
een
PHREEQC
aantal waterkwaliteitsparameters uit, waaronder pH, De Summer School werd geopend door prof. Luuk
geleidbaarheid, en redoxpotentiaal, op basis van de
Rietveld (TU Delft). Hij verving hierin prof. Walter van
actuele productie van elk van de 17 winputten en hun
der Meer (TU Delft / Oasen), die door ziekte verhinderd
bekende kwaliteit. Deze berekende waarden worden in
was. Walter’s toelichting over het hoe en waarom van
de procesbewaking vergeleken met de inline metingen.
de Summer School werd uitgesproken door Peter de
Hiermee is tevens een veel directe procesregeling
Moel (TU Delft). Vervolgens gaf Johan Driessen (Vitens)
mogelijk.
aan waarom Vitens de ontwikkeling van PHREEQC voor drinkwater ondersteunt. Johan was tevens dagvoorzitter.
Frank Schoonenberg Kegel (Vitens) liet zien hoe PHREEQC gebruikt is voor de modellering van de ontijzering op
Principes en achtergronden van PHREEQC
pompstation Holk (Vitens). De verwijdering van ijzer blijkt
In drie voordrachten werden vervolgens de achtergronden
tussen beluchting en filtratie veel kleiner wordt gemaakt,
van PHREEQC gepresenteerd.
door verlaging van de bovenwaterstand. Met modellering
in de praktijkfilters beter te verlopen als de verblijftijd
in PHREEQC wordt gekeken in hoeverre dit verklaard kan Tony Appelo is de mede-ontwikkelaar van PHREEQC. Hij
worden voor de oxydatiesnelheid van ijzer.
liet zien dat ionen-uitwisseling een belangrijk proces is in de bodem. Hij toonde diverse aspecten van PHREEQC, en
Dirk Vries (KWR) sloot hierbij aan, waarin hij een aantal
een preview van versie 3 die in 2012-2013 beschikbaar
problemen die nog niet goed zijn opgelost in de huidige
zal komen.
modellering van deze ontijzeringsfilters.
Martin de Jonge (Vitens / Vrije Universiteit) presenteerde
Ruud Kolpa (Oasen) liet zien hoe PHREEQC gebruikt is voor
zijn bevindingen uit zijn pas opgestarte promotieproject,
de modellering van de ontharding in de korrelreactoren
waarin hij een beeld probeert te krijgen van de herkomst
van pompstation Rodenhuis. Hierin bleek een aanzienlijk
van hardheid in het grondwater. Hierin volgt hij de weg
hogere dosering van zowel natronloog als zwavelzuur
van een regendruppel naar de onttrekkingsput van
nodig te zijn, als de voorgeschakelde beluchting en
grondwater. Langs die weg spelen allerlei chemische
voorfiltratie werd overgeslagen. Proefonderzoek en
processen in de bodem een rol. De waargenomen trends
modelberekeningen geven aan dat fosfaat hierin de
probeert hij met behulp van PHREEQC te ontrafelen.
meest waarschijnlijke storingsbron is geweest.
Peter de Moel (TU Delft) gaf aan hoe PHREEQC gebruikt
Amir Haidari (TU Delft) heeft PHREEQC gebruikt in zijn
kan worden voor de waterchemie van drinkwater. Hij gaf
promotie-onderzoek voor de voorspelling van scaling in
een demonstratie van PHREEQC “in the cloud” en “in
membraanfiltratie.
Excel” en liet een aantal aspecten zien van waterchemie in PHREEQC.
214
Summer School
Figure 1: Tony Appelo presenteerde PHREEQC aan de hand van een preview van versie 3
Paul Keizer (Vitens) gebruikte PHREEQC voor de analyse
Marlies van Rijn (Vitens) tenslotte heeft de verschillende
van de problematiek van uitloging van AC buizen en de
berekeningswijzes voor SI met elkaar vergeleken. In de
kalkneerslag in warmwatertoestellen op de Veluwe, een
afgelopen jaren is duidelijk geworden dat ionpaarbinding
gebied dat juist bekend staat om zijn zachte water.
een niet altijd te verwaarlozen invloedsfactor is in het kalkkoolzuurevenwicht. Dit is vooral te zien in de ontwikkeling
Peter
de
Moel
(TU
Delft)
presenteerde
de
van de Duitse DIN normen. Voor drinkwater met lage
koperenbuizenproeven van de pompstations van Brabant
gehalten aan opgeloste stoffen zijn de berekende
Water in vergelijking tot empirische modellen, zoals
verschillen marginaal. In de huidige Nederlandse normen
formules van Kiwa en Taylor, en toetsing aan de water-
voor de berekeningen is ionpaarbinding minimaal
chemische modellering van PHREEQC. Met PHREEQC
verdisconteerd, maar is niet duidelijk binnen welk gebied
wordt een aanzienlijk betere correlatie verkregen.
de berekeningswijze toepasbaar is. In PHREEQC worden zeer veel ionparen in de berekening betrokken.
Marco
Dignum
(Waternet)
deed
onderzoek
naar
metaalafgifte van de watermeteropstelling. Met behulp
Johan Driessen (Vitens) sloot de Summer School af. Hij
van modellering in PHREEQC werd gekeken welke
concludeerde dat PHREEQC op vele ontwerpmomenten
corrosieproducten kunnen ontstaan in relatie tot de
in het drinkwatervoorzieningsproces te gebruiken is.
kwaliteit van het drinkwater.
PHREEQC heeft het afgelopen jaar binnen de nederlandse drinkwatersector een grote vlucht genomen. Echter
Tim van Dijk (Brabant Water) presenteerde de kookproef
blijft er nog voldoende ontwikkeling en toepassing over
als een zeer praktisch bruikbaar meetmethode voor zowel
om volgend jaar opnieuw een Summer School over
technologische optimalisatie als voor voorspelling van
waterchemie te organiseren. Alle presentaties van de
de kalkafzetting bij klanten. Met behulp van PHREEQC
Summer School zijn te zien op drinkwater.citg.tudelft.nl/
onderzoekt hij of de gemeten kalkneerslag overeenkomt
AquaticChemistry.
met de theoretisch berekende kalkneerslag, en in hoeverre verschillen daarin verklaard kunnen worden
Walter van de Meer (TU Delft / Oasen)
door gehalten aan organische stof, fosfaat, en/of kleine
Johan Driessen (Vitens)
deeltjes.
Peter de Moel (TU Delft)
215
Education
Virtual Campus Master of Science Watermanagement at the Virtual Campus of TU Delft MSc Watermanagement
Starting 1st of September 2013
The 2-year program of the MSc Watermanagement
Delft virtual campus
consists in the first year of compulsory and specialisation
The Virtual Campus of TU Delft will start with a full degree
courses. In the second year, projects, traineeship or
program Watermanagement. On the 1st of September
elective courses needs to be done before starting the final
2013 students will be welcomed to follow high quality
MSc thesis (see Figure 1).
education in Delft from their hometown. Courses in MSc Watermanagement are developed into virtual courses,
At TU Delft each academic year is divided into four
as part of a pilot-project for online education. In this TU
periods. Each period consists of eight weeks of teaching,
Delft pilot-project 3 MSc programs were selected:
followed by one week exam preparation and one week
▪▪
MSc Watermanagement from the faculty of Civil
exam periods.
Engineering. ▪▪ ▪▪
Mechanics from the faculty of Aerospace Engineering.
Campus education and virtual campus education
MSc Engineering and Policy Analysis from the faculty
From September 2013 the MSc Watermanagement will
of Technology, Policy and Management.
also be offered as Virtual MSc, whereby the overall
MSc
Aerospace
Structures
&
Computational
learning objectives (qualification, accreditation, etc.) will Within these programs selected courses are developed
not differ between the two forms.
for online education, which can be completed with accredited certificates. The board of directors of TU Delft
The equality in learning objectives is also applicable for all
wanted to offer a full virtual MSc at short notice. The MSc
courses within the MSc. There is no difference whether a
Watermanagement has been selected because of their
course is followed within the traditional Campus program
international reputation, their experiences with online
or within the Virtual campus programs. These principles
education within their parttime program (since 2005),
allows for campus students to follow a course in the
their experiences with OpenCourseWare (since 2007),
Virtual campus implementation, and vice versa.
their double degree program with Singapore (since 2009) and their bilateral exchange with a number of (foreign)
Each course will be given once a year as Campus course,
universities. Video lecturing and videoconferencing are
with face-to-face lectures, instructions and assignments.
already frequently used in on Campus education of MSc
The Campus course is the fundament of the Virtual
Watermanagement.
Campus course. The Virtual Campus course can be followed in the teaching period when the on Campus course is offered and in other teaching periods if there are sufficient applications.
Figure 1: MSc Watermanagement
216
Virtual Campus
Figure 2: Program Campus course and Virtual campus course (3 ECTS)
A Campus student lives in Delft the whole year, or actually
Virtual campus courses can also be followed individually,
4 teaching periods of 10 weeks each. A Virtual campus
outside the organizational framework of an MSc. This
student visits Delft only at week 9 and week 10 of each
increases the worldwide availability of the courses and
teaching period, see Figure 2. In these weeks the student
it is easier for students to use courses from TU Delft
participates in activities, which cannot (yet) be offered
in their curriculum. Specifically, this is important in
online, like:
programs such as Erasmus Mundus, 3 TU, Double Degree
▪▪
Additional laboratory experiments.
programs, minors, lifelong learners, etc. The European
▪▪
Excursions.
Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) give
▪▪
‘Student meets professor’.
this international framework. The differences between
▪▪
‘Professor meets student’.
the two formats are summarized in Table 1.
▪▪
‘Student meets student’.
▪▪
Exams.
In
the
academic
year
2013-2014
the
developed
virtual courses can be followed, and the virtual MSc This frequent short stays in Delft connects the student
Watermanagement will start. Based on the experience of
with TU Delft. This contact is needed for preparing and
the first year running, the Delft Virtual campus will be
planning their internship, research project and MSc
further developed, including implementation of other TU
research and thesis in the 2nd MSc year. These 2nd year
Delft courses and MSc programs.
components will be done in individual consultation with the thesis professor. Therefore, the 4 short stays during
The differences between the two formats will be blend
the first year are important for both the student and the
more and more in the coming years. Students are able
professor.
to choose the format which is most attractive to them. Taking individual courses before starting a master
Table 1: Differences between Campus MSc and Virtual campus MSc
program can be of advantage: the student gets insight into the academic environment; the students find out if their knowledge is sufficient; and if the courses meet their needs to expand this form of education. The costs for one course are much lower than the tuition per year. Such a low entry threshold for an MSc study is especially important for life-long learners, who cannot study three courses per period, but for whom achieving an MSc degree is important for their career development. The development of virtual campus courses is of utmost importance for TU Delft due to the competition with other universities. Other universities offer more and more programs and courses that are independent of time and place; TU Delft will not stay behind.
217
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218
Annual report 2012
Media
219
Media
Bas Heijman & Jeroen Posthumus ‘Zoethouder tegen verzilting’ Delft Integraal, 2012 nr.1
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Bas Heijman & Jeroen Posthumus ‘Zoethouder tegen verzilting’
221
Media
David Moed ‘Moed haalt arseen uit grondwater’ Delft Integraal, 2012 nr.2
222
Double Degree programme TU Delft - NUS Delft Integraal, 2012 nr.2
223
Media
Sid Vollebregt ‘Van zeewater naar veilig drinkwater’ Delft Integraal, 2012 nr.2
224
Technisch Weekblad ‘Eén kop koffie: 140 liter water’ Technisch Weekblad, 2012 week 47
tW
9 special water
47
JACQUES BEAULIEU
eén kop koffie: 140 liter water
Voor de teelt van rijst, zoals hier in Sumba (Indonesië), is relatief veel water nodig
Als Nederland een probleem heeft met water, gaat het over ‘te veel’. Mondiaal bezien is juist ‘te weinig’ de grootste bedreiging. BEnno BoEtErs
De Rijn voert gemiddeld 2200 m3/s zoet water naar ons lage land. Dat is zo’n zeventig miljard liter per jaar. Alleen als het debiet onder de elfhonderd kuub per seconde zakt, zoals in mei en november vorig jaar, hebben we een probleem: verzilting. Die hoeveelheid water per seconde die ‘bij Lobith’ binnenkomt, is bijna net zoveel als de gemiddelde Nederlander per jaar verbruikt, 2300 m3. Echter, van wat de gemiddelde Nederlander aan water verbruikt, komt maar zo’n twee tot drie procent uit de kraan. Het overgrote deel is niet wat het drinkwaterbedrijf levert, maar wat er nodig is om de producten te maken die elke burger consumeert, bijvoorbeeld agrarische producten, vlees, koffie, granen etc. Nederland importeert op grote schaal voedsel en het water voor de productie van de runderlap, cappuccino of boterham wordt dus elders op de aardbol verbruikt. Zo kost een kilogram rundvlees, van een Nederlandse koe die wordt bijgevoerd met geïmporteerd veevoer elfduizend liter water. Afgeleid van de carbon footprint wordt dit verbruik aangeduid als watervoetafdruk. Dat zijn natuurlijk globale getallen, en bovendien is bij elk productieproces de kernvraag: wordt het water verbruikt (lees: vervuild of verdampt) of gebruikt (is het zonder al te veel energie weer te zuiveren). Een andere cruciale factor is waar dat water wordt ver- of gebruikt. Is dat een land met veel of weinig water? Kweek je de rozen in Kenia, waar water schaars is, of in je eigen achtertuin? Of, koop je in de winter groenten uit Zuid Spanje, waar men driekwart van het niet overvloedige water benut voor irrigatie en waar zestig procent van de moerassen inmiddels is verdwenen, of haal je je groenten uit minder droge gebieden. Dé grote waterverbruiker Irrigatie voor landbouw is wereldwijd dé grote waterverbruiker; 92 procent van het beschikbare zoetwater gaat er aan op. In tropische lan-
den is een groot deel alleen al nodig om gewassen te ‘koelen’ door verdamping. Gaat het water ‘door de plant’ dan is het het meest effectief; directe verdamping vanuit de bodem is eigenlijk verspilling. En daarnaast stroomt water vaak nutteloos weg. Volgens een publicatie van het Wereld Natuurfonds (‘Water, een kostbaar goed, de Nederlandse watervoetafdruk nader bekeken’, maart 2010) is intensieve katoenverbouw en -productie in China (een kwart van de wereldproductie) er de oorzaak van dat de benedenloop van de Gele Rivier meer dan de helft van het jaar droog staat. Boeren pompen dan noodgedwongen grondwater op, in grotere hoeveelheden dan de regen kan aanvullen. Grote zorgen heersen er ook in de VS waar de afgelopen zomer maandenlange droogte in the Mid West de oogsten in met name soja en maïs
grootste waterge-(ver-)bruiker ligt het voor de hand om te speuren naar meer efficiency, ofwel: more crop per drop. maatschappelijke acceptatie Eén voorbeeld daarvan is onderzoek in Wageningen, waar dr. Prem Bindraban met zijn promovendi speurt naar waterbesparing in de rijstbouw. Al duizenden jaren verbouwen mensen in tropische landen rijst op bevloeide akkers. Het laagje water zorgt voor minder onkruid; de rijstplant heeft zich aangepast. Want ‘rijst is geen aquatische plant; het is geen waterplant. Dus stellen we ons de vraag: waarom kunnen we rijst niet telen zoals tarwe. Voor één kilogram rijst is twee- tot vijfduizend, soms wel tienduizend liter water nodig. Voor tarwe is dat duizend liter per kilo, vrijwel allemaal voor verdamping, om te voorkomen dat de zon de tarweplant verbrandt’,
In de zeven zuidwestelijke staten langs de rivier de Colorado duurt de periode van waterschaarste al meer dan tien jaar deed mislukken. Meer dan zestig procent van het land kampte met een gebrek aan water, een droogte van ‘historic proportions’. In de zeven zuidwestelijke staten langs de rivier de Colorado duurt de periode van waterschaarste al meer dan tien jaar. Arjen Hoekstra (hoogleraar watermanagement aan de Universiteit Twente en motor achter www.waterfootprint.org) deed onderzoek in 405 stroomgebieden in de periode 1996-2005 en stelde vast dat er in 201 stroomgebieden sprake was van ‘ernstige waterschaarste’ gedurende minstens een maand per jaar. Dat betekent watergebrek voor 2,67 miljard mensen. Ook rivieren als de Rio Grande, Rio Bravo (VS, Mexico), de Indus (India) en de Murray-Darling (Australië) vielen in die periode droog met fatale gevolgen voor dieren en (water-)planten. Hoekstra rapporteerde over dat onderzoek in het wetenschappelijke tijdschrift PLoS ONE (29 februari 2012). Met landbouw en irrigatie als veruit ’s werelds
zo legt Bindraban uit. Hij heeft, met onderzoekers in India, China en Indonesië, aangetoond dat het mogelijk is rijst met de helft minder water te verbouwen, door alleen te bevloeien als de plant het nodig heeft en met alternatieve manieren om onkruid tegen te gaan. Echter, een omslag naar zo’n nieuwe teelt is erg moeilijk qua maatschappelijke acceptatie. De Wageningse onderzoekers (Bindraban met een internationaal team van onderzoekers en vijf promovendi) richten zich nu ook op de vraag hoe het komt dat wanneer men rijst laat groeien zoals tarwe - met net zoveel water - de rijstplant slechts twintig procent opbrengt vergeleken met tarwe. Dat project is nog in de beginfase. Mogelijk ligt de oplossing in specifieke eigenschappen van rijst die aangepast zouden kunnen worden, of in verbetering van de bodemomstandigheden. Om het verband tussen bodem en water te verduidelijken hanteert Bindraban een slogan: the best irrigation is fertilization. Dat heeft niet zozeer betrekking op rijstbouw maar wel op het
gegeven dat er in semi-aride gebieden, zoals de Sahel in Afrika, gemeten naar de hoeveelheid regen die er valt een graanopbrengst van drie tot vijf ton mogelijk zou moeten zijn. Echter, in de praktijk is dat één tot twee ton. Want de grond is onvruchtbaar; bemesting draagt bij aan betere wateropname en vasthouden van water. Als het gaat om drinkwatervoorziening in Afrika, benadrukt Luuk Rietveld (hoogleraar Integratie en Innovatie in de Urbane Watercyclus aan de TU Delft en lange tijd werkzaam in zuidelijk Afrika) dat er een groot verschil bestaat tussen technische en fysieke waterschaarste. ‘Het water ís er vaak wel, maar men krijgt het niet naar de mensen toe.’ Volgens Rietveld ligt de oplossing niet alleen in meer waterpunten (waterputten en andere bronnen), want die gaan vaker kapot dan er nieuwe bijkomen. Het gaat vooral om goed onderhoud en gebruik. ‘Mijn stelling is: om waterschaarste op te lossen moet je mensen opleiden. Dat is de crux.’ En veel kennis wordt in Nederland overgedragen; sinds 2003 komen waterprofessionals uit Afrika en andere werelddelen naar het Unesco IHE institute for water education in Delft. In oktober zijn weer 265 cursisten gestart met hun mastersopleiding, 135 PhD’s doen promotieonderzoek en zo’n zes- à zevenhonderd deelnemers komen naar de zomercursussen. In alle knowhow over tegengaan van waterschaarste staat cyclisch denken, het sluiten van de kringloop, centraal. Dus voorkomen dat bij productieprocessen water verdampt en verdwijnt, het afvalwater opvangen en dat vervolgens weer zuiveren en hergebruiken. Bij zuivering draait het met name om het gebruik van membranen. Rietveld is dan ook actief in het lab in Delft om die filters te verbeteren en robuuster te maken (keramische membranen) en om dichtslaan van de membranen tegen te gaan. Om de indruk te voorkomen dat optimaliseren van de watercyclus alleen speelt in ontwikkelingslanden, of dat de watervoetafdruk alleen een kwestie is voor milieumensen: het is ook een keihard economisch voordeel. Niet voor niets doen bedrijven als Shell en Dow Chemical al veel aan waterhergebruik. Want tweederde van de kosten van schoon drinkwater zit in transport. Eigen proceswater hergebruiken scheelt dus in de portemonnee.
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Ric van de Water ‘Industriewater naar TU Delft’ H20 article, 2012 nr.14/15
Ric van de Water brengt industriewater naar TU Delft De faculteit Civiele Techniek en Geowetenschappen (CiTG) van de TU Delft en Evides Industriewater hebben vorig jaar mei een exclusieve langetermijnsamenwerkingsovereenkomst getekend, met als doel het opzetten van een onderzoeksprogramma gericht op industriële watervoorziening. Ir. Ric van de Water, eerder in diverse functies werkzaam bij Shell, is inmiddels één tot anderhalve dag per week fysiek op de faculteit aanwezig als programmadirecteur Industriewater. Gedurende drie jaar is het één van zijn belangrijkste taken industrie en kennisinstituut dichter bij elkaar te brengen.
Ric van de Water (foto: Jacques Geluk)
H
et programma richt zich op fundamenteel en toegepast onderzoek naar technologieën voor industriële waterproductie, afvalwaterbehandeling, hergebruik en beperking van de totale uitstoot om de watercyclus te optimaliseren en de watervoetafdruk te minimaliseren. “Binnen de TU Delft houden zich zo’n 30 hoogleraren bezig met water in al zijn vormen. Het is de bedoeling ook een permanente basis te creëren voor substantiële expertise en kennis op het gebied van industiewatervoorziening. Dat kan uiteindelijk leiden tot de instelling van een leerstoel industriële afvalwaterbehandeling”, aldus Ric van de Water (60). “Omdat ik volgens de daarvoor geldende criteria niet ‘professorabel’ ben, maar wel over de kennis beschik en vanwege mijn industriële verleden gemakkelijk de verbinding kan leggen met het kennisinstituut, ben ik eind vorig jaar gevraagd en aangesteld als programmadirecteur en niet als deeltijd
12
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H2O / 14/15 - 2012
hoogleraar, wat aanvankelijk de bedoeling was.” Na zijn vertrek bij Shell, volgend op een reorganisatie in 2010, begon chemisch ingenieur Van de Water een eigen werkmaatschappij: Chemicals Green Fuels Consultancy. In die hoedanigheid heeft hij onlangs nog een Amerikaanse leverancier geadviseerd over de markt voor kleurstoffen in brandstoffen in Europa.
Watertechnologie aantrekkelijker maken Uitbreiding van structurele kennis over bestaande technologieën en het ontwikkelen van nieuwe, zal de watertechnologiesector volgens Van de Water aantrekkelijker maken voor jonge, hoogopgeleide professionals. “Evides sponsort de TU Delft, zodat de universiteit onderzoekers, promovendi en afstudeerders op projecten kan zetten die meer gerelateerd zijn aan industriewater. Om dat te bereiken heb ik intensief contact met de hoogleraren Luuk Rietveld (integratie en innovatie in de stedelijke watercyclus) en
Jules van Lier (afvalwatertechnologie). In januari zijn al twee afstudeerders begonnen met toegepast onderzoek op het gebied van industriewater. Daarnaast volg ik twee promovendi. Dat betekent niet dat ik hen ook begeleid. Hun projecten kunnen echter interessant zijn voor Evides Industriewater, dat de afgelopen jaren veel projecten begon en installaties bouwde die zeer schoon water produceren. Denk aan de demi-installaties in Nederland, België en nu ook in Duitsland. Evides heeft door het contract met de TU Delft gemakkelijker toegang tot ‘slimme afstudeerders’ of promovendi, die daardoor grote kans maken op een baan bij het bedrijf. Sponsoring levert op die manier een win-winsituatie op voor zowel het waterbedrijf als de TU Delft en haar studenten.” Eén van de promovendi heeft zich beziggehouden met de Harnaschpolder. Evides verricht op deze afvalwaterzuiveringsinstallatie, in het kader van het project Delft Blue Water, samen met andere organisaties
Ric van de Water ‘Industriewater naar TU Delft’
interview
Ric van de Water studeerde chemische technologie aan de Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven, met als afstudeerproject het 90 jaar geleden door de Duitse chemici Fischer en Tropsch ontwikkelde proces, waarbij een gasmengsel van koolstofmonoxide en waterstof op basis van kolen wordt omgezet in vloeibare brandstof. Een onderwerp waarmee hij zich nog steeds bezighoudt. “De Turkse promovenda, één van de twee met wie ik in contact sta op de TU Delft, kijkt naar een aan dit gebied gerelateerd proces: het geheel indikken van de waterstroom, waarbij geen vloeibare stoffen vrijkomen. Met andere woorden: bij dit proces wordt een heleboel water geprocudeerd maar niets geloosd op het mileu. Het is niet goedkoop, maar wel schoon en duurzaam.” Bij Shell is Van de Water 32 jaar lang werkzaam geweest. Hij was onder meer verantwoordelijk voor de inkoop van chemische producten, katalysatoren en additieven voor de raffinaderijen van Shell en chemische fabrieken wereldwijd. Bovendien vielen onder hem het leggen en onderhouden van contacten en het afsluiten van mondiale contracten met leveranciers als Nalco en GE op het gebied van waterbehandeling en -verwerking. “Water was geen onderdeel van mijn opleiding, maar veel processen in raffinaderijen hebben er wel mee te maken. Daarom leer je ter plekke en van leveranciers heel veel over water. Ik kocht ook veel water in en eigenlijk beschouwde ik het als een chemicalie.”
onderzoek naar de mogelijkheden van levering van water voor de ruimtelijke inrichting (boezemwater en grondwatersuppletie) en de glastuinbouw (gietwater). “In proefopstellingen wordt bijvoorbeeld gekeken of er eenvoudige methoden zijn om het afvalwater dat nu nog wordt geloosd op de Noordzee, zo te zuiveren van medicijnresten en giftige stoffen dat het inderdaad is te gebruiken als gietwater of terug is te brengen in de bodem.“ “De verzilting neemt steeds verder toe. Door het zoete water dat de tuinders uit de grond halen, op deze manier aan te vullen, kunnen we deze ontwikkeling een halt toeroepen”, aldus Van de Water. “Het waterbedrijf kijkt op dit moment ook naar projecten in de Rotterdamse stadshavens. De tweede promovendus ontwikkelt een visie op de
toekomst van dit gebied en de waterinfrastructuur. Wil je daar gescheiden riolering, regenwater en urine/fecaliën apart inzamelen? Wil je wc’s doorspelen met water uit de Nieuwe Maas of kostbaar drinkwater? Dat zijn zaken om over na te denken en te onderzoeken.”
Klimaatverandering “Vele zaken die op watergebied spelen, hebben te maken met klimaatverandering. Dat geldt niet alleen voor riolering, ook voor industriewater”, constateert Van de Water. “Ik probeer me in te leven door daarover veel te lezen en literatuuronderzoek te doen. Op de TU Delft zijn al vele technologieën ontdekt waarvan het de bedoeling is dat ze uiteindelijk leiden tot processen en het bouwen van installaties en apparatuur. Het liefst door de Nederlandse industrie, zeg ik vanuit mijn achtergrond bij het bedrijfsleven. Een universiteit richt zich vooral op haar studenten, want die komen daar voor hun opleiding. Dat is dus de primaire functie. Daarnaast vindt onderzoek plaats dat zeker op een technische universiteit pragmatisch, concreet en toegepast is. Ik adviseer Evides naar aanleiding van de dingen die ik oppik”, aldus Van de Water, die daarmee de cirkel rondmaakt. “Ik ga ook naar congressen, symposia en evenementen om kennis op te doen en op te treden als een soort ambassadeur van Evides. Om dezelfde redenen bezoek ik bijvoorbeel de opening van het Nereda-project in Epe.” Onlangs heeft Van de Water in Rotterdam Ahoy een dagvullend, aan de Eco Marathon gelieerd evenement van Shell en de gemeente bijgewoond over hoe we in 2050 omgaan met energie, water en voedsel. “Dan zijn we niet met zeven, maar met negen miljard mensen, van wie bovendien een groter percentage een hogere levenstandaard heeft. Daar waren experts aanwezig die aangaven wat de effecten van de opwarming van de aarde over 40 jaar zijn. Een Britse deskundige liet aan de hand van foto’s uit 1921 en 2011 zien hoe de gletsjers in de Himalaya veranderen, waardoor de grote rivieren in het Tibetaanse hoogland kunnen droogvallen met alle destrasteuze gevolgen vandien."
- zeker als het gaat over milieumaatregelen sloten daar goed op aan en dus ook op mijn werk op de TU Delft. De industrie wil graag een consistente overheid, die niet te veel maar wel duidelijke regels stelt. De industrie stelt daarnaast prijs op samenwerking met (lokale) overheden en kennisinstituten. Voor bijvoorbeeld de TU Delft geldt dat je wel dingen kunt bedenken, maar dat er niets mee gebeurt als de industrie, het MKB of in dit geval bijvoorbeeld een ingenieursbureau, er niets mee doen. De Gouden Driehoek (industrie, overheid en kennisinstituten) moet op watergebied zorgen voor een vruchtbare samenwerking. Het is niet mijn taak daar een rol in te spelen, maar als het kan zorg ik graag voor inbreng.”
Virtuele samenwerking “Uit een gesprek dat ik onlangs had met Van Lier en Rietveld, begreep ik dat de samenwerking tussen het opleidingsinstituut UNESCO-IHE, Deltares, KWR en de TU Delft te wensen overliet, maar dat daarin verandering komt. De vier instellingen gaan niet bij elkaar in één gebouw zitten, maar bundelen hun krachten voortaan virtueel, om gemakkelijker kennis te kunnen delen. Optimaal zou zijn wanneer zo’n virtueel samenwerkingsverband ook in het buitenland kan opereren en deelneemt aan projecten waarbij ook Evides is betrokken." "Ik heb daarover meegedebatteerd. Ik wil meedenken over oplossingen. Ik weet hoe bedrijven bepaalde zaken aanpakken en die achtergrond kan belangrijk zijn. Wanneer je een fabriek bouwt, is tien procent van de kosten, zo heb ik uitgerekend, watergerelateerd. Denk aan koeltorens, afvalwaterzuiveringsinstallaties, ketels, demiwaterinstallaties, nutsvoorzieningen en een heleboel andere infrastructurele zaken. Veel mensen onderschatten het belang daarvan. Dat komt wellicht omdat water nog steeds heel goedkoop is: één euro voor 1000 liter. Een groot deel van het drinkwater wordt echter nog steeds geproduceerd uit oppervlaktewater, wat een relatief duur proces is. Grondwater kun je bij wijze van spreken zo drinken.”
"Het interview met Shell-topman Peter Voser en de Rotterdamse burgemeester Ahmed Aboutaleb en de forumdiscussie met topfunctionarissen van Philips, Unilever, IBM en Siemens over de rol die overheid en industrie op de lange termijn kunnen spelen
H2O / 14/15 - 2012
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Nieuwe editie van ‘Drinkwater - principes en praktijk’ H20 article, 2012 nr.20
waternetwerken
Nieuwe editie verschenen van hét standaardwerk over drinkwater Het is hét standaardwerk over de Nederlandse drinkwatersector: ‘Drinkwater - principes en praktijk’. Onlangs verscheen de derde, herziene editie, voor het eerst als coproductie van de TU Delft en Wateropleidingen. Voor studenten aan de TU Delft, voor cursisten van Wateropleidingen en eigenlijk voor iedereen die in de sector werkt is het boek onmisbaar om een scherp beeld te krijgen van de manier waarop de drinkwaterproductie en -distributie in Nederland is georganiseerd. Vrijwel alles komt in ruim 400 pagina’s aan de orde: de geschiedenis van de drinkwatervoorziening, waterverbruik en waterkwaliteit, grondwater en oppervlaktewater, het zuiveringsproces en de distributie, de organisatorische structuur van de sector. Nieuw in de derde editie is een hoofdstuk van ongeveer 25 pagina’s, waarin de sector kernachtig wordt samengevat. “De eerste druk is in 2005 verschenen. We vonden het gewenst om studenten basiskennis over de drinkwatersector te bieden. Toen het studiemateriaal klaar was, constateerden we dat het eigenlijk ook breder gebruikt kon worden. Er was gewoon nog geen boek dat dat overzicht bood.” Dat zegt Jasper Verberk, een van de auteurs. Hij was universitair hoofddocent drinkwatervoorziening aan de TU Delft en is tegenwoordig hoofd van de afdeling Strategie van Evides Waterbedrijf. “We hebben ervoor gezorgd dat het ook goed leesbaar is voor wie wel in de sector werkt maar er niet specifiek voor is opgeleid en geen technische achtergrond heeft. Dat merk ik aan mijn eigen collega’s bij Evides die in de onder-
V.l.n.r. Jasper Verberk (Evides), Hans van Dijk, Peter de Moel (TU Delft) en Agnes Maenhout (Wateropleidingen).
steuning werken, niet direct met waterzuivering te maken hebben en er meer van willen weten. Het boek voorziet duidelijk in een behoefte. Kennelijk zijn we erin geslaagd om een zeer complex geheel toch toegankelijk en overzichtelijk in beeld te brengen.” Agnes Maenhout, directeur van Wateropleidingen: “We vonden het een uitstekend idee om de nieuwe editie mede mogelijk te
Het nieuwe boek werd gelanceerd tijdens de opleiding Actuele zuiveringstechnieken bij drinkwaterbereiding.
maken. We gebruiken het boek inmiddels vier jaar voor de hogere opleiding drinkwater, de opleiding actuele zuiveringstechnieken en de cursussen highlights drinkwaterproductie en highlights drinkwaterdistributie. In totaal hebben bijna 350 cursisten dankbaar gebruik gemaakt van het boek. De samenwerking onderstreept de goede relatie tussen de TU Delft en Wateropleidingen. Drinkwater is een belangrijk vakgebied. De TU Delft en wij spelen allebei onze rol om het kennisniveau te verhogen. Zij academisch, wij na- en bijscholing. Het is mooi dat dat bij elkaar kan komen. “Jasper Verberk vult aan: ‘We willen kijken naar toekomstige modellen waarbij je met de bij- en nascholing van Wateropleidingen vrijstellingen kunt krijgen en op die manier kunt instromen bij de TU Delft.” De derde, herziene druk van ‘Drinkwater principes en praktijk’ (ISBN 978 90 897028 4) is verkrijgbaar bij de TU Delft (www.drinkwater. citg.tudelft.nl/webshop/Bestelling_DWP&P3. php) of via www.wateropleidingen.nl. Het boek kost 50 euro.
H2O / 20 - 2012
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Peter de Moel ‘Modellering waterchemie in drinkwater’
verslag
H2O article, 2012 nr.21
Modellering waterchemie in drinkwater Samen met Vitens werkt TU Delft aan de ontwikkeling van PHREEQC voor de modellering van waterchemie in drinkwater (zie H2O nr. 3, pag. 34-36). Op een symposium werden onlangs diverse onderdelen ervan gepresenteerd. In totaal 58 deelnemers en 16 sprekers kwamen hiervoor naar Delft.
Dag van het riool Zaterdag 6 oktober was het de Dag van het Riool. Zo’n 1400 belangstellenden bezochten toen de rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallaties van Waterschap Reest en Wieden in Beilen, Echten, Steenwijk en Meppel.
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ede-ontwikkelaar van PHREEQC Tony Appelo presenteerde daar versie 3, die binnenkort beschikbaar komt. Peter de Moel (TU Delft) gaf een demonstratie van de nieuwe online- en excelversie, beide een wereldprimeur. Martin de Jonge (Vitens/Vrije Universiteit) presenteerde daar zijn bevindingen uit zijn recent begonnen promotieproject, waarin hij een beeld probeert te krijgen van de herkomst van hardheid in het grondwater. Hierin volgt hij de weg van een regendruppel naar de ontrekkingsput van grondwater. Langs die weg spelen allerlei chemische processen in de bodem een rol. De waargenomen trends probeert hij met behulp van PHREEQC te ontrafelen.
Praktische voorbeelden
De rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallatie Beilen is pas verbouwd en werd op 6 oktober officieel geopend. Schaatster Linda de Vries uit de gemeente Midden-Drenthe verzorgde de openingshandeling. Zij skeelerde de vernieuwde installatie samen met een groep basisschoolkinderen uit Beilen open. In Echten reikte het waterschap prijzen uit aan bewoners uit Ruinen. Zij waren een aantal jaar geleden betrokken bij het afkoppelproject van de rwzi in Ruinen. Dit water wordt nu gezuiverd op de rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallatie in Echten. In Meppel presenteerde Waterschap Reest en Wieden onder meer het project MeppelEnergie. Een belangrijk onderdeel hiervan is de energievoorziening voor de nieuwbouwwijk Nieuwveense Landen, die met behulp van de effluentstroom van deze rwzi wordt opgewekt. De Dag van het Riool is een initiatief van de gemeenten Midden-Drenthe, Westerveld, Hoogeveen, De Wolden, Meppel, Steenwijkerland en het waterschap Reest en Wieden.
In elf korte voordrachten zijn praktische voorbeelden getoond van waterchemie in drinkwater met PHREEQC. Kim van Schagen (Royal Haskoning DHV) liet zien hoe het model toegepast wordt binnen de procescontrole van pompstation Oldeholtpade van Vitens. Hierin rekent PHREEQC permanent een aantal waterkwaliteitsparameters uit, waaronder pH, geleidbaarheid en redoxpotentiaal, op basis van de actuele productie van elk van de 17 winputten en hun bekende kwaliteit. Deze berekende waarden worden in de procesbewaking vergeleken met de inline metingen van de SLIMM-boxen. Hiermee is tevens een veel directere procesregeling mogelijk. Frank Schoonenberg Kegel (Vitens) toonde hoe PHREEQC gebruikt is voor de modellering van de ontijzering op pompstation Holk (Vitens). De verwijdering van ijzer blijkt in de praktijkfilters beter te verlopen als de verblijftijd tussen beluchting en filtratie veel kleiner wordt gemaakt, door verlaging van de bovenwaterstand. Met modellering in PHREEQC wordt gekeken in hoeverre dit is te verklaren voor de oxydatiesnelheid van ijzer. Dirk Vries (KWR Watercycle Research Institute) sloot hierbij aan, waarin hij een aantal problemen dat nog niet goed is opgelost in de huidige modellering van deze ontijzeringsfilters aanwees. Ruud Kolpa (Oasen) toonde hoe PHREEQC gebruikt is voor de modellering van de ontharding in de korrelreactoren van pompstation Rodenhuis. Hierin bleek een aanzienlijk hogere dosering van zowel natronloog als zwavelzuur nodig te zijn, als de voorgeschakelde beluchting en voorfiltratie werd overgeslagen. Proefonderzoek en modellberekeningen geven aan dat fosfaat hierin de meest waarschijnlijke storingsbron is geweest.
Do Phi Bang (TU Delft) presenteerde zijn afstudeeronderzoek, waarin hij met PHREEQC een model ontwikkelde voor de kinetiek van kalksteen/marmerfiltratie. Hij concludeert dat een opwaartse doorstroming hiervoor efficiënter is dan de gebruikelijke neerwaartse doorstroming. Amir Haidari (TU Delft) gebruikte PHREEQC voor de voorspelling van scaling in membraanfiltratie. Zijn lopende promotieonderzoek kijkt naar de oorzaken van scaling en vervuiling bij membraanfiltratie. Paul Keizer (Vitens) paste PHREEQC toe voor de analyse van de uitloging van AC-buizen en kalkneerslag in warmwatertoestellen op de Veluwe, een gebied dat juist bekend staat om zijn zachte water. Peter de Moel (TU Delft) presenteerde de koperenbuizenproeven van de pompstations van Brabant Water in vergelijking tot empirische modellen, zoals formules van Kiwa en Taylor en toetsing aan de waterchemische modellering van PHREEQC. Met de laatste wordt een aanzienlijk betere correlatie verkregen. Marco Dignum (Waternet) verrichtte onderzoek naar metaalafgifte van de watermeteropstelling. Met behulp van modellering in PHREEQC werd gekeken welke corrosieproducten kunnen ontstaan in relatie tot de kwaliteit van het drinkwater. Tim van Dijk (Brabant Water) presenteerde de kookproef als een zeer praktisch bruikbare meetmethode voor zowel technologische optimalisatie als voor voorspelling van de kalkafzetting bij klanten. Met behulp van PHREEQC onderzoekt hij of de gemeten kalkneerslag overeenkomt met de theoretisch berekende kalkneerslag en in hoeverre verschillen daarin zijn te verklaren door gehalten aan organische stof, fosfaat, en/of kleine deeltjes. Marlies van Rijn (Vitens) heeft gekeken naar de berekeningswijzes voor SI. De afgelopen jaren is duidelijk geworden dat ionpaarbinding een niet altijd te verwaarlozen invloedsfactor is in het kalk-koolzuurevenwicht. Dit is vooral te zien in de ontwikkeling van de Duitse DIN-normen. Voor drinkwater met lage gehalten aan opgeloste stoffen zijn de berekende verschillen marginaal. In de huidige Nederlandse normen voor de berekeningen is ionpaarbinding minimaal verdisconteerd, maar is niet duidelijk binnen welk gebied de berekeningswijze toepasbaar is. In PHREEQC worden zeer veel ionparen in de berekening betrokken. Walter van de Meer (TU Delft/Oasen) Johan Driessen (Vitens) Peter de Moel (TU Delft) H2O / 21 - 2012
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Jan Peter van der Hoek ‘Een druppel verontreiniging in een zwembad is al aantoonbaar’ Waterspiegel article, 2011 nr.6
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Jan Peter van der Hoek ‘Een druppel verontreiniging in een zwembad is al aantoonbaar’
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Jan Peter van der Hoek ‘Een druppel verontreiniging in een zwembad is al aantoonbaar’
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Gertjan Medema ‘Bacteriegroei vernevelaar’ De Telegraaf article, 28 April 2012
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Jan Peter van der Hoek & Alex van der Helm ‘ 50 glazen drinkwater voor een eurocent’ De Telegraaf article, 7 July 2012
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Sid Vollebregt & Reinoud Feenstra ‘Startups in cleantech: duurzaam drinkwater’ NUzakelijk article, 20 November 2012
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Peter de Moel ‘Kalkproblemen op de Veluwe’ TROS Radar video, 24 September 2012 http://www.trosradar.nl/uitzending/archief/detail/aflevering/23-09-2012/kalkproblemen-op-de-veluwe/?p=1
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Jules van Lier ‘Water zonder eigenaar?’
Column
Magazine Waterketen / Bestuursakkoord Water, eind 2012
Water zonder eigenaar? onze naarstige speurtocht naar buitenaards water als elementaire voorwaarde voor leven zoals wij dat kennen, onderstreept de cruciale plek die water heeft op onze eigen planeet, of althans, zou móéten hebben. Water is een bezit of een bedreiging, zorgvuldig bewaakt door een overheid die de waarde van dit gemeengoed terdege kent. Ik vraag me al jaren af hoe het mogelijk is dat een gemeenschappelijk bezit als water meerdere keren verandert van eigenaar; soms zelfs binnen een straal van enkele kilometers. Waarbij elke eigenaar eigen restricties, randvoorwaarden, en waardebepaling toekent aan hetzelfde water. Ter opfrissing: water voor consumptie wordt gewonnen uit grondwater of rivieren. na kwaliteitsverbetering van de watermatrix vindt distributie plaats naar gebruikers, die het water vervolgens bijna uitsluitend gebruiken als transportmiddel, voor afvoer van reststoffen of warmte. Voorts wordt het water via buizentransport ingezameld voor weer een kwaliteitsslag op een centrale rioolwaterzuivering, alvorens het wordt geloosd. Het rijk, het waterbedrijf, de consument of industrie, de gemeente, het waterschap en vervolgens weer het rijk zijn hierbij de respectievelijke eigenaren. De prijs voor de toegevoegde waarde van water wordt met de burger verrekend via een ingenieus belasting- en heffingssysteem; elke tussentijdse eigenaar doet dat op zijn eigen manier. Is dat de etymologie van eigenaardig? overigens, de agrarische sector heeft deels zijn eigen waterketen en kan, afhankelijk van het land, de belangrijkste tussen-eigenaar van de watervoorraad zijn. natuurlijk zit er een historisch perspectief onder, waarbij instituten door noodzaak in het leven zijn geroepen om de kwantiteit en kwaliteit van het water te borgen. In nederland is water nauwelijks een ‘issue’ voor de burger, hetgeen betekent dat we het goed, ja zeer goed, voor elkaar hebben. De verworvenheid van het laatste decennium is een groeiend besef dat we consumptief handelen moeten gaan omvormen naar preservatief of zelfs cyclisch handelen. Dit houdt in: energie alleen van hernieuwbare of onuitputbare bronnen, minimaliseren van grondstofverspilling, minimale antropogene verstoring van de ecologische balans. En voor wat betreft water: een cascadering in gebruik waarbij de desbetreffende watermatrix is afgestemd op de gebruiker van dat moment. De eigenaar wordt gebruiker die verantwoording aflegt aan de volgende gebruiker.
Prof. dr. ir. Jules B. van lier Hoogleraar afvalwaterzuivering/ milieutechnologie, TU Delft
Uiteindelijk is er maar één eigenaar. Daarmee is efficiëntie veel eenvoudiger te realiseren. Denk aan industriële productieprocessen, waarbij introductie van schone technologie of het bewerkstelligen van een gesloten waterkringloop wordt bepaald tijdens de directieof commissievergadering. Petje af voor de papierindustrie die het waterverbruik van een wereldgemiddelde van 80 m3 water per ton geproduceerd papier wist te verminderen naar 1 m3/ton (voor karton en inpakpapier)! Economische efficiëntie is hierbij dé drijfveer en natuurlijk hopen industrieën via een hoge plek op de ‘groene index’ de consument aan zich te binden. op de lange termijn zullen alle ‘corporate responsibility’-investeringen zich zeker terugverdienen. Het mag duidelijk zijn dat het doorvoeren van efficiëntie in de publieke waterketen met al zijn sub-eigenaren slechts mogelijk is, indien bestuurlijke fragmentatie verdwijnt en alleen de werkelijke eigenaar de randvoorwaarden stelt. Is het Bestuursakkoord Water een kroon op de bereidwilligheid van betrokken instituten, of is het louter voortschrijdend inzicht en dus een logische zet naar een maatschappij gericht op efficiënt gebruik van grondstoffen? Beide zijn waar. 11
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