Journals
Outline
Download
Books
Register
Sign in
Export
Journal of Dairy Science Volume 97, Issue 8, August 2014, Pages 4713-4732
Comparison of analytical and predictive methods for water, protein, fat, sugar, and gross energy in marine mammal milk O.T. Oftedal*
, R. Eisert*†, G.K. Barrell‡
Show more https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7895
Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access
Abstract Mammalian milks may differ greatly in composition from cow milk, and these differences may affect the performance of analytical methods. High-fat, high-protein milks with a preponderance of oligosaccharides, such as those produced by many marine mammals, present a particular challenge. We compared the performance of several methods against reference procedures using Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) milk of highly varied composition (by reference methods: 27–63% water, 24–62% fat, 8–12% crude protein, 0.5–1.8% sugar). A microdrying step preparatory to carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen (CHN) gas analysis slightly underestimated water content and had a higher repeatability relative standard deviation (RSD r) than did reference oven drying at 100°C. Compared with a reference macro-Kjeldahl protein procedure, the CHN (or Dumas) combustion method had a somewhat higher RSD r (1.56 vs. 0.60%) but correlation between methods was high (0.992), means were not different (CHN: 17.2 ± 0.46% dry matter basis; Kjeldahl 17.3 ± 0.49% dry matter basis), there were no significant proportional or constant errors, and predictive performance was high. A carbon stoichiometric procedure based on CHN analysis failed to adequately predict fat (reference: Röse-Gottlieb method) or total sugar (reference: phenol-sulfuric acid method). Gross energy content, calculated from energetic factors and results from reference methods for fat, protein, and total sugar, accurately predicted gross energy as measured by bomb calorimetry. We conclude that the CHN (Dumas) combustion method and calculation of gross energy are acceptable analytical approaches for marine mammal milk, but fat and sugar require separate analysis by appropriate analytic methods and cannot be adequately estimated by carbon stoichiometry. Some other alternative methods—low-temperature drying for water determination; Bradford, Lowry, and biuret methods for protein; the Folch and the Bligh and Dyer methods for fat; and enzymatic and reducing sugar methods for total sugar—appear likely to produce substantial error in marine mammal milks. It is important that alternative analytical methods be properly validated against a reference method before being used, especially for mammalian milks that differ greatly from cow milk in analyte characteristics and concentrations.
Previous article
Next article
Key words marine mammal milk; method validation; Dumas method; carbon stoichiometry
Loading... Recommended articles
Citing articles (5)
References Albanell et al. (2003) E. Albanell, G. Caja, X. Such, M. Rovai, A. Salama, R. Casals Determination of fat, protein, casein, total solids, and somatic cell count in goat’s milk by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy J. AOAC Int., 86 (2003), pp. 746-752 Allen, 1974 D. Allen The relationship between variable selection and data augmentation and a method for prediction Technometrics, 16 (1974), pp. 125-127 AOAC International, 1995 AOAC International. 1995. Method 989.05 in Official Methods of Analysis. AOAC International, Arlington, VA. Arnould and Boyd, 1995 J.P.Y. Arnould, I.L. Boyd Inter- and intra-annual variation in milk composition in Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) Physiol. Zool., 68 (1995), pp. 1164-1180 Arnould et al., 1995 J.P.Y. Arnould, I.L. Boyd, A. Clarke A simplified method for determining the gross chemical composition of pinniped milk samples Can. J. Zool., 73 (1995), pp. 404-410 Arnould and Hindell, 1999 J.P.Y. Arnould, M.A. Hindell The composition of Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) milk throughout lactation Physiol. Biochem. Zool., 72 (1999), pp. 605-612 Atwood and Hartmann, 1992 C.S. Atwood, P.E. Hartmann Collection of fore and hind milk from the sow and the changes in milk composition during suckling J. Dairy Res., 59 (1992), pp. 287-298 Baker, 1990 J.R. Baker Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) milk composition and its variation over lactation Br. Vet. J., 146 (1990), pp. 233-238 Barbano and Clark, 1989 D.M. Barbano, J.L. Clark Infrared milk analysis—Challenges for the future J. Dairy Sci., 72 (1989), pp. 1627-1636 Barbano et al., 1988 D.M. Barbano, J. Clark, C. Dunham Comparison of Babcock and ether extraction methods for determination of fat content of milk: Collaborative study J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 71 (1988), pp. 898-914 Barbano et al., 1990 D.M. Barbano, J. Clark, C. Dunham, J. Fleming Kjeldahl method for determination of total nitrogen content of milk: Collaborative study J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 73 (1990), pp. 849-859 Barbano and Lynch, 2006 D.M. Barbano, J.M. Lynch Major advances in testing of dairy products: Milk component and dairy product attribute testing J. Dairy Sci., 89 (2006), pp. 1189-1194 Barbano et al., 1991 D.M. Barbano, J. Lynch, J.R. Fleming Direct and indirect determination of true protein content of milk by Kjeldahl analysis: Collaborative study J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 74 (1991), pp. 281-288 Blaxter, 1989 K.L. Blaxter Energy Metabolism in Animals and Man, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1989) Bligh and Dyer, 1959 E.G. Bligh, W. Dyer A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 37 (1959), pp. 911-917 Bradford (1976) M.M. Bradford A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein dye-binding Anal. Biochem., 72 (1976), pp. 248-254 Bradstreet, 1965 R. Bradstreet The Kjeldahl Method for Organic Nitrogen, Academic Press, New York, NY (1965) Brummer and Cui, 2005 Y. Brummer, S.W. Cui Understanding carbohydrate analysis S. Cui (Ed.), Food Carbohydrates: Chemistry, Physical Properties, and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2005), pp. 67-104 Bryden, 1968 M.M. Bryden Lactation and suckling in relation to early growth of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina. Aust. J. Zool., 16 (1968), pp. 739-747 Budge et al., 2006 S.M. Budge, S.J. Iverson, H.N. Koopman Studying the trophic ecology in marine ecosystems using fatty acids: A primer on analysis and interpretation Mar. Mamm. Sci., 22 (2006), pp. 759-801 Carlini et al., 1994 A.R. Carlini, M.E.I. Marquez, G. Soave, D.F. Vergani, P.A.R. Ferrer Southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina: Composition of milk during lactation Polar Biol., 14 (1994), pp. 37-42 Case et al., 1985 R. Case, R. Bradley, R. Williams Chemical and physical methods G. Richardson (Ed.), Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (15th), American Public Health Association, Washington, DC (1985), pp. 327-404 Clark et al., 1989 J.L. Clark, D.M. Barbano, C.E. Dunham Comparison of two methods for determination of total solids content of milk: Collaborative study J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 72 (1989), pp. 712-718 Colenbrander and Martin, 1971 V.F. Colenbrander, T.G. Martin Orange G dye binding for determination of protein of sow's milk J. Dairy Sci., 54 (1971), pp. 531-533 Cooper, 1840 A.P. Cooper On the Anatomy of the Breast, Longmans, London, UK (1840) Dielman, 2005 Dielman, T. 2005. Applied Regression Analysis: A Second Course in Business and Economic Statistics. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA. Eisert, 2011 R. Eisert Hypercarnivory and the brain: Protein requirements of cats reconsidered J. Comp. Physiol. B, 181 (2011), pp. 1-17 Eisert et al., 2013 R. Eisert, O.T. Oftedal, G.K. Barrell Milk composition in the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii): Evidence for a functional role of milk sugar in pinnipeds Physiol. Biochem. Zool., 86 (2013), pp. 159-175 Etheridge et al., 1998 R.D. Etheridge, G.M. Pesti, E.H. Foster A comparison of nitrogen values obtained utilizing the Kjeldahl nitrogen and Dumas combustion methodologies (Leco CNS 2000) on samples typical of an animal nutrition analytical laboratory Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 73 (1998), pp. 21-28 Ferguson, 2006 S.H. Ferguson The influences of environment, mating habitat, and predation on evolution of pinniped lactation strategies J. Mamm. Evol., 13 (2006), pp. 63-82 Fox, 2003 P. Fox Milk proteins: General and historical aspects P. Fox, P. McSweeney (Eds.), Advanced Dairy Chemistry: I. Proteins (A), Kluwer Academic, New York, NY (2003), pp. 1-48 Frankland and Hambly, 1890 P. Frankland, F. Hambly The composition of the milk of the bottle-nose whale (Globicephalus melas) Chem News J Phys Sci, 61 (1890), p. 63 Gamel et al., 2005 C.M. Gamel, R.W. Davis, J.H.M. David, M.A. Meyer, E. Brandon Reproductive energetics and female attendance patterns of Cape fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) during early lactation Am. Midl. Nat., 153 (2005), pp. 152-170 Gnaiger and Bitterlich, 1984 E. Gnaiger, G. Bitterlich Proximate biochemical composition and caloric content calculated from elemental CHN analysis: A stoichiometric concept Oecologia, 62 (1984), pp. 289-298 Hedberg et al., 2011 G.E. Hedberg, A.E. Derocher, M. Andersen, Q. Rogers, E. DePeters, B. Lönnerdal, L. Mazzaro, R. Chesney, B. Hollis Milk composition in free-ranging polar bears (Ursus maritimus) as a model for captive rearing milk formula Zoo Biol., 30 (2011), pp. 550-565 Herreid, 1942 E.O. Herreid The Babcock test: A review of the literature J. Dairy Sci., 25 (1942), pp. 335-370 Holsinger, 1988 V. Holsinger Lactose N. Wong, R. Jenness, M. Keeney, E. Marth (Eds.), Fundamentals of Dairy Chemistry (3rd), Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1988), pp. 279-342 Hood et al., 2009 W. Hood, M. Voltura, O.T. Oftedal Methods of measuring milk composition and yield in small mammals T. Kunz, S. Parsons (Eds.), Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD (2009), pp. 529-553 Hooi et al., 2004 R. Hooi, D.M. Barbano, R. Bradley, D. Budde, M. Bulthaus, M. Chettiar, J. Lynch, R. Reddy Chemical and physical methods H. Wehr, J. Frank (Eds.), Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (17th), American Public Health Association, Washington, DC (2004), pp. 363-536 Hundrieser et al., 1984 K. Hundrieser, R. Clark, R. Jensen, A. Ferris A comparison of methods for determination of total lipids in human milk Nutr. Res., 4 (1984), pp. 21-26 Isengard et al., 2006 H.-D. Isengard, R. Kling, C. Reh Proposal of a new reference method to determine the water content of dried dairy products Food Chem., 96 (2006), pp. 418-422 ISO-IDF, 2002 ISO-IDF. 2002. Milk and milk products—Determination of nitrogen content—Routine method using combustion according to the Dumas principle. International standard ISO 14891, IDF 185. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland; International Dairy Federation (IDF), Brussels, Belgium. Iverson, 1988 S.J. Iverson Composition, Intake and Gastric Digestion of Milk Lipids in Pinnipeds PhD Diss, University of Maryland, College Park (1988) Iverson et al. (2001) S.J. Iverson, S.L.C. Lang, M.H. Cooper Comparison of the Bligh and Dyer and Folch methods for total lipid determination in a broad range of marine tissue Lipids, 36 (2001), pp. 1283-1287 Iverson and Oftedal, 1995 S.J. Iverson, O.T. Oftedal Comparative analysis of nonhuman milks. B. Phylogenetic and ecological variation in the fatty acid composition of milks R. Jensen (Ed.), Handbook of Milk Composition, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (1995), pp. 789-827 Iverson et al., 1992 S.J. Iverson, J. Sampugna, O.T. Oftedal Positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides Lipids, 27 (1992), pp. 870-878 Iverson et al., 2010 S.J. Iverson, C.E. Sparling, T.M. Williams, S.L.C. Lang, W.D. Bowen Measurement of individual and population energetics of marine mammals I.L. Boyd, W.D. Bowen (Eds.), Marine Mammal Ecology and Conservation. A Handbook of Techniques, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK (2010), pp. 165-190 Kamizake et al., 2003 N.K.K. Kamizake, M.M. Gonçalves, C.T.B.V. Zaia, D.A. Zaia Determination of total proteins in cow milk powder samples: A comparative study between the Kjeldahl method and spectrophotometric methods J. Food Compos. Anal., 16 (2003), pp. 507-516 Keller and Neville, 1986 R.P. Keller, M.C. Neville Determination of total protein in human milk: Comparison of methods Clin. Chem., 32 (1986), pp. 120-123 Kleyn et al., 2001 D.H. Kleyn, J. Lynch, D. Barbano, M. Bloom, M. Mitchell Determination of fat in raw and processed milks by the Gerber method: Collaborative study J. AOAC Int., 84 (2001), pp. 1499-1508 Koch and McMeekin, 1924 F. Koch, T. McMeekin A new direct Nesslerization micro-Kjeldahl method and modification of Nessler-Folin reagent for ammonia J. Am. Chem. Soc., 46 (1924), pp. 2066-2069 Kretzmann et al. (1993) M.B. Kretzmann, D.P. Costa, B.J. LeBoeuf Maternal energy investment in elephant seal pups: Evidence for sexual equality? Am. Nat., 141 (1993), pp. 466-480 Lang et al., 2009 S.L. Lang, S.J. Iverson, W.D. Bowen Repeatability in lactation performance and the consequences for maternal reproductive success in gray seals Ecology, 90 (2009), pp. 2513-2523 Ling, 1957 E. Ling A Textbook of Dairy Chemistry (3rd), Philosophical Library, New York, NY (1957) Vol. 2. Practical Linnet, 1993 K. Linnet Evaluation of regression procedures for method comparison studies Clin. Chem., 39 (1993), pp. 424-432 Linnet, 1998 K. Linnet Performance of Deming regression analysis in case of misspecified analytical error ratio in method comparison studies Clin. Chem., 44 (1998), pp. 1024-1031 Linnet, 1999 K. Linnet Necessary sample size for method comparison studies based on regression analysis Clin. Chem., 45 (1999), pp. 882-894 Linzell and Fleet (1969) J.L. Linzell, I.R. Fleet Accuracy of the micromethod of estimating milk fat concentration by high-speed centrifugation in capillary tubes J. Dairy Sci., 52 (1969), pp. 1685-1687 Lynch and Barbano, 1999 J.M. Lynch, D.M. Barbano Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis as a reference method for protein determination in dairy products J. AOAC Int., 82 (1999), pp. 1389-1398 Lynch et al., 2003 J.M. Lynch, D. Barbano, P. Healy, J. Fleming Effectiveness of temperature modification in decreasing the bias in milk fat test results between the Babcock and ether extraction methods J. AOAC Int., 86 (2003), pp. 768-774 Marier and Boulet, 1959 J. Marier, M. Boulet Direct analysis of lactose in milk and serum J. Dairy Sci., 42 (1959), pp. 1390-1391 Masuko et al., 2005 T. Masuko, A. Minami, N. Iwasaki, T. Majima, S.-I. Nishimura, Y.C. Lee Carbohydrate analysis by a phenol-sulfuric acid method in microplate format Anal. Biochem., 339 (2005), pp. 69-72 Mather, 2011 I.H. Mather Milk fat globule membrane J. Fuquay, P. Fox, P. McSweeney (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (3rd), Academic Press, San Diego, CA (2011), pp. 680-690 McDonald and Crocker, 2006 B.I. McDonald, D.E. Crocker Physiology and behavior influence lactation efficiency in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) Physiol. Biochem. Zool., 79 (2006), pp. 484-496 Mellish et al., 2000 J.A. Mellish, S.J. Iverson, W.D. Bowen Metabolic compensation during high energy output in fasting, lactating grey seals (Halichoerus grypus): Metabolic ceilings revisited Proc. Biol. Sci., 267 (2000), pp. 1245-1251 Myburgh et al. 2012 J. Myburgh, G. Osthoff, A. Hugo, M. De Wit, K. Nel, D. Fourie Comparison of the milk composition of free-ranging indigenous African cattle breeds S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 42 (2012), pp. 1-14 Ochoa-Acuna et al., 1999 H. Ochoa-Acuna, J.M. Francis, O.T. Oftedal Influence of long intersuckling interval on composition of milk in the Juan Fernandez fur seal, Arctocephalus philippii. J. Mammal., 80 (1999), pp. 758-767 Oftedal, 1984 O.T. Oftedal Milk composition, milk yield and energy output at peak lactation: A comparative review Symp Zool Soc London, 51 (1984), pp. 33-85 Oftedal, 1993 O.T. Oftedal The adaptation of milk secretion to the constraints of fasting in bears, seals, and baleen whales J. Dairy Sci., 76 (1993), pp. 3234-3246 Oftedal, 1997 O.T. Oftedal Lactation in whales and dolphins: Evidence of divergence between baleen- and toothed-species J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia, 2 (1997), pp. 205-230 Oftedal, 2011 O.T. Oftedal Milk of marine mammals J. Fuquay, P. Fox, P. McSweeney (Eds.) (2), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 3, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (2011), pp. 563-580 Oftedal et al., 1988 O.T. Oftedal, D.J. Boness, W.D. Bowen The composition of hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) milk: An adaptation for postnatal fattening Can. J. Zool., 66 (1988), pp. 318-322 Oftedal et al., 1987 O.T. Oftedal, D.J. Boness, R. Tedman The behavior, physiology and anatomy of lactation in the Pinnipedia H. Genoways (Ed.), Current Mammalogy, 1, Plenum Press, New York, NY (1987), pp. 175-245 Oftedal et al. (1993) O.T. Oftedal, W.D. Bowen, D.J. Boness Energy transfer by lactating hooded seals and nutrient deposition in their pups during the 4 days from birth to weaning Physiol. Zool., 66 (1993), pp. 412-436 Oftedal and Iverson, 1987 O.T. Oftedal, S.J. Iverson Hydrogen isotope methodology for the measurement of milk intake and energetics of growth in suckling young A.D. Huntley, D.P. Costa, G.A.J. Worthy, M.A. Castellini (Eds.), Approaches to Marine Mammal Energetics, Allen Press, Lawrence, KS (1987), pp. 67-96 Oftedal and Iverson, 1995 O.T. Oftedal, S.J. Iverson Comparative analysis of nonhuman milks. A. Phylogenetic variation in the gross composition of milks R. Jensen (Ed.), Handbook of Milk Composition, Academic Press, New York, NY (1995), pp. 749-789 Passing and Bablok, 1983 H. Passing, W. Bablok A new biometrical procedure for testing the equality of measurements from two different analytical methods. Application of linear regression procedures for method comparison studies in clinical chemistry, Part I J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 21 (1983), pp. 709-720 Peeler et al., 1989 J.T. Peeler, W. Horwitz, R. Albert Precision parameters of standard methods of analysis for dairy products J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 72 (1989), pp. 784-806 Perrin, 1958 D. Perrin The calorific value of milk of different species J. Dairy Res., 25 (1958), pp. 215-220 Pervaiz and Brew, 1986 S. Pervaiz, K. Brew Composition of the milks of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops trucatus) and the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 84 (1986), pp. 357-360 Purdie, 1885 P. Purdie Chemical composition of the milk of the porpoise Chem. News. J. Phys. Sci., 52 (1885), p. 70 Reh et al., 2004 C. Reh, S. Bhat, S. Berrut Determination of water content in powdered milk Food Chem., 86 (2004), pp. 457-464 Reich and Arnould, 2007 C.M. Reich, J.P.Y. Arnould Evolution of Pinnipedia lactation strategies: A potential role for -lactalbumin? Biol. Lett., 3 (2007), pp. 546-549 Riet-Sapriza et al., 2012 F.G. Riet-Sapriza, P.J. Duignan, B.L. Chilvers, I.S. Wilkinson, N. Lopez-Villalobos, D.D.S. MacKenzie, A. MacGibbon, D.P. Costa, N. Gales Interannual and individual variation in milk composition of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) J. Mammal., 93 (2012), pp. 1006-1016 Riet-Sapriza et al. (2009) F.G. Riet-Sapriza, N. Lopez-Villalobos, D.D.S. MacKenzie, P.J. Duignan, A. MacGibbon, B.L. Chilvers, I.S. Wilkinson Comparison of methods for the analysis of New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri, milk N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 43 (2009), pp. 997-1006 Robyt, 1998 J. Robyt Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, New York, NY (1998) Rückold et al., 2001 S. Rückold, K. Grobecker, H.-D. Isengard Water as a source of errors in reference materials Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 370 (2001), pp. 189-193 Sales-Cruz et al., 2010 M. Sales-Cruz, G. Aca-Aca, O. Sanchez-Daza, T. Lopez-Arenas Predicting critical properties, density and viscosity of fatty acids, triacylglycerols and methyl esters by group contribution methods S. Pierucci, G. Buzzi Ferraris (Eds.), 20th Eur. Symp. Computer Aided Process Engineering., Elsevier BV, New York, NY (2010) Pages 1762–1768 Sapan et al., 1999 C.V. Sapan, R.L. Lundblad, N.C. Price Colorimetric protein assay techniques Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 29 (1999), pp. 99-108 Schulz and Bowen, 2004 T.M. Schulz, W.D. Bowen Pinniped lactation strategies: Evaluation of data on maternal and offspring life history traits Mar. Mamm. Sci., 20 (2004), pp. 86-114 2005
T.M. Schulz, W.D. Bowen The evolution of lactation strategies in pinnipeds: A phylogenetic analysis Ecol. Monogr., 75 (2005), pp. 159-177
Seligmann and Farber, 1971 E. Seligmann, J. Farber Freeze drying and residual moisture Cryobiology, 8 (1971), pp. 138-144 Sharp et al., 2008 J.A. Sharp, C. Lefevre, K.R. Nicholas Lack of functional alpha-lactalbumin prevents involution in Cape fur seals and identifies the protein as an apoptotic milk factor in mammary gland involution BMC Biol., 6 (2008), p. 48 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-6-48 Sheiner and Beal, 1981 L.B. Sheiner, S.L. Beal Some suggestions for measuring predictive performance J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm., 9 (1981), pp. 503-512 Sherbon et al., 1978 J.W. Sherbon, J.B. Mickle, W.D. Ward Total solids in nonfat dry milk by atmospheric drying in a forced air oven J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 61 (1978), pp. 550-557 Simonne et al., 1997 A. Simonne, E. Simonne, R. Eitenmiller, H. Mills, C. Cresman Could the Dumas method replace the Kjeldahl digestion for nitrogen and crude protein determinations in foods? J. Sci. Food Agric., 73 (1997), pp. 39-45 Stöckl et al., 1998 D. Stöckl, K. DeWitte, L.M. Thienpont Validity of linear regression in method comparison studies: Is it limited by the statistical model or the quality of the input data? Clin. Chem., 44 (1998), pp. 2340-2346 Tedman, 1983 R.A. Tedman Ultrastructural morphology of the mammary gland with observations on the size distribution of fat droplets in milk of the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli (Pinnipedia) J. Zool., 200 (1983), pp. 131-141 Thompson et al., 2002 M. Thompson, L. Owen, K. Wilkinson, R. Wood, A. Damant A comparison of the Kjeldahl and Dumas methods for the determination of protein in foods, using data from a proficiency testing scheme Analyst, 127 (2002), pp. 1666-1668 Tremblay et al., 2003 Tremblay, L., M. Laporte, J. Leonil, D. Dupont, and P. Paquin. 2003. Quantitation of proteins in milk and milk products. Pages 49–138 in Advanced Dairy Chemistry. Vol. 1. Proteins, Part A. 3rd ed. P. Fox and P. McSweeney, ed. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. Uemura et al., 2005 Y. Uemura, S. Asakuma, T. Nakamura, I. Arai, M. Taki, T. Urashima Occurrence of a unique sialyl tetrasaccharide in colostrum of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1725 (2005), pp. 290-297 Urashima et al., 2001 T. Urashima, M. Arita, M. Yoshida, T. Nakamura, I. Arai, T. Saito, J.P. Arnould, K.M. Kovacs, C. Lydersen Chemical characterisation of the oligosaccharides in hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) and Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) milk Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 128 (2001), pp. 307-323 Urashima et al., 2011 T. Urashima, S. Asakuma, M. Kitaoka, M. Messer Lactose and oligosaccharides: Indigenous oligosaccharides in milk J.W. Fuquay, P.F. Fox, P.L.H. McSweeney (Eds.) (2), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 3, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (2011), pp. 241-273 Urashima et al., 2003 T. Urashima, H. Nagata, T. Nakamura, I. Arai, T. Saito, K. Imazu, T. Hayashi, A.E. Derocher, Ø. Wiig Differences in oligosaccharide pattern of a sample of polar bear colostrum and mid-lactation milk Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 136 (2003), pp. 887-896 a Urashima et al., 2004 T. Urashima, T. Nakamura, D. Nakagawa, M. Noda, I. Arai, T. Saito, C. Lydersen, K.M. Kovacs Characterization of oligosaccharides in milk of bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 138 (2004), pp. 1-18 Urashima et la., 2003 T. Urashima, T. Nakamura, K. Yamaguchi, J. Munakata, I. Arai, T. Saito, C. Lydersen, K.M. Kovacs Chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in milk of high Arctic harbour seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol., 135 (2003), pp. 549-563 b Urashima et al., 2002 T. Urashima, H. Sato, J. Munakata, T. Nakamura, I. Arai, T. Saito, M. Tetsuka, Y. Fukui, H. Ishikawa, C. Lydersen, K.M. Kovacs Chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) milk Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 132 (2002), pp. 611-624 van Boekel, 1998 M.A.J.S. van Boekel Effects of heating on Maillard reactions in milk Food Chem., 62 (1998), pp. 403-414 Verheul et al., 1986 F.E. Verheul, M.J. van de Bosch, P.J. Cornelissen, J.J. Waelkens Simplified and rapid methods for the determination of protein, fat and lactose in human milk and the energy intake by the breast-fed infant J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 24 (1986), pp. 341-346 Wehr, 2004 H. Wehr Standard methods H. Wehr, J. Frank (Eds.), Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (17th), American Public Health Association, Washington, DC (2004), pp. 1-20 West et al., 2007 K.L. West, O.T. Oftedal, J.R. Carpenter, B.J. Krames, M. Campbell, J.C. Sweeney Effect of lactation stage and concurrent pregnancy on milk composition in the bottlenose dolphin J. Zool. (Lond.), 273 (2007), pp. 148-160 Wheatley et al., 2008 K.E. Wheatley, C.J.A. Bradshaw, R.G. Harcourt, M.A. Hindell Feast or famine: eEvidence for mixed capital-income breeding strategies in Weddell seals Oecologia, 155 (2008), pp. 11-20 Wiles et al., 1998 P.G. Wiles, I. Gray, R. Kissling Routine analysis of proteins by Kjeldahl and Dumas methods: Review and interlaboratory study using dairy products J. AOAC Int., 81 (1998), pp. 620-632
© 2014 American Dairy Science Association®.
About ScienceDirect
Remote access
Shopping cart
Contact and support
Terms and conditions
Privacy policy
Cookies are used by this site. For more information, visit the cookies page. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.