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N O N Y U S M A R CE L L U S

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A u l u s Cel l i ns w hos e fl oru zt is us ual l y as s i gned r n e s w i e t u s h to th e y ears 1 20 1 70 A D o r th erea b ou ts t t h e p fi rs t e x i s ting ex a mpl e of a new form o f l i tera tu re Lik e F ro nto t he tu tor o f M arcu s A u rel i u s Cel l i ns is d e v oted to the s tu d y o f B u t the ki nd of s tu d y w h ic h h e gi v es to the m is v e ry the a ntzq a z d i ffere nt fro m th e rati o nal i nteres t and i nd us try d is p l ay ed by P rob u s o n the o ne ha nd a nd Ta ci tu s o n the o th e r in the a ge o f V e s p as i a n The tas te of Cel l i ns is th e ta s te of the a nti q u ari a n w hos e e ye res ts I d ou bt for i ns ta nce ex cl u s i vel y on w o rks of a certa i n p e ri od w h e th e r t he re is a s i ngl e q u ota ti o n in C el l i ns fro m L u ca n M a rti al S ta ti u s Taci tu s or J u ve nal H e ci tes i nd eed s ome o f h is o w n bu t w i th th i s ex cep ti o n I thi nk tha t V ergi l a nd co n te mporari es H ora ce are the l atest a u thors w hom h e q u otes H is ow n s tyl e too is ma rked by a n a ffecta ti o n of archais m in l a ngu age a n i ntenti onal e mpl oy ment o f w ord s ma ny o f w h i ch p e rh a p s h e ha d o nl y l ea rne d to u nd ers ta nd fro m t he w orks of comme nta tors a nd gra mma ri a ns A s i mil a r tend e ncy ma y be p erce i v ed in the w ri ti ngs o f a fa r ab l e r a nd prob a bl y mo re ge nu i nel y l ea rned ma n tha n Cel l i ns L u ciu s A p u l ei u s of M a d au ra in N u mi d i a A pu l ei us a co ntempo ra ry o f G el lius is in e very p oi nt of v i ew a v e ry s triki ng re pres enta ti v e o f h is age I t is the p rov i nce of th e h is toria n to d raw the mo ral fro m th e v i v id pi ctu res o f l ife a nd ma nners p re s e nted in the M ta mor / zos es a nd the D e M ag za l u h e w r h d s k a o a i B t t e o s s o l ecu l a r p p pos i ti o n in the fi el d of l iteratu re The s tyl e of A p u l ei u s a s w el l as his nu me ro u s h i s tori cal al l u s i o ns w ou l d e v e n if w e had no t h is o w n ex press tes ti mony i n the s a me d i recti o n b e tra y the fact tha t h e h ad s pe nt mu ch ti me and l ab or a eru mna bi l zs l a bor as h e s a ys h i ms el f on ma s te ri ng R o ma n anti q u iti es a nd l i te ra tu re I t is no t too muc h to s a y tha t no one ca n ga i n a thoro u g h co mma n d o f th e mate ri a l ne cess ary fo r t he s tu d y of a nci e nt L ati n w i tho u t a n i nti ma te acq u a i nta nce w i th Ap u l ei u s w h os e l angu age has p res erve d in a l i v i ng co nnecti on ma ny w ord s o f w hos e e x i s te nce a nd me a n ing w e s h ou l d otherw i s e p e rha ps h a v e be en a d v e rtis e d ma i nl y th rou g h the w ri ti ngs of l e x i cog ra p h ers a nd g ra mmari a ns H is s tyl e is a cu ri o u s mo nu me nt o f grea t o ri g i nal i ty a nd fo rce s tru g h l a nd s i ni fica nce i h a l a n a c h h f s f i i i i n u e w h l a l e w l t a s o s t t g g g g g I t is p rob ab l y a mi s take to s pea k of th e ma n ne r of A pu l e i u s as pecu l i a rl y A fri can H is s tu d i es of Lati n w ere as he h i ms el f tel l s u s ca rri e d o n ma i nl y a t R o me a nd w i th ou t a mas ter ; w ha t the re N

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i here the pres enti ment of a l a nd rel i i ou s rev ol u ti o n is b e i nni n r s o c a a e t i a k i f t o m s e l e t g g g g fel t in the read i ng and cu l ti va ted s oci ety of the R oma n e mpi re The mi dd l e a nd th e l a tte r hal f of the s econ d ce nt u ry is th e ti me a t w h i c h the co ntro v e rs y b e tw ee n the ol d a nd th e ne w rel i i o ns g fi rs t b e gi ns O p e nl y to d i v i d e th e w orl d of l ette rs as w el l as the l ow e r o rd ers O f th e p eo p l e O n the on e S i d e a pp earth e w orks o f J u s ti n a nd M inu ciu s Fel i x o n th e o the r th os e of L u ci a n and A p u l ei u s Th e i l l u s tri o u s s chol ar J a cob B e rnays w h os e rece nt d ea th is an i rrep arab l e l os s to l ette rs has in v ari o u s w o rks ea ch of w h i c h is i n i ts w a y a mo nu me nt no t o nl a rni n f b l e u f r t o o a t y g a nd h i s tori ca l i ma i na ti o n h el p e d u s by cl ea r mas s i v e a nd s m g y p atheti c d ra w i ng to form v i v i d pictu res of s ev e ra l s cenes in th e re a t h is tori cal d ra ma h e s c i a l n m r a l o n fl i p c c T a d o a r o t s o f t g w h i c h h e has d es crib e d w i th th e h a nd of a mas ter e x te nd ed i nto the w o rld of a nti q u a ri a ni s m a nd of s tud y The s ame pas s i on for a d yi n s t w hi c h in th e fou rth ce ntu r l ed J u l i a n to thro w h im p a g y s e l f in d e fe nce of a h o p e l es s rel i g i o n i nto v i ol e nt O pp os i ti o n to t he p ro no u nce d te nd enci e s o f th e a ge h el p ed to i ns pi re t he s ch ol a rs th i rd a nd fo u rth ce ntu ri es to s tu d y th e h i s tory o f th e s eco nd a n ti q u i ti e s a nd e arl y l i te ra tu re of th e g rea t e mpi re to w h i ch th e y o w ed al l th e ma teri al ad v a ntage s of th e i r e x i s tence The ab l er a nd e d u ca ted a d v oca tes o f Ch ris ti a ni ty how e v e r s o me o f w h o m w e re c o nv erts a nd ha d b ee n fa mi l i a r w i th th e i ns i d e of th e Pa an g n w h r l d s n e h n f m h n w e i i k i e i k o t o ow t o d a w t e r a d v a a o e o e r r t t p g g F

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W hi l e the Paga n l i ttera tz conti nu ed as if by w ay o f p as s i v e p ro te s t s i mp l y to c ol l ect a nd to con o v e r the rel i cs of th e fl ou ri s h i ng age o f R oman l i tera tu re p ol i ti cs a n d rel i gi on the Ch ri s ti a ns w h o cared co mpara ti v el y l i ttl e for l i te ratu re a nd pol i ti cs d es tro y ed th e Paga n rel igi o n w i th the w eapons o ff ere d the m by Th e s tu d y o f Ci ce ro V arro a nd Verri u s th e Paga n phi l os oph y F l a ccus w as a d ou bl e ed ged s w ord w hi ch cou l d be tu rned at p l e as u re to the a d v a ntage or d i sa d v a ntage of the p ol y theis ti c ’

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may read I t is not merel y that many r b u h m a n h a n f l o l o s t a t h r d u b u i s s es a e t t t o e s v e ee c o n s e m t g y l a ted and interpol ated in a w ay w hi ch u nl es s fortu ne s h ou l d ma k e u s a pres e nt of a b e tter ma nu s cri pt rece ns i on tha n a ny n ow ex i s t ing w il l probabl y make a tru e u nd ers ta nd i ng of the w hol e w ork i mp oss ibl e M aki ng al l al l o w ances how ev er fo r th i s ex ternal d ra w b a ck it ca nnot b e d e ni ed tha t the book conta i ns s tate ments H ere w h i c h are i n conce i v ab l y rep u gna nt to commo n s e ns e how ev er w e are b rou gh t i nto contact w i th a cu ri ou s phe no menon a

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the end of the s econd , w hat N o i mp rove co u l d be e x pected bu t th e a pp eara nce of i nca p aci ty ? ment h a d b e en effected in sci entifi c method , bu t ti me had go ne o n a nd conti nu ed its ch an es , s o tha t N o nius w as at a greate r d is ta nce g fro m th e obj ect of h is s tu d y th an Cel l i ns I t can h a rd l y be s u r na tu ra l l y

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b ook Vergil is l argel y q u oted Prec i sel y th e s a me re ma rks a pp l y to th e s i x th b oo k D e I mpropri zs or on meta phorical e x press i ons The tw el fth bo ok D e D octora m 1n dagtne is a mere mi s cell any o f re mark s o n ch it is d iffi cu l t a m a i p h i w h i r m d c r a r a n l ex o n g y g to d is cov e r a ny pri n cip l e ev e n that of a rra nge ment a ccord i ng to v era l n a u thors no t b e i n se r t i l u h h e r e e i a a r c d h r o t s t e e d t o t h g y g i ns tances tra ces of it W ha t da ta are th ere to hel p u s in tryi ng to d is cov er the au thori ti es foll ow e d by N o niu s in th is p a rt of h is w o rk ? I need n o t recapi tu l a te the argu ments by w h i ch in my s econd ess ay on Ve rriu s F l accu s I e nd ea vored to s h ow that N oni u s d id n ot b orrow fro m A u l u s C e l l i ns B u t it is neces s ary to s ay a w ord o n th e h yp o thes i s w h i ch fi nd s fa v o r w i th mos t s ch ol a rs w h o h av e recentl y treated th e s u bj ect tha t N o n i u s ha d b efore h im Comme n ta ri es on th e a u th o rs w h om he q u otes a nd tha t h is w ork is a s e ri es o f e x trac ts fro m th es e co mme nta ri es th row n togeth er by h im i nto l oos e o rd e r The ma i n s u pp o rt o f th is th eory is the a rra nge me nt I h av e a cc o rd i ng to a u th o rs w h i c h meets u s s o ofte n in N o ni u s tri ed in s p ea ki ng o f Verri ns F l accu s to S h ow that N on i u s mI g ht e as i l y h a v e fo u nd th i s a rra ngeme nt e x i s ti ng in th e w ork s o n gra m ma r and l ex i c o aph h c h h u l d be l ik el y to co ns u l t a nd i r w w e o y g th ere fo re tha t ta k e n by i ts el f th e fa ct in q u es ti on prov es l i t tl e o r n oth i ng B u t aga i n if N o ni us w as merel y maki ng ex ce rp ts fro m c o mmenta ri es w e S ho u l d hav e ex p ecte d on e of tw o res u l ts Ei th e r the w hol e l e x i cog ra p h i ca l pa rt o f his w ork w ou l d h av e bee n a me re mis cel l a ny in w h i ch the re w o u l d h av e b een no S ign of co he s io n b e yo nd t h e fa ct tha t the s a me a u th ors w ere q u oted o n th e s a me s e ri es o f p ages o r s o me o th e r a nd u ni form me tho d o f a rra ng e ? f a u B t w ha t as a fact d o w e fi nd me nt w ou l d hai e b ee n d opted T ha t w e ha v e fi v e b ooks of a l e x i cogra ph i c Ch ara cter three of w hi ch i n d l o m a n a c a l r a e o s t i i d 6 s e t e l o n a n o n e t t o a n o t h e r ) g (4 5 u r os es u i d i i i e s n c n w h i l e th e o th e r tw o are w ri tte n for p t t d t ee d p q a nd d i fferi ng fro m those o f th e th re e fi rs t me nti o ne d y e t n ot S O d i s ti nct bu t tha t th e s a me note ma y be rep eated in each in a s l ig h tl y v a ry i ng fo rm a nd (w h i ch is s u re l y i mporta nt) w i th o u t a ny h i nt o f S u ch a n e nti re w ant of homoge neou s nes s is s u rel y mos t th e fact e as i l y e x pl a i ne d by the S u ppos i ti on th a t the fi rs t a nd s eco nd b ooks a re w h o l l y or p a rt i a l l y d e riv ed from s e pa rate ma nu al s o r com en d za p a nd tha t a s ep ara te w o rk w as the s ou rce of the fo u rth fi fth a nd T his hypothes i s agrees v ery w el l w i th w hat w e k now of s i x th A s in the fo u rth

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i d ence tha t the w orks or s ome of the m of E pica d u s Caes el l iu s V erri ns S ca u rus and N i s u s w ere cu rre nt a mong s tu d e nts o f L a ti n p h i l ol ogy at the b eg i nni ng of th e fo u rth ce ntu ry A D L et u s s ee how th i s fa ct bears u pon the q u es ti on of the au thori T here a re s ome traces of th e fact that ti es co ns u l ted by N o ni u s h e and A rno bius w ere fa mi l i ar w i th th e s a me or at l eas t w i th s i mi l ar ma nu al s ; thus thes e v ery w o rd s w h ich A rnobius q u otes as of d ou b tfu l ge nd er a re a l l fou nd (w i th the ex c ep ti o n of zag a l a s) in th e th i rd b ook o f N o niu s D e [nd l s cretzs G e neri ou s ; and aga i n in th e tw e nty th i rd c ha pter of h is s e co nd boo k A rnobiu s i n h is rh e torica l ma nne r rec ites l ong l i s ts of a rti cl es of d ress and fu rni tu re w hi ch re mi nd th e read e r O f th e fo u rtee nth a nd fi ftee nth b ook s O f T hat A rnobiu s w as fa mil i ar w i th the D e Verboru m 5 1g N on i u s n ifica tu of Verriu s F l a ccu s o r at l eas t tha t he o ccas i o nal l y cons u l ted it is re nd ered al mos t certai n by h is remark s in 7 2 4 on ef a penzta w h i ch corres p ond al mos t v er zmzna ca ro s trebu l a and ru ma o l p b al l y w i th notes p res erved by Fes tu s M u ch of the fi rs t and of the l a te r b ooks of N o niu s is u n d o u b ted l y to be referred u l ti matel y Epicad u s a s chol a r of the S u l l an era is k now n to to V erri ns have w ri tten a w ork D e Cog namzm bu s bu t there is no ce rta i n ev i d ence o f th is b ook ha v i ng b een k no w n ei ther to N oniu s o r A rno N o r can w e s ay w heth e r N o niu s w as at al l i nd eb ted to N i s us biu s for of N i s u s v ery l i ttl e re mai ns and o f or Te re ntiu s S ca u ru s S ca u ru s noth i ng w h i ch bri ngs h im i nto rel ation w i th N oni u s H e O f Ca e s el l iu s Vi nd ex th ere is fortu natel y more to be s a i d w as a s ch ol ar of th e ag e of Traj a n a nd the a u th or O f a w ork cal l e d Fro m Charis ius (p 1 9 5 L ectzones A ntiq u a e or S tro ma teu s K ei l ) w e k now tha t th is treatis e conta i ned a t l eas t fi fty l zorz w hi ch nu s i nforms u s (a p Ch ari s p w ere arranged as J u l i u s R oma er Ca es el a l p h a be ti ca l l y s o me l e tters i ncl u d i ng more th a n o ne l zo l i u s Vi nd ex is q u oted by G el l iu s 2 1 6 5 o n the meani ng of th e a s u n i n e d M t A i ev e 6 I 6 r a a 1 1 n o i n w ord s pos tu mu s a nd l o n ; g 3 Li v i us A nd roni cu s ; 1 1 1 5 2 on the termi nati on ozmdas in erra bzmdu s S o me re l u d zbmzd u s and the l ik e 20 2 2 o n the w ord marks of Caes ell iu s on p o i nts o f grammar a re p res erved by Pri s cia n 1 p 2 1 0 2 30 a nd by J u l i u s R o manu s (Charis iu s p 1 1 7 an d a nd

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A bI E R I CA N

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it has

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O U R l VA L

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P H IL OL O G Y

pas s tha t p rofes s i onal

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au thors s o v ol u

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J o h ns o n L ord M acau l ay a nd M r D e Q u i ncey are s een to fu rnis h s o far as app ea rs onl y o ne ex ampl e each o f the p hras e it w ou l d be fru itl es s to i nq u i re ol ogy u nd e r d is cu s s i on I t is h ow e v e r s o mew ha t re ma rka bl e that the cons id e ratio n w h ich p romp ted thos e s canty ex ampl es w hether it w as that w h ich has been s u gges ted abov e or w hether it s or d id not O p era te to mu l tipl y thm j t a es o f e u p h o ny h o e t p g p l v i gi l a nt s tyl is ts w h o h a v e thu s j u s t cou nte nance d t' x ty p e as

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ob s e rv e s :

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N I N N I I N A L A S B F R E S N A TS S A SK R T E O O F

—Th e

.

c l r a r e h b a n e f i i e w as p s e n s c o t s t ted t f in a pa p er read be fore the A meri can O ri ental S oci ety at its meet ing in N ew H av en O ctob e r 2 6 1 8 8 1 a nd a co nci se re po rt w as — u bl i s h ed in the i i n P r i n h a e i n pp v v i u d e r c s f m t e e o e d o t t ) g g ( p ” A rene w ed th e ti tl e : O n no n d ip htho ngal e and o in Sa ns k rit i nv es tigati on of the s u bj ect has s erv ed not o nl y to s u pp ort and cl a ri fy the v i e w s w h i ch w ere th e n e x p ress ed u po n m u ch l es s e x tens i v e da ta bu t has al s o it is be l i e v ed bro u ght ou t s o me new fa c ts w hi ch d es erv e noti ce a nd I am th u s l ed to pres e nt the s u b “ f a ne w n i ll n roceed i ngs c t a u r r n r p r i t h P n e a d e f o t h a a e o e m t j w i l l p ermi t of

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T h es e d ip h thongs reach b ack ei th er to — f h e o the co mmon l ife o f the fa mil y in cas es l ik e t mi t nt t e l i A tz a el m ri rec a z i i t n ve e op tati v e b/I a re ta p t g p g s ti nos G oth i c s a na as ; or they are s ti l l more ev i d e ntl y d i phthongs w h e n the rect res u l ts w i th i n S a ns kri t i ts el f of the meeti ng r a e d i y o f a n 5 w i th i o r ii To the H i nd u grammaria n c a nd 0 are al w ays d ip hthongs he W he n fi nal as changes to 0 before a s onant k n ow s no ex cepti o n c o ns onant he e ither ass u mes w i th u nrel ax i ng co ns is tency th a t the s h a s in s ome w ay or other b ee n s u ppl a nted by u a nd that th i s I I h as th e n u ni ted w i th th e preced i ng a to the d ip h tho ng o (A tharva Prati — h a t e m e P n i i V I 1 1 r w h a m o u n t t o s n 1 a s o h a a t k I a 53 4 ; 3 y g th ing fi nal as as a w hol e has cha nged to o th e d ip hthong (R k Prat W e b er cf I V 8 ; VS Prat I V 4 1 4 2 ; Taittiri ya Prat I K u h n u nd Schl e i ch er s B e i trage I I I 3 9 1 fg T hi s is the e x tremes t s til l l es s d o they thi nk of rega rd i ng a n e o r 0 in other s u r cas e ro u nd i ngs as a nyth i ng el s e th an a d i phthong The ol d er Eu ropea n gramma ri a ns (B o pp L ass e n etc ) a cce p ted th e I nd i a n v i ew w i th rega rd to c a nd o w i th l i ttl e o r no mod ifica ti on ; and w ha te ver s cep ti cis m has cro pp e d ou t here and th ere s i nce Bopp has not been s tro ng enou gh to p rocu re d is ti nct recogniti on i p eri od -

pted

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A M E R I CA A

j

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P H IL OL O G Y

OF

.

mmati cal treatis e for a v al ue other than d iph thongal I f it is re me mb e re d h o w th e opi n i on that S ans kri t a is e v e ryw h e re a n o ri gi na l a so u nd , a nd ev eryw h e re th e s a me s ou nd h as grad u al l y b ee n u nd er mi ned w ithi n the l as t few years a pri ori in

a ny conne cted

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1 1V S A I VS K R I T

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iped ou t th ere w as l os t w ith it all * tre for a d is tinction betw een a ct/o and ag na é b efore ra i s on d e y s o na nts ; as s oon as s h ort a ha d a bs o rbed w i th i n i ts el f b oth s ho rt a * ag nay é mu s t d isa a nd s h ort 5 the d is ti ncti o n b etw ee n a eoo a nd p a bl y the fi ttes t of th e tw o w i l l s u r r a n d o e o h e o h e r p r o b ea r n t t p v iv e The nu mber of paral l el p rocess es w h i ch cou l d be b rou ght u p from v ari ou s q u a rters of I E gra mmar to s how how a a i n a nd g a ga i n an o rig i nal his tori cal d i ffere nce p eri s h ed as s oon as the cau s e w hi ch ha d g i v e n it l i fe ha d pas s ed a w a y is w el l ni h i nfi ni te n e O g nee d bu t re me mb er the al mos t co mp l ete w ipi ng aw ay of the d is tinction betw ee n w ea k and s tro ng forms i n the G ree k p e rfect w h i ch w a s l os t no d ou b t in th e main b ecau s e th e corres p ond i ng a ccentual d i fference ha d s uccu mbed to th e l ev el i ng reces s iv e or e ncl i ti c a cce ntu ati on A nd in I nd ia u nl ess w e a re d i s pos ed to g i ve u p the a tt empt to accou nt for the cha nge be tw ee n p al a ta l s a nd g uttu ral s o f th e ba ck gu ttu ral s eries the s a me a bs orp tion of a and o i nto a w i th w hi ch w e a re d eal i ng here has bl u rred the regu l ar method s o f i nterch ange be tw een c a nd h g and j g h a nd h so that s ca nty h i nt at th e cau s e w h i ch once re mna n ts afford bu t the meres t e r c h f h c s n a n t s n a n e d h i n t e n o t es e o o ov e r t e g g * I ha v e s a id tha t of th e tw o ty p es a ovo a nd agn ay e the fi ttes t w ou l d p robabl y s u rv i ve for the l angu age of the Ved a a nd its l i neal d es ce nd ant the Sa ns kri t a evo may i nd eed be call ed so : fo r it Wi thout l ay i ng too mu ch is nu meri cal l y fa r a h ead of its ri v al — for ofte n a po orl y s tress on nu meri ca l rel ati ons in s u ch cas es rep res e nted forma ti o n grad u all y i ns i nu ates i ts el f i nto the fa v or of a — r h x n o f a v a l n o p e i i g ne it may be w el l to l angu a ge at t e e pe s e u t the fa ct tha t the eas es in w h i ch fi nal as re p res ents as a re i n t o o p mu ch more nu merou s than thos e in w hi ch it re p res e nts i s ; for the n o minal formati o m I e mp l oy th e ex cel le nt tab l e of Lanman in the Nou n infiex ion in the Ved a a ppend i x to his b ook on The nomi nati ves s g mas c of a s tems al one o ccu r ti mes ma king a b ou t one ni nth of all nomi nal formati ons in the R V the re a re 1 9 1 1 geni tiv es and a b l a ti v es of cons o na ntal ste ms mas c fem a nd neu ter ; moreov e r 1 4 2 1 no mi nativ es a nd accu s ati v es of n eu te r a s s te ms ; th es e 1 3 5 00 cas es are certa i n rep res e ntati v es of 0s ; cs a pp ear 3 5 3 8 ti mes in the agai ns t this nu mb er the forms w i th as : no mi nati ves and v oca ti v es pl u ral mas c of cons ona ntal s tems a nd a nd r s te ms ; fu rth er th e no mi na ti v es a nd v oca tiv es pl u ral u of i fe m o f the sa me s te ms a mou nt to 1 03 7 ; the vocati v es s i ngul ar of *

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From the i nfl ected forms o f the v e rb o nl y seco nd pe rs o ns s i ngu l ar w i th the s econd a ry end i ng s b ea r o n the u es ti on a ti c fo rms l ik e d hha ra s z n I t h m e q Empe c d ru ha s av a fl ay as e tc a nd s u bj u ncti v es of non the mati c s tems l ik e a s a s to i an as od d hi sas al z a n a c fi a s a l l s c t e l i s so e t h j g i s ; in al l they are 4 78 fo rms (ga i ned by cou nt fro m Av ery s l i s ts in the J o u rnal of th e A meri ca n O ri e nta l S oci ety X 2 2 3 By add i ng thes e to the no mi nal for ms in i s w e ob tai n a bou t 5 2 5 0 i s fo rms aga i ns t os fo rms ; ex a ctl y 7 i s fo rms to 1 8 os forms T his rel atio n w i l l not be affected materi all y o ne w ay or a noth er by forms ou ts i d e the i nfl ecti ons or by so me e rror w h i ch ma y ha v e crep t in T hat th i s nu meri ca l s u peri ority o f the os forms r r n d n r r i a f i r pi u r e o f h e c o es p o i s u e i o i o f h e f o r m i n v e a t s c t t t s g p y g and tha t th is ma b n s ona nt co ns ona nts h a h (3 b efore e e e t e v y d eci d i ng fa ctor in the q u es ti on as to w h i ch s h o u l d s u rv i v e is v ery W hen thi s d i s app earance of E for as bega n it is hard to ev i d e nt one

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p roces s began in Aryan ti mes w hen the I ra ni a n and I nd i a n l angu ages l i v ed together ; it is a f a zi accompl i in the Sa mh itas of the Ved a and w e fi nd the re traces o f a s u bs titu ti on o f (7 fo r a s ev e n b efore s u rd s as in P al i and Prak ri t (W eber in K u hn u nd Schl e i cher s Beitra ege I I I p 40 1 note) ; in mos t of the Prak ri t and P al i d i al ects o is s i mpl y s u bs ti tu ted for as w i tho u t re fere nce to the cha racter of th e foll ow i ng s ou nd ; the I ran i a n has o n the o n e h and carri ed the p roces s of s p read i ng th e o forms fa rth er than the Prak ri t a nd Pal i namel y i nto nou n co mpos i ti on ; for in th e G ath i c th es e fi rs t nou ns a re a l l a co mp ou nd s w hos e fi rs t p art e nd s in 5 s te ms a nd there is no reas o n to d o u b t that th e ve ry fre q u e nt o o f th ei r no mi na ti v es b eca me s o fi rml y as s oci ated w i th thes e s tems as to creep e v e n i nto comp ou nd s (Barthol o mae D ie G athas p s s u rv i v ed b efore encl i ti cs : geni ti v e on the o the r ha nd th e a s ha ma na h ho b u t ma na hha c ca etc Bu t the re a re facts al s o w hi ch a pp e a r to p rov e that the o acco mp l is he d th e tas k o f crow d i ng ou t th e e s e p a ratel y in th e v a ri ou s d i al e cts of th e I nd o I ra n i a n l a ng u age s s u ch are th e v i ctory of 5 ov e r o i n M agad ha a nd the d i s ti nct traces of E by the s i d e of o in I ra n w h i ch w i l l be poi nted o u t b el o w Fi nal 5 for a s in I nd ia is w el l a u the nti cated I f w e ha d onl y the ru l e of th e P rak ri t gra mma ri a ns for the M agad h i d i al ect that w o u l d i s o r i s n ot i d e nt i cal w i th ér r i o t h T h e q e s t i o n w h eth e r g/ f t C c e p y ( th at the

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35

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pite of the ev i d entl y s econd ary and conv enti onal form H e ma cand ra (I V 2 8 7) teaches tha t in in w hi c h it appea rs th ere esa pu m sa h b eco mes th e s i ngu l a r mas cu l i ne e ta k es the pl ace of a Va ra ru ci P rd b rta pra h aca XI 1 0 s a ys that fi nal epe pu l i pe etc e v e n a is p e rmi tted op ti o nal l y a s of nou ns is changed to e o r i Practi cal l y the s u bs ti tu ti on of e for o in the M agat d ial ect goes fa rth e r tha n w hat is w arranted ev e n by the b roa d er s tate me nt of Va ra ru ci H e ma ca nd ra s e e ms to res tri ct hi ms el f in his s utra to p o i nti ng o u t th e mos t s triking cas e of the change of 0 i nto e namel y th e no mi nativ e ; for u nd er the ex a mpl es il l u s trati ng his s otra he i v es ra ngel y e no u gh th e s e nte nce ha remi hha nzte w h i ch is s t g tra ns l ated by ha romi hha oa nta h w h e re both forms a re not cov e red in

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p reci ncts o f o a s may be obs erv ed W e s hal l a rcel y be d i s p os e d to b el i e ve t hat th i s e is th e res u l t o f a p ho neti c sc me ta mo rphos is fro m o s ti ll l es s that th e gramma rians hav e by a n a rbi trary d i cta te e ng rafted th is ru l e u p on the d i a l e c t Th e ea s e in w h i ch a ny b roa d e r p he no me no n of H i nd u l angu age is a fi gme nt of th e ir gra mma ri a ns not b as ed u pon s o me u nd e rs tru ctu re of fact e v e n if a fra il one has s ti l l to be b rou g ht fo rw a rd ; on th e o th er h a nd ma ny p he nomena of thei r l angu ages b ear w i tnes s to the fa ct th a t d ata of l i mi ted e x tent es p eci a l l y in th e p h one ti c l i fe o f a n I n d ia n l a ngu age hav e o fte n b ee n a rbi tra ri l y e nl arged a nd hav e h a d a s e0p e gi v en them w hi ch orig i nal l y d id not be l ong to them F o r thi s reas on al o ne the e of the M agad h i d i al ect ca nnot be d o ne a w a y w i th ev en if it d oes o ccu r in al l s o rts o f pl a ces ; o f co u rs e the I n the A coka i ns crip ti o ns e g i ns criptio na l tes ti mo ny is w el co me D hau l i w h i ch l i es in the old d is tri ct of M a gad ha (Sou th of B i h ar) fi nal a s d o es real l y a pp ear as e in ge n u i ne l a ngu age In th e th i rd ed i ct of P ia d as i he is s ty l ed d e v anampi e piad as i w he re d ev anarn pzo th e s a me ed i ct in G irnar in G u ze ra t s ho w s fi nal 0 : u rnal As i ati q u e s e v enth s eri es Vo l X V p o r n f o i c h e t ( j fo u rth ed i ct w e hav e in D ha u l i the s e ntence : p u ta ca pi a da s i nc 0

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in the s a me ed i ct in l dj i ne pa vadhayis a ni ti d hammacal a na ni G irnar : p u tra ca potra ca prapotra ca d ev ana priy as a pri a da si no ’ i b id V X V I p ran o v ad ha y isa rhti id a rh dhamma cal ana o l ( ’

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prod u ces the el is ion of i ni ti al a bu t any other 0 al s o a nd w hat is more fi nal e prod u ces To fi nd that the e u p honi c ru l e for fi nal 0 the s a me effect res u l ti ng fro m as has a ttra cted to i ts el f the res t of the 0 ne ed not for fi nal 0 not the res u l t of as a re i nd eed ra re occa s i o n s u rp ris e there are s carcel y a ny w orth menti o ni ng thro u gh ou t the l a ngu age 1 34 In ex ce p t th ose of the v oca ti v e of u s tems ; cf W h i tney the R V there occu r a l ittl e ov e r 5 00 s u ch in all p os i ti ons a nd it is not w orth w h il e to cou nt the cas es in w h i c h they a ctu al l y occu r Reme mberi ng that there a re accord i ng to the cou nt be fo re a forms in fi nal a s not a b ov e of i nfl e cti onal forms al one in cl u d i ng common pronou ns l ike na s vas ad v erbs in as etc it w i l l be sa fe to say tha t th e cas es of d i rect d ip hthongal 0 a re to as as it is cl ear the n that w hatev er l aw mi ght th os e of o u nd for the maj ori ty w ou l d in a ll p rob a bi l i ty ei th er in th e i o r n a g g actual l i fe of the l a ngu age or in the gra mmati cal ha nd l i ng of it beco me ru l e for the s mal l mi nority Q u i te d ifferent is it w ith There is no final c al i v e in the l a ter l a ngu age regard to fi nal e or w h i ch is the res u l t of a w h i ch is o the r tha n a d ip hth o ng or w h i ch a pp e ars to s tand ia a ny nex u s w ith e u p honi c p rocess fi nal as I t is then a matte r of j u s t s u rp ris e to find it in the sa me ca tego ry w i th 0 ; y et as far as th e l ate r l a ng u age goes it mi g h t be u rged w i th a s u ffi ci ent s h ow of reas on that th e sa me conv e nti on al is m w h i ch h as e g es ta b l is hed th e ru l e fo r th e d o u b l i ng of al l 2 1 0) w i tho u t refe r final a u nd e r certa i n ci rcu ms tances (W hi tne y might al s o i mpos e u pon the d ip hthong ence to thei r a nte ced ents f l w hat is to th e Hi nd u a o u i i es i e al l the s a n dh i t r a m m a r a n q g l a ter l angu age

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poss ibi l i ty of res orti ng to the d ou btfu l pri ncipl es of m etri grati a o r p erha ps v ocal i s ante v oca l em corripitu r I bel i ev e that I hav e p re p ared the w ay for the foll ow i ng s ol u ti o n ; f o r e r e e n s m d o d e s Fi n a l a n d s r i e s i p l pp t h b s 1 w t t a o i ) ( ) ( y v ow el s w h ether d or a ny other v o w el fol l ow ed o f co u rs e w i thou t l e ngthe ni ng the remai ni ng s h ort v ow e l A s the I nd ian al p ha be t u a l r a d c l h n s oss e ss e n i i h e o r h e u s i a t d o s n s f r e t t o t t o 5 6 g y y p p g e x i s ti ng in the i r pl aces ; be fore al l v ow el s ex cep t a s hort a w as c h o s e n the s i gn b e i ng i nd ee d i ns u ffi c i ent to re nd e r th e co l or o f the v ow el s bu t d o i ng p erfect j u s ti ce to the q u a nti ty ; be fore s hort a the d is i n cl i nati o n for al l ow i ng tw o i d enti ca l s hort v ow el s to fol l ow u p o n o ne ano ther w as proba bl y th e moti v e w h i c h l ed to a nother p oss ib l e e x pe d i e nt na mel y th a t by w h i c h the v ocal i c col or w as p res e rv ed b u t the q u a nti ty sacrifi ced in w ri ti ng b y empl oyi ng the s ig ns e a nd a th is I rega rd as th e s tarti ng p o i nt fro m w h i ch th e remark abl e s i tion o f e an d o (as ) i n eu ph o ni c ru l es mu s t be e x p l a i ned o u x t a p j 2 l T h e s a n d i n i i r a p i c ll w i t h e o n a n e c o c d n a h d 6 6 h t () g y g g d ip htho ngal o and e end ed by attra cti ng the m to the i r ow n con d i t i o n s o that al l 0 and e w i tho u t reference to th eir ori gi n w e re ro no u nced s hort b efo re a l v ow el s w h i ch to be b h o h r u a s o t e e t t p s u re w o u l d occu r al mo s t o nl y afte r e w e re d ra w n i nto th is ru l e s o t h a t the s horteni ng o f e a nd o too k p l a ce b efore al l v ow el s i c all fi na l e (ex cep t the prag rhy a ) w ere s u bj ected to a treatment pre c is e l y i d e nti ca l w i th that o f fi na l i s ; a nd al l fi nal a to a tre a tme nt i d e nti cal w i th that of fi na l as thi s is the s tate w h i ch w e fo u nd in t h e fi nal ca d ences o f the p ad as i nv es ti ga te d w i thou t one s i ng l e rea l e x ception I t ma y be ad d ed as a v al u a bl e v e rificati on o f w hat has b e e n cl a i med h e re na mel y tha t a n ex p l ana ti on on the p ri ncipl e v o ca l is ante v ocal e m corri itu r w ou l d be tota l l s u ffi ci e nt that n i y p i n a fe w i ns tances th e s hort v al u es occu r b efore cons o na nts al s o ; K u h n u nd Schl eiche r s Beitraege I I I 1 1 9 and 4 5 4 h f r e d c r B e o t e p e r i fi w i c h o u r V e i m a t i l h h d m e a t o o d a e t es ) (3 l fi na l 6 (w ritten 0 ) for 6 s had al s o a bsorbe d the fi nal a (w ritten 5 l ) f or i s p recis el y as in the cas e of fi nal l ong 6 and e w h i ch w ere th e res u l t of comp ens atory l engt he ni n r b f e e s n a n n a o o c o n so n s o t s t ; g t ha t onl y th os e e w e re l eft w h i ch co u l d p res e rve the i r ind e pe nd e n c e from the fact that the y occu rred a l s o in oth er connecti ons r u e c l d es p

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ppear to hav e gi v en it S ome years ago w hen I fi rs t read the p oe m I w as l ed to d o u bt the e x a ctnes s o f W h i te s s tate me nt o f O rrmin s trea tme nt o f i nitia l p chi efl y beca u s e I fou nd tha t onl y a part of the w ord s be n h n t a l r a r i l u n h a r i i w i h t e t t e a p e e d n t e G os n t s d e r t a l s o a ; y g p g ci rcu ms tance from w h i ch I d rew the i nfe re nce tha t th ey e i the r w e re not s u bj e ct to c ha nge l ik e the oth e rs or w h i ch s e e med u n l ik el y d id n ot o cc u r afte r t o r d O n a l a te r read i ng I fo u nd my d o u bts confi rmed a nd bega n to tak e note o f the e x ce pti o ns a nd to try to fo rmu l ate O rrmin s u s ag e a nd d is co v er the ru l e if a n y w hi c h h e had fol l ow ed The res ul t o f my ex ami nati on w as th e d i s cov ery o f one or tw o pecu l ia ri ti es of u s age w h i ch I ha v e a

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been ov erl ook ed h itherto and w hi ch s ee m to me to be of enou gh i nteres t a nd v al u e to s tu d ents of Englis h to be w o rthy of p u b l i cati o n O n the bas i s of the change u nd e r cons i d erati on the w o rd s of th e O rrmu l u m tha t begi n w i th 1» ma y be cl ass ifi ed i nto three l i s ts v iz t n r a f r r d h c cu r d W a o s t a t d o o t o t e o ) ( t r d b u t d o not cha n e a r r h f c cu a o 6 W o r d s t o t e t t t o w h e n ( ) g p thu s p l a ced t r r d f d t h a a a n c W o s c c u r t e o d i p i i r o n h a t t t o s t on cha n e ) ( g bel i eve

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p rov es that he u ses the l atter onl y for metri cal reas ons I n th e w h ol e p o em peggm is fou nd bu t fo rty s ev en ti mes a nd in ea ch ca s e it s ta nds a fter a v ow el w hi ch is need ed to mak e the v erse reg u l a r bu t by O rrmin s s ys tem of metre w ou l d be el i d ed be fo re A fter consona nts hemm is al w a ys u s ed a nd a foll ow i ng hemm u h n f r n v e r r o n t o b i e e e b t i a p o i o n m e t h r o e s t i t o s u f f e e r the pg g g c ha ng e u nd e r d is cuss i on has no co rres pond i ng form teg m A d i s c u ss i o n of the p honeti c ca u s e of th i s change i ncl u d es three d i st i n ct topi cs : (a ) the change of p to t after t; (h) the cha nge of t d a f t h e h a n e f o s p o a f t r e t c o t e r i n h r a e t e s t e t t h s e s e s ; ) p p ( g p The l atter s eems to be a cas e of s i mp l e d i ss i mil ati on to hett & c a v o i d th e d i ffi cu l ty of u tteri ng a s o u nd l ik e p tw i ce in cl ose s u cces s i o n in w ord s s o cl os el y j oi ned in p ronu nci a ti on ; the change is d u e th erefo re not to the preced i ng s bu t to the i nitial p of pes s A l ik e d is s i mil ati on is s een in G reek w here 1 6 0mm s ta nd s for w on oz a nd a s ti l l b etter i l l us tration is fou nd in G erma n w here fo r the o l d er des din w e find in th e N ibel u nge n Lied des te (M od G erm des to ) w hi ch has u nd ergo ne th e same p honeti c d iss i mi l a tio n as pes s te to w hi ch it ety mol ogi cal l y corres p ond s The change of p to t after t o n th e contrary is a cas e of as s i mi l a tion a nd w ou l d be a v ery s i mpl e matter in w ord forma ti on bu t s u c h tend e nci es d o not u s ual l y find pl a y w hen w ord s hav e no cl o s e r T his ass i mi lati on of i niti al c o nne cti on th an that of j u x ta p os i ti on a preced i ng t is not p ecu l i a r to th e O rrmu l u m h ow ev e r ; I o t p h av e noticed it in Pi ers Pl ow man in Chau cer and el sew here bu t i t is gene ra l l y confi ned to parti cu l a r w ord s w h i ch coal es ce w i th the I ced i ng w ord in p ronu nci a ti on and o ften in w ri ti ng t se e ms in e r p fa ct to be the res u l t of a s ort of en cl is is w h i ch attaches the fol l o w i ng w o rd to the preced i ng one th u s d ep ri v i ng it of its s ep a rate The w ord s a c ce nt a nd re nd eri ng it more l i ab l e to cha nge o f form mos t s u bj ect to thi s sort of i ncl i na ti on are the arti cl e the a nd the n the N ibe l u ngen Li ed the re are nu me r I rs o na l p ro no u n then e p s te a d

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j

P H IL OL O G Y

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G erman R e inaert it is carri ed s o I n all th es e far as to beco me a s pecial p ecul ia ri ty of the l angu age cas es th e s econd w o rd b e i ng e ncl i ti call y attached to the forego ing a nd l os i ng its s ep a rate acce nt is rend e red mo re l i ab l e to cha nge ; not o nl y to th e s i mpl e ch ange of ass i mi l ati o n b u t often to l oss of so me The pe rs onal of its el e me nts as in the i ns ta nces g i v e n in the notes pronou n than i s es peci all y s u bj ect in O l d Engl i s h to thi s tend ency S eha l tn to i ncl i nati on w hen it s tand s i mmed i atel y afte r the v erb Th e a rtu dos tn nos tn w epes tu a nd th e l ik e a re met w i th ofte n a rti cl e the is o ften th u s attache d to the p re p os i ti o n a t bu t othe r I hav e me t w ith none e x ce pt in th e O rrmu l u m ca s es s ee m ra re and in one or tw o other w orks w h i ch be a r a cl os e resembl a nce to it in p ecul i ari ti e s of d i al ect and are b el i ev ed to hav e b ee n pro d u ced in the s a me nei ghbo rh ood The w orks that b ear the greates t l ik eness to the O rrmu l u m are B o th th es e the p oem of G e nes is a nd Ex od u s a nd the B es ti a ry hav e bee n e d i ted by R ev R i cha rd M orri s for the Earl y Engl is h Tex t S oci ety and a ca refu l catal ogu e of the p ecu l ia riti es of d ial ect common to the m w i th th e O rrmu l u m forms a p art of h is p refa ce to I n th i s l is t one p o i nt o f res embl anc e me nti oned th e former w ork “ th e change o f a n i ni ti al 6 (th) i nto t a fter w ord s end i ng in is ” M r M orris d t n s that is to s ay after a d e nta l o r a s ibi l a nt c i tes fiv e ca s es of th i s ch a nge in G enes i s and E x od u s ; one after “ T h is pra cti ce is more s one after t a nd th ree after d ; a nd a d d s ” I n the p refa ce to h is ed i ti on of th e freq u ent in the B es ti a ry B estiary he refers the read er to h is ed i ti on of G e nes is a nd Ex od us fo r a d is cus s i on of the former s d i al ecti c p ecu l i ari ties To the fiv e cas es ci ted by M r M orri s from Ge nes i s a nd E x od us ou s cas es of

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m i s tu e eg o qu i vi I I I 5 9 M e pro i a m d u o ex nos tris v eterrimi (D C) I V 1 4 1 ex nos tris antiq u iores o mnes t t D F 2 n P r C M T a u e h o I V u u e n i D T i c m e x os t P B A s e s ) ) ( ( 3 q q t a ba m R ecte u ta ni (R Ch) I V r d n o u 2 2 u o e x s t i s D S 5 ( ) p p 0 opi u m : Vi cto rianu s V 1 1 7 F acta (Ch) et a pri ma ma nu d u o al ii (M B) V 3 2 4 T res e x v etu s tioribus (CD M ) A t ta nde m V 4 38 N oster veterrimu s (D ) od i u m V 6 1 5 M el iores et pl u res l ib ri propere a deerse (DS BA R TM P ) M I N TO N W A R R E N i stu e qu i v i

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i i L e tte r S e ri es 4 v ol s By O w e n F e l l th am R es ol e s D i v i ne tc L ond 1 840 H i s tory of R e ign of J ame s I I Fo By Ch a rl e s J a me s F ox El l

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A M E R I CA N

1 42

’

O / V A L U R [

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

.

W hen th e o bj ect of a v erb has once bee n ex p ressed and th en omitted the y re peat it by a p ronou n as hi m her They d o not i tal i ci ze the forms o f the i t them etc w i thou t i tal ics co p u l a i s an d a re bu t d o i ta l i ci ze other fo rms of it as s ha ll be 1 0 n r a l i cs w h u h a i T p e fi n i e c l e i o t i t W e w o d t e u l h e t a r t 6 h d s t p y y 3 is regu l arl y e mpl o yed absol u tel y in G ree k they s u ppl y the compl e ment some times in ital i cs as 1 6 ; 1 0 2 3 ; 5 M ark 1 6 1 ; and so meti mes in R oma n l etters as col d w a ter for col d w a ter 1 0 4 2 T hey i tal i ci ze forms i ns erted to remove a n a mbigu ity in th e G reek as in 3 1 5 ; 5 3 7 ; 6 1 3 ; or to re mov e an a mbi gu i ty fro m a n E ngl i s h T hey i tal i cize a prepos i tion w hen they repea t it form as in 9 1 9 w h ere the G ree k uses it onl y once ; bu t they d o not i tal i ciz e it w hen Bu t it they repea t it as d e no ti ng th e mere eas e of a G reek w ord is to be remarked that th e R ev isers d o not p ractis e no r profes s the Chris t after the s tri ct cons is tency in th is compl i ca ted ma tter G reek The G reek often empl oys the articl e w i th the na me of a per so n as menti oned before w ell k now n a nd for oth er reas ons ; as 6 c h f d r e w c o e s f r 1 t c h i o o u s e n o a d m i o a i t t t a n s l I qo oiir 2 I t o n 3 3 A nd Xpw rds be i ng often the titl e of ou r L ord w i l l tak e th e a rticl e in E ngl is h w herev er it is u s ed as a ti tl e ; as 1 6 1 6 5 M ark 1 2 3 5 S L u ke 2 26 (w here the Engl is h arti cl e d oes d ou bl e d u ty) S J o hn I 2 0 ital ics s pari ngl y

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ith or w i thou t the arti cl e in the G ree k the articl e s h ou l d b e o mi tted in tra ns l ati o n and it is omi tted h ere by d e W ette Dr N oyes D ea n Al ford a nd the G erm a nd the H ol l R ev Th is u s e of th e s a me w ord b oth as a ti tl e a nd as a mere na me is hars h and it w ou l d rel i e ve the matte r w herev er it see ms to be u s ed a s a ti tl e if it w ere trans l ated after the H ebrew the Mess i a h or by th e Bu t ev en 6 M emn c is rend ered by Xpw vde Engl i s h the A noi nted w i thou t th e arti cl e in S J oh n I 4 2 and in the onl y oth er pas s a e g in w hi ch it occu rs S J o h n 4 2 5 it is i ts el f w i tho u t the arti cl e When after W ycl a nd the res t ex ce p t A V W hen as ; so v 18 T h i s is a d ou bl e form l ike w hil e as w h ich the Eccl es ias ticu s Prol

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d to stand in H eb 9 8 , and w ha t ti me a s in P s PV hen as s eems t o 1 05 , 1 3 Cra nmer, and th e fami l iar w hereas occu r more freq u entl y in poetry than in p ros e ; as , in S haks p M V ’ v 999 , and eight ti mes in a l l ; and in H erri ck s N ob l e N u mbers L ond 1 8 5 9 p 5 24 , an d four times in all I t is fou nd in pros e i n ’ Sel d en T T p 9 ; and in Wal ton s A ngl er p 5 5 ha d been be trothed nearl y a fter Tynd a nd G e n , w as betro thed w as es po u se d v 1 9 A n d , after W y cl ; The n A V ; w as s pou s id , W ycl and R h , R

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TH E N E

W

R E VI S I O N

W

TH E N E

OF

TE S TA M E N T

.

A V after Ty nd and th e res t righteous after Cra n ; rightfu l W ycl j us t A V after G en a nd R h v 20 w hen he thoug ht w h i l e he th ou g h t A V after W y cl an d s o s u bs ta ntial l y al l the res t Bu t the a o ri s t s ta nd s here in th e G ree k d enoti ng a p reced ent a cti on and th erefo re it s hou l d be rend ered w hen he had thou ght o n thes e th ings o r w i th D ea n Al ford w h il e (be tter w hen) he w as thu s p u rp os ed ; in A cts 1 0 1 3 w e hav e this v erb in th e pres ent a nd there t he R e v p ro perl y foll o w A V w h il e Peter thou ght The aori s t ci p l e is al w ay s to be re nd e red i n H e ll eni s tic as w e ll as in a r i t p cl as s i ca l G ree k as a pas t form ex ce p t w here th e ex igency of the eas e req u ires a p res e nt ; as in the freq u ent drr pcd i s u m 3 1 5 ; 4 h c n c h a n w c w h t r h i i i e t e e s t d X 2 i d r r e a r k w 5 M 1 ; q 9 4 g p y 5 5 u n r e h 2 o w S L k r S J o I 6 h e e h e l e u f t o oos se the ; ; ; 9 4 4 Eng l is h p res ent parti cipl e may w el l e no u gh re pres ent the Greek 26 i y flhéw a n aori s t a nd A cts 1 I 1 Bhevr vres the a o ri s t as 1 9 e nt bo th of w h i ch A V a nd the R e v gi v e by the pres e nt r es p a n a ng el after the G ree k ; the a ngel A V a nd al l the l oo king i t i s he tha t by a new and free rend eri ng to b ring v 21 res t irrbs w h ic h the s i mpl e he of A V and a ll the o u t th e e mp ha ti c 8 24 ; I 4 2 ; I 6 20 ; res t s e e ms ad eq u a te l y to ex press as in 3 I I 2 1 2 7 ; it m ight hav e be e n rend e red by hi mself u s ed a bs ol u tel y and S J oh n 4 5 s 2 0 a s in 8 I 7 H i ms el f too k o u r infirmitia ; ; 3 5 H e b 1 3 5 a nd often el sew here w h i ch is a th orou ghl y Engl is h u se o f the pro no u ns ; s ee Li fe of D av iso n pp 2 40 2 8 9 hi ms elf abs ol u te ; r i l e s e 2 m s e r p P i i Si h h l n S d e 2 38 s P m s a l es ; ; f p l 7 337 3 y f y pp o f D av i d p 1 6 2 my s elf ; p 1 6 3 thy self ; and P re f o f A V p 1 1 6 a —v 2 2 tha t it mig ht be f u lfil l ed w hi ch w as spoken ; A V G en and R h and s o D ea n Al ford that it s chu l d e be a ft e r Cra n fi rl fi ll id that etc W ycl ; to fu l fil l that w h i ch w as s poken Tynd This form w as fou nd als o in A V in 2 1 5 ; 2 2 3 ; a nd I s t G e n 8 I 7 ; 1 2 1 7 ; 2 1 4 ; 2 7 3 5 (now rej ected fro m the te x t) a nd has — be en reta i ned by the R ev and I 3 3 5 (i i tha t) has been con I n 2 1 7 and 2 7 9 A V had th e n w as formed to the oth ers The pro nou n i t is regu l arly ei ther encl i tic fu l fil l ed that w h i ch etc o r pro cl i ti c and th erefore s hou l d not be us e d as it is not ex ce pt v e ry ra rel y as s imp l e a nteced ent to a re l ati v e or w he re it w o u l d Cas es l ik e he it is that S Jo hn 1 4 2 1 P S 1 08 ta k e an e mp has i s 1 3 a nd I t is th is w h i ch S ou th s S ermo ns I I I p 2 04 ; tis fal s e w h i c h th e y ch arge the Bis hops w i th S el d e n T T p 2 8 ; p res ent no d iffi c u l ty as the e mph as is d oes no t fal l on th e w ord i t A be tte r rend eri ng h ere the refo re w ou l d be th at that mig ht be fu l fi l l ed w h ich w as .

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A M E R I CA N

1 44

s

p ok e n

and

th en

OF

P H IL OL O G Y

form, in its

Th is

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occu rs now

El l is , O

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O UR N AL

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to recey ve that that s hal be

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i Letters I pp 24 1 2 48 h ere is that that ca u se th the offe nce Li fe of D av is o n p 3 2 3 as fo r that th at is s a i d Sel d en T T p 99 ; a nd s o I a ns w ered tha t that need ed not Life of D a v is on p 2 47 w e re me mber that tha t d ece i v er s a i d s o A V a nd th e R ev a ll ow in 2 7 6 3 ; S J ohn 2 1 2 3 ; and the R ev hav e e ve n i ntrod u ced it i nto There are how ev er in H eb 1 2 1 3 that that w hich is l ame etc in w h i ch th i s pro no u n ca n s ta nces o f the fo rm w e h av e cri ti ci zed h ard l y be read w i th o u t e mp has i s ; as bu t o n w ho ms oev er it s hall as for th e l igh t o f mi ne eyes it al s o is go ne P S 3 8 1 0 ; fall to b e b ou nd u nto it a nd no ne other Bp B a ncroft a t the Conference after the a ccess i on of J a mes I to b u ry it a nd the m W al to n s A ngl er p 2 24 ; to get money ou t of other M ens Po ck ets a nd it into ow ing to that ca u s e a nd to it al one the i r ow n S el d en T T p 1 07 — S ped d ing s R ev etc p 74 I t too the na tu ra l i ntel l ect of ma n m u ned u ca ted L id d o n s U n i v Se rmons p 1 2 2 w e n i n e o s r v o e h t s t g — v 2 v i r i n f h v e r t h e a e G r ee k a i r i n W c l a l t t a n d r h l t e t e s ; g y 3 g w hi ch i s bei ng i nter reted a cha n e of n h a m d e I s e t t a t G ) ( y p g o rd er to confo rm to A cts 4 3 6 ; w h i ch be i ng i nterp re ted is A V afte r R h w h i ch s eems b ette r as b ri ngi ng th e v erb d i rectl y be fore its — p red ica te s) after W ycl T ynd Cra n I s t G e n and v 2 4 A n d (a R h T hen A V a fter 2d G e n a rose after W y cl roos his sleep l u n e a c i n s c h eas e e u a l n a i e b i i v r m ? m t h r t e e o n m 6 m t u n e t ) ( g q p ha ti c p os s ess iv e pronou n a fact w h i ch A V d id not recognize and therefo re w hen they e mpl oy ed the poss es s i v e u nd e r s u c h ci rcum s ta nces it is i tal i ci zed ; as ou r s i ck ness es ( irs n i tr s ) I O 1 7 ; thy cl ok e ( b ipd fl ) 5 40 ; 9 5 (w he re th e tex t is now changed ) ; his r gi nal

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1 46

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A M E R I CA N

El i zabeth , w

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pp

1 66

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

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mes of D a vi d tra ns l a ted i nto Verse by S i r P hi l rjb S i d ney a nd the Cou ntess of P embroke his S is ter 43 in nu mber a nd maki ng 1 1 1 p i m u s ed of p ers o ns onl y tw i ce 2 fi w h h 1 o w n d c e p I n The P

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pers ons bu t in his J u l i us w e cha nced to ta k e for th i s e x a mi na t i o n w e did no t find w hich us ed of pe rs ons in a s i ngl e i ns tance ; for a rmi es w hi ch I V 2 is a cas e of w hi ch referri ng to a col l ecti ve no u n a nd th is is a co mmon mod e rn as w ell as a nci ent u s age I n H erri ck s N obl e N u mbers maki ng 1 0 5 pp 1 2 mo w e find w hi ch us ed o f p e rs ons o nl y o nce N ow in the R ev is i on of S t Matt w h i ch mak es onl y abo u t 46 f 1 2 m w e fi nd w h ich u s ed of p e rsons m a t h o i s d o es 8 e n e t pp 5 i ns ta nces 2 3 are of G od or of the Pers o ns of the H ol y Tri nity 4 of thes e 5 8 b e i ng ad d ed by th e R ev is ers ma ki ng mo re than o ne cas e of th is u s e o f w hi ch to a p age ; w h i l e in the o l d E ngl is h ad d u ced a b ov e maki ng in al l 1 08 1 pp 4to 8 vo a nd 1 2 mo w e fi nd w h i ch u s e d of pe rs o ns onl y 5 2 ti mes o r o nce i n ab ou t pp 5 0 that ha d th e R ev i s ers of 1 6 1 1 neve r in a s ingl e i ns ta nce us ed w hi ch o f p e rs o ns in th e i r w o rk the abs e nce o f it w ou l d s ca rcel y ha ve o ccas i o ned re ma rk in com pa ris on w i th th e b es t Engl is h o f o ne h u nd red yea rs before the i r ti me of the i r o w n ti me or of o ne h u n d red yea rs a fter ; and s u ch be i ng the cas e ou gh t th is freq u ent u se o f it in the R e v i s i o n of 1 8 8 1 to be regard e d as j u s tifiabl e ? v 7 r i v i a e r r c l l d t e n a ca l l a f T p i i n a n d G e n w h e h h d v l e d d e ; p y y ly A V after Cran l erny de W y cl and R h ; enq u ired A V a fte r T ynd Cra n a nd G e n ca ref u l ly by a new re nd ering ; d il i e n l a e r n i l i A V T b b i t f t d h w r d s n o w s o t n u t i s o o e e t h s t y y g i nd eed

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Up o n retu rn M onmou th thou ght he migh t w i thou t b l ame retu rn a ls o for he a l so ; then i nd eed S t Paul s preachi ng w as va in and on? fa i th is v ain al so for ou r f a i th — a l so d Bp Li g htfoot Pref to Com o n G al A n t h v 9 ey hav i ng hea rd the ki ng w ent thei r w ay after R h nearl y W h o hav ing hea rd th e ki ng w e nt thei r w a y ; W hen they ha d hea rd the ki ng they d eparted A V a fte r T ynd Cran and G en v 10 A nd w he n after G e n ; W hen A V after Tynd a nd Cra n — A nd they ca me i nto the hous e v 1 1 omitti ng the particl e after W ycl nea rl y a nd the i entrid e n in to the hou s ; A nd w he n e o the y w ere co me i nto the ho u s e A V by a new re nd eri ng n p w he n the y ha d o p e ned i ng th ei r trea s u res they ofl ered after R h v 12 the ir treas ures the y p res ented A V after W y cl nea rl y o d i n a li w h c h a r e m b V a n o e i i A v i o tt d s i n 2 2 n G t s e d o se e o f y v 1 3 N ow by a new rend eri ng 1 17 A nd A V after W ycl a n a ng e l after th e G reek a nd s o R h the a ngel A V a fter W ycl and p

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A M E R I CA N

and

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P H I L 01 0 0 Y

OF

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better beca us e they w ere not after Ty nd Cran a nd G en by a ttra ctio n i nto the pas t tens e w h i ch the R ev is ers the m s el v es commonl y u s e in s u ch cas es ; as w as (i a v i ) 1 6 20 ; w as i as w i f n as o n a n b c d s é 2 m 2 o e n 0 i n 0 t ; ) ) g y ( py p 3 4 43 g ( px —v 20 the a re dea d tha t after W cl and R h e l sew h e re t h e y y y are d ead w h i ch A V a fte r T y nd a nd the res t T h is is o ne of the few cas es w herei n the R ev hav e gi v e n u p th e u se of w hi ch of per h v 22 a nd after W cl d n s ons R i i A V a n n t w t h s t a n d o g y a fter T ynd he w i thd rew by a new re nd eri ng ; Cran a nd I s t G e n — th a t v he tu rned as id e A V a fter Tynd Cra n a nd G en 23 a nd s o d e W ette D r he s hou ld be ca l l ed a N a za rene after G en ' N oyes D r D av i d s on a nd W e i zs ack er ; or eq u al l y w el l H e s hal l be call ed a N aza rene A V after T ynd a nd Cran R h

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A M E R I CA N

152

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P H IL O L O G Y

OF

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for d eceiv e 2 4 , 4 ; and hea ri ng for a u d i ence , S L u ke , 20 , 45 ; a nd aga i n archa i c for co mmo n forms ; as , mus t need s come formus t astray

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me 24 6 ; he repented hi mself for he re pe nted 2 1 2 9 ; thrice for t h e e a f v 13 b s r W l a t e three ti mes Acts 1 1 1 0 c l n ea r i i b d e s y y y co

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be i ng omitted after W ycl and the res t ; see on 3 5 a g reat l ight by a new re nd eri ng ; great l i ght w ith ou t the articl e W ycl To them di d l ight spri ng up by a ne w and more and the res t Rh l ight is s pru ng ex act rend ering ; l i ght is ris en to the m u p A V after W ycl and the res t w ho o mit the p ro no u n (eri rate) —v 1 n w d m r v d u f a e o o r e r r r s s a n e d a e h e i p G k J b e n e t t e ee s u s ; j g 7 R epent y e by an ins er began A V after W ycl a nd the res t ti on o f the s u bj ect a fter W ycl as in 3 2 ; R ep ent A V a fte r T ynd The s u bj ecti v e p ronou n of the i mperati ve mood as and th e res t w el l as of the oth er fi ni te forms is often no t ex p res s ed in G reek bu t its i ns erti on s ome ti mes ad d s d ignity as h ere s ome times earnest nes s s ometi mes mark s e mp has is or co ntras t a nd s ome ti mes gi ves — v 1 8 he s a w by change a pl eas i ng ful ness to the ex p ress i on of rea d i ng afte r L ach mann Tis chend orf a nd Tregel l es ; J es us S i mon w ho i s ca l l ed P eter a fter R h and saw A V ; see on v 1 2 more cl ose to the G re ek s o s u bs tantiall y al l bu t A V by a new v 19 Come y e af ter me cl oser rend eri ng Si mon call ed P eter Fol lo w me A V after Tynd to the G ree k after W ycl and R h -v 2 0 the nets after the G reek ; so W ycl Cran a nd the res t thei r nets A V aft er Ty nd a nd I s t G en s ee on 1 G en and R h other tw o brethren arch a i c ord er after A V and the rest v 21 24 ex ce p t W ycl w ho g i ves u s the mod ern ord er tw e y ne othere b ri th The Rev is ers hav e retai ned the archai c ord er als o in 2 5 1 6 ere n bu t in 2 5 2 2 they hav e changed 2 5 1 7 other tw o 20 other fi ve Cran a nd G e n i nto other tw o the tw o other of A V T yn d I n the ol d l angu age w e often find othe r als o before the no un and all oth er the cred i tors Li fe of D av is on p 2 24 ; others arti cl e ; as 21 o m v r t A V h e n c e the commiss ioners ib pp 2 3 1 24 2 f Th e R ev hav e d one w el l in re tai ni ng afte r Tynd and all the res t on occas ion this pl eonas tic form fo u nd al so in f rom hence f rom hencef orth and f rom w hence w h ich i ntercha nge w ith the s i mpl e t h e e a n w e n c i o e h e n c r d h n e t n c t h e t b e s n l e h E h n c i s h e f r o m s o f f g al l pe ri od s ; f rom he nce D ryd en D ram P oes y p 70 ; Templ e 1 i

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A M E R I CA N

54

I

a nd

a tsied ,

the res t

p

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O UR N AL

J

by a

new

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

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form those that had the pal s y , A V t r ea m e b t u l t i d u s a n e w a n d c l e os r , g y .

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W

TH E N E

We

VI S I O N

R E

OF

TH E N E

W

TE S TA M E N T:

155

i nterchange of hi s and he r in S Matt 24 3 2 his bra nch and S M ark 1 3 2 8 he r bra nch a nd her aga i n u s ed w i th — t r e her i t in 1 Co I 3 5 i s lf a n d trod den a new form for the and to b e trod d en A V after Tynd s a k e o f u ni ty ; s ee o n v 1 1 v 1 4 a hi l l new form in accord ance w i th Cran G en and R h n u s ag e m an h il l A V afte r W ycl o d e r T n oo d d a C r a n n d y g G e n the form a n b efore h be i ng co mmo n d ow n thro u gh the 1 7th — v 1 5 l a mp by a new a nd u nnecessa ry re nd eri n ce ntu ry dl c a n e g A V a fter Tynd and al l ex cept W y cl l anterne the bu s hel after a b u s h el A V afte r W ycl a nd the rest o mi tt i n h e t th e Gree k g the sta nd by a new rend eri ng a ca nd l es ti c k A V d e fini te artI cl e s hi neth by a new rend erin to conform it to aft er W y cl a nd the res t g — W c l d r a n th e nex t v erse ; gi v eth l ight A V a fter a n v 16 C y E ven s o l et y ou r l ig ht s hi ne by cha nge of ord er after W ycl a nd R h a n d by s u ppl y i ng E ven w i th ou t i tal i c i zi ng it ; L et you r l ight so — v 1 7 ca me to tha t A V after Ty nd Cra n a nd G e n s h i ne rve th e G ree k aori s t and s o W ycl ; a m co me A V after Tynd es e r p — — a 2 2 c m e e v a see o n f r 1 a t b r s e o 8 s a s w a s as a nd th e es ; p y p — pas s A V after W ycl a w ay by a new a nd ex act rend eri ng ; pass a l l thi ng s be a ccompl i shed a l l thi ng s afte r W y cl Cra n and R h i s hed by a new rend eri ng l l fi A V a l f u l l b e l e d a n d G e n be accom p — v 1 9 one o Cran and R h t h e e t s l e as c o m m a n d a fte r T y nd f m e nts after W ycl and the res t ; so M eyer D ean Al ford D r o ne of these N o y es M r D arby D r S egond and the Ge rm R ev co m ma nd s ev en the l eas t d e W ette and D r D av id s on and s o s u b S ir s ta n tia l l y W e izs ack er ; one of the l eas t of these comma nd s B t h e s e e t a h l a s c o m m n e k e a nd the H oll R ev d s n ou r h C o y J L o rd means acco rd i ng to M eyer w hat he had j us t des ignated by o n e j ot or one tittl e a nd if th i s be s o the R ev i s ers are ri ght ; a nd s o the V u l g w i tho u t a mbigu i ty u nu m de ma nda tis i sti s mi ni mis T w o pas sa ges in the G os p els cl os el y connect thems el v es w ith this find the

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T y nd Cran a nd G en o ne of the l eas t of thes e my b rethren and t h e l atter o ne of the l eas t of thes e bu t the V ul g by an u na mbigu o u s form e x cl u d es th i s s e co nd pa rti ti v e co ns tru ct i o n fro m ea ch u n i ex his f ra tri bu s meis mi ni mis a nd u ni de mi nori bus h is a nd the R e v afte r W ycl a nd R h , fol l ow th e Vu l g I t mu s t not be i magi ned .

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t h a t the o rd er o f the w ord s s ettl es th e co ns tru cti on s a g es ;

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i ns ta nces hav e s ometi mes cha nged to he etc as here w here e i ther fo rm mi ght w ell s tand bu t h av e s o meti mes changed to th e i nj u ry of the p assage as in 1 2 5 0 w h i c h s ee t c s S r i b e f h e a r d v 2 0 the rig hteou snes s o t T n r a n e C a n d e n G f y s u pp l y i ng the rig hteous ness a nd i tal i c iz i ng it w h i l e in a S i mil a r pas s age A cts 1 2 20 they hav e s u ppl i ed the nou n bu t ha v e n ot i tal i R h as the Engl is h i d i om req u ires ciz ed it ; tha t o f the S cribes and as the R ev hav e gi v e n in S J o h n 5 36 ; s o meti mes t he G ree k ex p res s es the nou n t w i ce a nd then it may be g i v en in E nglis h as i n S L u ke 1 1 5 1 fro m the bl ood of A bel u nto the bl ood of Z achariah a nd in S J ohn 1 2 4 3 th ey l ov e d the p ra is e of me n mo re th a n th e p ra is e of G od R ev after A V a nd the rest i n no w i se ( f F 6) by a ne w rend eri ng ; i n no cas e A V w h i ch w as the fi rs t to re nd e r — v 21 i t w as sa i d to the m afte r th is s tre ngt hened form a t al l W ycl and the res t ex cept A V w h ich ga ve by them by a ne w re nd eri ng afte r B eza and othe rs ; bu t the R e v h ere fo ll ow S Chrys os tom L u ther B engel d e W ette M eyer a nd others a n d th is v i ew is in accord a nce w ith th e u s e of ma T n : mm in t he N ev ery one w ho (w as 6 v 22 cl oser to the G ree k afte r W y cl ech man that ; w hos oev er A V after T ynd and th e nea rl y w i th hi s brother w i th a n o miss i o n from the te x t after La c h res t ma nn a nd Tis ch end o rf ; w ith h is b rother w i tho u t a ca u se A V h m rg i n) a nd w hosoever (a ll u i i n a r e p t t s es e s a f t e r e t T G en ) ( g bu t w hos oev e r A V after W ycl (bu t he that) Ty nd and R h and to re nd e r th is sa me p arti cl e in th is a nd the p rec ed a nd Cran ing cl au s e by bu t w il l bri ng ou t the oppos i ti on and cl i max here the the fier o f hel l e hel l of fi re l i teral l y a nd a w kw ard l y after R h W ycl hell fire (from A S bel l e fyr fi re of hel l ) A V w ell a fte r Ty nd Cra n and G e n ; and th is p hras e is u sed by S h a ks p H — t r re v 23 h e o t h ou e a r t a I V 3 3 36 ; H V 2 3 44 r e f f l j — i ng a nd there rememberest w i th b oth v erbs in the i nd icativ e ha v e w el l .

reta ned

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1 58

A M E R I CA N

p m ( co

the ol d form

.

a

j

oU R N A L

OF

P H IL OL O G Y

mong es Ell is O rigi nal L etters ,

,

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p

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fix ed in th e cas e of certai n w ords and beco m ing s ettl e d in others th e R ev is ers ha v e obs erved u nifom l y in S M att ex ce pt in 1 7 49 tow a rds his d i s cipl es w h e re w e mi gh t s u ppos e tha t they u sed th i s form as a mere matter of s ou nd b efore hi s bu t the e x a mpl es tow w d A bra ha m S L u k e 1 5 5 ; and tow a rd s thei r ow n etc 1 Ti h i i n w a s o h a h d d n o a a d o r m k r e t o r t l e s t t c a t t t e d 5 4 y y T hey s eem to u se the regu l ar form a l w ay s ou t s u ch a d is ti ncti on 1 2 1 6 b 2 h 1 a d T h T e 8 1 2 1 1 i s es s s n h e l 0 1 es t ss ; ; ; ( common and p oeti c form a l w ay (2 8 2 0 ; Acts 1 0 2 ; Ph il 4 4 ; 2 Thes s 2 1 3) w i th o u t d i s cri mi nati on bu t it w ou l d 2 T hess I 3 have be e n b ette r to res erv e a l w ay fo r the more s ol e mn pas sages as i n the 2 8 20 w he re th ey hav e w el l a ll ow ed it to s tand afte r A V w ay s o A V after W ycl and th e res t ; and s o D ea n Al ford M r D arby and D r D a vi d son ; on th e road Dr Ca mpbel l and Dr N oyes ; and the Rev is ers the ms el ves hav e gi ven on the w ay in S Mark 1 6 1 2 ; S L u ke 8 1 4 ; 1 0 4 and hav e ev e n cha nged th e a ral l el pa a ge in S L u k e 1 2 5 8 fi om i n the w ay to on the w ay s s p bu t hav e l eft it h ere and in 1 5 3 2 ; 2 o 1 7 S Mark 1 0 2 2 ; S L u k e a I n t h e w a w n u r i a 2 i d f r m r e d s h 2 s e e l s e e as n e d o ; ; 9 5 7 4 3 35 y y my w ay to my L ord Cha ncell or Li fe of D av is on p 2 3 5 ; T hey may s erv e h im w el l e nou gh in the W a y bu t w hen he comes to Cou rt etc S el d en T T p 1 80 ; in his w ay from N ew M a rket Fox s Hist p 38 8 ; in thei r road to N ew Market i b p 3 8 5 ; bu t this form now is co mmo nl y u sed of an o bs tru cti on as the d iffi cu l ties in th e 8 w ay o f B u rke s p romoti on e tc M orl ey Li fe of B u rk e L o nd 8 0 1 p 1 39 W e s h oul d have bee n gl ad therefore to s ee the R ev change th is a nd the oth er s i mi l a r pass ages a l so to on the w ay a nd the y hav i ng vi s ited w ou l d hav e h ad ev en El i zabeth an a u thori ty for it M r Secretary Wals i ngham on my w ay L ife of D av i s on p 2 6 2 l es t haply after R h nea rl y l es t p erha ps ; W ycl l es t pe rave ntu re ; — til l thou ha ve pa i d 26 l es t at a ny ti me A V after Cra n v a l u h a r a f r d n l t h o G k bj c i T n i i u u v e d r a n s t d a ee s n e t C t t ; ) ( y p A V after G en s ee on 4 3 the l a stf a rthi ng after W ycl and R h the u ttermos t farth i ng A V a fter the ex cel l e nt rend eri ng of S irJ oh n v 2 7 Y e h a ve hea rd tha t i t w as sa i d w i th a n omi ss i o n from Cheke the tex t afte r L ach ma nn Ti sch end orf a nd Tregell es ; Y e hav e h eard — every one that v 28 tha t it w as s aid by them of ol d ti me A V a nd nearl y after W y cl ov eri man cl os e r to th e G reek («as 6 v 29 t i tha t ; w hos oe v er A V after Ty nd a nd th e res t if p right ey e caus eth thee to stu mbl e by a new rend eri ng w ith an T his pri ncipl e

a l read y

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W

TH E N E

R E VI S I O N

TH E N E

OF

W

TE S TA M E N T!

1 59

pri ma ry meani ng of the G ree k v erb (o vaa The G ree k v erb s ignifi ed properl y to M f ) in its s econd a ry s ens e to s tu mble ence a nd s econd a ri l y to g i ve o c a u s e to s tu mbl e p as s fl to to ofl end pass to be ofl ended to ma ke a nd as a ca u sa ti v e to be mad e to ofl end a nd A V has ad mi ra b l y a nd sat oj end pass is fa cto ril y al w a ys rend ered th is w ord by these s econd a ry mea ni ngs o nl y it d oes no t d is ti ngu is h as for ex a mp l e i n th i s pa ss age b e tw ee n th e ge ne ral meani ng to ofl end a nd the ca us ati v e to ma ke ofi end u s i ng The R ev is ers s ee m in th is i ns ta nce to th e form to ofl end for bo th fo rget that a s econd ary mea ni ng may beco me p ri ma ry as w as h e d o n T e b a b l y the cas e w i th t h is w ord a nd w i th the La ti n o r o fi p t o h it ag a i n s t v e ry s el d o m occu rred a nd e n d o ri ma ry us e of o fl p w as pe rha ps commo nl y no more pres e nt to th e mi nd s of the R oma ns If th is w as the cas e w i th t h a n it is to ou rs w he n w e e mpl oy to ofi end o m nid i a al s o th e R ev is ers new rend e ring is no t o nl y no t a fa i thfu l re p res e nta ti on of the G reek bu t ev en a mis re p res e nta ti on of it to sa y They hav e th us u n n o th i ng o f its a w kw a rd ness in many p assages fo rtu na tel y changed the A V ia 5 M a tt als o in 5 30 ; 1 1 6 1 3 2 1 k ee p

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i ng pass ages bis ; S M ark 6 3 ; 1 4 M att 1 3 5 7 1 5 1 2 ; 26 3 1 1 4 2 9 (in R o m 1 4 2 1 o x va k fm is no w o mi tted fro m the G ree k I f th y ri ght I f th y ri gh t ey e ofi e nd th ee A V after Ty nd t) .

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D av id s o n cas t i t ; cas t i t A V see o n 1 1 7 tha t one of thy members s hou l d peris h a nd not thy w hol e body be ca s t i nto he l l by a ne w a nd e x cel l ent re nd eri ng to u ni fy th e s e nte nce a nd s o in v 30 that o ne of thy me mb ers s ho u l d peri s h a nd not tha t s e e on v 1 1 th y w h ol e bod y s ho u l d be cas t i nto hel l A V by a new re nd eri ng — —v i t a n 1 I w s s a d a i A V it o 1 v 1 0 e t cas t s e e s t ; ; 7 3 3 W r f r r R h I c l k i b i A V a a f e h a h ee n s a d a t e r o s t t t ee t G ) y ( a l s o a l oos e rend eri ng a fte r 2 d G e n R h a nd Germ R e v ; s e e on 2 2 t h e pa rti c l e h ere (as) is o mi tted by A V Ty nd Cra n a nd 2 d G e n b u t reta i ned and rend ered a nd by W ycl D r N oyes a nd D r D av i d Dr

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cha nge of tex t after

ma nn Tis c h e nd o rf and Tregell es ; w hos oev er s h al l pu t aw ay ma keth her a n a d u l teress by a ne w rend eri ng A V a fte r G e n w hen s he c a us eth he r to commit ad u l tery A V by a n ew rend e ri ng L

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A V after T y nd Cran a nd G en M r D a rb y to p res erv e the G ree k

34 a rti cl e ,

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the he a ven ,

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1 60

A M E R I CA N

j

oU R N A L

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

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i d i om ; by heav en A V after W ycl and the th e res t ; s o D r N oyes D ea n Al ford a nd Dr D av id s on throne of G od a fter W y cl R h a nd D r N o yes w hich bette r s u i ts God s thron e A V by a new re nd eri ng th e d i gnity of th e i d ea the f oots tool of his f eet to k ee p cl os e to th e G ree k a fte r R h v 35 h is foots to ol and S ir J o hn Ch e k e ; the s tol e of his fe et W y cl A V after Ty nd Cra n and G en nor by a new rend eri ng ; ne i ther A V after W ycl a nd the res t by j eru s a l em after A V and the res t ; the p rep os iti on in the G ree k in the other cas es in W 34 35 3 6 is bu t here is a nd the Vu l ga te re nd e rs th e m all by per bu t here the ma rgi nal tow a rd s e e ms b ette r ; cf L XX i

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J eru sal em D r D av ids on a n a f ca u er d e i b A V t T n u a e s e t h e r es t v c h d s e 37 p q y afte r D r D av i d s on ; co mmu ni ca ti on A V a fte r Ty nd Cra n and a n d w ha ts oever cl os e r to the G re ek a f G en e W 66 t r c l a n d ) ( y for w hats oev er A V freel y a fter T y nd Cran and G e n Rh is o e t h e ev il o n h e h e r e a i v R i h e s n d a n d r s n t e v 6 1 r n d e r t e e ; 39 f 3 i i i a mbi gu o u s forms i r ? r r s f p o i o as e a l n a n n s t e d o mp q mpq a bs tra ct p u tti ng the a bs tract in th e margi n M any s ch ol ars regret th is acti o n o f the Rev i sers and w is h tha t the ol d rend e ring might hav e s tood u nd is tu rb ed w i th the new re nd eri ng in the margin ; is of y v e l W y cl and R h come th of ev i l A V a fter T y nd Cran R es i s t not by a free rend e ri ng a fter G e n ; that ye a nd G en v 39 res i s t no t A V a fte r Ty nd a nd Cran h i m tha t i s ev i l after W y cl an yv e l man : ev i l A V after Cran a nd R h s e e on v 37 v 39 s mi teth by a cha nge of te x t a fte r L ach ma nn Ti s ch end o rf and Tregel l es s hall s mi te A V v 40 w ou l d g o to l a w w i th the e by a new rend eri ng ; w i l l s u e th ee at the l aw A V a fte r T y nd Cra n thy cl oke ( 6 ipa r ) ; thy cl ok e A V n ot re cogni zi ng a nd G e n th e po ss es s i v e force o f the G reek a rti cl e he re ; s ee on I 24 one mil e (F i l m i ) cl os e r to the G ree k a fte r R h v 41 a mi l e A — a f r L ove y ou r enémze s a nd V te Ty nd Cra n and G en v 44 r a t o t t e r t e h m h a r sec u e ou c w h i i i e t a n m t t o x n o f r e ss o m h e t t p yf p y after L a ch ma nn Tis chend orf a nd Tre ell es ; L ov e i e s r m o u e n e g y bl es s the m that cu rs e you d o go od to the m that hate yo u a nd pray for the m w h i ch d es pi tefu ll y u s e y o u a nd p ers e cu te y o u A V them tha t a fte r R h he m tha t W ycl ; th e m w h i ch A V after T y nd Cra n a nd G en ; and s o D ea n A l ford ; them w h o Dr Campbell and D r D av i d s o n ; th os e w h o D r N o yes and Mr i

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162

A M E R I CA N

j

’

OF

O U R N AL

P H IL O L O CY

.

When theref ore the G reek ord er after Tynd and Therefore w hen A V afte r W ycl and the res t a l ms I s t G en a nd R h ; thi ne al ms A V after cl os e to the G ree k a fte r W ycl Tynd a nd the res t s ou n d not after R h d o not s ou nd A V by They ha ve receiv ed a free rend eri ng after re nd e ri ng a new W ycl a nd R h from the V u lga te w hi ch rend ers the Greek irr x m (they ha ve i n f u l l ) by receperu nt ; s o v v 5 1 6 ; They thy F a ther w h ich after v 4 hav e A V afte r T ynd and the res t T ynd Cran R h ; thi fad i r that W y cl and G e n ; s ee o n 2 6 s ha l l recompen se thee by a change of te x t a fte r L a chman n Tis chen d orf and Tregel l es ; s o W ycl s chal q u y te the e and R h w il re pa y h i ms el f s hal l rew ard the e o pe nl y A V afte r thee after the V u l ga te Ty nd Cra n and G e n onl y th ey n egl ect the «61 6c (hi ms elf ) w hen y e pray y e by a c ha nge of te x t after Lach ma nn Ti s che n v 6 d o rf and Tregel l es ; s o the V u l ga te W y cl Ty nd and R h to sta nd a nd pray by a fre e re n th ou w he n thou p ra yes t A V to p ray s ta nd i ng A V cl ose to th e d eri ng after 2 d G en a nd R h G reek after th e V u l gate W ycl a nd 2d G en ; to s tand p ray i ng Cra n i n the corn ers after A V Ty nd Cra n a nd G e n by i nv ers i on better at the corners D r Campbel l thi ne i nner cha mber by a ne w re nd e ri ng ; ch a mb er T y nd Cra n G en a nd R h and s o D r D av id s on w h i ch gi v es the orig i nal (m a i ) ad eq u a tel y ; th y cl os e t A V after S ir J o h n Chek e w h i ch is cl os er a nd s ee ms the b es t pos s ibl e re nd eri ng a nd s o D r N o y es cl os et in ol d Engl i s h mea n i ng more reti red room as in h is Cha mbe r o r in his Cl os e t a n i nner S ou th s S erm o ns I I I p 5 6 4 ; a nd regu l a rl y of the pri vate a pa rt me nt a nd hav i ng s hu t a ft er of the so vere i g n as Li fe of D av i s on p 24 6 R h ; a nd w h en thou has t s h u t A V a fter Cra n a nd G en thy F a ther w hi ch after T y nd a nd al l e x cept W y cl th i Fad i r tha t ; see f r s ha l l recompens e the e b o m x i o m i i o n t v on 2 6 ss e t as n y 4 A nd i n pray i ng after W ycl nearl y Bu t in pre iyng ; Bu t w he n v 7 r t e a a A V f t r r n n B r i p h e C a a d u 66 e e s e h a r s m o r e ) p y y ( p the G enti l es do by a new re nd eri ng w i th d o s u i ta b l e tha n A n d i ns erted bu t no t i tal i cized ; see o n 1 I 7 th e hea then do A V a fte r W ycl 1 s t G en a nd the res t ; as the heathen 2d G en v 8 B e no t theref ore by a new rend eri ng w i th the o mi s s i on o f y e after t h e G reek ; bu t th e s u ppl y i ng of y e marks the contras t w h i ch rea l l y ex i s ts he re a nd it is w el l s u ppl i ed by al l the prev i ou s v e rs i ons ; s ee o n t r a v O u F h e i 1 r w h h f c a te r A V T y nd a nd al l the res t b u t 4 7 9 W ycl O u re Fad i r that; s ee o n 2 6 v 1 0 a s i n hea ven so on ea r th by a new a nd free re nd eri ng afte r th e G reek ord e r ; s o nea rl y R h — and R h

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W

TH E N E

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w

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D a v i d s on ;

in

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W

VI S I O N

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in heav en , in

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A V

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i h n a n e r t e i n h s e v e e, ; Ty nd and Cra n ; ev e n in

it ys in hev e n , G en ; a l l the ol d

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mpa riso n in Engl i s h Th e cha nge of ord e r h ere by the R e v 12 as w e a l s o, s ee ms to be al mos t u ni v e rs al l y regre tted

o f a co v is e rs

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G ree k ; s o 2d G en a nd R as w e A V a fter T y nd a nd

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A V

1 63

TE S TA M E N T

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W

TH E N E

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T y nd

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h r l n e a n n e ec t w i C t e ra t G en , , g g h a v e f org ive n, by a change of tex t after L ach mann , T is ch e nd orf, and .

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Trege ll es ; w e forg i v e , A V after W y cl and bri ng u s , by a new re nd e ri ng of the G ree k

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Lu ke

22,

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th e

54 the

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and

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D av i ds on ; ev il A V after W ycl — a n d the res t ; so L u th e r and Ge rm R ev ; s ee o n 5 3 7 v 14 F or if y e f org iv e etc w i th omiss i o n of the d ox ol ogy from the te x t a fter L achma nn Tis che nd orf and Tregel l es ; s o W ycl a nd R h after the V u l gate o nl y th ey hav e A men fro m the Cl e menti ne e d i t i o n w h i ch is w a n ti ng in the Cod ex A mi a ti nus the H ol l R ev D e an Al ford D r N oyes a nd D r D a v i d s o n omit the d ox ol ogy D r C a mpbe l l and D r S egond e ncl os e it in s q u are b ra cke ts b u t d e W ette a nd the Germ R ev retain it ; it has been traced back ev en to the 2 d ce ntu ry in the S yri a c a nd T h ebaic v ers i o ns and D r S criv T pp e n er is no t ye t conv i nced tha t it s hou l d be rej ected (I nt N e 1 a e 6 b s e n m e n a f v m o e r n n T se t e d a d I n t t e s G ) y f qq y 49 5 n e a rl y mi gh t be s e ne of men ; ma y a pp ea r u nto me n A V afte r R h thy hea d after R h ; th i ne v 17 m ight s ee m u nto men 2 d G e n h e a d A V afte r W ycl a nd th e res t The R ev i s ers hav e treated th e fo rms my mi ne thy thi ne w i th great s tri ctnes s throu ghou t S M att 15 ; m u s i ng my and thy b e fore consona nts a nd h ; as my s on 1 y h o us e 1 2 44 etc ; th y w ife 1 20 thy hea d 6 1 7 etc ; and mi ne and th i ne befo re vow el s ; as mi ne o w n 20 1 5 th i ne ad v ers a ry 5 2 5 etc w hi c h w i th the s i ngl e ex cepti on of my ox en 2 2 4 (s o a l s o A l oo ks l ik e a n ov e rs ight on the part of A V a nd the R e v as A V in th e O T mak es no ex ce pti on of this w o rd : thi ne o x E x 2 3 1 2 ; — 1 n x 2 v 18 be not D eu t 5 I 4 ; 2 8 3 thi e o en Ex 0 24 ; 2 2 30 — W n a f c l n l a m e n t e r ea r b e o n m e n p e a r n s t ee t o o s een o t ; y y f p u nto me n A V after R h n earl y a pp ea r n o t to men ; s e em no t

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1 64

A M E R I CA N

u nto

men G en ,

ced es

; bu t

the te x t ,

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u nto ,

in

O UR N AE

j

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

.

bu t of , by a new rend ering to agree w i th w hat pre A V s ha l l recompens e thee, by a n omis s ion fro m .

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T n d ; 4 y — Cra n and G en v 1 9 the ea rth by reta i ni ng th e G reek a rti cl e h ere aga i ns t Engl is h i d i o m after Ty nd G e n a nd R h ; earth A V after W ycl and Cran a nd s o D r Campbel l D r N oyes and D ean Al ford moth an d ru s t doth a fter A V W ycl a nd Cra n w i th the v erb in the S i ng u l a r a fter a co mp ou nd s u bj ec t ; bu t T y nd G en and R h ha v e the v erb in the pl u ral here w hi ch accords w i th F or the s i ngu l ar v erb here compa re al s o fro m A mod ern u s age V ; The rock of my s trength and my refu ge i s in G od P s 6 2 7 ; his right hand a nd h is hol y arm ha th gott en hi m the v i ctory i b o n w u l u w a h h e v e h h e d o e c n t r d u i b o j i b i n 8 1 a n d t n n c o t h h e t t t t o 9 g Of ev ery one of them a nd the heart is d ee p ib 6 4 6 ; fro m ol d Eng l i s h w here it is common : reas on and pol i cy comma nd eth etc Li fe of D avis on p 8 6 ; a n act w h i ch G od a nd the l aw f orbi d d eth i b p S ir 1 00 ; w hose s afety and g re atness ha s b e en ch i e fl y fou nd ed etc W m Templ e I p 1 29 ; B l ess i ng a nd happiness w a s thru st u pon th em S ou th s S e rmo ns I I I p 3 8 3 a nd from mod ern Engl is h w h ere it is rare : the tru th and d el i ca cy of his s enti ments i s a ttend ed etc S ped d ing s Rev i ew s e tc p 2 8 7 ea ch a nd al l of the m i s or may be rea l ized pe rfe ctl y L id d o n s U n i v S e rmo ns p 2 1 1 ; a l l th i s a nd mu ch consu me afte r D r Ca mpb el l el s e appea rs to forbi d etc i b p 304 D r N oy es and D r D a v id s on s o nearl y W y cl d istrieth (d es troy a nd th e res t ; s o D ea n A l ford ; co rru p t A V afte r T y nd eth ) brea k throug h after A V Tynd and Cra n w i th the and s o v 2 0 margi nal d ig thro u gh after G en a nd R h w h i ch giv es the Greek ex a ctl y (6 ppé o o m ) ; s o W y cl nea rl y d e l v e n ou t ; a nd s o v 20 — t t hy reas u re thy he a rt by change of te x t after Lach ma nn v 21 Tis che nd orf and Tregel l es ; s o W y cl a nd R h after th e V u l ga te ; — — t r h a u a r A V h l m f D r a m r u r e e v 2 2 e a t e r u r eas o t C o t y p p y b el l Dr N oyes M r D arby a nd D r D av i d s on ; th e l i gh t A V — the d a rk v 23 a fter T y nd Cra n a nd G en s o D ea n Al ford nes s cl os e to th e G re ek afte r D r Ca mpbel l D e a n A l fo rd and D r Dav I d s on ; tha t d ark ness A V afte r Ty nd Cran a nd G e n ; s o W ycl w ho had no articl e be fore h im rend ered it of his ow n moti on th il k p ro p su ch afterw ard tha t d erk nes s is w h i ch is an ev i The R ev i s ers th e ms e l v es ha v e ren d ence of its na tu ral nes s he re d ered the arti cl e by the d e mo ns trati v e ; as tha t M a ry etc ( ) M pi a a nd the s i mpl e pro no u n of the 3d pe rs on as a etc ) S J o h n 1 1 2 d e mons trati v e ; as of thos e w orks ( ah av) for of them S J o hn 1 0 3 2 as

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1 66

A M E R I CA N

oU R N A L

j

OF

P H IL OL O G Y

.

D ean A lfo rd and Dr D a v id s on ; of heav en Dr Ca mp bel l ; s ee 5 34 tha t (an ) after R h and s o M eyer D r N oy es D ean A l ford M r D arby and D r D av id s on ; for A V after W ycl a nd cl os e to the G ree k and the res t m i ) a fter W ycl and R h a nd s o S ir J oh n Chek e D r N oyes D ea n A l ford and D r D a v ids on ; d n e n O n n f a e A V r 2 d o m a r k h e pp i i d e T a e G t os t t t t o t ; y y y A re not y e of mu ch more v a l u e Cran and I St G en s ee o n 1 2 5 by a new rend eri ng nea rl y after D r Ca mpbel l A re not y e mu ch more val u a bl e and D r N oyes A re not y e of mu ch grea ter val ue ; A re ye not mu ch better A V afte r Tynd Cran a nd G en B u t w h o W y cl ; th e res t negl ect the A n d w hi ch afte r R h v 27 — G reek parti cl e (of ) v 2 9 y et a fter 2d G e n bu t R h A nd A V b a f r e n d i n a f t e r T n r a n 1 s n d e e e r a n d t e t r C G e y y g y B ut v 30 a fter D ea n A l ford ; A nd W ycl and R h s o D r N oy es a nd D r D av i d s o n ; W h e re fore A V b y a v ery free rend e ring afte r T y nd Cra n and G en doth s o cl othe after R h ; — F or af ter Cra n and G en v 32 s o cl othe A V afte r T y nd a ll these thi ng s d o the G enti l es seek a fter W ycl and al l bu t A V h i s k i a n o w h ich i ncl u d es th is in pa renthes is b v n d m y 33 g o mis s i on fro m th e te x t afte r Tis che nd orf a ccord i ng to Cod S i na i ti cu s a nd Cod Va ti ca nu s the ki ngd om of G od A V afte r W y cl the ki ngd o m of h even T y nd and l s t G en Cra n 2d G en a nd R h CH VI I v 2 u nto y ou by a cha nge of tex t after Lach man n Tis ch end orf a nd Tregel l es ; toy ou ag a i n A V after Tynd G e n — v 4 cas t out l i te ral l y after G e n a nd R h ; agen to y o u W y cl u ita b l y ; a nd so T nd and Cra n r u u l A V o s l and R h o t m e p y W t t t t l t k u a n d c d u c h e o w h e i l u e o e o o as m e ou t h c t t o u t ; y p pre pos ition rep eated as in the Greek (i nfidhhew e after A V — a l x e W T ynd and l e c pt ycl d o o u t fro ; s o in 5 L u ke 6 4 2 after A V and Ty nd F or this repe ti ti on v ery rare in Engl is h com — pare A V Je r 8 1 they s hal l bring ou t the bones o u t of thei r r v es ; Si d ne y s A rcad i a p 6 0 a ma i d w h i ch sa te p u ll i ng o u t a a g th orn ou t of a L a mbs foot ; a nd w i th s l ight va ria tio n : h e e nte red — in o nce i nto the ho l y pl ace (el mjko r is ) H e b 9 1 2 ; R e v 2 2 1 4 ; Peter w ent u p u p on th e hou s etop A cts on w h os oe v er it s hal l fal l u p on 2 1 44 T ynd o n w ho ms oev er it s hal fal u p on rs t G en — i m I t is v e ry co m on n G ree k a nd L ati n ; as T hu c 8 fié kk w 1 0 8 ; Pl at G o rg 46 8 D ; Thu c 2 43 ; Pl a t P 01 40 2 C — — ls to u im m Pl at L ys 2 2 2 D ; e x e x pel l e re Cic O r pro M il 3 7 — 1 0 1 ; in iness e i d d e O ff 1 5 30 ; cu m— c o nferre id A cad 2 t o a f r W c l l f t e e h o r d b A V T d a t e n n d a l l h a t r e es t ; 73 y y Dr N

o y es ,

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TH E N E

the bea m,

W RE VISI ON

OF

W TE S TAMEN T

TH E N E

1 67

.

G reek arti cl e after D r N oy es D ean A l ford M r D arb y and Dr Dav id s on ; a beam A V after W ycl and al l — cas t ou t aft er A V w h i ch s ee ms to i ntrod u ce th is v 5 th e res t infe ri o r rend ering in th i s v ers e as a mere v ari ati on fro m v 4 v 5 cas t ou tfi rst cha nge of ord er to k ee p to th e G reek after W y cl a nd R h ; and s o D ea n Al ford and M r D arby ; firs t cas t out A V after T y nd a nd the res t and s o Dr N oy es and D r D av id s on v 6 cas t o m i tti ng the s u bj ect as in th e G ree k after D r D av i ds on a nd M r D a rby ; cas t y e A V after W ycl a nd al l the res t ; so D r N oyes the an d D ea n A l ford ; bu t the i ns e rti o n he re is hars h ; see on 4 1 7 sw i ne re ta i ni ng the G reek arti cl e afte r M r D arby a nd D r D av i ds o n; s w i ne A V a fter W y cl a nd the res t a nd s o D r N oyes a nd D ean Al ford l est haply to keep cl os er to the G reek (p émrre) so nearl y W ycl l es t pera v enture and R h l os t perha ps ; l es t A V and al l th e res t and so D r N oyes D ea n Al ford M r D arby and D r D a v id tu rn cl os e to the G reek afte r D r Da v id son turn aga i n A V s on a fter T ynd a nd G e n and so D ea n Alford ; tu rn rou nd M r D arby ; tu rn u p on you D r N oyes torn b ack o n t u rne aga i ns t y ou Cran s o h h i s a k w h o n s h h h C i r J o n e k e l as i o r a a v m l l o w o S 9 if f y f w i l l g ive hi m a s tone by a new rend eri ng b u t nea rl y after G e n w h i ch if h is so nne as k e him bread w ou l d e gi v e him a stone s o nea rl y D r N oy es w ho if his s o n as k for brea d w i l l gi ve him a s tone ; and D r D avid s on w ho if his so n s h al l as k bread w ill g ive him a s to ne ; w i l l h e g i v e h im a s to ne A V w ho m if his s on as k b read b y a new rend ering but nearl y after Cran w hi ch (y f his — v 1 0 or if he s ha l l as k s o nn e as ke bred ) w il offer him a s tone or a fi s h w il l g ive hi m a s erpent by a new rend e ri ng bu t nearl y f a fter D r N oyes or if he as k a fis h w i l l gi v e him a s erpe nt ; O r if h e as k a fis h w i l l he giv e him a serp ent A V by a new rend eri ng b u t nearl y after Cran O r yf he as k e fyss he w i l e he profe r him a — v 1 1 y ou r F a ther w hi ch A V after T y nd a nd al l the s e rpe nt A ll thi ng s v 12 m t ex ce p t W ycl youre F ad i r tha t see on 2 6 the ref ore c ha nge of ord er after R h w h i ch i mi tates the G ree k ; w h i ch has th e a d v a n T h e refore al l thi ngs A V after W ycl u nto ta g e o f b ri ngi ng the anteced ent d i rectl y b efore the rel a tiv e — — o them A V after t u nto the m by a new rend eri ng ; to yo u ou y W y cl and the res t and so D r N oyes D ea n A l ford M r D arby even s o d o y e a l so ( bm m i 15s n ir ) by a a nd D r D a v i ds on n m ev en so) n earl y afte r Cran d o ye ne w and free rend eri ng ( r e v ens o to the m al s o ; d o ye e v e n so to th em A V by a new re n — f r by (but) cl os er to the v 13 d eri ng and s o D ea n A l o d G reek after W y cl and R h ; at A V alter Tynd and the rest the

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AMERICAN j

1 68

na rrow and

afte r R

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h

i s tw

i ce

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i tal ici zi ng it ; s ee on 1 1 7 ; w id e i s the ga te and b road is the w a y A V w h i ch w ou l d be i mp ro v ed by omi tti ng i s in th e s e co nd pl a ce as th e R ev i s ers the ms el v es hav e d o ne in v 1 4 ; M r D arby a nd D r D a v i d s on k ee p cl os e to the G ree k w id e the gate a nd broad the w ay ma ny be they tha t enter i n thereby by a new rend e ri ng bu t nearl y after R h ma ny there — F or (8m) after Cra n B eca u s e A V v 14 be that enter by it s tra i tened by a new re nd eri ng bu t nea rl y a fte r R h a fter G e n the w ay tha t afte r W y cl G e n a nd R h the w ay w h ich s traite A V after T y nd and the res t f ew be they tha tfi nd i t by a new rend eri ng to conform it to v 1 3 ; few the re be that fi nd it A V Cra n and G e n prophets w hi ch A V after Tynd afte r T y nd — t W f i c l r a o e t s t h s ee n 2 6 1 b u o v t a nd th e re s t e x ce p t ; y 5 p i n w a rd ly a re ra veni ng w ol ves o mi tti ng they o f A V to gi v e u nity — By thei r f ru its y e s ha l l v 16 to the s entence ; s ee o n 5 1 1 know them cha nge of o rd er afte r th e G ree k and s o W ycl a nd Y e s hal l k no w the m by th ei r fru its A V a fter Tynd and th e R h men s u pp l ied a nd i ta l ici zed bu t not i tal i c iz ed by A V ; s ee ras t — E ven so ( 6 m) free rend e ri ng after A V 17 v 17 s ee v on 1 the corrupt tree reta i ni ng the G re e k arti cl e after R h a nd so 12 D ean Al fo rd Mr D a rby and D r D a v id s on ; a co rru p t tree A V — v 18 ca n s u afte r W y cl a nd all th e res t a nd so D r N oy es p pl ied bu t not i tal icized ; ca n A V ; s ee on 1 1 7 Theref ore v 20 l 2 n e r W c d G e a n R h W h r f A V a f T n d a f d e o r e r if t e e t ) (py y y Then by the i r fru itas I s t G en w hi ch s eems bes t bu t a nd Cra n co mp v 1 6 v 21 my F a the r w i th the ord er By the i rfru i ts then w hi ch A V after T ynd a nd a l l th e res t e x cep t W ycl my F adi r v 22 d i d w e not prophe sy (a G ree k a orist no t s e e on 2 6 th at perfect) after Dr N oyes D ea n A l ford and D r D a v i d s o n ; hav e w e not p ro p h es i ed A V afte r W y cl a nd al l th e res t a nd s o M r — — — — D arb y s ee o n 2 2 by by by after G e n ; in in l n A V a fte r W ycl and al l the res t a nd s o D r N oyes D ean A lford and Dr D av id s on mighty w orks (a i pm ) after D r D a v id s on ; mighti w o rks of pow er M r thinges S ir J o h n Ch ek e ; g rea t w orks G e n D arby ; w ond erfu l w orks A V by a new rend eri ng a nd s o D ea n — E very one the refore w hi ch nearl y a fter R h Ev ery v 24 A lford one therefore that and so D r D a vid s o n ; T herefore w h os oe v e r A V by a new re nd eri ng and s o D ea n Al ford w ords a fte r W ycl Cran 2d G en and R h s ay i ngs A V a fter T y u d a nd t s t G en ; s o s ha l l be l ikened b a chan e of tex t after L achmann Tische n v 26 y g

su

ppl yi ng

14

.

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

S ir J o hn Cheke ; s tra i t A V after W ycl w i d e i s the g a te a nd broa d i s the w ay ,

a nd s o

the res t ; s o v

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— II N O N I US M ARCE LLUS .

II

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I

B oox l A l [

n ot e s

fro m t h e H

i th th e i n it i al s J a rl e i an man u s cri pt w

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m the il l u s trations of w h i ch com me nce w i th a q u otati on from Ca ecil iu s comp Fes tu s 3 39 seni u m a s ine s eni l i a ce rbita te ac v itiis d i c tu m pos u it Caecil iu s in H ymnid e s u a m s enectu tem d u ca t u s q u e ad s eni u m S o rbil o Vel ita ti o s tand s at the head of a seri es of w ord s ill u s P 3 A dvel i ta ti o in Pau l u s 2 8 o ccu rs al s o in a tra ted from Plau tu s

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Pl au ti ne s eri es and vel i ta tio is i l l us trated by Pau l u s 36 9 by the sa me p assage fro m the M enaechmi as th at c i ted by N o n i u s P h ry gi on is Wi th the note of N oni u s co mpa re I s id ore 1 9 2 2 ead e m et P h rygia : h u iu s e n i m artis 2 2 a cupi cta v es ti s i P r cu r u i i r i i i o m n es d n i i a i n i n P a r e t h t u s v e v e n t a es h t p yg yg q U nd e et artifices q u i id fa ciu nt P hrygiones d icu ntu r Vergil ius P h rygiam chl amyd e m S erv A 3 48 4 P hry g i a m chl a my dem a u t a cu picta m hu iu s eni m a rti s pe r i tos P hrygio nes d icimu s s ecu n d u m P l a u tu m in Ph ryg i a eni m i nv e nta es t ha ec ars au t etc So S erv i u s A 9 6 1 4 I ha v e ital ic ized th e w ord s secu nd u m P l a u tu m as the no te o f N oni u s is i l l u s trated by a q u ota ti on from Pl au tu s a mong oth ers a fa ct w h i ch ma y po int to a co mmu n i ty o f s ou rces fo r the notes of N o niu s S erv i us a nd I s i d o re ,

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p as s ages from Pl au tu s q u oted by N oniu s is al s o cited W ith th ese pas s ages by S erv i us A 4 1 2 4 on the w ord hos tis s h ou l d a l s o be co mpa re d th e fu ll er note of F es tu s 2 70 red hos ti re na m e t h os N ov iu s in L u p o A cciu s refe rre gratiam O

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NON/ US MARCE L L U s tire pro au d it is

P 4 .

o u r u n s e t , p

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S erv i u s A o f Pl au tus

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61

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E nni u s in Cres pho nte ,

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N O /VI U S AI A R CE L L U S

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r e i m c a c w G ; yx n 35 f a u c i u m d ol or a pell a tu r us 8 i i XXX P l u l u s l ib u L c a p a ng i na v oca tu r Pl a u tu s v el l e m me in angina m v orti q u o huic a nicu l ae fa u ces praeoccu pa re m Th e s ame l i ne o f Pl a u tu s is u b v o t e d e r u S i G s 3 49 7 q y A rgu a tu s morb u s d ictus q u i regi u s d icitu r q u od a rcu s s it eon col or d e v irore vel q u o d ita s tringat corp ora u t in a rou m d ucat L u ci l i u s Va rro I s i d ore 4 8 1 3 i cteris G ra eci a ppel l ant a H u nc mo rbum cu iu s d a m a nimal is nomi ne q u i a s it col o ri s fel l e i La ti ni arcu atu m a s i mi l i tu d i ne cael es tis arcus P ri vu m es t p rop ri u m u ni u s cu iu s q u e ; u nd e et res p ri v a ta L ucil ius l ib XXX Pa u l us 2 2 6 pri vos priv a sq ue I d e m l ib I ca u s a m e t pri va ta d icu n a nti u i d iceba nt u m a li r u b o i n s O s q g q p G el t u r q u a e u ni u s cu iu s q u e s i nt : h inc et pri v i l eg i u m e tpri va tu s l iu s 1 0 2 0 4 on the w ord pri vi l eg i u m q u ia v e te res pri va d ix eru nt atura r n m s u s o u u c i b L i l i p i a e n o s i n r o s u a i m u u v e l c i s o d g q Q ru m l ib ro u s u s es t etc N o ni u s it w i l l be obs erv ed a d d s a q uota A cro n H or S 2 5 1 1 ti o n fro m L u ci l i u s w hi ch is n ot in C el l i ns ri v u m es t al te ri u s non es t r e t i u p p r i m s c u i u e o u e o u d us s t u n p q q ex i te e t ferte u nd e et pri v i l egi u m u t ho e P l a u tinu m indica t fu s tes priv os in manu fra ter est F ra tru m proprietatem N igid iu s acu tis s i me d i x i t ; inq u it d ictu s q u as i fere Pau l u s 90 f ra ter 1 3 10 4 .

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i mpl e i nconv eni ence and they s el d om cond es ce nd to depl ore p etty mi s haps I n comed y foll y of s ome ki nd is the subject matter a nd a l is t as l ong as M artha s might be mad e ou t of pas s ages w here ua e is app l i ed to a fool is h j oke I I T h is v i ew of the u s e of mu l u m w as in p art s u gges ted by a d o u b t of the s econd po i nt mad e by M artha v iz that the interjec The w ord is us ed more ti o n aros e fro m a formal d eprecati on freq u entl y by Pl a u tu s than by Terence a nd much more freq uentl y by thes e tw o th an by al l oth e r w ri ters together Ci cero us es it in h is l etters and s p e ech es (the ex a mp l e in d e O ff is q u oted from a l etter) F ro nto and S eneca in l etters Q u i ntu s Cu rti u s in a con v ersa ti on a nd Li v y in a s p eech The w ord bel o ngs to col l oq uial l ang uage and its ori gi n mu s t be s o u ght there Fu rther it is not e no u gh to ex a mi ne its mea ni ng in q u es ti ons onl y a nd s o me com mon s u bs ta nti v e u s es are therefore cl ass ifi ed here w ithou t ex tended s

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mme nt M a l u m in the 1 .

phys i cal p u n is hment the greates t evil T hi s is v ery commo n in Pl au tu s and Terence e g to a s l av e P As i n V 2 8 6 A n] I V 1 0 7 1 ers V 2 36 46 6 6 ci pus s 2 A few cas es w here ma l u m means b oth p u nis h me nt a nd mis fo rtu ne in ge ne ral Pse u d I I 1 9 I I I 5 4 ma l u m da mnu mque A mph I I 1 1 3 mu l u m q uad tibi d i d a bu nt a tq u e eg o (Amphi .

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pl e nty

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Cu re I V .

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mu l u m Poen V45 ma l a m rem Iris et mag nu m

Ca ppad ox

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M a l u m w h V 2 a m e a n n i d I i h i P u t t e s m e n cu r s e s se 4 7 9 g ma l u m q u ad ti bi d i da bu nl s i c s cel es l u s M 05 1 I I I 2 1 26 , ’ r u i e u i ea l u m a i s l d d e u o m n i n m o c c a d d i e sa e r u m s h e w o d s T q q in Ter P h o rm V 8 8 3 Thes e l i nes a re someti mes pu nctuated ma l u m q u ad etc to e mp has ize the cu rs e and th e fa ct that qu ad d oes not refer to a ny preced i ng i d ea Compa re al s o th e pl ayfu l u s e in Cic A tt I X 1 8 , tu , mu l u m, i n u i es a ctnm no ag ar u o Y q .

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k c m l u l l w h e a f i i m i i t sa n n s o n r b a d h e r u t e m e t o 5 g in q u es ti ons H ere it ex p res s es i mpati ence by ad d i ng to the q ues ti on or e x cl amati on a cu rs e at s ome anno y i ng act o r chara cteristic of the p ers on ad d ress ed Thi s u s e became formu l a ic as is s how n by the regu l arity w i th w hi ch ma l u m s tand s after the i nterrogative .

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N O TE S

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i th i n fai r or i sl e I n s u ch a th e ori g i nal s e ns e d e termi ned the s peak e r s us e of it bu t necess aril y p res e nt in h is mi nd E P MO R R I S in

a nd

w or

fo rmu l a w a s not

21 1

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cl os e

con nect on

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TH O M A S J E F F E R SO N

.

PH I L O L O G I S T

As A

.

S o a : as I a m a w are , no s tu d e nt of Engl is h has mad e a cri ti cal e x a mination of the w ri ti ngs of Th o mas J efferso n w i th a v i e w to o r i mp ortance Eve n his as c erta i n their p hil ol ogi ca l i nteres t es ta bl is h me nt of the chai r of A ngl o S ax on in the U ni vers i ty of ,

.

V i rgi nia is be

to

not s o w el l

b

I t has

.

A merica n

Engl i s h

it

as

ou ght

h a r s ev en or e ig t y e s s i nce a w e l l k now n p u bl is hed a l is t of coll eges in w hich the Engl is h

bu t

ee n

schol ar

to s tu d ents of

k now n

tau ght, y et

mi tted al l

refe re nce to the

Vi rgi ni a U ni v e rs i ty a nd M r J e ffers o n s fo u nd ati on th e ol d es t o n the W es te rn N o d i l i gent s tu d ent c o nti ne nt a nd one of th e ol d es t in the w orl d o f J effe rs on s mis cell a neou s l etters ca n fa il to d is cov er many s trik i n g and s u gges ti ve co mme nts u po n the Engl i s h o f h is ti me and The VI I s o me ha pp y gl i mps es i nto the real natu re of l ang u age v o l u me of his w orks is p ecu l i a rl y attracti ve as ex hibi ti ng the k een

t o n gu e

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i n teres t

fel t by the

mments

au thor in

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the

H is

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i ntrod u cti on of new w ords the changes taki ng e p ro prie t i t h f n c r a ce i n the E ng l is h of h is d ay o o u a n e l y g g p n e ol ogi s ms are d el ightfu l as a ki nd of p h i l ol og i cal re creation to co

on

,

,

,

,

Th e pa ss ages gi v en b y M a rtha a re th e fol l ow i ng : Ci c Ve rr I I 1 , 20, P ro R ose 1 8 , d e O ff I I 1 5 P h i l X 9 S e n a d M a rc 3 , Qu i n t Cu rt VI I I 1 4 , 4 1 , P l i u N H XXX I I I 4 7, 3 1 3 7, VI I 5 6 3 1 90, Senu ru s u p E u graph i n Te r .

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I V 3 , 3 8 , F ro nto a d Ve ru m, F rag 2 , p 1 1 , e d N a b er, L iv V 5 4 , P l a n t A mph I I 1 , 79 45 . 5 7, Ca s I 1 , 3 , R u d I I 6 , 8 , Tru e V 3 8 , Ba cch I V 4 , 2 1 M os t I 1 , 6 3 3, P s eu d V 2 , 6 . E pi d V 2 , 4 5 , M e n V 2 , 42 , I I 3 , 2 e E u I V T r m h n 1 1 A I 0, H ea u t I V 3 , 38 , I I 3 , 7 7 , A d e l ph I V , 4 7 , 7 , 39 , p

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XX I X

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III

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i ng :

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n ot

in

m m n m n h l r f e x a a b u t t e f o i n r h o i l w o o w a s s es a e o t a y y g g p A mph I I 1 1 3 Cu re I V 2 3 3 Ba och I V 9 76 , M os t I I 2 96 M e n t h c I 1 0 A l so Cic A tt I X 1 8 1 03 S i 3, 5 6

s ti o n s u e q

t io n

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i

I n qu es t ons , Cic P h l I 6 , 1 5 , 1 5 , Ca pt I I I 3 1 8 , Cu re I V 2 , 3 3 , Cas I I 3 , I I 1 , 2 1 M il G l or I I 5 , 36 , M e re I 2 , 73 ,

44 , I I 8 , 36 , Bu ech I V 4, 96 , M o s t P se u d I 3, 1 4 , P oe n I 2 , 4 8 , R u d I V 3 , 8 , S t ch I V n M I i I os t I t h e t x t s d b f h u e o t u l 2 T e , , 7 3 .

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P h o rm I V 5 , 1 1 , V 8 , 5 5 th e s e may b e a d d ed th e fol l ow

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A M E R I CA N

21 2

j

O UR N AL

noth ng of th eir accu racy w

i

say

s ta nd

P H I L 0L oa r

OF

hen

.

cons

fro m

i d ered

a

i

s c enti

fic

M r J effers o n w as in the pri me of his i ntel l ect d u ri ng

p oi nt

.

.

the l as t great period of tra ns i ti o n in Engl is h , the era the French rev ol u tion , w he n the forces of d ial ectic

in

l ang uage ,

in by

u s he red

re

i

e n a n e r t o g

l o ng

a nd a

i nterval of l i ng u istic d e p res s i on w as su cceed ed by an age of l i ngu is ti c grow th and ex pan The s tu d ent w il l fi nd it p rofita bl e to comp are the VI I s i on v ol u me of J e ffers on p ages 1 74 1 75 Vol VI p 1 8 5 w i th chap ter V VI V I I I of H al l s M od ern Engl is h The porti ons of Dr H al l s b oo k to w hi ch I refer are too l ong for i ns erti on here but this ad mi rabl e w o rk is a ccess ibl e to ev ery s tu d ent w ho ca n make M r J effers on is not s o w el l know n to th e co mparis o n for hi msel f s tu d ents of l ang u age as to s tud ents of p ol i tical h i s tory and fo r that reas o n ex tra cts fro m h is w o rks are more a ppro p ri ate in a p hil o l ogi cal arti cl e than fro m Dr F itzed w ard H al l w hose contrib u tions to the h i s to ry of ou r l anguage are gratefu l l y appreciated w here ve r I n Vol VI I pag es 1 74 Engl i s h is a s u bj ect of cri ti cal s tu d y thu s e x p ress es 1 75 M r J eff ers on w ri ti ng to J oh n A d a ms “ Thes e v i ew s are s o ob v i o us that I a m s u re they w ou l d h i ms el f : hav e re q u i red bu t a s econd thought to rec o nci l e the rev i ew er to F or th is w ord the ir l oca tion u nd er the head o f pu re mathemati cs l ocati on see B ail ey J oh ns on S h eri d a n W al ker & c Bu t if d i cti ona ri es a re to be th e arbi ters of l angu age in w h ich of the m i

w ere act v e

ou r

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s hal l w e

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fi nd

s ou nd ng a nd o

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bv i ous

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us ng

centra l i

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ml ocu ti on

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pres s es Th e

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an

i d ea

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a w

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noted at the s ame t

p

a nd w r t ng

I t is

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a rs e ; al l of w

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mon s p eech

matter

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and ex

it, al th ou gh he f

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i me

hi ch hav e l ong

m a fri end

a

o d o g

hi ch

w ord , w ell

w ou l d o the r

j u s tified

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the refore ,

as u na u thor ta tiv e ,

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been

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u s ed

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I t is the

m

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Withou t it w e to gi v e a l angu age co pi o u s nes s a nd e u p h ony s hou ld s ti ll be hel d to the v oca b u l a ry o f A l fred or o f U l ph il as ; and w ay

.

to the i r s tate of science al s o :

h i ch

conv ey ed

for I

a

m

s u re

they had no

w ord s

id eas of ox y gen co tyl ed o ns zoo h e l c r h n e a n t s m a m c a l i i i i n t s e e t t d h ou s a n d s h r e t o f o t e s p y y y g ex p ress i ng i d eas then not ex i s ti ng nor of p os s ib l e co mmu ni ca ti on W hat a l angu age has th e French in the s tate o f the i r l a ngu age become s i nce the R ev ol u ti o n by the free i ntrod u cti o n of new w ord s ! The mos t copi o us a nd el oq u ent in the l i v i ng w orl d a nd eq u al to the G reek had not that b een regu l arl y mod ifi ab l e al mos t Their rul e w as that w henev er their l angu age a d i nfi ni l u m fu rni s hed or ad opted a root al l its branches in ev ery p art of s peech

w

cou l d

hav e

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the

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,

A M E R I CA N

214

j

oU R N A L

OF

P H IL OL O G Y

.

h el d by the s ch ool of Free man, M orris , a nd S w e et, in ou r ow The p rocess by w h ich he a rri v es at h is co ncl u s ions is o f

d ifferent from that

p ted

by

i me

nt

.

co u rs e

fic phil ol ogy D u ri ng the recent v is it of M r E d w a rd A Free man to B al timore I s how ed him M r J e ffers on s Es say on the Angl o S ax on w h ich w as pub l is hed by the B oard of Trus te es fo r the U n iv ers i ty of Vi rginia in H e ex ami ned it w ith great i nteres t and u p on retu rn i ng it 1 85 1 “ J effers on had the right v i ew I t (Angl o Sa x on) is remarked : ” H e fu rther re mark ed : I t s e ems s o s trange to onl y ol d Engl is h I t is l ik e W as h i ngto n q u oti ng s ee J effe rs on q u oti ng B os w o rth ” S tu bbs Th is l ittl e articl e cannot be regard ed as s tri ctl y s cie ntific or p h i l ol ogi cal ; s ti l l if it i nd u ce s tu d e nts of E ngl i s h to s ee k a n i nti mate acq u a i nta nce w i th J e ffers on it w ill not be al toge th e r u npro d u ctiv e of good N o d il ige nt read er of h is w riti ngs ca n fa i l to s ee that h e h ad cl ear co ncep ti o ns of d ia l ecti c regenerati o n b efo re phi l ol ogy had b ecome a s ci ence that he u nd ers tood ad mira bl y the fu nctio n o f ne ol o gy in s p ee ch and that h e antic ipated the ti me w h e n the E ngl is h of the new w o rl d mi gh t co me to be rega rd ed as a d i al ect of its p ri mi ti v e L ike M r Cal ho u n he d is d a ined p u ris m and l o ok ed u p o n l a ngu age as the mini s ter and n ot as th e me re d ra pery of tho u ght H E SH EP H ER D ad o

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1 1

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.

TH E CUL E X A N D O TH E R P O E M S O F TH E A PP EN D I X VE R G I L I A N A

O N

.

P H I L O L OG Y

.

The Cu l ex n e e r a ll g y

ibed

ascr

the

a

i th

v ol u

Ci ri s D i ra e Al arei u m Copa and epigra ms Catal e cta, as w el l as th e A etn a now u s u al l y

the

k now n as to L u c il i u s

s econd

marks

,

w

,

me

hav e of

d ited by Bahre ns in L a ti n i M i nores This w ork

been

rece ntl y

his P

aeta e

re e

.

A ppe nd i x Vergil ia na

a h d v a n c o n r a e t t e e g

of

R ibb eck v i ew s on ,

me many new w h i ch from th e ir pe cul i arl y i nti mate rel ati on to thos e of Catu ll us hav e a t al l ti mes h ad a n attra cti on for me mu c h b e ond y thei r i ntri ns i c meri t N o ne of the m h av e come d ow n to u s in a more co rru pt s ta te than the Gnat and it is th erefore of s ome impo rtan ce to record fro m ti me to ti me the rea d i ngs of a B od l ei a n MS A u ct F 1 1 7 w hi ch h ere as al s o in the D i rac (s ee Cam bri dg e J o u rnal of Ph il ol ogy V I I I may be reck oned a mong the u nin te rpol a ted cl ass a c o r h ibi n l s e r e m b l a e n e a l l x es n ce e t i y g g

publ is hed in thes e po e ms

1 86 7 , a nd

,

h as

s u gge s ted to

,

,

.

’

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

to

Bahre n s

24- 2 7

’

B

.

.

E t tu

me ri ti s

cu i

o ri tu r

fi d u ci a

c arti s ,

me i s a d l ab e re co e pt i s S anct e pu e r ti b i namq u e cau i t n on pagi n a bel l u m T ri s t e I ov i s pon it q u e can i t n on pa gi na be l l u m O

cta u i

u e n e ra n d e , ,

i

P hl egra g ga nte o

It is

o b v i ou s that

in

s pa rs a es t

26 ca nil

non

an uo s q

g

ag i na

p

i

u ne

te l l u s .

bel l u m has

been

erro

mpl eted the l a cu na by read i ng tibi na mane l mmi l i s con a mi ne prima Bahre ns tibi na mane sona nt mea ca rmi na qu a mq u a m Reta i ni ng neous l y re

peated

from

th e

fol l ow

i ng v ers e

.

R ibbeck

co

,

,

.

A

272

M E R I CA N

j

oU R N A L

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

.

merem w h i ch w oul d re p ea t w i th emp has i s the ex p ress i on of 2 4 cu i meri tis u nneces s aril y a l tered b y B to cu i u s moni i is The meta p hor is natural e no u gh to a R oman : th e poe m ta k es s erv i ce u nd er the ba nners of th is in ou tl i ne, I w oul d cha nge sona nt to

‘

,

,

.

O ctavius

:

.

h i ch has

oni tq u e , w

p

been al tered

l

to

eti q ue ,

R l zoeei

Coei qu e , Coti i q u e , P korei q ue , may after al l be P onti que, for Pos eid on took his pa rt in th e w ar w ith the Giants (A pol l od I 6,

u e q ,

.

i

I

cannot agree w th

Ribbeck

a nd

Bahrens in

ppos ing the

poem is ad d ressed to be anj one bu t the n c a n v u b e r c m i a u a n A u u n l s o m l u t h w t e s d s s o a o h o eca O t ; y y g the s trong ex p ress i ons O ci a u i uenera nde S a neie pu er w h i ch l ast be ad eq ua tel y ex pl ai ned ; th is too gi ves a occu rs tw i ce (2 6 mea ni ng to the el a b orate inv ocation to A po l l o a god es peciall y ass ocia te d w i th th e h is tory of A u g us tus I t is not necess ary to for my s u pp os e th e p oe m a ctu all y w ritten to the y ou ng O ctavi u s ow n part I hav e nev er b een a b l e to regard it as anyth i ng but the co mp os i tion of a l ater bu t s ti l l earl y p eri od w hen the trad i tion tha t Vi rgil had w ri tten a Cu l ex p ro mp ted s ome v ers ifi er to supply Su ch a forger w o ul d naturall y i ns cribe his th e req u i red p o e m Cu l ex to A u gu s tu s and as Virgil w as s u ppos ed to hav e w ritten it in boy hood to A u gu s tu s s ti l l a boy N o one ca n I s u ppos e read the v erses eu l ogi zi ng a cou ntry l i fe (5 8 s q q ) and not feel certai n that the y are an i mitation of th e famous pass age in Georg I I 0f ortu na tos ni mi a m O ctavius to

w

hom the

su r

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

’

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,

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.

,

,

,

.

,

.

.

8 37 .

ib i

ii

i i

pu e r, me mo rab l a e t t b c ert e t G l or a pe rpe tu u m l u ce n s ma n s u ra pe r a eu u m E t t b s e d e pi a mane at l o cu s , e t t b s os pes H

ae c t

,

s a nct e

i

.

i i D eb i ta G

I t is

bu t

rat a

that B ah t

p honou s

ca co

ae c t

hat

r u a e n os p

i

v ew

s an cte

,

.

retai ns ci

of th e

r u e , p

in 37 I t is d ou bl e ci in 39 I .

.

memombi mm : ltace ti b i

k

not onl y w ea

,

w ould rea d :

f err et

etc

B

ca n

in

ib i

i

nd w

fel

.

i i ng

G l or a,

A

i ci a memoretu r v ita b o ni s l u ce n s

s u rpr s

H

i i

.

.

find

b

s o a s u rd

in the

w ords

E l ti bi

s

.

a neat m p .

S h m c t o us t e l u r l oe e p y p w h os e gnat final l y res ts in El ys i u m mi ht reas ona b l ug h w is h n e o g y his patron the s ame good fortu ne ; ti bi w i th ma neat as in Cat l aw

s

?

w

hi ch h e

al ters to

S eru m

s

.

.

.

.

,

,

.

VI I I

15

;

Phil

.

11 5 ,

1 1.

A M E R I CA N

2 74

s ee

ms

j

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

oU R N A L

to ra i s e no d ou bts in l ex i cograp hers ,

ho

w

.

pl a i n it as firs t pas sage

ex

W e mu s t then s u ppos e that in the th e s u n s hea t is d es cribed as mo u nted o n its ra ys tend i l ra d ios c i u s s t a nd in th e s eco nd th at th e ri ch man mou nts u u i e e n ev ib s q The firs t of thes e is on th e chari ot of h is w ea l th ab ov e the s k y and the w ord its el f is s p el t in Bahrens MS u nd enia b l y hars h V i n ei cectu s ; w h i l e in 342 the Bodl M S abov e all u d ed to (M r M acray one of ou r bes t ex pe rts d ates it a bo u t 1 2 30) gives eut e I n th i s pas s age i nd eed th ere are other s i gn s of the trad iti ona l i us read i ng b e i ng w ro ng for thou gh th e B od l M S (w h i ch I s ha l l ca l l F ) l ike the others col l ated by B ahr gi v es 1rd 2 Paris Anthol ogy has Tend i l and it s eems mo re than p robabl e that Tcad oret encei u s Bu t may not i neu ecl us in 1 0 1 be as w e s hou ld is the right read i ng a t fi rs t s i ght more rea d il y b el i ev e (cf i nex ci tus i nex lza u stus not yet b orne al oft i e to the h ighes t part of a negatival adj W e mu st then s u ppos e the p oet to mean tha t up to {lea f the s k y ? ti me of tire d ay the s u n had no t reached th e ze nith and now begi ns to a pproach it a nd d is p ers e h is rays eq u al l y to b oth s id es of the Th is q u i te agrees w i th w hat i mmed i atel y fol l ow s 1 0 7 [a m sky med i as opera m pa rk s eu eetu s era t sol w h i ch is a fu rthe r s tep onw a rd s that p a rt o f the d a y w he n th e s u n ha d got bey ond the S til l as V g i v es i n ze ni th at the h ottes t part o f th e afte rnoon ei ceetus and no a u tho ri ty is q uo ted bu t th e Cu l ex for i neuectu s it is pos s ibl e that the righ t read i ng is i n erectu m the s u n s tre tch e s his rays in an u pright l i ne no t s l a nti ng at an a ngl e as at an earl i e r or l ater p eri od of the d ay ‘

mou nted

u

p on

’

.

’

,

,

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’

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.

.

,

,

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.

,

.

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-

,

.

,

,

.

’

‘

.

,

,

,

.

.

,

.

,

'

,

,

.

,

,

‘

,

’

,

.

1 09

.

Vt pro c u l D el

i

d

a

i

as pe x

u a,

i t l u co

re s id e re u i re n ti ,

tu o , q u o q u on d a m

u i c ta

f u ro re

Ve n i t N yct el i u m f u gi e n s Ca d me i s A ga u e I nfa n d as s cel erat a ma n u s et cae d e cru e nta ,

.

P

a s to r u t a d

M i te m

S u ch

I

b el iev e m

fonte m d en s a

co n ce pi t

r i e ct u s o p

mb ra s o po re m

re q u i es ci t

me mb ra

to be the real ap od os i s of

in

u

,

.

Vt procu l

.

Wi th

u q a

a n r b e i ip i n v s d e s c r o o f o e t t h e w h i ch f g g conti nu es for mo re tha n 5 0 l i nes a nd thu s d is gu i s es the fa ct th a t the s entence b egan w i th a p rotas is and re mai ns i ncompl ete Th e nomi na ti ve is accord i ngl y res u med in P as tor a t T hi s w i l l e n a b l e us to d is p ens e w i th the changes s u gges te d by R ibbeck B ah re n s and earl ier ed i tors N or can I th i nk that a ny al terati on is req u i re d

n a uo d q

vi el a

u rore

,

,

.

.

,

.

P OEMS

in

1 1 2, e

ab]

cru enta w ou l d

.

bl ood 1 17

Bembo

ither

it is

A P P EN DIX

TH E

OF ’

s e or

R ibbeck s ’

.

v ery

,

as no

2 75

.

p robl emati ca l

m gory I 475 ) and a ni mated

be ta u tol ogou s

Vi rgil ian (A en

VE R G I L I A N A

.

w i th

ee : as

d eed

a

of

.

.

T a nt u m

no n

i

h o rr d u s H

e bru

m

m te n u i t t i pi s s i l u as q u e ca n e n d o u u a n u e r n i r e m r a n t m i h o r e a e t m t o e d a c Q p g R

e s ta n t e

i

M u l ta

F or horri d u s

t u o l a et a e f u n d e n te s ga u d a

u ul

tu

.

p ri nted (as in P ithou s Col l ection p 6 ed 1 5 90 a nd ev en by R ibb eck a nd Bahrens ) O rplzeus w h ich is fou nd onl y i n one o f B s M S S (V) as a fi rs t hand read i ng a nd ca n s ca rcel y be righ t w he th er on metri cal or p al ae o i d u b l d r a p i i L r h c a l u s I t s t d n d e e d l e r e m r n o o e M t i q y ( g g p 2 6 8 ) as a tri s yl labi c nomi na tiv e w i th O rp/zeus in Cu l 2 6 9 ; bu t this w as b efore th e M SS h ad be e n accu ra tel y col l a te d ; a nd i n 26 9 O rpheos as a g e ni ti v e is rig htl y res tored by R ibb eck The neare st a pp roa ch I ca n find to orri du s is od ri s i s and w e mi ght then s u p pos e th e O d rys ia n reg i on to be s u bs titu ted fo r th e O d ris ian ba rd w h i ch is a mi l d al mos t tame l i ce nse in the p oet if com pared w ith the paral l el d es cri pti on in S eneca s H ercu l es O e taeu s 1 043 s q q w here A th os b reaks part o f its crags aw ay w i th the Centau rs on th em to co me and s tand near R hod o pe w h i l e O rpheus s i ngs I f thi s s hou l d s ee m too b ol d I w o u ld s u gges t N on ta ntu m O eag rius V 1 1 9 w as emend ed by H a u p t Q u a ntu m te f orni x remora ntu r d i u a el zorea a nd u e r n i x a w r i n i n V B c l i u a l e t s t tt y p here aga i n as in 1 1 7 I hol d the tru er read i ng to be that of the other M S S i ncl u d i ng F and w ou l d read Q u a ntu m te perni ce morantu r d i va elzorea by w h i ch the aw kw a rd ness of clzorea as nom foll ow ed by the p l u ral l a eta e f u n dentes is obv i ated or orrzd us '

.

,

in

.

,

1 17

is

ord nar l y

i

i

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,

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-

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,

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.

.

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,

,

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,

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,

.

.

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

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1 2 3»

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,

.

4

m pri mu m pro na

N

a

A

e ri a e

fpl a ta n o s ,

s u rge b a nt v al l e

i n te r q u a

s

a t t e n es p

i mpi a l o t o s

.

F ; B has pl a ta ne w i th u s w ri tten over e in a more mod ern hand ; V and s ev era l o th er M S S gi v e pl a ta nz I s h ou l d h ere a ai nst Ribbe ck i ncl i ne to re a rd d t o r r u t e n a h c o a s l a s t e l e ss p g g p readi n f l orm e r b u n o c r e d i B b r a r e i n ib o h e t t a n h e m o r e t e t d w t s g platanus w h i ch N eu e s ee ms to accep t F o rme nl eh re I 5 36 50

'

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

1 27

,

.

i

i n s i gn i cu rru pro i e ct u s e q u oru m A t qu b u s T A mb u s t u s P h ae t h on l u et u mu t au e rat a rt u s H

el i ad e s

.

.

2 76

A M E R I CA N

T his is ob v i ous

j

f c r l a e o p

no

oU R N A L

s tyl ng

i

P H IL O L O G Y

OF

.

Phaethon s chari ot s pl end id ; an S o O vi d s p eaki ng of the S u n s ’

is i nd igne ’ a nger at Pha eth on s d ea th says , M I I 400 S aeu i t en i m obi eeta t et i npu ta t i l l is

i

correct on

.

.

’

na tu

moue

.

i

P

os te r u s c u i

P

e rfi d i a

P

e rfi d e

D e moph oon

aet erna rel i q u i t

m fl a me nt a nd i mal a pe rfi d e mul t i s D emoph oon e t n u n c i d e fe n d e pu el l i s

.

bel i eve right in read i ng l a menta nti as certainl y I t w oul d be di ffi cul t to im w rong in his i nu nc def en d equ e oel a p rov e ou S ealiger s defl ende w h i ch R ibbeck reta ins Thou faith l es s D e mo ph oon to many a mai d en fai thl ess ay e s til l a me mory to rou s e thei r tears a pl eas i ng and natu ral a pos trop h e to the 0& re peated s tory of Ph yl l i s b etraya l B ah rens is , I

,

,

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’

.

,

,

,

’

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’

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-

1 37

9

i

i

i

i

H i c magn u m A rgoa e n a u d e cu s e d ta (s o F w th mos t M S S , a d ta V) p P roce ro s (P ro cora s , M S S ) fd e c o ra t (d e co ras , F ) s l u as h rs u ta pe r artu s

i

A

c

i

t a e r e n s t p

I

can

c ont i nge re i mon t i b u s T

hard l y th ink deeora t

as t ra

i

i

i nu s

.

.

P oss ibl y

r g ht

.

M ontib us

era t.

p

su

by S cal ige r to motibu s , a v ery w ea k w ord ; by H e i n to f rond i bus A u d a ci ou s as to s ome it w il l seem, I bel i ev e

w as correc ted

i

s ns

.

the righ t

w o rd

the fi r and w r o g

153

th ,

is mors i ou s ; for the s u cces s i v e grow ths by w hich are conti nu al l y ri s i ng , a new a pe x markin h e t n e w g

pi ne might not i nap tl y be

.

d

A rg t i s

Bahrens

fact is

e t cu neta

i ngenious l y

,

,

d es cribe d fremu nt

.

su gges t s trzdore, th e

s o , and

'

XI

a rd o re c i ca d i s

a ir

.

I d ou b t, how ever,

rare

a

ma ny bite s i n the

as so

regu l ar w ord

w

hether th e

for the

pecu l ia r

mu rmu r ede re u t api s a l i a cu m tra ctu s tri dorem u t ci ca d as receptu m eni m d u obu s su o ec tore p ca u is spi ri tu m mobi l i oceu rs a nte me mbra n a i ntus attri ta ei us sona re s o u nd of

the

c cad a ,

i

F li n

.

,

26 6 a l i a

,

,

,

1 66

-

8

,

u ib ran t i ca rpen s

i

ra n s g

ore

l T ol l e b ant ad

mni a I

o

a rte

.

thi nk

Bahrens

a u rae u e n i e n ti s ad o

a bdo

read s

ii

t r l ngu

S q u amos os l ate torq u e b at mot ib u s

has

.

.

O bu ia

In

,

o rbe s

mn i a

.

u is u s t

.

mi na p robab l y l u rks Tendeba nt

a cres

i

.

F

or a u ra e

uen ie ntis

ad

V

mn i a

o

2 78

A M E R I CA N

I t is

s u ch a thi ng ,

F

ith m n o ( ) w

.

19

’

tw o of as w

— 8 20 1

‘

so sl

B

’ .

s

hat the

j

cha nge

neces sary to

not

oU R N A L

thing ,

ight a

M S S h as

ta l i

n o t V i ( )

’

mne is

as o

ta l es ,

po et w rote

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

w

h i ch

ta l is

u s ed

.

for

.

H ere

ta l e is

i

e v eryt h ng

perha ps poi nts

’

.

to ta le

.

.

i

E t q u o d e rat ta rd u s s o mn l a n gu o re re mo t o tN es ci u s as pi ci e n s t mo r ob ca eca v e rat a rt u s

i

mi n u s i mpl i c u it d i ra fo rmi d i n e me n te m m s t u a m u i t a u m l n e r e i u i s u e e d t a s e o d c e c s p q Q g H

oc

.

perhaps rig ht in trans pos i ng 20 1 before 1 98 fo r 1 98 200 se e m to e x pl a i n sed i t ; the s hep he rd ha v i ng ki ll ed t he s na k e i ns tead of mov i ng aw ay at once from the s ce ne of d a nger s at d ow n w i th l es s a pp eara nce of d i s ma y th an mig ht hav e b ee n t u e a d cau e h w s l l d r w s f r o m b i e as o t ex pected 1 e s t h e ) ( q y from w h i ch he h ad been s u d d enl y aw ok e (remoto) ; s l eep h h e r f f h n l s 2 b u s u d e a a r m o h i t t e s p n c a se t e d e o t e e t ) ( g h ad for a w h i l e p aral y zed his l i mbs a nd mad e him u nw ill i ng H ence for N esci u s I w ou l d read N ee s ecu s Bah ren s to mov e f o l u s m s m e t o o t e r h e n r c a n u s e e t o o r e m M t o SS o Q p I th i nk his as tri ng ens fo r aspi ci ens p rob abl e F has tonor fo r ti mor ; bu t thou gh Q u i nti l i a n (I 5 2 3) s a ys tonor w as an o l d form o f tenor in the s ens e of acce nt it ca n hard l y mean a nyth i n g l ik e rigor or tens i on of the l imbs and mu s t there fore I think b e T here is how ev er s ome w ea k ness in ti mor f ormi d i ne d i s miss e d in tw o cons ecu ti v e l i nes I f aspi ci ens ti mor is tho u ght as p erha ps it may be too hars h an d s imi l arl y fea r at the s i ght of the s na k e B ahrens is

,

,

,

,

,

’

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,

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,

,

,

,

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,

,

,

,

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,

’

,

it

w ou l d

— 225 7

be

,

eas y

,

to read

ad s

p

m

eci e

.

P

ra e

In

mi a

u a n as

t a n r e ? i b i i e t s u i e t a t i h o o s s , p p ab i e re u i ce s te t u re re c e s s i t

s u nt

i

i

i

I u s tit i ae pr o r l l a fi d e s

F

.

or et i u re,

the read i ng of

F

Bah rens

read s et u i cta recessi t

Is

he re

.

and

mos t M SS V has ,

u i ta , w

h en ce

I u sti ti a et (S chrad e r) pri or i l l a fi de s

mew hat w eak ?

If V

.

p res ents the tru e trad i tio n I s ho u ld p refer cu i ete d ri v en ou t o f its hold i ngs d is poss es t if the other M S S p erha ps a bi ere a rep etition corres pond i ng to th a t not et

so

re

,

‘

,

,

of

i eta ti s in p

2 3 9 S CH

2 25

,

,

.

Terre o r a tan t i s

i n s i s te re

,

mb ri s u l t i mu s a mn i

terre o r,

u

A d S tygi as re u ocatu s a q u as n i x R e s tat n ectare as d i u u m q u i pro did i t

.

e s ca s

P OEMS

OF

TH E

VE R G I L I A N A

2 79

.

mn i a s e n s u l u s r u a d u e rs o q u i mo n t e re u o l u i t i a x u m o c Q p Co n te mps i ss e d ol o r q u e m n u mi n a u i nc i t a ce rb as O t i a q u e re n te m fru s tra s ib l i t e p u e l l e G

u tt u ri s a re n t

i

X

A P P EN DI re u o l u t u s

in

i

o

.

i i

I te q u b u s te d a s a cce n d i t tr s t s E ri n i s S i c u t h m e n pre l ata d e d t c o n u b i a mort

i

I n th is d i ffi cu l t o f t he

t io n

s ha d o w s ,

i

pass ag e

i nfernal

w orl

to retu rn to the

a q u as s hou l d

be

d

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I

s h u d d er

w aters of

i th

cons tru cted w

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d w ell

to

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h i ms e l f to th e d es crip

re cal ls

p oet

th e

is

m r g

i

s u ch

on

H ence A d S t reu oca tus not w ith ex ta t A t uix .

terreor,

.

begins the d es cripti on of Tantal u s p u nis hment E x ta t for R es ta t n w f n r H i n s i u s i s ce i h i c h ca n b e i o a m d a i e t a n o sa d e e n o n e t t t ) ( y y p ropos ed for revol u tus i n omn i a W e sa w above that omni a is a freq u e nt res i d u e of error in 2 1 7 it s eems to repres e nt macu i a t 2 r r i e e e n u r i n t i i n ue m i a s t s d o m a i o m ll n s n n u i c c n i a S ; ) 33 Q ( ( g F) P aena e it is I bel i ev e a mis tak e for os ti a as th e P oe nae w ou l d na tu ra l l y gather at the d oor of H e l l in the l i ne be fore u s R ibbe ck ma y be right in conj ectu ri ng i na u i a a nd if s o reu ol u tu s (w h i ch can hardl y s ta nd w i th reuol u i t in the nex t l i ne ) may be a mi s ta k e for rel eu a tu s a w ord pe cu l i arl y a pp ro p ri ate to rel i ef of hu nge r or th i rs t O r is it poss ibl e tha t i n omni a is here for i ns omni a 9 then res ol u tus ma e v e r n a r n re o r p r es e n m a i e p i ip l a s n o u s r s o e c t c e a t t y p or the l ik e The nex t fiv e v ers es I w ou ld w ri te as foll ow s ’

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s ax u

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u i q

mo nte

re u ol u i t,

Con t e mp s i s s e d o l o r q u cni n u m n a v n c t ace rb an s , O t a q u a e re n t e m fru s t ratib u s l I t e pu e l l a e ;

i

i i

i i

i

i

i

I te q u b u s t ae d a s a cce n den s tr s t s E r n ys , S i c u t H ymen , prae fata d e d t co n u b i a mort

i

The

refe rence

is to

Sis y p hu s

and

imagi ne ,

D anai d es

the

is

.

A

.

cerba ns

is , I

better than a cerou s or a cerba and here agai n I find the Bod l M S a rel i abl e gu i d e ; a cerba s is a nother i ns tance of the s u ppress ed n of the nomi n pa rti cip l e of w h i ch Co rss e n col l ects s o many ins ta nces F rus tra ti bu s is ra re bu t occu rs l n Pl au tu s ; it m ight a p tl y eno u gh ex p res s the baffl ed atte mpts of Sis yp hu s to rol l the s tone to the top o f the mo u nta i n The all u s i on in the l as t to w h om the t w o v e rs es is to the d ea d l y b ri d al o f the D a na i d es F u ry s p eaki ng the w ord s of prel u d e as it w ere H yme n (Cat L XIV ass ign ed a b ri d a l that w as d eath ,

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.

265,

6

.

E cce I th a ci F

e

mi ne u m

co n i u n x

c o n c e pt a

mpe r d e cu s I ca ri o ti s d ecu s ma n e t

se

.

2 80

A M E R I CA N

D ecus in d ecus in

?

s ex

2 74 .

26 6 .

to

certain

this

Bahrens

’

recu s

P H IL OL OG Y

d u ci s , in

.

that th is is the right

M ay

.

not th s

i

re

w ord

th ere ,

p res ent

se cu s ,

w ou l d w el l agree

t a p

cons a e

of

cons eq u ence

.

s

.

faci l e s d iti s

n ec

earth ,

i

’

ind u bi tabl e in

S hort

e

.

.

i u d i ce s e d e s

.

w

.

Tacitus

eu e

as w ell as

Ci ce ro

a nd

F

menl I I 76 7

or

Pl a u tus

“

,

as

L ew is

an d

D i ctaeo (Bahrens ) is be genu i ne ; p erha ps , th ere

.

n e mu s t, I th i nk , i ib l au l s e t s e , p y D i ctae s i n e is w hat the p oet w rote

v e ry

ta rt ara n octe c ru en ta

ac

hat M S S po int to , homes d u g ou t The form ecfode re is s u b terranea n and d ark

from N

s h ow

M S S ) d omos

s ine

D efossas , is

oss as , not

the

e cf os s a s q u e

N (

os s as q u e

O b s i ta,

of

al tered

hat l ooks l ike

w

With

c

c

OF

is generall y Bu t it is not

26 5

for F has

j

oU R N A L

.

T here is too s trong a tend ency in ed itors to el i minate d iffi cu l t nega ti v es or w ords impl y T hu s in H eroid XI I 1 6 9 1 70 M ed ea says N on ing a nega ti v e mi lzi g ra ta d ies nocte s u ig il a ntu r a ma rae N ec tener a misero pec tore somnus a bi t for s o I w o u l d mod ify A Pal mer s conj ectu re fol l ow ing the M S S w hich w oul d hard l y hav e changed N ec into E t N ec q ual ifi es tener f a nd sl ee p not th e s o ft s l ee p o f a happy l ov er S o in the p ass age of the Cu l ex before u s ne c fl i es from me and the ab o d es that s mil e ex tend s b oth to f a ci l es a nd s i ne i nd i ce i e the abod es w here Dicte s j u d ge not w i th Di cte s j u d ge aw a y is ev er p res ent to make them forbid di ng Cf the re marks of Birt H al ieu t p 49 fore ,

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— 28 6 2 8 8

.

aec e ad e

m pot u i t B i ti s

E u ru d i ce n q u e N

a nd

,

.

.

H

o n e rat

u l tro

i n u it a m d

me l yre had pow er

This

.

sa

Eu ryd i ce

to res tore

u nas

te u i n ce re c on i u n x

d u cen d am

i re

re dd e re

e x orab i l e

mort i s

p ers u ad e

to

ked

to

n on

fas

.

thee , consort of

be l ed

aw ay

.

Pl u to

,

Bu t it mig h t not to be w o n

be ; to travers e the pot}: of d read fu l d ea th w as ’ by entreaty F , b oth here a nd in 26 8 , has I rea d the n i re u i am E ru d i ce, in w hi ch I trace a v es tige of the ol d s pel l i ng E u ru d i ce not

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.

.

2 94

.

D i gn u s

So

F

tu d e , of

’

,

r a t u g v iz

.

i

B rt , N

for O

on

mo r v e n i a 1gratia m s i Tarta ra

m mos t M SS

Proserpi ne 1

a

f

,

as ,

p h eu s

’

r

as

.

H al ie u t

.

N

I

i ncl i ne Bi rt d e v oti o n p 53 ,

on era t :

.

n os s ent

.

to th i nk , rightl y read s

Gra ti pl aini ng ‘

.

m a a t ex r , g

.

I nu i ctae d i uae

ile n u ex ora o

men

.

H

al i eu t.

p 53 .

.

282

AMERICAN [ O U R /VA L

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

.

n n e i t i T e o n r e i t m l i e a I z o r e ce s s i o a m l s i n e o s H e p u e u d o t z t r N c u m a e t o h a a e e e u l e r t d i u I P l s a n a m m s C a t q p g F ne x t v ers e B ah re ns s ee ms ri ght in recal l i n f f u e m o H f r d e o o g q and mos t M S S bu t I s ee no reas on for changi ng sortis to sorti F or i n ex cis su m (ex czd zu m H ex cel su m V ) w h i ch B ahr alters to i n ex cessu m w i th v ery d u bi ou s mea n i ng I w o u l d w rite zna ccesmm a ra re w ord w h i ch eas i l t b e r b m o b b a c a s cu r e d u ee s e m e o s t ; y ri ght as H o me r s peaks of the con fu s e d s ce ne w h i ch e ns u ed w hen the T roj a ns w e re d ri v e n b ack from the atta ck on the s h ips 11 XVI 215 s qq

N

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B es i d es l am a f en ta l e is feebl e and ev eryth ing po i nts to the cor ru p ti on l y i ng no t in tu rba bu t f en ta te for w h i ch V has f erzta re H f remzta nte W h at w o rd thes e v ari ants conceal is of course d ou btfu l ; trepid a nte is tol e ra bl y near and gi v es ex cel l ent sense '

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0 3 4

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O qu

D i u ortza is '

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n on re f e ra t t a l s

p erha ps I ps a

a

d i u o rt i a b e l l

tra ns l at on of the

i

i

i

H o meri c

al tri x

O mn is

in

ut

Cl as s ib u s

a

ép ot o ya pépa c

.

i

na g s n a m q u e

I d a f a ce s

n ox

I d a po te n s fe ri tat i s e t ps a c u pi d i s pra e b e b a t al u mn i s , R h oe te i l i tori s

c i n e re s

ora

mb u s ti s fl a mma l a cri ma nte d a retu r

.

B embo w ro te zug zs for u ag zs w h ich H eins iu s co mpl eted by w ri ting r t t n e n f e a t d s o d z b w r r z t a z s u r r o B h e i i n f w o e o h o w 1 t e t t o t e t t f ( ) f p zbs a I d a mi h t w e ll be a cco mpa ni e d b : o m n i a c e t c n o n t 2 e j g y g ; ( )p orpa tens is a n o bv i ou s corru pti o n o f pa rens w h i ch reta ini n f an g ta tzs w il l the n be a tra ns l a ti on o f the H omeri c p jrqp eqpé H ence n ag i s (u a tzs H ) mu s t co ncea l s ome accu s ativ e poss ibl y tra bes the material of s p ea rs I ffl a mma l a crzma nte is right it can onl y mean b an oozy fl a me s u ch as is b u d u d pi i i i c r e t h a n d s m l r u s s r o c a n o e s y p s ta nces M y fri end M r S had w orth H od gso n s u gges ts Ia mbente I n th e d iffi cu l t p as s age w hi ch fol l ow s this the w o rd Teg mznibw '

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2 3 5.

VE R G I L I A N A

283

.

Ig mbu s bi t , bu t e i the r F rag mzmbus for thi s l as t cf 11 X V 7 1 6 Em op 88 w pép '

re pres e nt

p erha ps I f i c ma n i bus

X 6 ” e 1 r fl 3 d v 3 , m

A PPEND IX

TH E

OF

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"

fix l predi ct A cpka a f

o

.

i x epo iv fx a w

e r l p

ov

.

6 K u rs u s

a ce rb a

h u n c q u o d l e ta t d t n d i u o c o c eta i q

ar s

i

A rma d ol i s I th aci

A rma

i

fre mu nt P

i

v rt u s

be A l ma , for

s u rel y cannot

w

.

th n

w ou l d

ho

h u iu s

et

i k

of a

ppl y i ng

pi th et to the v al or of Aj ax ? Bahrens s ugges ts that A n n a is a rel i c of tw o l os t v ers es in w hi ch the adj u d i cati on of the arms o f A ch i l l es to U l yss es and the s u bs e q u e nt d eath of Aj a x w ere s u ch

an e

,

na rra t ed

F

.

o

mits th e

w ord s after u i rtu s

.

I

2 3 7

-

0 33 u ic

H

i t a u ers os

g

L

prol ns

er

E t i am S trymon i i

ae ru a u u l t u s

ct o rq u e

P al l a d e h am

D o l onis t rc mi s ci t

ru rs u s u e q

I am Ci co n as

L

[

atrox

i nconcei vabl e mea n i ngl ess l y Read

P

ton de b a nt,

etu ntu r

.

in

F

so

;

it has

ca r u nta r,

p

in 3 34 it

o

6 3 3. 4

ius

p N

The w

.

mi ts A

o nl y one w ord ,

l a eta ba tu r

al l a ae

tri a es

.

mitte d

mpl is (Sit ) ; in 340 morzl u ra metel l z

a

om ts

i

'

'

.

me d u s q u e m q u o n d a m s e d ib u s D e u o t u m ib el l i s con s u mps i t gu rgiti s u n d a

C u rt

.

ord s a fter Izorret a re o

in 36 2 it

eque

ou a ns ,

afte r g en er

’

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fou r ti mes s o a nd cf 5 0 s q q

I t is

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i ps e]

a e s trygo n as

et

i

u rb s

.

F

or

bel l i : .

I 0 37 ,

a no t

improbabl e e me nd ati on

a zal ea s

is

’

.

S ci pi a d ae q u e d u ce s , q u oru m d e n o ta tri u mphi s ra pi d i s L ib yca e C a rth a gi n i s h o rre n t M oe n i a T .

H w

h i ch

s

pri ng

u

p

re ti s convey s

p see m s ue

This

v es i g

3 74 , 5

to

on

u as t u

negl ected

the s a me

hav e fal l en Et

i d ea

,

s

i tes Vi rg G .

,

b u rs

the

l appi s ,

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H a u pt s M SS S u b

2 5

bu t is farther from the

w eed s

or

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ou t

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m P h l egeth o nta pat i , q u o max i me M i n os , ,

C on s cel e rat a pi a d

Ph l e g e thon by fro m th e a bod e

s u gges ts

w

Mi nos

hi ch

of

the

an y c h a nge agai ns t al l

i s ce rn i s

bl es t

MSS

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u i n cul a s e d e

se

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parates

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the

can not see

p ris on that

of

the gu il ty

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A M E R I CA N

Et

ros a

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u r e u r u p p

m

cre s ce nt ru b ib u n d a te rrore

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m

.

h z u e s n t r cz m d a v a i ca a h d m d a e s V u s i b r H ; q p g tene ram C per orbem The ol d read i ng crescens is to my mind mad e p roba bl e by the pecu l iar form it ass u mes in F ; the w hole

50

B

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line I

w o u l d read

Et o w i n r g g

i

83

the

m

c res cen s

u d i b u n d a p

i mson d is k P the fu ll fl ow er

of a cr

petals i nto

’

er

.

r e r b e o p

m

,

d enotes the gradual

.

.

i ni mi ca

Tu q u e

Bahrens

bl e

u r u u r e p p

in the fol d s

a ccret on of

Di rae

ros a

r ghtl y call s

i

1t u i '

tu z

i

'

se

mper d i s cord i

meani ngl ess In

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Prop

C

uis.

60m is “

;

III

prob mm P oly

not so

1 1 2 1 : 1 0 6 5 2 0 5 1

p a ore pzo mos t of th e M S S hav e i nc ; and in I I 2 5 3 1 N amqw i n a more su o semper m a ma x i ma cu zque N esczo q ua pa cto acerba ve as l nocere s ol ent the meani ng is in fav or of pi n a f a it/z o a l f a

a res tora t on as

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tt

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1 3,

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pposed

1 9

»

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to a w and eri ng and s h ifting

3

pass i on

.

mi s erae d e s cen dit e mont e ca pel l ae n on i t e ru m c arpet i s pa b u l a n ota ea pri ma n ou i s s i ma u ob i s f re s i s te pat e r, T

Ta rdi u s

M ol l i a

a

.

.

Tu q u e

.

The genera l se ns e is cl ear ; the s he goats and the i r mal e l eader re o a re l eav in f e f r r e h u h i b i r T o e v r t e r o w n o n d e e r s a r e h t g g g y told to l inger and crop Mei r l as t mea l Poss ibl y then w e shoul d -

.

.

read ea

o u w y

L yd i a

il l

tby mbm nou zs szma '

ev er see ,

14

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or cy

’

ma

u obzs , '

‘

,

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that

is the l as t meal

th e l as t s prou t

of savory

’

.

.

M e mb ra

re cl i nari t

it e n eremq u e i l l i seri t b arb am

.

B od l eian M S l ik e mos t of Bahrens has teneram (not tene ra m) ; H veneri H ence I w ou l d read temere a tqu e The

’

.

.

R

.

EL L I S

.

28 6

A M E R I CA /

V

R N L O U A [

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

.

bew i l d ered a mong s o ma ny al ternati v es a glance i nto Skeat may contrib u te a l i ttl e to the cl arifica tio n of the su bj ect The Ca mb ri d ge profess or tel l s u s fi rs t that a creol e is one born in the W es t I nd i es bu t of E u rop ea n b l o od ; and th en he p roceeds — — w i th ag i l e s a bb rev i ati ons e u ati on l i nes n d e e as h c o d e d u e t q p the w ord th ou gh w i th ma ny mis gi v i ngs from the Spa n crzoll o a nati ve of A meri ca or the W es t I nd i es ; a corru p t w ord mad e by the negroes s a i d to be a contraction of cri a d zllo d imi n of art ad o one e d u ca ted i ns tru cted o r b re d u p pp of crza r l it to create l i ttl e nu rs el i ng al s o to nu rs e ins tru ct ; h ence th e s ens e V ictor H u go u s es the w ord bol d l y in the l i ne : If

w e a re not

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n n o r o n l ui s a en t

d es

re ga rd s

de

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2 90

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v iz . a l l ons ,

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pronou nced

P II I L O L O G Y

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u Si i l u b i i m s t t n s o ar s t (

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l etter for another occu r in th e Canad i an a i a u i l l e , J ku i , ami ’

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been tru l y cal l ed the Creol e s anchor of sal vation as it is o f the s p eak ers of the l i ng u a f ra nca of th e M ed iterranean r o r t i e e M o B e i t h u o l z s l i s s G e n l o e i n i i e mm H c l w e e t o t s ( g ) g a l mos t p as s i ona te a tta chment a nd mak es it s erv e many a useful r i n u o s e n h f i t p N o t h i s h o w i s m o r u i h u a s c r l n i use o h t e o t s s p g y the ev ol u tio n of the cond i ti onal J us t as in l is tening to conv ers ati ons hav i ng refere nce to time pas t his ear w as cons tantl y s tru ck by the s ou nd ta (é tais ) so in l i steni ng to d i scu ss i ons of d o u btfu l conti ngent hy pothetical i mport ' he is s tru ck by the s ou nd s re (sera i t chass erai t w h i ch to him i nv ol v es the w h ol e of co nti nge nt poss ibil i ty H e s e izes th e sound sre w i th cha ra cteri s ti c eage rn es s p refi x es to it his nou n or p ronoun a nd th e n s u ffi x es th e i nfi ni ti v e thu s ev ol v i n d u m h n r i p i a a n co t t g T hu s Mo srl tional a d mi ra bl y su i ted to h is s impl e p u rp os es i s fu mi n s i mo s n f gagnin taba u a i f m r i i v a s d a b a e u a s t c e s ) J j s re fé pl i frette b é cass i ne w d ij a ri v é s il fa i s ai t pl u s froi d l es b é cas s i nes s erai ent d éj a arriv é es M ore cu ri ous e ven than this is the genes is o f the perfect condi tio nal To arri v e at th is su btl e and i mportant d is ti nctio n w hich many cu l tivated l a ngu ages hav e fail ed to gras p (cf th e earl y G er ma ni c a nd other d i al ects ) the Creol e takes his pa rticl e o f past ti me te a nd combi ne s it w i th h is parti cl e o f cond i ti onal i ty sre ’ T hu s I er mo tc s re cou ri a l a chache s i i ? e pa fe s i tan cho Cf h ie r j e s erai s al l é a l a c has s e s il n av ait pas fa i t s i chau d ) to fo rm the fu ture the M od ern G reek u s e of the pa rti cl e 06 (oa m The geru nd ial rel ati o n w i th en is ex p ress ed in Cre ol e by a circu m T hu s Ta pranne l a fiev ape the i nfi ni ti ve l ocu ti o n w i th aprés tu v as p rend re l a fi ev j ou é l ontan d an s ol eil re apre s j ouer l o ngtemp s au s ol eil ) I n many of thes e ex ampl es the s impl ifieation of the nega tive w i l l be noted the real neg no b e i ng d ropped a nd th e compl emen The s ame p ecu l i a ri ty occu rs in tary parti cl e pa s b ei ng retai ned Ca na d i an and in col l o q u ial Paris i an and othe r F re nch d ialects : l i pa p eur il n a pas p eu r) The s p eaki ng d irectnes s of the L ou is iana d i al ect is s een in the economy of effort w hi ch is one of its mark s : M o comancé l asse mo cré tan nou tou rnin ; mo l é d i '

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CR E O L E

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Madame v o u l a temps d e no u s en lit)

L O U I SI A N A

OF

; 9

.

i u l e n f r o s s t r u i m m c a t i e c e e a e é t e g q j j retou rner ; j e v ais d i re a M ad ame q u e v ou s etes P repos i ti o ns , conj u ncti ons , copu l a non-ess ential or ind etermi

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pronou ns (mo i n etc ) The i ntrus i on o f ,

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des inence

a nas al

to the

fumin ,

au d ence

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as

a nd

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the nas a l is

infinitiv es

cl earl y

n i n , g

(

a g

mark ed in Can

a l s o w he re w hol e cl ass es of w o rd s i ns ert it (a npa u v rir for i appau v ri r a nv ois iner a nba nd onner a n encer a n v al er p a m t a g v in r s cs 8 i i i b l n S e e P h n e i n o e o a n l r a e w t t w a t o t t e p ) ( g g g thi nks the nas a l izati o n of Engl is h in th is co untry and in the co ck ney d ial ect is d u e to the pronu nci ati on of the v ow el s w i th i mperfect cl os u re of th e nos e passa e: g The w o rd capa o in one of o u r ex a mpl es s u gges ts another Creol e — pecu l i a ri ty Cana d i an al s o : th e s ys te matic i gnori ng of th e tri l l l e a i ma o w hi ch gi v es ri se to s u ch ex amp l es as a d mi ra o e d zal e e tc f r h e o h r a a a n d s e A p r i i n and A d o o d o l h I n n d w r o t a n C o t c e t f hand th ere is a n i nterl opi ng l or an 1 s u bs ti tu ted for r or 1 etc : al tere

ad an

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mi is parall el ed in many l angu ages bu t

a ro

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p res ent pu rp os e the Canad ian apoca ly spe for apoeal ypse (cf l is p from l ips etc ) may s u ffi ce The Creol e in his corru pti o ns of w ords is often eni gmati call y co ncis e al mos t as much s o i nd eed as th e Ca nad i an w h e n h e cor ‘ a feter ru pts the E n A i r n n o u Y : o H pp N w e a r ! i n t o v e c a p y y g I apcnoufi r or l a pinou y ir Aggl u ti nati ons of the a rticl e w i th a no u n abou nd in th e p atois of L o u is ia na The peti t bl a nc in cer tain i ns tances h ea rs the articl e as s oc i ated w i th the nou n ; it s trik es h im as a s ort of i ns e p arabl e pre fix to w h i ch he cl i ngs o n mos t occas i ons ev e n w h e n the w ord is oth erw i s e mod ifi ed Thu s l a rue l a e c u r u u h e I n e a b ou c b m a l a b o i e n n l a e m l i u e r u o a ; ( ) ) q r ( ( ) o f a n(g ri l l on w h a t be l l it is tha t ri n s a t a certai n hou r H i s g a nsw erma be : Cé s e o n l acl ocl ze S o the Cre ol e cu is iniere i nq u i re s g y Ki l asoupe v ou o u l e? l asoupe bef ou l a so upe cribiche ? (q u el l e soupe v o ul ez v ou s ? s ou p e a u b oeu f o u s o u p e au x é crev is s es N ot co ntent w i th th i s the Creol e pl ays s tra nge tricks w ith h is w l u l h a r r e t h u a a r t c l l a l s f c i as i es p i i r n a e s o a t t o i n e a c s h e e c r t s p ’ noun in the s i n u l ar : u n 03 is in Cre ol e a in dczo; u n (e u f is a in g d(zef ; proba bl y fro m the conti nu al ass oci ati o n of the parti ti ve .

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A M E R I CA N

29 2 art cl e w

i

bra

i th

j

mmon

s u ch co

o

bj ects

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

as

a nd

bones

.

eggs

b ras me fa i t mal ) mo j ard i n (v otre p ou le a po nd u

mo i n mal (l

a pe fé

O UR N AL

’

os

d e mo n

D czo mo ’

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vo u

poul té

u n mu f d ans p ond i a in a J z ef d an mon j ard i n) Spe ci me ns of trans p os i ti ons a re s een in the fol l ow i ng col l oq uial i s ms : Ca n mo ri v é l ie té encore ape a romi (q ua nd j arriv a i il dor ma i t e ncore) ; ma mzel ape co u d e e n l a g a rl ic (mad emois el l e coud s u r l a gal eri e ) e tc — The co ns tant omi s s i on o f the ge n s i gn al e not w i th proper — is a cha racte ris ti c o f Cre ol e and h as paral l el is ms na mes onl y e nou g h in O l d F rench (s ee Bartsc h s Ch res toma thi e fo r co u ntl ess '

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p a ral l el is m betw een ce rtai n Creol e l ocu ti ons and H omeri c G reek h as been p o i nted ou t : e g l i pa rl i cou ri (il partit co u ri r il s e n all a ) a nd 3 55 8 ip s A s i milar sa 8 l y m Bi} 63 06m — u s a g e w as w i d es p rea d in A ng l o S ax on as in B e ow u l f I 1 2 6 2 7

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the R eig ns

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an d e r

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tt e r s a n d P i n L e 0 P 5 3 , ) ( a nd H enr V 2 2 V I I o l I , 3 , y p

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assy ny d

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ly d al W al s ynh am a s h e h ad l ys t, as it ys th e P as ton L etters (u t s upra ), Vol I I , p 29

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Th a t, I kno

i nstead

s us te ned y

Wa rs of

in

,

0 4 5 p .

d oo n , ye w o l d nat i bi d , Vol I I I , p 201

o r th e

i ipl e

a r c t p

a l one,

e r e e y

a

fayne hodde byr u nto L u nd on ” tha t a l l e th e w orkyngys th at w e re d on e grow e b y h yr (abou t 1 46 9 l ), p 209 (Camd en Soc ety, F

perfect

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ex

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I h a d f y Id

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perfect

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to ha v e l e t

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The Secret s of the I nvis ible H

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as h o re aga n , a nd

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hav e had me gi ven th e m l ea v e to fal l u pon th e m a t Dan i el D e F o e , R obi nson Crusoe Vol I , pp 3 1 8 ,

etc

e w ou l d v e ry su b

ou gh t

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in

0 3 7

.

.

me g one

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fa

w ou l d

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31 9

P E R F E C T P A R TI CI P L E

h a v e l e t u s hea rd fro m you in h opes you w ou l d ’ i n Sw ft s Worh s (u t supra ), Vol XV, p 202

I

L

E N G L I SH

TH E

ON

on

correcte d in

i

n t o p

th e ex tract,

D r P ries tl ey d i d .

in to th e i nfi ni tive

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“

tha t

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h av e

is to be

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r v e c e e p

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u n d ers too d

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so c o

improbabl e th e su ppos i ti on that ” i s to say h a v e sp i e d ,

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mmon, i n

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l i tera tu re ,

a n e rror fo r

as

to

ren d e r ”

a s pye d ,

th a t

0 8 3

A M E R I CA N

I f th e D u ke

of

j

L a n cas tre , h is

w ou l d na t agreed

he

O U R I VA L

th e ru n to

3‘

cos yn ,

”

.

bym to h av e pea ce , F mi ssa rt (u t supra ), Vol I p

n at cou n sa yl ed

h ad

o rd

L

.

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

B e rne rs ,

.

Th e r mygh t w e l l assembled togyd e r an e ygh t th ou sa n d e me n " e tc s u ppos e d tha t h e w ol d e th e rb y a nex ed th e cou nti e o f F l au nde rs , ” ” Id I f th ey cou d e a me nded i t mi gh t w el escaped i f h e h ad w ol d e 255

M en

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Vol I pp 6 46 700 ; Vol I I pp 402 , 73 8 I f h e h ad d iscryed th e i r names th e i w ou l d u nd ou b tedl y by and by c a ressed ” R ev th e imsel fe s to a ma n i fe s te s e dic ion for ve ra ye feare of pun ys hement e fol 2 8 5 r N i chol as U d a l l A pophthegmes ” i n The I ou gh t mos t ra th es t to obey ed G e orge Cav en d i sh (ab ou t ' L if e of Ca rdi na l Wol sey e tc Vol I p 2 1 0 (Si nger s .

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h e n h e i s pa rd one d , l oc k es ba cke to th e gal l ow es , or t o th e ” ” h im, s o l oo kes sh e e o n he r so n R ev D r th a t h a d l ke to ha ngd

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a

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p 34 7

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migh t if G od ha d

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n on

i n Sha k speare A ll us ion Boohs , P a rt I , p 8 8 th at u nto h i m th ey s h ou l d a ckn ow l e d ge

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v.

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i n i rkes ome

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b rys te d

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th ral l Th a t now i s fors te to sh ow

M a ns Sola ce

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u nsu ppe d , 5 00

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a d l e b n e l g y y 6 8 b o u t 1 a 3 7 5 p (

h a v e fe l t th e ull

as s is ted ,

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.

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W i l ki nson

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A P

f

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p I f bee ha d w ou l d , h ee m gh t eas l y, a n d accord ng to the ma n ner of m e n , for h is ch il d re n a nd th e r pos te ri ty, occupi ed th e mona rch y a n d d om na t o n ,

i

i i

i

u ppon a l l

th e peopl e of

the Septuag i n t, p 2 1 6 .

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(ed

R

.

i

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ev .

Dr

.

J ohn

Donne , The A

un t i ent

H is to ry

w as u nw o rthy o f

i

hich , by The L if e a nd

marti rdo rn

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w

,

h i s proce ed n gs , h e m gh t seemed to ru n u pon Thoma s H ayne , 6 D ea th of D r M arti n L u ther p 9 M gh t n ot a cu rsory mea l been a ll ow ed th e m i n a ru nn ng march , .

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.

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i

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a nd aw a y ?

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ev

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D r Th omas F .

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i ii

my of ma rtyrs

ar

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Id

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0 1 3 p .

So me m gh t b e d s pos e d to ” h m a v e agre e d d ea n ng r e e g 3‘

L

h ad

th e

b u t mos t

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i

e ave n , as

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th e n ob l e

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c o n ec tu re

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B ern ers go to s how tha t su ch a co n ectu re i s hard l y col ou rabl e Th e w r ter of th s w ou l d , I th i n k , h av e b een to se ek for a pre ce d e n t , i f h e

ord 35

a

.

v e ntu re

i

,

a s n a tch

P isga h rig ht of P al esti ne, etc , B ooks o f thes e ch l d ren are cha rita b l y co n c e v e d ,

u l l er,

Th e sou l e s I —I I I , p 2 5 5 (ed by th e pr m t v e Ch u rch , al l ma rched to H .

f

o

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to sa y th at h e

b ega n

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to ex pl a n i t oth erw s e th a n , h ow ev e r i l l eg t

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end of note 2 7 a t

0 6 , 3 p .

p

su

ra .

,

by

h ave

A M E R I CA N

oU R N A L

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Se rys , a l l e th es e mate rys I have h e rd

sayd

1 0 3

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Sir

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Vol I I pp

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p “ A l s o th e kynge gra u n ty d e , th e sa me tyme , th at th e l ybe rteys a n d fra n ch es ‘ ‘ o of th e cytte s h u l d e not a ftyr th a t tyme , fo r n oo caus e ta hy n a w ay i n to the .

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th e pass ages ex ce p N ew h am b ryge P as ton L etters (u t supra ), Vol I I I , p 203 ‘1

w o nd er w ro th e aye n s t

Cronyck

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Sir Thomas H

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i ch

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th e l ess s ngu l a r, w h e n i t is b o rn e i n

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mi nd th at

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n o te 1 6 a t

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l i,

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i n Vo l I I , p 294 , note 34 ‘9 Bu t i t is d ou btfu l w h eth er th i s is .

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th e m th e ra nbow to b e

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Works

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h ich th e re i s h ea rsa y

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Card i na l N

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ma n h as more l i ttl e rh emati c j u s ti fi

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is h e re

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1 62

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J oseph H al l

G eha zi h a ppil y th ere ” R ev D r Th omas F l i fe

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h e re good ghes ts may take a cottage gra tefu l l , Th e re su ch as thou d o ” E r l a ce h a tefu l l r J oh n H a r ngton (d ed a s i m B l i k V a S oo I , , pg p

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p

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to

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s erva n ts , s o a rrogan t

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.

a nd

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i

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make -bel ie f

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th e su b s ta n t

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th e om n pote n t Creator to

R

D ia l

(e d D yce) Vol I I , p 204 By ou r s trong i l l su ffer these abomi nati on s

i r s tree ts cha s d O

my s el fe condemp

take

,

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ca us

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B u t, i f it

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Worhs

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a

ces , Books I I I , I V fol 34 (ed n r i P f th a t I d es re ref ormed , a n d th e r R o m s h pra ct se s detes ted

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A M E R I CA N

1 2 3

Wha t mea n es

j

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P H IL OL OG Y

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Dr G

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th ese

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to

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the Societie

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a nd

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Books VI I I ,

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b e pre su m d pla ced accord ng to ex actness etc D r Th omas F u l l e r, A P i sga h -sight, etc (u t s upra ) , B ooks I - I I I p 46 i bi d B ooks I - I I I , pp 3 5 , 1 87 345 ; Books I V, V pp 97 ’

a re not to

tow ns

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feu nes

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p 35 .

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reak e ,

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dra i ned ,

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i

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L

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205

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a d d res s

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.

confes s

most sk i l fu l

th e

the D u tch teach e rs ,

or

of ou r mas te rs

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the ab l t

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mu ch ex

h o l a r» sc r a t s t e e g .

D r J oh nson Worhs (ed far s urpas s ed b y th ose of Bu rma n XI I , p 1 6 2 I n th e presen ce of thos e w hom sh e know s condemned to

Vol

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O f very rare occu rrence , at l eas t comparativ el y , is the omiss ion ” “ of to h av e bee n, to the effect of b u rd ening the pe rfect p arti cipl e, as bel ow , w i th the fu ncti o n of the perfect infi niti v e pas s i ve O

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Works (ed

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M i l to n

Vol V p 2 2 7 A l is t of M i l ton s ve rb s ma tch i ng F ul l er s j ust gi ven i ncl u d es afi rm decipher f able , record report, suppose, etc , etc F i rs t I am fa r fro m gran ti ng th e nu mber of w ri ters a nu i s an ce to ournat ion hav i ng s t ren uou s l y main ta i ne d th e co ntrary i n s eve ra l parts of th e fol l ow i ng ’

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d i s cou rs e

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D ean S w ft, A Ta le

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reface

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Th e P ope Cl ement th e Tw el fth , w as common l y s u ppos ed h e r l over L ad y M W M ontagu L etters a nd Works , Vol I I , p 3 3 5 (ed E x cept , to th e b es t of my i nforma ti on , i n the pages o f D r Th omas F u l l e r a nd M i l l on ,— b o th of th e m s tu d i ou s a fi ecters of con c i s e ness ,— m renc es to f e r e y w h om, i n th e l a tte r h al f of th i s mono ra h mi ht, b n m u ch e t h b b e e e h a v g p g y y, more ab u nd a nt tha n th ey are .

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A M E R I CA N

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j

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P H I L oz oa y

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l onger recognized

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is

oU R N A L

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2 3 7 p h ether .

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I t may be q u es t o n e d , how ev er as aga n s t th e aptn ess of th s qu ota t on , w “ W tnes s th is pas sage : A s I w as a yonge th e ol d belea ve w as al w ays tran s t ve ma yd e n i n my fa d e rs chamb re , a nd othe r of grete l ygnage w ere i n my company ,

ii

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1 80

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1 86

kn ightes

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a nd

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note

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bo th pa rtes h ou r of supper ca me on

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me

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John

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tho th ynges an d oth er tha t l onged

me n kept th e i r grou n d e

18 1 .

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re n ch

Chau

Crony cle of E nglande (a bout " ” “ B u t th e origi na l e d i ti on ha s fel l e n , n o t fal l en

Word e a nd J u l yan

th e re don e

w ere

p

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r s u 0 a , 3 4 p

p Th e F .

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d

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a l o ne

meth of th at h e d emyth th at he synn ed

l onge l ay n in synne , tha t h e s chal Ta le, De Terti a P a rte P oeni tenti ae

ersones

,

.

Th e qu e u e I s ab e l l Son e a fte r d ye d H ard yng, Ch ronicl e (fi ftee nth ce n tu ry) , p 3 30

f

i [

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forth e , fo r bren ynge

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to pl aye

w ent

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tha t the same n ygh t

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I d , ibid , .

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fee rs e s kyrmyss h e , a nd end u red l ong ; and many ” bea ten d ou ne o n both partes I d , ibid , Vol I , .

.

.

.

s e u d r f r a m e n m i e w o l d e r e o s e a n t n e s k u ew e t h d ou e e j y , p y y y ” r n di s c V o m o t e d d I e d a a e b I i l I b i o y f p 399 [g ] Bu t th is s to ry s e myth more me rv el ou s e than trew ; and th ou gh it hath con is ] ta hy n for a trew th among u s E ngl yshme u yet tynu ed h e re i n E ngl on d a n d [ ” o th er pepu l l d o th erfo re l au gh u s to skorne J oh n R astel l The P astyrmof .

1 91

F

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l e p

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p 4

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the

as

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have b ee n] ta hen l a bo u r [

n n d a a s p

,

ki ng s grace , and al so " i n se tt i ng forth of the same, e tc Wri ti ngs , etc p 344 .

A bp Thomas Cra nme r M iscell a neous N o man hath h nd e red th e matte r s o mu ch .

i

more ma i n ta i ned tha n b y th i s pri or

e e n] b [

"

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R i cha rd G

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n o t t r s e r r n o r su o n o , p p

th e r l ay a l l th a t d aye , and , on th e

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u n to

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6 7 3 p fol ow

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i ng [w as]

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l o f , p )

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So that th e E ngl ish e ambas s a d ou rs retu rned aga i n to th e i r cou ntree ” n oth yn g [ I d , i bi d , fol 1 21 w a s ] dooen o r agreed u po n i n th e i r ma tte r .

.

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fa rth er h a th i t gone by b ooks mu ch more peopl e [ Bp be e n] converted A

nd

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moa ke

,

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th an b y w ord s s poken ; a nd

J oh n Bal e (1 5 5 0

.

.

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Select Work:

au ren ce ,

re l a t on u n to

i

d n a r t e s , p

Sa i n t G

regory,

P e ter,

how th at

TH E

ON

hat

w

i th ignorance and

w

E ngl

t he

P E R F E CT P A R TI CI P L E

EN G L ISH

the m

s l ov e nry , not a l l of

i shme n ha d rece i ve d the fa i th

Dr Th omas Sta pl eton, The H i s tory

,

the

f

o

.

a nd

1 3 5

.

d is u sed

e t y

a re

mad e the i r b i sho p

he [ b een]

Chu rch of E ngla nde

th e re

or

a re ,

.

,

i

of

th e h a n d s

brahea ,

[ ] a re

h is

Th e

.

h is

sod enl y, a n d

d yed

con cu b n es .

(

ed

1 54

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ene

myes

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Id

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i bi d , fol .

d ammes

repa re th th e

Id

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sa

me

me [w as ]

rea l

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f

s el

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1 63

.

n

igh t th e kyng

,

tohen fro m h i m,

P

w

i th

f

a nd

.

si

,

.

u t p

i nto

.

.

T he pri nces retu rned ho me, and d u e of D r F au s tu s A n o n , S econ d R M

h is

al

,

r iii i g f ord e r [ w as ] to hen fo r th e

ibi d

,

ri nces ,

myl n er before th e ba nkes

Th e

.

.

o

.

Book s I I I , I V, fol

ev .

fol 32 , 33 tha t h av e a

i n prynces c ou rts ma ny tymes , certeyn su yte s ” n d th e n w a s l oohed for r e r e r h N a n d b e t i T o m as t h l d t S o D i a o o , ] g [ F

R

.

.

sa fe ty o f

th e

( p F or, i n respe c t of th e age of th i s s i ege , tha t o f Troy w a s b u t a ch il d ; it l a s t w as ] n ot to hen , b u t d i e l d e u e t i ng se v e n a nd tw e nty yeat es a nd , at l as t, [ c , p y d 2 0 8 e R ev D r Thomas F u l l er, H is tori e of the H oly Wa rre ( p ed

1 05

.

.

.

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[

w

.

.

Th e y h ad , by ord er from D av i d , th e i r ha nd s and fee t cu t off ; a nd th ey ” S o that th e tri be of J u d a h al one e re ] ha nged u p ov er th e poo l i n H eb ro n .

had mo re

c

i ti e s

i

th e n al l th e s l a nd of

[

th e re fore

and

w as

]

cal l ed

H

e cato

- I II 2 7 5 , 2 84 k I Boo s , pp mention ed n o mo re i n th e h .

.

as

.

Cre te ,

mpol is

"

Id

.

i

B arn abas

h

w

h e re i n

s nk s

j us t an

h ad b u t

A P isga h -sight,

,

.

i ch

s

i l ence

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and

hu nd re d ,

p )

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ra

na me

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i s] [

Th ey ab s ta i ne d from i t i story of the Sc ri ptu re m e used abou t th e w s r o a co l ou r sa c re d a nd mys teri ous th en w h i ch non e [ ] ” H e r H e brew na me s igni fi e th fl ocks e i th e r b e cau s e [ sh e w as ] b e rn acl e "

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a

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’

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in th e form of

ed

w ors h i

pp

a s h eep,

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I bi d

etc.

.

Books I V,

,

V pp

i

8 9 ,

1 3,

.

,

1 29

.

i

w as ] n ot d iscov ered t l l So nd a y morn I t b egan o n Sa te rd ay n gh t l a s t, bu t [ i n The Correspondence of j ohn Cosi n , D D , Col A n th on y Byerl ey i ng 1 P art I I p 55 H e, to s a v e h is h ea d , poorl y tu rns pr es t ; bu t th a t not av a l ng h i m, .

.

.

.

.

i

h i s] e [ ed

(

i n to I tal y

ca rri ed

.

a nd

,

Vo l V p

th ere

Se e

u t p

to d ea th

i bid

al so

ii

,

M i l to n

” .

Vol V pp

P

81 ,

rose

Worhs

349 , 3 5 5 O u r pe rfe c t pa rt i c i pl e a nd pre te ri te be i ng v e ry i n t i matel y rel a ted i t i s not h o l l y ou t o f pl a ce to ex empl i fy h ere a su pe rann u ated u s e o f th e l atte r o f th em, .

.

,

2 34.

.

.

.

,

.

,

1 79 , 1

1 93 ,

.

,

w

in s t e ad

s a ge s as p

i ts e l f

i nd e fi n i te i n fin i t i ve act ive

of th e

i g

b el o w

ven

i n its

,

i t is to b e

frequ en cy

ev e n tu a l

re

W i th

.

membe red tha t but

ii

i

’

i

f

o

w

th e G es ta R

We i th

ma noru m (u t supra ) , p

o

ore s

A

.

no n

Ca md e n Soc i e ty) ”

th eyr c ha n es ,

Th e s e fe l o w el l es

.

.

W

.

C H .

A no n

A nd

s ee

.

,

pp

.

,

.

E a rly E ngl is h Versi ons 1 41 , 1

59

.

.

.

e tc

v i. ch

il d ren

i

to w h ome th e y d id n oth ng b u t taohe

,

aw a y

6 e d Copl and , H elya s 7 ( p Tha t w i th the G ospe l l mel l es , A n d w yl l d o nothynge A non , A P ore H elpe (temp H e n VI I I ), tal es te etc

R

.

es

obe rt

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’

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R

ma i ns

e

,

etc

.

,

Vol I I I p ,

.

.

nothyng el s

.

.

.

.

bu t ly ved in F rois s zrt (ut supra ) , Vol I , p 7 5 5 .

.

.

.

T h e y h a v e d on e

L o rd B ern ers ,

i

.

,

B u t t ra th ynge

in M r

i

i i re cogn i t i o n

es tab l s h ng

med y bu t stro he d ow ne ou r boote a nd ma n ny d her The P y lgry mage of S i r R i cha rd G uy éforde (1 5 1 68 d e ( p

Bu t th e y fou n d b u t

i

l o ng i n

tw o of the

n o n e oth er re

had de ”

.

a l l ex cept

n i r e f u s d t b e e ; g s e rs of th e B b l e

.

2 37

.

i

to

w as

t s r e o n o p p

as a

b y s tyl s ts so l a te as K i ng J ames s re v ” W h a t d u d e sh e hu t lef te th at ch l d e, etc

as s u ch ,

re ga rd

2 5 3.

w arre .

th

is

thre or

fou re ye re

.

S e e a l s o Vol I pp 707, 73 5 , .

,

.

1 6 3

A M E R I CA N

Wi tness Y

l eas h

a

ou sh ou l d

s e nt to

i

r so n p

W el l

,

of s

oU R N A L

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pecimens

h ave sh ow

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,

OF

P H IL OL O G Y

to w

M r D ou gl as J e rrol d M rs Ca u dk i n th e

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l bl ou r s e f a r es e t a e c y p

n

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Cu rta i n L ectures , L

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Ch u rch

o

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G olden B ohe,

etc

s h ou l d

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s ea s on thou

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s i g.

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I T Z E DW A R D recea ved

bu t

l i hed to have

refa ce ,

ft es gy

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HA L L Id

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n ou gh te

John

.

.

i

i

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a

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b tte res t

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en e

( p th ey d o ne b u t .

h av e

mi es

26 2

ow ev e r,

D ia ry

ed

to d es troy

Vol I , p 303 (e d .

i

sa c r fi c n g

.

”

r e t h o d s o , p

L etters

J

R

r e d i p

cons

i

aga n s t us

.

i

Mr G

Thoma s H

us

obb es ,

ul ke ,

A

oi ned w

.

i ed

th a n ref us ed

Vol I V, p 342

e d . 1 84 2 ,

(

.

.

i

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M ad ame D A rbl ay ’

.

Voy age to A byssi nia

eorge

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as

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T hat there ma y be v entil ati on in the ars enal w hen the co urs es of the w all s are l ai d (s pa ces ) s hal l be l eft o pe n at the j oi nts o f the bl ock s w herev er the arch itect s hall d i re ct A l l th es e th ings " s hal l be carri ed ou t by the contractors in accord ance w i th th e s p ecifica tio ns fol l ow i ng b oth th e meas u re ments and the pl ans w h i ch the a rch i tect s ha l l i nd i cate ; and they s hal l d el i v er each d eta il of the w ork w i thin the ti me to w h i ch they s hal l ha ve ,

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Fro m a carefu l v i ew of the ev i d ence d i rect and i nd irect beari ng u p o n the q u es ti on M F ou ca rt concl u d es th at this i ns crip tion con ta i ni ng the s p ecifi ca ti ons for the cons tru cti on of the A rs enal of P hil on w as engra v ed in 346 B C and th at w ork w as begu n u pon it d u ri ng that s a me year and conti nu ed u ntil the ad mi nis trati on of A fter an i nterru ption of cons id e rabl e length Eu boul os in 3 39 b u il d i ng w as res u med u nd er the ad minis tration of L ykourgos and th e great ars enal w as fi ni s hed in 3 29 or 3 2 8 P hil on l i ved to see ,

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NA VA L A RSE NA L

A TH E J VI A N

TH E com

BH I L O N

OF

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pl etion of th e w ork ; for accord i ng to Vi truv i us he w as s til l a l i v e in the ti me of D emetri os P hal ere u s w ho empl oyed h im to add a col onnad e to the templ e of D emeter a t El eu s i s A q u es ti on of great interes t in connecti on w i th th is i ns cripti on u pon w h i ch I hav e not y et touched is that of topogra p hy The Ars enal of P hil on stood in Z e ia (v 4 ) and the inscription w as fo u nd among so me ru i ns near the s h ore of the ha rbor w h ich has be en i d entifi ed as the anci ent Z ea by prominent German s cholars M r M el etopo u l os cons iders therefore that the d i s covery of the ins cri pti on confirms this i de ntifi cation of the harbor and the pro pos e d pos i tion of the H ippodameian Agora and throw s l ig ht u pon oth e r d e p end ent q u es ti ons re l ati ng to P eira ic top ograp hy Mr M e l etopoul os how ev er s ays nothing to p rove that the i ns crip ti on w as fo u nd u p o n th e s i te w h ere it w as s et u p origi nal l y a nd that it ma y not hav e been brought from el s ew here in s u bs eq u ent ti mes H e sa y s th at near the fi nd i ng pl ace of the ins crip ti on hav e be en d u g u p at v a ri ous ti mes fragme nts of u nflu ted col u mns capi tal s of P ei ra i c l i mestone and a piece of w al l ru nning paral l el to the s hore I t is noti ceabl e tha t l i ne a nd b u il t of b l ocks of P eiraic l i mes tone ac c o rd i ng to the i ns crip ti on th e ca pi ta l s of the col u mns of th e a rs enal w e re to be not of l i mes tone bu t of Pentel i c ma rb l e (v If th e re fo re th e s p ecifi cati ons w ere ca rri ed ou t s tri ctl y th e ca pital s The remains of th e fo u nd ca nnot ha ve bel onged to the ars enal w a l l d o not tak en al one ad d mu ch w e ight to the i d ent ifi ca ti o n of th e s i te as by fa r the l a rges t p rop orti on of the a nci ent w al l s of th e Fu rther ex cavati on and P e ira i e u s w ere b u il t of P eiraic l i mes tone a ca re fu l i nv es tiga ti on mu s t th erefore be mad e b efore w e can be The q u es s u re th a t the ru i ns referred to are thos e of the arse nal t io n o u ght not to b e d iffi cu l t to s ettl e in v i ew of the mi nu te d etail s the

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V i tru v i u s VI I P ,

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B u ll eti n de Con eqflondanee H el l enigue fo r

J ul y

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i

th e f ol l ow ng e x tra ct from a l e tt e r from a

fri e nd i n A th ens , d ate d

u g u s t 2 7, 1 88 2

i ch th e i n s cri pti on i n l at I ca n ga th e r i s th at th e u s u al pro fe s s i o n al A l t h s t i o n w a s f o u nd u e q s e a rc h e rs f or an ti q u i ti es— mos tl y me n of v ery q u es ti on ab l e ch a ra cte r w h o o t o w o rk s ecretl y ex ca vat i ng t o mb s an d an yth i ng th at promi s e s t o re w ard g — t h e f o r h oo o d r h b a h f o m t h e n e i d t b l e s t e s t a i n s u u h a a t e i r h t e y y g p g p h a rb o r k n o w n i n l i terary ci rcl es a s Z e a an d ofi ere d i t for s al e t o i ts pres ent N

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o th n g

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h

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o w n e r,

M r M el etopou l os .

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A MERICAN j

2 8 3

oU R N A L

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OF

.

meas u rements giv en by the ins cription of many arch i te ctural members of the bu il d i ng I f these ru ins can be prov ed to be those

a nd

.

bee n found in or n ear its ori gi nal p os i ti o n the ne ig hbori ng harb or w ill be iden tified w i thou t d ou bt as the ancie nt Z ea ; bu t u nti l th is is s how n there are in my opi ni on w ith al l d eference to the h i g h G erman au thori ti es to w ho m I h av e all u d ed s trong reas ons for i d en tifying th e harb or in q u es ti on w i th th e a ncie nt harbor of M ou nychia N ot the l eas t w e i gh ty of thes e reas ons is the s trong p res u mpti o n that th e A m § and th e M vv x i o f the anci ents w ere merel y d i fferent na mes for th e same pro montory w h il e the s ou thern ex trem i ty of the P eiraic p eni ns u la is i d entifi ed certa i nl y as m m } a nd tra ces of the anci ent q u arries ex ist sti ll there T H O M A S W L u D L ow of

th e ars enal , or if the i ns cripti on can be s how n to ha v e ,

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i fn A l ta r/ mm, p 3 1 6 , a nd p 3 1 7 a n d note 6 VI I I 76 , a nd Wach smu th , p 307, note 6 .

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vo n

Wa ch s mu th :

Cf P au s a n i as , I .

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D i e Staci : A l li es 1,

4; H

erodotus,

AMERICA N j

0 33

URNA L

O

P H IL

OF

u cr

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1 38

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mu s

nu

a ir

v io

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mpl e) ; a nd fi nal l y 2 5 7 ) mu l s era t h u c na v e m

more force than in the l as t

s u gges ts

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et

toss i ng the

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l a re

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cerni

n c r ce r i n a l o b o es e c es t 4 s peciem vi ol a re s ereni aera mu l ce ntes motu

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ex a

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p ma l c is s een in th e G reek mih i) th e Paria n name for a chopping bl oc H es y ch ; for the mean ing w e may co mp are ma rc u l u s w h i ch s how s the acti v e s i d e o f M a rcu l us a hammer is a d i mi nu ti ve from ma rcus fo r s triki ng “ mall e u s 19 7 2 w h i ch w e ha v e the ev i d e nce of I s i dore O rigin v oca tu r q u i a d u m q u i d cal et et moll e es t ca ed it et prod u cit : ma r cu s ma l l e u s ma i or et d ictus q u od mai or s it ad ca ed end u m ma r “ a nd al s o of F estu s cel l u s med i ocri s z ma rcu l us mal l eus p u s ill us ” s v ma rcu l us F or an M a rcu l ns d i mi nuti vu m a ma rco a ccou nt of th es e v a ri ou s h a mme rs s ee R i ck Di cti onary of A nti i i raw ings there n u t 5 v n d T w h f o ll i a r e s v a d h h e o e e t e t d e fi g q “ a l a rge mall et u s ed b nitions he g i v es of them : M a l l ens (3) y A

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mi tted b e tw een mediocri s a n d marcu l a s so th at w e sh ou l d read ma rcel l ar med i ocri s (marcu l u s ) ma rcu l u s ma l ’ l eu s pu s i l l u s F or it s eems i mposs i b l e to s u ppose tha t the marcell ns w as l a r er g I h av e l ttl e d ou b t th a t ,

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hammer

I n the general sense of hammer it w as , h ow ev er, ea rl y re pl aced by its d i minu tiv e ma rc-u l u -s— a v er commo n o ccu r y re nce in l a ng u age , and es peci al l y co mmon in the cas e o f names o f tool s v ess el s , etc , e g in a nu l us , ci rcu l us , tru l l a a nd o th ers — and or

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meani ng of l arge hammer or s l ed ge ha mmer in fact to the hammer par ex cel l ence T hus the ma rcu s be ca me es peci al l y d i sti ncti ve of the s mi th and in p arti cu l ar of the sm i th o f s mi ths th e fire god V u l ca n M u l ci oer then his attri u r r b te e p es ents h im a s the ka mmer oea rer and is b es t il l u s trated ‘ by a n a nci ent gem ca l l ed Vu l ca nus ta ea zger w here the god ap a i a r t b a a a r s w t h l a e k m m e r i n h i r h n d n a c e s d t o r h h l f i n i s e t p ig g I t ma y p erha ps be adv anced agains t thi s connex i on that in oth er co mp o u nd s th e s u ffi x -o er mea ns ra th er ca us i ng tha n ca rry i ng or kol d i ng B u t w e mu s t remember that the ori gi nal s ig nifica

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beari ng not ca u s i ng and that s o it w ou l d be ra ther ma tter of s u rpri se if th e o rigi nal mean i ng w ere p re s e rv ed in no w o rd than that it is p res erv ed onl yin one a nd fu rth er that ru m etc ru m ca nd el a o d o gi v e th is th e neu ter w ord s cel a o mea ni ng of 6ea ri ng kol a i ng in the s horter form oro Aga i n th e anti q u i ty of th e name to w h i ch I hav e al rea d y ad v erted mu s t not The form oer ca rri es be d i s regard ed in d is cu ss i ng th is q u es ti on had b ecome o in the mi d d l e u s b a ck to the p eri od b efore B H and f a t th e begi nni ng of w ord s w he n th e root B H AR b ea r s ti l l S u bs eq u entl y w hen the B H s pl i t i nto i ni tial re ta i ne d its as pi rate al o th e 61: in M a r b e ca me 6 ev en in comp ou nd s if th e i m e a d n d f co ns c i o u s nes s of th e comp os i te cha racter of th e w ord ha d bee n F o r it w as a A nd th is w as the cas e w i th M u l ci ber obs cu re d p rope r na me and as s u ch fol l ow ed the l aw of l a ngu age the ex i s t M ul l e r has es tabl is h ed that p roper names ence of w h i ch M ax s oon l os e th e i r co nnota ti on and me rel y i nd i ca te or d e note p ers ons r qu a l i ti es n cea s ed to t hi nk of i e t o t l z e M r e n ce e etc w i tkou t re f th e w o rd M u l ciber as a compou nd i nd i cating an a ttrib u te of V u l ca n ca rrying,

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A

2 33

MER ICA N j

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

a ccord ngl y as a s ixn pl e w ord w

i

treated it

and

oU R N A L

hi ch

s

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i mpl y

d enoted

th i s na me

M ul ciber the epi thet ca d u czf er w h i ch w as fo rmed at a mu ch l ater ti me to d enote a fore ign a ttri b u te of a god To retu rn to ma rcus the strik er I t s u gges ts at once the p ra e nomen M a rcus and temp ts u s to e x pl a i n it as the l Bu t it is perhaps sa fer to ex pl a i n it w i th Z ehet s triker th e s mi th mayr W arterb s v as a w ea kl i ng Compare F l a ccus a nd s ee bel ow G erm Th e Engl is h s mooth w hi ch origi nal l y mea nt sof t a n a l ve f r m i h a n o e r d u e e i w w o i sc k m d s o s o t r d o o r d t r o a o g gy g ’ T his is paAa x é s the origi nal form of w hi ch is M AR 6 s p res erv ed in him

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Cu rti u s rightl y obs erv es S o tha t p a A a x ’ ori gi nall y b eaten or forged s oft M a rceo, too may be pu t here I ts fu nd amental mean i ng is .

.

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not

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begi n to d ie or to d ecay as to become s oft fl abby T hence in s q u as hy to b egi n to rot w h i ch is the S ig n of d eca y A few ex amples a metaph orieal s ens e to b ecome f eebl e l a ng u id are ma rcentes u vae gra pes on tbc tu rn ma rcentes s i l v a e ma rcenti a h r o a f a n e d r a m v u r f h a b b o a O M e a t m a o t 1 r u t t e t t ; g g 7 3 4 fl y cens s tomachu s a l angu i d app eti te ma rcere l u x u ria (co mpa re dfipds h u i n u x m a r ce n s a n i m i u i r u j i m l l s l a n s e d t o l s c n 6 o o n o 9 ) M y g w i th corp u s torpens O ther w ord s w hi ch Show the root are M u rcu s a cow ard (cf moll is from the s imple root M A R ) so

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P l a u tu s Epidicus I I I 1 , 1 2 , al l of w hich is al s o see n in M u rci a , an ol d name of Venus ,Varro ’

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Li ng L at 5 1 5 4 F est p 1 48 M ull er etc ; rep res enti ng her as brea ki ng or s u bd u i ng and enervati ng the mi nds of men The s pell i ng Al u rtea is p roba bl y d u e to a p op u la r e ty mol ogy from my rtus (mu rtu s ) Fi nall y o ne w ord s how s the root redupl i ca ted v iz ‘ — M i pa p os a d is h of has hed hare .

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Th i s w ord is d eri ve d by Corss en from a root BH R A G to s h ine des i re bo tly or bu rn s e en in fl ag -ra re etc so tha t it mea ns to Th is d oes not s u i t the uses of fl ag ii are w hich ex press the forcing of one s d es i re u pon oth ers ra ther th an th e feel i ng of it o nes e l f The w ord mea ns to dema nd ca m esi bi to be cl a morou s f or a I t s ee ms be tter then to l ook to be h ot for it th i ng rather than S u ch w e fi nd in fl ag ru m for oth e r w ord s that may be rel ated r a r e c a n hi G o b l m i o o t b l ea t T h e v a e l u r o t o igg fl g p fl ig fl g is BH L A G and its mea ni ng to be at F l ag i ta re th en is a freq u enta ti ve meani ng to b ea t freq u e ntl y press i mportu ne : compare obi u ndo and Vi rg A en I V 447 ha n d s ecu s a ds i du is h i ne atq u e voci bu s heros zzmd i i u r i e by A n na s i mp ortu nate p rayers F or this th e origi nal meani ng of the w ord i nter c u tem fl ag d a tu r Fes tus p 8 2 (M ul l er 4 note) compared w i th the eq u ival e nt i ntra cu tem m ew s Te rtu ll Pal l 4 is d eci s iv e ’l

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D H AR to mak e fas t a n d " u nb ew egl i che M ach t d er F u rch t the d efi n i tion of f ormi do as me tus ,

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f a nens Cic Tu sc I V 8 1 9 e o r h o w H t s v h a m e e e r t h e t r t e g p p i r x n ce h f a r i e ss e d t u ffi x p e ma nen of t e e s he s tdo (w h i ch as in cu er

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d i d o l a b i a e n e d o s t p ,

a s tate o f

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of root

sl

ight

cl u es

in

feel i ng) ; a nd he gi v es th i s mea ni ng

connex

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ion

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I mu s t

that s o me u s es of f ormi do s u pp l y

horri bi l i s Cic F in

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6 3 borri bi l es f ormi d i nes

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w

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Virgil Geo rg i r r m d i n e a li m n i o u u n 6 h a c t e a l c m 8 a h i h i c s w o n t t s s h o u d 4 4 g f g p d eri ng aw e ; a nd its u se as a s ca recrow may perhap s be partl y d etermi ned by the fl u tteri ng of th e feathers of the s ca recrow as w ell as by the p u rp os e it w as i ntend ed to s erve Is it too meta .

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1 9,

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A u sspr I .

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39 8

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A u ss pr I 4 8 ‘

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E TY /VO L O G I CA L

phys i cal Met

to

su

pp os e a so

,

the o b s erva ti o n

his

in the

p

ex

branches Cv Probabl y it w as

? res s on

i

f

co n e c tu re tha t

pas s ages that l ed co nnected w i th l zorreo

mid o w as

or

H

pti ona bl e is

orreo

re u nd

F

I

.

to s h o w tha t thi s co nj ectu re is on gro u nd s of sou nd u ne x ce

.

the s e a nd s i mi l a r

of

j

335

.

that the tremu l a s horror of the

i ncl u d ed

l

9 3 45 is

.

S TU D I E S

to

s h al l

a nd

try

of s e ns e

.

for bors -e-o,

and

its

is G H A R S

hi ch is s een in become erect (of hai r) , cf fl a r

root

w

Sans k r bris k (fo r Iza rs lz) to bris tl e, s /za b ris tl i n f e n r l l e a o H A i h t h a i r b u t R S p b b s o e G r o a l , y j y g g y ex p a n d e d by s fro m a s i mp l er root GH AR , fo r w h i ch s e e b el ow N o w f ma y re prese nt ori gi nal G H in L ati n ; i nd eed b oth f and I: are fre q u e ntl y fo u nd togethe r in the s a me w ord as rep res enta ti v es ’

.

.

.

.

of th e o r g nal

i i

i

Ex

a s p ra te

.

a

mpl es

fiaed u s Lariol u s {o rd e u m

a re

,

,

.

,

i mp robabi l i ty in s u pp os i ng l wrreo a nd f ormi do to co me fro m the s a me root C H AR S L as tl y an s ma y h a v e fa l l e n ou t be tw e e n the r a nd m in f ormi do tho u g h it is a l s o p os s ibl e that the w ord ma y have b een formed fro m th e u ne x p a nd e d ro ot C H A R Th e origi na l mea ni ng of barrere w as pl a i nl y to bris i l e o r to * I f there w as ev er a v erb f ormi re as Co rs s e n s ta n d on end th i n k s it mea nt to be b ris tl i ng or ha v e o ne s h a ir s ta nd i ng o n e nd a nd s o f ormi d o w o u l d mea n f ea r th e me ntal s tate w hi ch i nd u ce s t h es e corp o real manifes tations I n the cas e of this root as al s o in that of asper (for as ter) Li th a s z l ru s Ch 8 1 asi ni s ha rp w e hav e the noti ons of pri cki ng c kly r ay g l a h r r i a n n o a c o t e p i i h T h h t ss e e s o r t es t f o r m i n p g w h i c h it a pp e ars is GH AR w i th th e meani n s to i r c k e r t a g p s cra tch of s ha rp thi ngs W e find it in the fol low i ng w ords f r h o n h w i c h r o o i x e t s a n i p x pé mm ( x t e d ed by c to ) x p y m a k e p o i n te d or s harp to tear or s cratch {os tis {ol u s .

.

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e tc

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th at there is no

so

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W b rte rb

a t.

G

e n e ra l l y

d e ri v a ti v e s 3

Th e

.

s. v

.

me a ni ng to

j i

re o ce .

Th e d o u b l e

i

e re c t o n o f

th e

s t a te s o f

te rro r, b u t to

re as o n w

ha

ir

,

hy it

no

if

w e a re

s h ou l d

l ie

,

i

s ee

ms

i i

mi n d s me of th e cu ri ou s w ord opookorref w T h e S kt Arts /z s h ow s i t fo r o opa éflptf f c ) J y ( '

.

.

Th i s

24,

.

men ti ons i t in

roo t

to b e by n o

ru n s th rou h th e g

,

of

a nd

appare n tl y

D a rw

in 5 ’

l a ngu age

means

i tement ge ne ra l l y

éw )

v

4

i gn i ficati on

to tru s t th e ev d ence

ch a racte r s t c o f ex c

be

re

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s

.

th e re i s

t i ons , p

,

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,

L

x

,

by

.

from (w ay, Zo rn 6;

E x press i on

Vamc ek Warterb ,

to

M r Ve rra l l

.

f

o

.

i nad equ atel y

and

co n fi n e d

ange r

i s trea ted , th ou gh

,

.

253

.

E ma

.

AM E RI CA N j

6 33

in the s ta

ke

e tc

na ka pot

P H IL OL O G Y

.

s ame s te

“

co

ax

a

’

s e nse

,

OF

a r h b m e v kd¢mo p a x p s y¢ ( ) any th i ng w i th a p oi nt anythi ng tha t ca n tea r a of Cf H es y ch ius x dpa x cs rd¢ pos Kai dara wdoobr; ¢ urd cui oi

m

from th e

x dpa g,

A

0URN L

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i (x p

Xa pt a '

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a

be s harp

s; H

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ow

es ych

Co mp

.

are

from

d p

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root

A K, to

1 .

a rav ine or rent in a

)

hill

(x p p d c-s ) is s i mil arl y a yaw ning gu l f I t comes from Xdp fiars (x dp-vB— 8 uc6 s fro m x ak ufi a s te m x a pvfi w i th p aras i ti c 8 comp a re x ak vB— -o f a n d u r t u m n s d e o v s i k a o b t h e i G d z 6 v C I s d I g B fl m p 54 ( y Xa pddpa

do a

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Eng tr)

29 9 ,

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x cikuqr

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w eak ened

bu t th e p is

(x

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B s)

(d

Xa pn is

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p

)

its elf is from the

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to A

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H c h es h mp , y ' fdpem Ba m pt g

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mpare A ris toph

aw

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or

meaning

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may

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Xdpms

p robab ility in

'

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d (x qp p

d

q

ap s

v ow el as

q

s

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s t ra ti fi ed

hol e

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me m a

-

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al s o

v es i g

in the grou nd ,

d a pos x p

a

r r s )

3 6 7

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s h ow s

the

Ga in ra m s oiov

.

w ord s the s ame root

I n the fol l ow i ng

is to be

red u

b

o s erv ed

pl icated : d

x p a

os

'

(

x

d eri vati ves of s ha rp fanged

dp x p - a

h ich

w

p p oi nted j agged Al cman etc n f r ki d o s i z a i a k d s d o x s p px p

s har

)

are x a px

a

,

,

a

,

a

,

x { px -

- o-s

u

s h ow s

)

als o

the p w eak ened to k and

mbl es in its mea ni ngs the L ati n a sper b oth in that of Vi rg s i ti as per and metap horical l y in that of w i th th i rs t fierceness The s ame w ord app ears ness of te mp er s l ightl y d i fferent meani ng in

res e

rough

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Kepx

a

rou gh ,

ht os

that s how

d

w or s

v ,

a

.

ga

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,

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(

Kapx akeos '

-o -s

’

h oars e,

’

w

hi ch

cl os el y

connects

the red u plieation

in

a

w

rou gh w

i th

mu til ated form

ith

a

me

so a

px

’ ,

s u ch as

Katpd c

?

reef

i s cf

for x op-y-c d-g

al s o

may be

compared

.

F

or the epe n

o l e ow b g x oz p Xa Zx ég (x ao -r) an d x dl mp are more natu ral l y referred to th G H A R , sh ne, from w h ch Va n i Eek d er ves th em (p

th es

to

a s ita r

.

.

i

3 4

So

al ready

Benfey,

ca nnot s hare

I

S e e th e

i

i

du pl cat on

W

i

i

i ns tan ces

th au

.

i

.

re fe rre d

-es root r u g g ,

root

.

I 203 ’ F r tzs ch e s d ou b ts , Cu rt Stu d 6 , .

is

to b y

GAR

,

is

.

Cu rti us , I n d ex

one of

them

.

293

.

,

u nd er

b ead

Broken R

e

8 33

A M E R I CA N

B ( ) b e nd o

O U R /VA L

j

m Ioru m qu a temo bu ris d i ctu m

eobu

h I t l e i s r o a d u e A p b b t ( ) y A n ol d er confu s i on w i th (B ) .

Cou m has l os t

m

.

i th

w

cu

m i ug e

coll

i

.

a t u r , a CO g

M

.

to the

d eri v ati on from ( fi r m s

fo rm

h i ch is fou nd in E nni u s is

In

cou

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

ca el u

m (for

a v a nd

m)

cav il u

is

w

conne cted , as

ms

a nd

f ar

,

D a cier has ’

mu m

s o that

ca el

or to

s een,

i (Enn ) .

mea ns th e hol l ow v au l t of the s ky T hu s s o far I n co/ mm (B ) there is no tra ce o f a n ea rl i er form a s th e fo rm go es it ma y be conne cted w i th i ncalza re W e must nex t e x a mi ne th e mea ni ng I ncalza re d oes not mean nearl y s o mu ch as i ncipere I t is 2

.

.

,

.

,

.

.

ra th e r

‘

a bou t

to s ei

’

a th ng than

to take it

i

in h a nd

i n r c i e e ( p );

ppos ed to petyieere w h il e i ncipere is the opp os ite of des i nere T h i s ru d i mentary begi nni ng thi s bare p romi se of co mpl eti on is m o r y oke s trap to pu t the eol m w el l e x p res s ed b y th e me ta p hor Th e pl o u gh is not in the fu rrow the ca ttl e ev en o n th e pl ang lz a re not in the y ok e a nd th e o nl y s i gn of th e p l ou gh i ng to come is M e tap ho rs fro m pl ou g hi ng th e p ol e w i th its y ok e s tra p attach ed Romans compare a re not u nfreq u ent a mong the agri cu l tu ral it is

‘

o

.

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,

‘

-

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’

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-

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ex a ra re,

O

d el i ra re,

u r ne x

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t end ea v or w i ll be to fi nd

mm is

connecte d

in

w ord s

othe r l a ngu ages w

ith

p oi nts to a n as pi rate a nd a root K A G H o r K A K H a p aral l el form to K A K Cof mm co i nci d es a ns k ri t ka ks fia s i S w h i ch means s triki ngl y in mea ni n h w t h t e g a mo ngs t oth er th i n s rd l e a n el e pha nt s gi rth S o berks /l a i a g g is the e nd o f the l ow er ga rment tu ck ed i nto the w ais tba nd The fi rs t meani ng of K A K s ee ms to be to bind as F ick (I 36 ) gi v es ” it T hen it mea ns to be nd S o the E ng bi nd a nd b end th e ms el v es O f the mea ni ngs gi v en for ka ksl za m a nd n a nd lea ks /n? b y th e P W that of g i rd l e comes fro m its bei ng a b a nd w

hi ch

cu ss i l i ris

col

The I:

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,

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by

a n e as y

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tra ns fe rence w e get tha t of

‘

w a ll , e ncl os u re ,

’

a nd

meta

b ou nd or orbit T hen it is u sed of a Perhaps its u se fo r the s id e a rmpi t is a s peci a l d ev el op me nt of th i s as the P W takes it ; bu t p rob I n the b ou nd a b l y it has al s o b ee n col o re d by the mea ni ng o f m o ral regi on b end i ngs mea n tw i s tings p retex ts s tropfi a e or The u ses l ike co mp a re ka iaka ra w i ck ed ka eea ra th e sa me s in r i ca ll h a f b h t o o t or d r e , y p b end in the bod y , the

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Qu oted by M ul l er on F e tu I N C rti P i ck 1 1 6 2 79 T h m n i ng of th e S kt k k re a cco rd i ng to th e P W b e s tan d i g i n ubermti th ig s e i n durs te n s

us,

u

e

se

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ea

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s c hw ank e n , nu

E T Y M O L O G I CA L

S TU D I E S

9

.

W e are From be nd w e get to hi d i ng pl a ce bend s told i u ng ere pa res H ence kd ks l za s R V 1 0 curves a nd hol es a fford i ng conceal me nt fi s id n d k a k s r a i i n p l ac e I t o b a b i h a l 28 a d s 4 y 5 4 4 p g y sec ret Co mpa re the P W s v ka ks l zy a ka ks l zy I f (a ) gi rd l e a rme nt (c) s u rro u nd i n a f r r o pp b d a l a r e u r m e n t w l e 6 o g g () g a a n r e n u n k k s l a a z s e i m i a r i t n l s t w a encl os u re ) ) g g ( y () y (f g schal e (6) a p art of a ca rriage (w ago n) Th e s a me roo t s ee F ick (1 c ) and Di efe nbach G l oss H 4 p 494 is very fe rti l e in w o rd s d e noti ng pa rts of the bod y amo ngs t w h i ch i r n a h h s o e n u r w e m a y mention w e r e e e s o o p t s e a t o s x p h f m c o s r a r t h e r w i r u o m I m e s t o o h f o e v i o s r é t t e h e r t t g g m p in the form K A K o r K A G H I s hal l no t d etermi ne B o th forms K A K g i ves G oth Iza inm w ill s u i t it a nd b oth hav e au thori ty KA C H O H G etc Iza ng en Eng Izc mg L at t i ng e O H G a nd

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e

mu l ati on

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m metap hors from yoki ng

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hag , hors e

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as

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in tra l zo,

v el zo, e tc

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n b k a d o e , y

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r

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P J

E q u 4 24 i s .

a cu riou s

the

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I: is for

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.

A

.

,

a nd

,

in s tan ce o f

rd: x ox

é wa be

.

P O S TG

A TE

i ng a h i d i ng pl ace

.

.

REVI EW S The M ed ea

E u ripi des

of

an

I ntrod u ction Co

tha t th s b ook d es erves a h ea rty

w el co

.

,

s ay

W i th

M acmi l l a n

Verra l l M A To

.

A N D BO O K N O TI CES

L

.

ondon.

i

i

— pos s i bl y

ii

Commen ta ry by A

an d

I

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SSI

Vi

'

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me may see m

too

mu ch

to the

I t has goo d qu al i t i es w h i ch re nd e r i t cons picu ou s among th e prod u c ts of recent s ch ol ars h i p, es pec i a l l y Th e boo k s ho w s cons ci e nti ou s and s ys te ma ti c of A n gl o-A meri ca n s chol arsh i p ind u s try, rea l know l edge of cri ti cal meth od , v e ry u ncommon i nge nu i ty T he capt ou s cr t c

too l i ttl e to th e ge nerou s

i

cri t c.

.

.

read er w

ho

mi nes

ex a

m w i l l fin d h is

a cou pl e of

n es t a k a e a n d t r a o p g

e t a c p

ex

ions rai sed v ery h igh But he w il l rel u ctantl y fi nd thes e ex pectati ons i n some meas u re d i sappo inted u pon care fu l s tu d y of the w hol e F or al th ough th e tool s are th os e of th e sc i en ti fic w orkma n th ey s ometi mes s l i p s trangel y as from l ac k o f pra cti ce ; th e v ery fe rti l ity of cri ti ca l re sou rce s ome ti mes a r r ea s as ove pp w rou gh t cl everness mi ss i ng a pl a i n po i nt ; a nd th ere i s so me ti mes a ce rta i n h az i n es s of feel ing abo u t the w ay th i ngs ma y an d may not be s a i d i n G reek Bu t th e fu l nes s of ex aminati on w h i ch I s h al l try to gi ve th e book may be ta ken as ev i d ence that I d o not fa i l to a pprec i a te i ts meri ts Th e I n trod u cti on (d ated M ay 1 8 8 1 ) b egi n s w ith a l i st of e d i ti on s ch i e fl y used Th e n ame s of K i rchhoff W e i l and S ch on e a re conspicu ou s b y th e i r abs ence t

.

.

,

.

.

,

.

,

Wheth e r h and i s

th e

n ot

A

q

u

na led o

ite

.

E uripides

I t is ma tte r

cl ear.

to h av e se en L eo s remarks (H ’

earl y

I

h i ch I

s h al l

W il amow i tz

of

of

real

regret th at

mes XV 306

er

,

repeated l y re fer.

N

h av e been

.

s tu d ied

at

first

V pu bl is h ed

too

.

Jou r

See A me r

.

t fol l ow s

.

of

i

P h l ol

.

i

mpt

to prov d e a s ort of royal roa d for those w h o ca nnot or w l l not l earn b y cl ose stu dy w ha t man n er of th ng a G reek man us cr pt i s V g v es a bi t of Comm , fu l l of to

w

ex

an a tte

i

i

i i i magi nary corru ptions fou nd in i magi na ry manu scri pts and then goe s th rough th e process of correcti ng i t ac cord i ng to a rt The i d ea is a cl ev er one bu t i t may b e d oub ted w he ther s u ch a d e i ce can d o more than to ra i s e a conce i t of k now l edge in the i nd ol ent A good pho tograph i c fa cs i mi l e of tw enty w e l l ch os en l i n es from th e Cod ex L a u re nt i anu s w ou l d hav e been w orth fa r more to .

.

,

.

v

.

rea l s tu d en ts

.

Th e d iscu ss ion

of

th e tw o

M SS

cl as ses of

of

Eu ri pi d es

w

h ich fol l ow s is

more i mporta nt V is righ t ou t of al l qu es tio n in su pport i ng th e h igh .

.

th e L au re ntianu s and

of

)

t e y

h a s fu l l y

can u s

My

.

sol ved

ow n

P al ati n u s ; b u t I

th e prob l em

ii

v s onal r o p

v i ew

of

ca nnot

i

th nk h e

(

or an ybod y el se as

i

th e rel at on of thes e

i s th at the M S

of

au thori ty

the

M SS

to th e

s econd

Vati

cl ass

”

h m r n n ou h r m o e e u e t o t d n d i o r r u i r e c e b s l s a e r o r s ) g g ; p y p w h i l e th e Va ti ca nii s h as bee n mo re correcte d ou t of s hape by grammari ans A nd s o far as th i s s tatement goes I u n de rs tand i t to sta te Ve rra l l s v i ew Bu t

(L au r

.

P al

an d

.

are

,

.

’

,

i

th s

is

i

v ew

i

w

n oth ng

il l

not su pport th e l oad of

i n i t to d

i mi n ish

.

i nfe ren ces

i

the prob ab il ty, in

h ich he pu ts u pon it There any given case of d iverge nce , w

.

82

th e corru ption of

i ntes t obj

fa

a pé a aov

x

”j

A l i / E R I CA

2 34

In

r,

p .

i mpl e

c o rre c te d

the

te x t th e re i s

n ot

bv

de ro

In

eo.

.

1

57

x nw

ye

.

"

ch a n ge ei

i

h l e i n th e

w

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

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i ntends this ” for m th e ch ance e tymol ogi es of s chool l ex ica fel t w an t book to su ppl y a ” no conne c ted s ys tema ti c or th orou gh know l edge of etymol ogy 1 s acquired es k e r t a r T h i s e t r u e L u s n n iii P f e i s v t o d e r e a c w s e e h t h a u r o w e t h u o ) y ( p sys temati c We must e tymo l ogy to gi v e th e youn g s tu d e n t th e fi rs t i d e as of b ear i n mi nd th at the w ork is i n tend ed for b eginners for s u ch i nd eed as have h av e

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i th su ch techn ical form that no s chool boy i n A merica could fol l ow th e i d ea s gi ven for tw o pages together ? Wh y a re tw enty pages of Of e b r n d e f l a l ea e s sa n b i n e n r a r m a l o e d o t h k b a a r e l e r k s o w G e a l u t c e e c h w h y y g ” s u ch as hav e no know l e dge o f G re ek no pos s i bl e i nteres t to to s u ch as those for hom the book is i ntend ed ? Th i s tack i ng togethe r of d i s para te material o f a s ch o l a r. a nd w

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R eport i I ns t i tu te of A me ri ca l s i ca l Se ri es I C l on th e i n e t i g t i n s a t A ss o s 1 88 1 b y J O S EP H T H A CH B R CL A R KE W i th nd pa p rs on ta i n i n g I n s cri t i o n from A ssos a n d L a n A ppe n d i s b o p by W C L A W TO N an d J S D I L L ER P ri n ted at th e co t o f the H a rvard A rt Cl b a n d th e H a r ard P h i l ol ogi cal Soc i e ty Bos ton : P u bl i h e d by Co A W i l l i ams L on d on N Trttb n e r 1 88 2 Co M r Cl a rke s repo rt to th e A rcha eol ogi ca l I ns ti tu te of A m eri ca on the i n es tiga tio ns at A ss os m d e i n 1 8 8 1 h as b een b e fore th at s oc i e ty for some mon th s

P a pe rs

of

th e A rch a eo s

v

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v

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a

of space

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pre vents

a

d iscuss ion

of

th e A ppend ix

.

RE

The ra re practical

ments

,

know l e d ge

of

N O TI CE S .

h i ch gu i d ed h is for w ork w h i ch

s en se a nd energy w

i

th e

an d

VI E WS A N D B O O K

u n t ri ng eagernes s

i

a rch a e ol og ca

facts

l

and

m

35

ex cav ations and

:

meas u re

h is th eore ti ca l

se cond ed

ha y f acts , have mad e th -

is

re c ord

most v a l ua b l e Th anks to h i a nd to h is i n d efatigab l e compan ions , th i s fi rs t A meri ca n ex ped i tion u nd ertake n i n th e i nte res ts of cl as s i ca l archae ol ogy is one o f w h i ch h i s c ou ntryme n may w e l l b e prou d A meri ca ns h ow ev e r, are chara c te ri zed by a w i l l i ngnes s to be prou d o f ma ny th i ngs from fu rthe r co n n ec tion w i th w h i ch they are d eba rred by a n a l mo s t too j ea l ous d i s i ncl in ati on to b e bored Bu t i n th is prese nt cas e th e pro mpti ngs of su ch an i mpu l s e may r d d r l s e a r e f o r l r k t h i s o r b i r l fi t a b e d M a l l s s t e a r l d m o C e e c a n od e s tl y , g p y y y I ndee d taken s ol e l y as a truth fu l accou n t i n conn e cti on w i th a sma l l pi ece of th e i rre s pons i b i l i ty a nd th e of w o rk w el l a nd b ra vel y a ccompl ish ed r o p tean tri c k ery of O ttoman ofi cia l i srn th i s b ook i s memo ra bl e L ord D u ffe ri n w ou ld h a rd l y b e ab l e mo re effecti v el y to a rra i gn th e Tu rk i sh ma nn e r of d ea l i ng Th e fol l ow i ng a re s ome of th e w i th th e i n fid el tha n M r Cl arke h as d one ” w h i ch w ere su cc ess fu l l y coped w i th b y th e A me ri can eas te rn q u e s tio ns .

,

,

.

,

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.

.

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ex

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Tu rk s h l aw

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i

1

col l ects

d u tie s

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merchand i se

i

tra ns h pped from on e Tu rk h d s o f t e oo e x e d t n o n h a d t e e red g p

ish po rt to a noth e r A ccord i ngl y w hen th e Smyrn a d u ty free , th ey had to s ecu re a n ord er for free

ii a d mi ss i on to M i tyl e ne The o ffi c i al at M i tyl e ne d e termi ned to res i s t so ngenerou s a procee d i n g by fi nd i n g th at th is ord e r w as not w ord d accord i ng to preced ent P e n d i ng a th e good s and th e i r o n e rs w e re correc t i on by commu n i cat i on w i th Smyrn all ow e d to proceed to A s sos (Behram) a fte r th e fi l i ng of a bon d for th e fu l l 8 6 5 .

.

u

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a,

va l orem

w

M i tyl enean a u thori ti es pou n ce d u pon th e bond sman an d d e man d e d i mmed ia te payme n t w i tho u t O nl y th e t i mel y a cci d en t of M r Cl arke s any re fere n ce to n ew s from S myrn a ad

d u ty

.

N

o soo ner w ere th ey

tha n th e

n e o g

’

.

r e n e es c p

d ema n d

in Smyrna

his

v

igorou s

th e tel egra ph

of

use

fo i l ed th i s b ol d

.

( ) Wh en a

w o rk ,

and

.

th ey

th e

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members

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forced to w a i t

th e pa rty

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arr v ed

i n th e Troad ,

mon ths b efo re th e necessa ry

read y to

earad eh

in

b eg

i( rad e) '

i ng from Constanti nopl e F o rtu na te l y the y w ere ab l e to us e most ‘ Th is d el ay cou l d n ot o f th i s t ime i n mak i ng a n a ccu ra te s u rvey of th e s i te ha ve b een obv ia ted by the ex erci se of hu ma n fore thou gh t on th e pa rt o f the as ea rl y as th e au tu mn ex pl o rers fo r th e e arad eh h ad b e en o ffi c i l l y promi s ed a fu rthe r as su ra nce th a t th e an d b e fo re th e ex pe d i ti on l e ft A me ri ca of d ocu m en t se tti ng forth the ri gh t o f ex ca a ti on w as a t the i mme d i ate d i s po i tion ” A nd ye t i t w as n ot fo rth com of th e agen ts h a d be e n req u i re d a nd rec e i ved The T u rki sh governmen t h ad I t appea rs d i scove red to i ts s orrow th at in g s i n th e prov i nce of th e gove rn or of th e Vi l a et o f B rou s a h B s s r a m a w A s e e ( ) y a m a n w hos e u n control l abl e a n d s a age a e rs i on to ex cava ti ons th ey e re rl e ss to d eal w i th F u rth e r s ea rch a n d re fl e cti on h ow ev er b rou h t th em e o w g p re l i e f for th ey gra d u a l l y be came aw a re th a t B eh rti m w as n ot in the te rri to ry of Wh a t th i s a rcha eo l ogi ca l ogre b u t i n d i rec t d epen d enc e u po n Cons ta nti nO pl e mus t h av e be e n th e j oy of th e L ead e r of th e F a i th f l w h en w i th the a i d f th e A m e ri can L egation and after a s harpl y w ord ed no te from th e A meri ca n S ecre w as

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S e e the fi rs t pl a ne

P l an of A ss os ,

s urv ey ed

by F

.

H B acon and M .

o

,

.

Wrigl ey

,

1 88 r

.

,

A M E R I CA N

2 35

oke

ta ry of S tate. h e aw

W hen

th e

s io n e r

to ov e rs ee th e

earad eh

oU R N A L

j

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

.

to a fu l l er cons ciousn ess of th e ex tent of h i s

l ast

at

a rrived ,

w ork. w

mol es ti ng th em i n the i r d id not mol es t them

for not

ex cavations

w a s appo n te d co

w as

To hi s

.

domain !

mmis

i

M ehmet Efi end i '

h ich mean t that he

ow n

pa

id

i

b y th e A mercans

cred i t

be it

sai d that k

.

h T e 3 () th e

mos t

irri tating thing w h ich occurred abou t

appeara n ce ,

mmi ss i oner

tw

o w eeks

before w

e

after w ork w as u nd er w ay. w as

,

r o s d o e p p

to

i

’

th e ex cavat ons,

cl os e

mpetency w ou l d seem to have been o n his ow n H e d emand ed ex orb i tant payment for his sh ow i ng i n parti bu s i nfi deli m “ — n n s n d m n i t i a l r es , a a i ta ned ha t h s s a y i a amou nt three ti mes tra vel l i g ex pe e to M eh met Efl e nd i )—w as to b e continued th e gen erou s su m b efore pa i d of a co

w

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co

.

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.

th rou ghou t th e

M eh met Effend i

to w

inter, w h eth e r th e w ork w

w

h o h ad

’

of

th e

ho ch eerfu l l y ackn ow l edge d th at th e new comer. commi ss ion , pa rtook of th e sanct i ty w hi ch hedged

Darda ne l l es

i

Before th

.

i nv enti ons

Th e

of

is

offi ce-s e eker cou l d

be

rou ted an

mad e Tu rk for the mol esta tion of th e i n fid el hav i ng thus

to Consta n t nopl e had to be

appeal

e appeal ed

H

.

s su pe rior, w

no cred en tia l s or

th e P ash a

ere carri ed on or not

"

the

.

merated i t is i nteres ti ng to s ee h ow s u ccess fu l l y M r Cl a rke deal t Th e same i rrepre ss ibl e pi ety w i th th e oth e r seriou s immd imen ts to h is w ork w h i ch h as so gri ev ou s l y d efa ced th e E l gi n marbl es l ed th e M oh ammeda n popa l ati on to amu s e th emsel v es by fl i ngi ng s tones and d i rt at the u nearth ed scul p tu res w h i ch h ad accord ingl y to be h ou sed at th e bottom of th e s teep hil l as be en

en u

.

,

.

,

s oon as

s o s p

i bl e

con s ta n tl y

an d

su ccess fu l

Th e

i

su rvey ng .

doe s

m

i

i

N

o

men

i th h i s

w ork

.

much a t th e mercy of church Th e e flect of the Samothrace

ex as

d e p

i ti on to

'

.

cou nte racted

by ga uze

spectacl es . and an

to preven t th e men from s ecre t ng co ns w h ch m ght be dug by th e offe r of the intrins i c va l u e of anyth ng d el v ered to th e director mean s , how ev er, w as fou nd to d ea l w th the fever from w hi ch the w ork

efl ort w as u p,

w

ii

ith great susp c on M r Cl arke w as very w

to h av e be en so

not s ee

h ol da ys as w as th e first A u s tr an ’ d u st u pon the w orkmen s eyes w '

i

re al so v ew ed w e e s p g

I n d eal i ng

d estro yed

an d

,

.

i

mad e

i

i

i

i

i

.

i

men a n d al l th e memb ers of th e

ex

ped

i tion s erious l y su flered '

.

Th e many d i fficu l ties th u s e ncou ntered by th es e cou rageou s A meri cans and th e gen eral scope of th ei r u n d ertak i ng su ggest th e me ntion , l a rgel y by w ay of con tra s t, o f

ii

Sa moth ra ce

th e s econ d A u stri a n ex pe d t o n to

Th is

.

ex

i

on, t i e d p

i

by the A u str an gov e rnment, spent abou t tw o months on the i sl a nd of Sa mothrace , in th e au tu mn of 1 8 75 , u nd er the d irect on of A l ex ander

l ibe ral l y fitted Co nze

ou t

Thei r report

.

e r e d e p

in

—

1

i

a contin uation of th e

fi rs t

one

b l i s h d e u p

— i n 1 8 75 ap

1 8 80

.

A l th ough the gol d en hu e l e nt by offi cial cou rtesy to Dr Con ze s report un d ou b te d l y tran sfigures mu ch that a con fid ent al narrativ e w oul d represent as ’

.

i

bu t pl easan t, i n th ese w ords th ere l u rks a b itter mean ng : H ere. D ard a nel l es , ou r nu mber w as i n creas ed by the ad dit on of the Turk sh

i

an ythi ng

i n the

i

Commi s s i on er A ch med -E flend i , w i th h i s '

i

re n forc ed

by

a w

hite man

i i

.

H is E x

negro

i

bod y-servan t, w ho w as soon after

cel l ency

the P acha

of

th e A rchipel ago

to e n tertai n any propos t on w h ch m gh t have d epr v ed him of the l ege of b estow ng th is gentl eman u pon u s to superin tend and succor us in

ii

refu s ed

pr v

"

i

i

i

i

l

A rchaeol ogis ch e U

ntersuchungen auf

Samothrake

.

Band I I

.

Wien

1 . 88 0 ,

354

A

M E R I CA N

OUR N AL

j

OF

P H IL OL O G Y

.

M r Cl arke sums u p T ex i er s s i ns of omis s ion and commi s s i on i n d e al ing w ith Th e re ma i ns now u nearthe d sh ow th e ori e ntati on of th e templ e a s fol l ow s th e templ e to h av e v ari ed cons id e rabl y from the e as t to th e s ou th ; Tex ier ’

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Sec ti on I I I , on th e N orman P eriod th e fi rs t epoch of earl y E ngl ish poetry, Th e ch i ef forms o f Ea rl y i s too fu l l to b e noti ced in d eta i l in a l i mi ted space E ngl i s h rhythms d erived from the F re nch a re d efined and i l l us tra te d , and the .

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ti o n fro m B arbou r s B ru ce pp 2 6 7 8 s eems to co n tra d i ct th e femi n i n e rime s o ccu r i n th i s poem u nl ess w e a re to regard mos t of th ese fi nal o s a s s i l en t L a ck of s pa ce w i l l n ot pe rmi t me n ti on of s e e ral l i n es i n w hich e cepti on may b e t ke n to S ch i ppe r s a ccen tu a ti o n I s ha l l ad d o n l y tw o from Chau cer s Boke o f th e D u ch es se (p w h i ch w ou l d rea d b e tter as fol l ow s : ’

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i ntrodu ctory and d i scu ss th e ki nds of rime and their a rran ge me n t i n s trophe s i n rel a ti o n to th e M i d dl e L a ti n P rov en a l and O l d c F re nch ri mes nd s tro ph es Sch i ppe r fi n d s a cl os e con n ection b etw ee n these forms a n d th os e i n O l d E ngl i sh w h i l e i t i s n ot al w ays ea sy to s ay w h ich of the th ree l a ngu ages fu rn i s h ed th e mod e l for a part i cu l a r O l d E ngl is h s trophe Th e i n fl u e nce of th e P ro v e n ca l an d O l d F re nch i s ob served to a gre ter ex tent i n th e s troph e o f th ree pa rts or membe rs th an i n th at of tw o fo r M id d l e L ati n l yri c poe try fu rn i sh ed th e mod e l for th i s s troph e to al l th e nati o ns of w estern Eu ro pe F i nal l y th e refra i n a n d th e nvoy are d i scu ss ed in th e i r v a riou s forms n fl ue nc e w h i ch th e M i ddl e h e t i r a nd Sch i d t h n i f t a n a e r co c l u es t i s t o e e g pp p L a ti n an d th e P ro e n cal F re nch l yri c poe try ex e rted on th e fo rm o f O l d Engl ish s t roph e s th e O l d E ngl i sh poe try pre s e rve d i ts o rigi nal i ty a nd th is i s pl ai nl y A s i n th e epi c and satiric ee n i n th e k i n d s o f v e rs e u s ed i n th e s troph es rms th e G e rmani c l i ne f o o etry o f th i s r i d so n h i h e o r o i t e l r c oe t t w t e y p p p y b y i d e a nd often c n o f fo r a cce n ts a n d th e R oma n i c of fou r fe et ex i s t s i d not b e d i t i ngu i h ed from on e an oth e r as a l rea d y s ee n i n th e O l d -Engl ish l yric o e try o f th e r d i e n e h e c c o g p p p Th e fi rs t fou r chapters

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J a mes I of Scotl and Bl i nd H arry Du nbar Dougl as and L ynd say W h i l e the F re n ch s yl l a b ic pri nc i pl e i s se e n i n th e Sc otti sh poe ts th e E ngl i h ccen tu al L r m l d o n l a n d m o r l i s t i l e i a t es l a e d sa h s e r e a t i n s n a r i n c l e s o s t h e w p g y y p y p of ac c e n t a n d th e same me tri cal l i ce nses as Ch au cer A fe w ex ceptions may i ns tead of be ta ke n he re too to Sch i pper s s cann i ng e g i n L ydga te (p a of [Ia/m w h ich d ou b l e th e s i s w h y not s ca n Of w orldly rapport f or al l comm rte df Me rt occu rs i n L r o N w t b M e d acce n tu a t i o n o f sup o n o w f d sa p pp y y (p ki ng f gh ry e ’ Bu t ex ceptions taken he re and th ere to Sch i ppe r s sca nn i ng more of w h ich mi gh t eas i l y be ad du ced do not i nj u re th e val u e of h is great K i ng

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p lai ns and ex cus es th is m pital There is to be s u re in ex is tence a v ers ion begu n by omiss i on W ils on a nd conti nu ed by Co w el l of th e l arger half of the R ig V eda ; bu t it is too l i ttl e in accord ance w ith the p res ent cond iti on of V ed ic s chol ars h ip fa i rl y to d es e rv e th e name of a v e rs i on ; a nd fro m the fact that noth i ng of it has bee n p u bl is h ed d u ri ng the l as t s ix teen are probab l y au th orized to concl u d e that the c o nt in ua tor w e r e a s y There are al s o tw o h i ms el f d oes not regard it as w o rth fi nis h i ng comp l ete Ge rman v ers i ons by Grass mann and L u d w ig both w orks i t ; bu t nei ther is fi nal or satis fa ctory and th ey are of great mer vas tl y more inaccess ibl e to read ers of Engl is h than are v ers ions of many of the w o rks incl u d ed in the seri es in all its variou s d epa rt ments O ne may ev en q u est ion w hether the ou tcome of the w hol e e nterprise j u s tifi es the mu ch h eral d ed magnifi cence of th e pl an and w h ether the ca u se of s c i e nce a nd l ett ers is not at l eas t e q u all y w ell a nd effici e ntl y s erved by p ri vate u nd ertaki ngs l ik e Trii bner s O riental S eries and O l d enberg s Pal i s crip tu res N 0 one how ev er w il l th i nk of d eny i ng that nex t after a Ved a a B rah ma na has the bes t right to form p art of a col l ectio n i ntend ed The Brahma nas ha ve to il l us trate the rel i gi ou s his tory of I nd ia been often enou gh d es cribed and (a ll for onl y a brief chara cteriza I n p o i nt of ti me th ey come nex t after the V ed i c hymn ti on here tex ts accompa ny i ng ra ther tha n p reced i ng the B ra h man ic o rga ni T hey are p rod ucts of th e za tion of I nd i an s oci ety a nd p ol i ty s ch ools of pri es ts enga ged in th e p racti ce and p ropaga ti o n of th e sa crifi ci al ceremo ni es and in the s tu d y of thei rv al u e and a pp l i ca ti o n They d es cribe the cere monial w i th more or l ess comp l eteness a nd s ys te m i ncu l ca ti ng the i mp orta nce of its sev e ral pa rts e x p l a i n i ng the i r reas on and rel ations (freq u entl y w i th d is cu s s i on o f v ary i ng v i ew s ) p rofes s i ng to gi v e th e i r h is tory ; b ran ch i ng ou t n o t in fre u entl y i nto l egend d is q u is i ti o n p h i l os op hy in a w ay that l ea d s q The i r inte nt is ov er b y i ns e ns ibl e grad ati ons to th e Upa ni s had s no t precis el y pres crip ti ve ; the offi ce of teach i ng the ce re mo n ia l b el ongs rathe r to s econd ary w orks the S utras etc ; the B rahma n as i v e the d ogma ti c bas is of th e v as t a nd i ntri ca te s c i ence o f sacrifi ce g a s ci e nce w h ereof th e e x cess i v e a nd p u zzl i ng i ntri cacy th e min u te w i th th e genera l inanity of th e i r nes s a nd triv i al i ty of d eta i l s intere ti ng s

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They are al l j oi nt s u rv i val s ou t of one age of prod u ction and trad i tio n ; and anoth er generati o n of schol ars w il l pas s in all f f r e w u n u l r b a b i b o t h i l l s ffi c i e k o w o e e b e o t l w o r t a l l t e d o i y y y p p ou r hol d ing d efi ni te and d efens ibl e v i ew s as to th e ir h is tor y Ed i ti ons and trans l ations like the one here be fore u s are the neces N ot all of th em are yet accessible sa ry prereq u is i tes to s u ch res u l ts in pri nt The fi rs t to a p pear w as the Catapatha (co mpl eted in formi ng one v ol u me of W eber s great ed i ti on of the White a u h i r a n m e A t Y j r Ved a T he ca t e eya B rahmana o f the R ig Veda a fa u l ty tex t now s u p ers ed ed by the by H ang (B ombay nn and it is ex cell ent tra ns l i terated o ne of A u fi echt (B o u nd ers toood that the l atter s chol ar is at pres ent engaged in preparing an ed i ti on of the K au si ta ki B rah ma na bel ongi ng to an otherschool of th e same Ved a O f the Bl ack Y aj us tex ts of mi ngl ed m a i n: m the Taittiri y a ve rs i on has a ppeared partl y in and bré kma z partl y in the s eri es of the W eber s trans l iterati on (B erl i n Bibl i otheca I nd i en ; a nd Schrod er is now bringi ng ou t the Maine h a f u e d m a T o a r o as a h a A V i n i a B a t h e a r v a e d a w s s h e G t t h n y p y O f the S ama V ed a w orks of in th e Bibl i otheca I nd i ca in 1 8 7 2 thi s cl as s the Tandya or P afi ca v inga w as co mp l eted in the Bibl i otheca I nd i ca in 1 8 74 ; a nu mber of the mi nor trea ti s es fal sely arrogati ng to the mse l v es the na me of B rah mana hav e bee n printed and in part trans l ated by B u rnel l and the s a me s ch ol a r has recentl y d is cov ered in Sou thern I nd i a an i mmense w o rk the J aiminiya or Talav akara B rahmana of w h i ch by his ki nd ness al l the know n ma nu s cripts are now in my ha nds for transcripti on and ex a mination ; th ey a re u nfortu natel y i ns u ffi cie nt to found an ed i ti o n u pon ex cept e l r art of th e tex t b i h a f I i f r u p o h fi r s p s r s n i p t t co s s s e t o e o m e o t p that o ther w o rks of the cl as s may y et come to l ight ; bu t this is not to be hoped fo r w i th a ny confid ence O f them all the Cata i n m x te ns i ve ll a p t h a e e fi i n l r e u a es i s r a t h os t o a t g 934 g q p g W eber s ed i ti on ; the J aimini ya even i ncl u d i ng its U pa nishad B rahmana (of w h ich the K ena Upanishad is a fragment from near the end ) is abou t a s ev enth l es s ; the A itareya has hardl y more than a q u arter of its content and the other se parate w o rks are yet w p orti ons of the B l a ck Y aj u s tex ts are s mall er; w hil e the brd l ama z at a ny rate far l ess co mpre hens i v e than the Catapath a Th e earl i est trans l ati on o f a s pe ci men of brd bma z m tex t w as given l o v by W eber in the Z ei ts cl zrz t f o G S e e r m a r i e n l t h n O o c i t t a e y( f iv 1 8 5 0 ; rep rod u ced in th e au tho r s I nd is che S h ag 8 i 6 e n 1 8 v l o ) / na mel y th e fi rs t cha pter o f th e a a ; this has s i nce been for a a h t t C p ,

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many a s ch ol ar his i ntrod u cti on to a k now l ed ge of the pe cu l iar s tyl e mes

M u ir s O ri gi nal Sa ns krit Tex ts conta in v ers i ons of not i ncons i d erabl e ex tra cts from se v eral of th e B rah ma nas : ex cel l e nt s p ec i me ns , thou gh not co mpl e tel y tru s tw o rth y in d eta i l s ; a nd fo r s o me of th e w orks i nsta nced s ti l l of thes e

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i nto E ngl is h or any other Eu ro penn l angu age H a u g s A itareya B rahmana tex t w as accompani ed by a trans l a ti o n : a w ork of cons i d erabl e meri t and s ti l l more con s id e ra bl e p re te ns i on ; w i th v al u abl e ex pl anatory notes ad d ed bu t w i th th e actu al v e rs i on q u ite too has ti l y a nd carel ess l x cu e e t e d y and in the E ngl is h of a Ge rma n w ho has l earned the l a ng u a e g r t l l b v l m c u r i e t D l ii c k u o f n r ib n c p w e e s o es o t t o t o m i s o a r a v t e y p — t c t i s e F c n s ynta x (Sy n a ors / m ng e ch i iii H a l l e 1 8 7 1 8 ) al s o gi v e nu m erou s a nd often e x tend ed ex tracts es peci al l y from the Cata pa tha B rahma na rend ered w ith a ca re and mi nu te attenti on to the ni ce t i es o f e x p ress i o n w h i ch is w orth y of al l p ra i s e ; no other trans l ato r g i v es s o l i vel y a rep rod u cti on of the s piri t of th e B rah mana sty l e A nd a chapter of the Catapatha an i mmed iate cont i nu ati on of th e p art co nta i ne d in the v o l u me b efore u s a nd co ntaini n a n g acco u nt o f the ceremo n y of consecra ti on for th e s oma sacrifi ce has bee n gi v en in G erman by D r Li nd ner (D i e D i sslui L e ip zig 1 8 7 8 ) it is ca refirl l y and w ell d o ne The e nterpris e of Prof Eggel ing then is by far he mos t cons i d era bl e tha t has been u nd erta k en in t W e onl y fear l es t it may prov e too cons id erabl e this d epa rtment and ne ve r be b ro u ght to a co ncl u s i on ; the s tou t v ol u me in o u r ha nd s contai ns j u st one fifth of the w hol e B rah ma na and the se ri es of Sa cred B ooks is nea rl y fu l l w i th no p ros p ect h el d ou t o f a co n A pu bl iention i ntend ed for s chol ars pay i ng no tri b u te tin ua tio n ” a nd pu t a t a p ri ce w h ich w oul d b ri n to a s u perfl u o us ed i tor i t g more w i th i n the reach of those w ho mos t need it (for fiv e v ol u mes li k e th is w o u l d I bel i ev e cos t cons id era bl y more than the original te x t i ts e l f ) w o u l d be a fa r more s a tis fa cto ry w ork To the ge neral ata a tha is w orth mo re than u r a a o f h e b i c p e h p n t l f r a m e t s p g C p th e w ho l e of a bri efer w ork o f its cl ass for the Ca tapatha is mu ch Bu t if a fragme nt here the mos t interes ti ng of the B rah ma nas s tands in th e w a y of a co mpl e te d w ork tha t might hav e b een pro d u ced u nd er othe r aus pi ces s p ecial s tud ents w i l l have caus e to regre t its a ppea ra nce ; and th e B rahma nas a re at p resent gro u nd for s pec ial s tu d ents o nl y ; u ntil thes e have co mpared them a nd w orked o u t the i r res u l ts more fu l l y the y ca n be onl y a matter of idle cu ri os i ty to the ge neral rea d er i

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H e is a Profess or Eggel ing has ex ecu ted his tas k v ery w el l — in gen co mpetent tra ns l ator in bo th d e partments of th e w ork mil ia rity w i th the B rah ma na eral accu racy o f s c hol a rs h ip and fir sty l e a nd in co mp re he ns i o n of the proces ses of th e cere mo ni al and .

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i thou t w hi ch no sc h ola r co u l d mak e o th erw i s e than a b otch of s u ch a pi ece o f tra ns l ati on I I is notes are v al u abl e add i ti o ns cas ti ng l ight fro m th e na tiv e co mmentari es u pon the mea n ing of the tex t refe rri ng to p a ra ll el pas sa ges of other B rah manas or a fford i ng u s occas i onal gl i mps es of the ad d i ti onal i ntri ca c i es of cere mo n ial p res cri bed in the S utras bu t pas se d w i th ou t noti ce by the B rah ma na and d ou btl es s at l eas t in part l ater than its peri od a nd u nknow n to its au thors A s a matter of cou rs e how ev er in a w ork of this ex tent pe rhaps carri ed throu gh u nd er so me u rgency o f p ress u re there mu s t occu r mis a pp rehens i o ns o f s l ip s and ov e rs ights as w el l as occas i o nal mea ni ng w h ich one go ing o ver the tex t after the transl a to r and w i th his ass is tance ma y d is cov er ; bes i d es pass ages of d ifficu l t a nd d ou b tfu l i nte rp retati on as to w hi ch the v i ew s of d i ffere nt s tu d en ts A s econd w il l for s ome ti me o r al w a ys conti nu e to be at v aria nce trans l a tor s ta nd s in a manne r o n th e s hou l d ers of a fi rst a nd ma y hop e to s ee s ome th i ngs h idd en from him A nd as I hav e h a p pe ned to hav e occas ion to go ov e r th e tex t of the Brah ma na in co mp any w ith th is tra ns l ati on and hav e noted the p oints in it to w h i c h I w as ob l iged to ta ke ex cep ti on I p rop os e to as s embl e a nd p res ent the ma i n part of the m here in d etail O ne is now and the n a l i ttl e u ncertai n w hether the trans l a to r has not a d i fferent tex t befo re h im fi om that of the p u bl is hed ed i tion ; he eve n o nce or tw i ce in h is notes q u otes a d i fferent read i ng w i thout l v n a n i v i e x p a n a i o n a I 2 I I iii N o n t 2 0 w co so t ; ( y 3 g g s id ering th at th e p u bl is h ed tex t is th e onl y one that mos t s chol ars have and w il l for a l o ng ti me to come hav e in the i r hand s and that it is in general ad mi ra bl y co rrect (q u i te marvel l ou s l y s o in fact in v i ew of the ti me and the s ta ge of s tu d y a t w h i ch it a p pea red ) it is o bv i ou s l y Prof Eggel ing s d u ty if he has fou nd any erro rs in it or has o n manu s crip t au th ori ty b etter read i ngs to p rop ose to poi nt We them ou t cl earl y a nd accou nt for the m in ev ery s i ngl e cas e d o not k now otherw is e tha t h e has not hi msel f commi tted a sl i p A t I v 1 2 3 for ex a mpl e is pu rd vd su r ha o f the ed i ti on right o r has the tra ns l ator a nother tex t w hich he has a ri gh t to rende r P arav as u A nd a t I l v i 3 1 d oes he rea d Formerl y r a a z w i t n t h h r t d a s r i e p i e a t z i n t t ex t o as h a l a a r n s e t t es ) y j j y g know l ed ge

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ificing w ith the new and fu ll mo on A t I I v i 2 1 6 w e h av e th en l et him s acrifi ce w i th thi s t n e sa n o t v i l a t as r n h w i s o d z s a n d t e b b as the a cce nt s h ow s m l z j j Bu t th e most co ord i nate w i th th e tw o th at p reced e a nd fol l ow it w here E li n e m a u r n k n es e o n s e tt se s triki ng cas e is at I I ii g gg o f the pas s a ge b u t m a note at th e e nd of the v ol u me a me nds it T h is 18 fro m D el bruck w h o had l ong ago re nd ered it correctl y not th e o nl y i nd i cati on th a t th e p res e nt tra ns l a tor has not bee n d u l y he ed fu l of th is one of h is pred ecess o rs ; at I v iii r 4 in th e s tory w hi l e q u oti ng th e o pi n i ons o f s ev eral of M a nu a nd th e fl ood au thori ti es h e tak es no note o f th e b es t a nd o nl y a cce p ta b l e one el y th a t the that of D el b ruck (al so a d opted by Bohtl ingk) : nam vd rd lza te is an i nte rp ol a ted gl os s s u rel y s e nte nce cd pva a ” tha t w as a j l za s /za for he grow s bigges t A few s cattering cas es of a s i mil ar character may be noted " Sa crifi ce i ns tead of s a crificer for y aj a md na m at I v 2 1 5 is p erhaps a mis pri nt A t I ix 2 1 2 j zg lza tsa ntz is d es id era ti v e not i nte ns i v e : for th is reas on thes e hu man w iv es l ike to ea t ou t of w h oe v er d o th ey d o each] of h e r hu s b and : s o fo rsooth s i ght [ Y aj naval kya sa ys (of th e l as t cl au se w h i ch Eggel ing o mits to ren d er the mea ni ng is not al togeth er cl ear ; perha ps it is bu t if any i e th e w i v es of th e god s w h o are d o thi s the n certai nl y th ey [ A t I ii 1 1 2 it is hardl y pro per to tal k ed a bou t h ere] d o ificed o fferi ngs s acr

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i n h s o t a c c usa e c t a l e p ) ( tive : is it poss ibl e th en to u nd e rs ta nd w i th P rof Eggel ing tha t ‘ asr m emi t l d d bluh vé 1w J i m(I iv 2 1 8 ; and a s i mi l a r phras e in 1 9) mea ns by it h e reci tes that w h i ch is y ond er s ky ? I w ou l d us : h e re peats i nd e ed sta nd i ng p p h r f r r h r a t r a h o r n d e e e e t e t a g p for he d oes rep ea t it ; yo nd er [s ky] namel y is the i nv i tato ry n h e r e e i f r k m d r a t s t i b p r a r n ec o e o e s o e o h h av n s t e ; ; [ y] g y p y T ha t is he mu s t s tretch h i ms elf that reas o n h e rep ea ts s ta nd i ng in ord e r to repeat a formu l a aloft l ik e the s ky (cf b el ow I iv 4 A s in the l ast pas sa ge bu t one th e trans l ator that is l ik e the s k y makes e v eryw here bad w ork w ith the parti cl e 1d apparentl y a nd so a t I I 1i 3 3 regard i ng i t as a v e rb fo rm from the ro ot hi 4 2 h e gi v es a s pi ritl ess as w el l as i naccu rate re nd eri ng o f the col l oq u i al l y l i v el y s e nte nce : here w e co me aga i n sa i d the go d s ; and l o ! A gni o u t o f s i ght I t is no t al w ays eas y to recogn i ze th e j o i nts of thes e brok en s en tences ; nor i nd eed a re th ey pe rha ps in e v ery i ns ta nce to be determin ed w i th certa i nty ; and further Prof Eggel ing may hav e preferred s ometi mes to d is regard them for the sa k e of the reada bl e ness o f h is Engl is h te x t H ence al thou gh I ha d noted a nu mber of eas es i n w h i ch a nother d i v i s i o n than that a p pa re ntl y re cogn iz ed by him a ppears p referabl e I w il l me nti on bu t o ne or tw o (a p art from tho s e w h i ch appea r in oth er connections abo v e a nd be l ow ) Thu s a t the end of I v ii r 3 w e ou ght d ou btl ess to conne ct dpa Iu dmtzy d fy a tt tz w i th w h at p rec ed es as the (etymol ogi zi ng) reas on t v va a h e o h f r u a s l z a i se a h A i a n b t w o dd o m l u n I I i t e t d d g py y g 2 1 2 w e may b etter d i v i d e th u s : L e t him s et u p h is tw o fires “ und e r H a s ta w hose w i s h is l et there be g i v i ng to me s u rel y that [ is g i ven] d irectl y w h i ch is gi v en w i th the hand (ba rter) : he ver More s eri ous is il y re cei v es g ifts (l it there is gi v i ng to ” the mis a p p reh e ns i on a t I ix 2 2 7 w here y d tra y a trd s amcd m z am r td d d n u b el ongs to w hat preced es a nd s ign ifi es (them he thereby dis mis s es in d u e form) to go a bou t the ir s ev era l b us i ness es O f re n d eri ngs of s i ngl e w ord s a nd ph ras es more or l es s obj ecti on abl e 3 n u mbe r may be i ns ta nced W a nes i ns tead of w ax es f I i r l h n o I v i s u b ess e s ip e e a l s r a 1 d l a d a t e t m e o t o t u ; ) 4 9 ( p y p for cov ertl y (pa rdksa m) at I I i 2 1 1 The w ord d tmd n ov ert l y is not s el d om trans l ated bod y an i naccu racy that mi ght eas il y be F or kapal a is reg u l arl y giv en p ots herd i ns tead o f cup avoi d ed dis h th is se e ms a n u nfo rtu na te ad opti o n from H a ng ; s u rel y Prof ad ded

to it w ou l d

be

as

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A M E R I CA N

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oU R N A L

j

OF

P H IL OL O G Y

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Eggel ing d oes not s u ppose that the B rah mans mad e their offerings M eans of sal v ation for blzesaj dm, on fragme nts of b roke n pottery ’ u o I i as a o h e o l l s I i a i r 1 h t ca n d s n t o t re med y x o oa s ( g ” man, rather than a s teers man, that i mpel s (root aj ) a boat (I I iii .

.

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15,

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by

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bl y the mean i ng of th e Engl ish Eq u ip me nt is a n u nha ppi l y chos en w ord fo r s a mblra rd w ord sap a n di mea ns s i mpl y b ri ngs togeth er col n i i c s m 1 1 e M I s I d ( bu t it l ecs and has no trans iti v e force s u ch as b el ongs to eq u i ps I I ii 4 2 ag mtd Agni is not eas y to fi nd a n acceptabl e s u bsti tu te hood is to o pregna ntl y rend ered by origi n a nd natu re of Agni S o at I I v 2 2 5 d va y aj d ma l ze hardl y has s o mu ch of is crymo l ogi cal force l eft as to call for th e re nd eri ng ex pia te by offering no r in the s ame p assage can there be goo d reas on for maki ng 21d (as als o at I I iii 4 i nd n j /é mea n in ou r ow n se l f ; and 21d an d 6 ) is inaccu ra tel y rep res ented by b oth A t I I iii 4 1 8 the tra ns l ati on i nj u res see ms col orl ess for th e freq u ent technieal ly ra th er ( mak es a cu tti ng fro m i e ) takes u s ed term a v a dy a tz aw ay a part o f d i m i ni s hes A t I ix 3 2 pd mz is not l u s tra tion bu t al l a y ment ex ti ngu is hment of fire o r hea t M ore d efi ni te misa pprehens io n of meani ng is see n in the fol l ow i ng A t I iv 3 8 a ntas tlzd is not i nternal moti v e force but eas es s impl y i ntermed i ate central from w h i ch mov e me nt in both d irec A t I v 4 1 a bl zf mrpa not s tro ke th yself but tions tak es pl ace — na mel y a ny pe rs on w hose co nd i ti o n is to be tou ch him fe el h im d etermi ned A s i mil a r rend eri ng of an acti v e as mid d l e is seen at I I i r 5 : d /zd w y a tz cl eans es ones el f I n more than one place ti v e r e d m u l l ea e d : h u a a I a i f i r s A n i d co t m i s s t t t t v i 2 h i : ; g y 4 g w i th h im h e arri v ed on th at ni ght (not s ta yed w i th h im as a guest T hen the nex t pa ragraph goes on quite tha t d ay and “ u nmi s ta ka bl y : at ho me w ith u s to d ay is S o the god s sai d ” a nd they s ta yi ng o ur Vas u w ho h as b e en s ta y i ng aw a y from us proceed to cook a d is h fo r the tw o as any one d oes for tw o friends h t w w ho hav e co me to s ta t m c r r c l r e d a h i i o e e n d e r i a t e t s d t ) y y ( g h im Si mil arl y a t I I v 3 20 not w ent forw ard bu t arri v ed A t ut I b f I v 11 3 2 8 tr a e e l a m e a i n o t i I s m i s e n t a t l ev d M s t y y py y s hou l d be s a ti s fi ed a l o n w i th a nd a s a co ns eq u e nce of (d nu ) the g s ati s fa cti o n of the p ri es t : anu in s u ch p hras es has a pecul iarl y p regn ant force w hi ch eanno t be rend ered brie fly : if one thing is I I (

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a e v r l h t e e s e m a 3 p y be th e s ens e of it I n th e nex t p a ra gra ph w sa bkd m airway/fl a w ! bray/at is certai nl y no t l e t h im tell the s acrificer to mak e a bul l ‘ roa r, bu t l et h im gi v e ord ers to eal l a b ul l a nd then , if th e b ul l ,

A t II

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inv i ted or coax ed to the s pot (p erhaps by o fferi ng it fo od ) is pl eas ed to bel l ow (ruy dt) certa i n res u l ts fol l ow A t I I v 4 3 ”f a r is re nd ered by (s hap ed i nto) a s harp po i nt a nd fiv e pa ragra phs l ater i n an eq u i val ent connecti o n by fi ery gl ow : the l a tt er o r A t 11 v i 1 someth i ng l ike it is d ou btl es s be tter at both p l aces bu t th ree ki nds of (F 1 5 tray é n is no t three Prof Eggel ing d oes not s eem fu l l y to re cognize the i d i omatic v e rb p hras e formed by a p res ent pa rti cipl e w i th the v e rb i o g a l a ngu age ; for tho u g h he and not i nfreq u e nt in the B rah ma n rend ers s u ch a p hras e co rrectl y a t I i 4 1 4 he l a b oriou s l y tra ns la tes th e fo rm o f z i nd ep end entl y at I iii 5 8 ; I I i 4 1 8 ; ii 1 1 8 ; thu s a t s i nce he mov es in th e ascen t o f these the p l ace l as t menti o ned s h o u l d be for h e go es on as cen d i ng (k ee ps as cend i ng is w orl d s co nti nu al l y as ce nd i ng ) to th os e w orl d s Another ex tre mel y freq u ent i d iom of the B rahma nas us ed in conn ecti o n w i th the i r nu merou s atte mp ts (general l y most a rtific ial th at is (or there i n l i es ) and u nfortu na te ) at ety mol ogi es is th is : mean ing that is th e reas on the s o a nd s o ness of the s o a nd s o w hy s o -a nd s o has th is na me E i ther Prof Eggel ing has over l o ok ed thi s (w hi ch is s carcel y cred ibl e) or he has aga i ns t th e ordi na ry w ay o f u nd ers ta nd i ng th e p hras e s ome o bj ecti on sa tis fa ctory to h is ow n mi nd b u t w h i ch he al s o certa i nl y ow es to h is read ers to Th u s at I I i r 1 14: s a mblraraqzam sa mblta ra tw m is ex p l a i n that is the eq u i pping (o f the fire ) w ith is tra ns l ated by him ,

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a r h n u t it real l y mea ns h h e m e s b t a i s w t e s a m b l r r a s t d y p — na mel y that one b ri ngs th em to et her (s a r s i cal l ed s a mblzd ra s g col l ects the m from a v a ri e ty of q u a rters (oth er ex ampl es

eq u i

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The freq u ent recu rrence of the p hras e y apana y opay zhzd (I vi 2 cl a l ) eall s re p ea ted a tte nti on to th e u nacce p ta bl e nes s of th e '

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p rev a l ent re nd e ri ng of the root y up as s mo oth o ver efface ma rks o f H ow the setti ng u p of a pos t s ho u l d o perate to

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be mad e to appe ar Set u p an ob bl ock or bar the w ay certa i nl y s u i s the connecti o n v as tl y Th is w as the meani ng gi v en ori gi nal l y to the root in the eannot eas

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better Peters bu rg l ex i con bu t l ater w i thd raw n for s ome reas on not appa rent ; L u d w i g is to be p ra is e d for a d heri ng to it in al l the R ig Ved a .

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the name

proper stands firs t :

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n f r a i a i n h e d u o t i s s r i r b i o P j p i t f t o t h t h e s t t a t e e , 3 g of b e i ngs , one var is o mi tted in the firs t v ers e a nd the

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mis u nd ers tood in the be the

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u r o s , y

a nd

second and

offer ng

i

third

ou r f o d o y

the s u n you r

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by month be y ou r food ; he th e ancestral o bl ati on h thou g t s w i ftness you rs , and the moon y ou r l ight

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o t (

men)

at e v en ng a nd

i

morning be y ou r

ea ting

; be

progeny

d eath y ou rs and the fire you r l ight I t is (as alread y i nti mated ) by no means i mposs ibl e that s ome of the rend eri ngs here o bj e cted to may have the s u pp ort, or be d u e That makes , how ever, to the a u thori ty , of the nativ e commentary ’ no real d i ffe rence ; it is a tra nsl ator s fi rs t d u ty to be fai thful to the ’

o u r s , y

.

.

.

h n e c m t i v i o e n t a r s i p r i o t n e r t a t e n o t m g g A striking w o u l d be s uffici e nt satis facti on of th e la tter s cl a ims and by no means u n i mpo rta nt ex a mp l e of how fa r W es tern tra ns la to rs ca n be mis l ed by native au th ority is fu m is hed at I v iii 3 6 w hich Prof Eggel ing (l ik e more tha n one p red eces s or and for the the p roh ibitio n of sam e reas o n) regards as hav i ng to d o w i th ” marriage betw een near bl ood relati ons and as s how ing tha t this i ctl y enforced in the ancient ti me than l ater The gen w as l es s str eral s u bj e ct u nd er d is cuss i on is th e trea tment of tw o s a crificial e s e para ted from ea ch oth er s poons w hich in a certa i n ceremony ar the o ne be i ng mov ed in one d irect ion a nd the o the r in another After is ord inary fas hion the B rah mana a ttrib utes profou nd meani ng to th is act connecti ng the tw o s poons w ith tw o oppos i ng and maki ng the move ments of the former hel p d etermine a r i t es p The tw o pa rti es are s tyl ed a d d he w ho th e fortu nes of th e l a tter and th e paragra p h i n he w ho is to be eaten and a dy d s eats i E n l l a h e r ab out th em i n e n a f s n s t r t i n : o u r t o e s o u n e o s t i gg g g q Thus the s eparati on (of th e eater and the eate n) is effected in one te x t itsel f

a

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A M E R I CA N

0 4 4

the sa me act ;

and

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URNA L

hence fro m

a nd

the en oy er (the

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o ne a nd

a nd

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th e sa me

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be

man s p ring

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e t h (

ki ns fol k (j ams) l iv e s p orti ng a nd rej oici ng together ti on) w e u nite I n the fou rth (o r) thi rd man (i e ge nera sa y i ng A nd th is is s o in acco rd ance w i th tha t (s e parati on of the s po ons ) The reference to proh ibi ted d eg rees of ki ns h ip is here ce rta inl y of the obs cu res t ev en u p on the trans l a tor s s how i ng ; and u nd ernea th I n th e firs t th is are h i d d en a nu mb er of i ns u pera bl e d i ffi cu l ti es pl ace w e a re cal l ed on to bel i ev e that the mas cu l i ne ady d s h e w ho th en th at th e p l u ral is to be ea ten can be u s ed to mean a w ife a m a k e c k a r m c n r e f r a s n v e b e a a t o a m a r r i d m e d nou n (j d t ) ) g y ( o n ; and fi nal l y th at d i zy a man d as d i c mea ns i i c a n d i s a t l v a i e r p T here and not s i mp l y s it ga mbl i ng s p orti ng and rej o i ci ng it w ork a ppears to be no p ass a ge q u ota b l e from a ge nu i ne S ans kr in w h ich a form or d eri vativ e of th e root di v mea ns anyth ing bu t h at s u ch are fou nd and gi v e n from the gra mmar b m a l e t i a n s g an d th e Bhattik av y a onl y s h ow s that they d o not ex is t el s e w h ere The Peters bu rg L e x i con cl a i ms to hav e one from the A tharv a Ved a bu t w hen rightl y u nd ers tood it is q u i te o the rw is e a nd h el ps the real comp re hens i on o f ou r p res ent p ass age y d no d zd éva y a ta md w 2 h e h o h l l l z as a a m p b i a a v e d e d w t h u w h a s s e r oe v ) 9 ( ( j g y g — there foll ow s an i mp recation on h im has d ev ou red u s I t s eems n s e s r s n h ) t e e o o i l a r i ifi p p i cl ear the n th at d a t b e l e d o d r a n e d g y g or s tr i pped of al l that he has it is u sed for l ia bl e to co ntri b u ti on bel ow at V iii 3 1 2 et al ; and both a dy a and a ttr or tax a ti o n the pi l l ag er a t V iv 4 20 2 1 in a paral l el is m of a certa i n cere mony w i th a ga mbl i ng O p era ti o n The w ord mdev d m (w h ich the P et L ex rega rds as a geru nd : th is h ow ev er w ou l d req u ire the a cce nt vi dé ua m ) d oes not a pp ear to be met w ith el se w h ere ; it d ou btl ess s ignifi es e i ther a big ga me or a fou l o r fal se ga me A nd th e (s uffi cientl y triv ial ) mea n i ng of the p aragra p h s ee ms to be that as the tw o a nti the ti cal s po ons are impl e me ns in the sa me ce re mony s o b oth p arti es at pl ay th e s harper a nd h is v icti m are ofte n rel ati v es ; a nd they tal k of it together ; th e s harper es p ecial l y of cou rse b e i ng v ery s oc iab l e a nd frate rnal u ntil the res u l t of his pl ans is reached The para gra ph then s hou l d be tra ns l ated as fol l ow s : N ow th is separa ti on (of th e s p oons ) is mad e in th e sa me ce remony ; a nd fo r that reas o n are bo rn from o ne a nd the sa me man both the pil l ager and he w ho is to be pil l ag ed ; for even now — f n the th ir w e mee t in th e ou rth ma n i tal k ing thu s rel ati v es s it ga mb l i ng w ith fo u l p l ay ; that is w hy that is so w

for now

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0 6 4

AMERICA N j

OF

P H IL OL O G Y

.

hu man hotr Compare I here th e term is properl y u nd ers tood and re nd ered A t I v i 1 4, a bette r u nd ers tand i ng w o u l d be : Tha t,

h h e n a e t i fl ? ( r) w

O UR N AL

sel ecs

th is

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v

iii

10,

3

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now , was

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an o ffens e to the

see

ks

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how mu ch more, for w ha t is

my

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on s u ch a ss le

Contri v e ye h ow th is may be otherw ise than paragra ph I v i 3 2 6 is rather heedl essl y treated

this !

as

The : the accent i is ov erl ooked (read : w h ichs o ev er tw o of them of the firs t t he gai ns by mea ns of the tw o b utter-porti o ns and a bora trl and ard lza ma sad are e ntirel y l eft ou t in the tw o foll ow i ng cl auses : the ’ rend ering of ara! l ater by has been, as if it w ere an aoris t indica ti v e , w as noticed a b ov e .

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.

meaning a nd connecti on of the cl au s e 36 tog /ray évd gya t is miss ed ; tra nsl a te : as if one w ere to crus h one mov i ng w ith his back tu rned tow ard h im and not atta cking in vi

At I

e t h 3 33 .

,

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— l f o h w d o u retu rn r e [ ]

him

w

— in anoth er d i rection

j u s t s trike fol l ow ing n ight

h o fas ts the

.

has h is front tu rned aw ay from his bl ow , onl y hit s ometh i ng els e and ,

The l a tter hal f tra ns l ation w

hatev er

fi

i e d r a t g

of

v i n e g

as

That is

’

oceas ion

,

I

v

iii

and

the

2

is

.

as sail ant can , ev en

be

metres gra tified

s u nd ry

ith

person w ho if he deal s

i naccu racies

u nd ers tood

a

th us

:

in the

So,

on

the gods , then the gods

Egg el ing s vers i on w ould been s ome th e prev i ous to this earried (ao ris t) the sacrifice to the

n a n 18 o cc e b v e r t ted , as t hi s ( .

w

.

rather to

N ow it has impl y) th e metres tha t th e metres , harnes s ed , hav e

it is

not th e assa il ant

i nv ol v es

8

to sa y , a

so

’

and s o the tex t p rocee d s to point hav e gra tified the god s ou t, in th e foll ow i ng pa ragra p h , how th e metres hav e now their

d s o , g

b ei ng

turn at

ified

r a t g

The l as t tw

.

o s entences

in I

v

iii

3

.

1 2 s ee m to eall

fo r correction

.

Read : L et him take it u p then w ith this [tex t] ; for w hensoever the ra i n a no i nts h im (or it) it mak es hi m th ereb y an obl ation w ith becomi ng an o bl a ti o n l et him go to the w orl d of the the v iew ,

,

,

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d s o g

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,

phras e dpa

ibl y mean w ho is s i mp l y s os p

w

lu

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vd pe

hen it

l a bd

occu rs

to

1 i x (

him

2

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i l m e d d ) 35 ,

cannot

the sens e is ra ther that

he

i thou t a s hare w a is a w hil e in ex pectation of o ne a nd th en hel ps h i ms elf ass u mi ng that he is to ha ve a share a nd mi gh t as w el l ta ke p oss e ss i on of it w i thou t more d el ay : he W hat share w a i ts s o l ong a nd th en ta ki ng it i nto p oss es s i on s a ys has t th ou gi v en me ? — The sac The pas s age I ix 3 9 1 2 pres e ns v arious d iffi cul ties rifi cer is to ta ke the three s trid es of Vi sh nu by w h i ch that god is l eft

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A A I R A T B A A I I R H A T A C

TH E

th ou g ht to hav e tak en each

pos s ess i on

s tr d e a certa n v e rs e

i

i

0 4 7

th e thre e w orld s , repeati ng

he is

a nd

;

of

NA

al l o w e d

to

d o it in

e

at

ither of

p o i nt ou tw ard s or from fu rth er I n th e former cas e w h i ch w e are i nformed is the off h i th erw ard s mo re u s u al w ay he re p res ents Vis hnu s tri d i ng from ea rth to atmo in th e l atter S p h e re a nd s ky a nd re p ea ts h is v ers es a ccord i ngl y eas e h e is Vi s h nu s tri d i ng from s ky to atmosp he re and earth a nd The fi nal s entence of par 9 th e o rd er of th e v erses is rev e rs ed mea ns then not N ow it is i nd ee d from thi s [earth] that mos t r w i i n ec N i h d n a b i b e i i a n s u o s t t o w f r o o t t m e y [ g ] g h ere th at mos t peopl e take the s tri d es (cf fo r bizuy zstlzd zoa I I iv A ccord i ngl y 1 9 w h ere P rof Eggel ing tra ns l a tes more corre ctl y ) [d d u l eft at the b egi n ni ng of both 1 0 and 1 2 means then in that h e says as fol l ow s ] Egg el ing tra ns l a tes it th e firs t time by eas e [ a nd the s eco nd ti me b H e nce [h e stri d es i A n d n i h t s y he may w ay a l s o [ The inaccu rate re nd eri ng of th e aori s ts in th e re peated v ers es has been a l read y referre d to ; not Vi s hnu merel y at s o me i nd efi n i te ti me in the pas t ; bu t Vis hnu s t rod e T ow ard the end of h as s trod e j u st now a nd here in my pers o n a r 1 0 a fter th e reas o ns a re g i v e n for s tri d i ng in th i s w ay th e p o the r a nd al te rnati v e w ay is i ntrod u ced : O n th e other hand h ith e rw a rd from firrth er off ma y s tri d e he w ho w i s h es to gi v e ex e rci s e a u th ori ty ? i n fl i ct p u ni s h ment ?) fro m h ere ins tru ct i o n T here is a d ou b l e reas on w hy o ne takes his stri d es hi therw ard from Bu t th e fi rs t of thes e reas ons is obs cu re ow i ng to the firrth er off i o na bl e mea ni ng of apas a ra z a w h i l e n ot co nv i nce d by z u es t q Egg el ing s trans l ati on I a m u nab l e to pu t any th i ng more sa tis fa c tory in is pl a ce / A t I I i 2 9 the cl a u s e td a {sa nd trfkazzdem ty d i ms s eems b es t N ow u nd e rs tood as a pare nthes i s p e rhap s a n i nte rp ol a ted gl oss : — e h n r c e e d h i m a n w h e i i d h a h e sa h h e r e w h e n th y t e t t t t t t p y y — a rrow h e a b and oned c n x t pa ra gra p h i n t e d e t I h e n e h e t t o j I w ou l d tran s la tor h as e v i d e ntl y ov erl oo k ed o ne of the negati v es I t (the as teris m) is not s u rel y the refu s e of that god s u gges t : l r o f r a a a e n r u h s o a e P j p t i n h l r h b o d w h a n t e t t as t o o ) y [ ] y y ( Praj apa ti s I t a pp ea rs al together p robabl e that the ph ras e y a?) ca vada y ap ca mt a t I I ii 3 1 a nd el s ew he re is a n adj u nct of the subj ect of th e therefore they [ b oth he w ho know s (i 43 al l ] fol l ow i ng a l ms real l y c o mpre he nd s w hat is mea nt by it) a nd he w ho d oes no t say ” Th is u nd ers tandi ng is s trongl y s u pported by King V aru na tw o

fro m a

d irect i ons

i

certa n nea rer

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8 0 4 w

AMERICA N

hat fol l ow s

,

w

oU R N A L

j

h i ch s hou l d be

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

rend ered

.

thu s

i E v i o n i n e r s s e l s ( gg g w h e n d es i rou s of gl ory ; ’

h id e s a me] i e u na ccep ta b l e) : S o ma [ d t t q h e be ca me gl ori ou s ; the refore w h ether one has a s hare in the s oma o r w hether he h as no t th e y b o th a l ik e come (z e to a soma d ri nki ng ce re mo ny) : w hat is gl ori ous na mel y they thus come to u

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see

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A t the

of

end

II

h e t n r a l o n t a t i s 3 4

11

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pp roved al th ou gh the rea l meani ng is bu t [to him] i nd eed oth er b ei ngs in

a

,

,

,

recou rs e

is

,

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i

ce rta nl y not

Perhaps

not v ery cl ear

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hatever

w

be

to

nu m ers ,

b

have

’ .

u e t i d r a n s e t h r i a n p i di é s o a v h a n t t e n i n a co t 4 3 ’ — ti onal s e ns e : than mys el f w hom, by al l mea ns l et him not eat !

ii

In I I

.

a dy

,

,

part of I I iii 1 7 the rig ht d i v is i on and co nnection is Read rather : from tha t the gods go not ca refu ll y ma i nta i ned aw a y ; now that tu rns ou t a fa il u re fo r h im fro m w h i ch the gods — u l i f a l e eo e n d o f r t h h a h a a h s i p b o h e k e o w a t t n a n d o w s ; p y g — the s u n h as gone d ow n on his fire not [ t e that d oes not s a y : y ] ” Ea rl i er in the s a me paragrap h w e s hou l d u nd ersta nd ta k en ou t thos e ra ys d ou btl ess are all th e gods (not the ra ys d ou btl ess I n the l as t

.

,

,

.

,

,

.

,

,

are al l

,

,

th os e god s

improv emens

l l r e d f r v a m o : o r e M e o 3 c e h za nt S d m a m a n a i e this fire w h ich is in the hal l that is A n a m t g ( now b ecause they gathe r a b ou t it w ith no n eati ng asse mb l y fire o u t eating at al l the refo re it is A m m Fu rther these as hes a nt w h i ch th ey ta k e o u t a nd throw aw ay that is A sa m P d fzs ava (i e A t II

111 2

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ce rta n

s ee

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n e n th o ex

The

one

m sa id

cl au s e w ay afiz v ei z tea ’

bs cure bu tes to

it :

be

l oam d n u

’

f h d l s y

s a l za , a t ’

I I iv

2

.

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1 9, is

hard l y hav e the meani ng w h i ch Eggeling attri ‘ it na mel y , s i nce he h i ms el f is one of th os e to w hom [

bu t it

o

w ou l d

i s tent d u s ty

.

ca n

offered

]

in

co

mmon

mi ght be add ed

,

w

F

’ .

or in that cas e , th e

i thou t

a ny reas on

p hras e y r ca ’

to th e contrary. to

d ed i cations to g rand father and great-grand fath e r ; w hil e yet it is not s o add ed : he nce th e obj ecti o n giv en ou ght to be one that There is als o reas on for not a ppl i es eq u al l y i n all th e th re e cas es th e

.

ta king d n u as

after

’

i n th e

w ay

in

w

h i ch

o ne

mes

n r e e a t i n o o c g

r h e f o r t h e n a n offering to the grea t u l d r a n f aft er a not d a t h e r w o ; g be al s o mad e to the gra nd fath e r and father, and s ep arate offeri ngs Perhaps , then, rather and to these l atte r w ou ld be u nnecess ary .

p on thee or accompany thee — w i th a v agu e re fe rence to oth e r rel ati v es of th at ge nerati on w i th w hom the d irect ances tor may cons ort T hen the obj ecting cl ause w oul d thos e that are

d epend ent

u

,

,

.

In

AMERICAN j

oU R N A L

the

may be

i

concl u s on,

P H IL OL O G Y

press ed

ex

i mpl e a nd broken s ynta x cl osel y gi v i ng h is v ers i on l ess

had fo ll ow ed the hat more

i

w sh

OF

s

of

tha t the

.

Pro f

.

Eggel ing

B rah mana

so

me

the ch ara cter o f a

para p hras e H e d efends the method he has foll ow e d in his I ntrod u ction a ffi u r b u h e m l p v u e s e s o e x e a t e t h e i c o f m ki n t x l t t d a a ; ) gg y ( g tol era bl e Engl i s h v ers i on w ith pres erv ati o n of a l i ttl e mo re of the pecu l iar flav or of the origi nal tex t To tas te the l a tter one must a re to th e G erma n rend eri ngs of D el b ru c k i s h n T h o as t e g g i h n ow e v er is one of tas te ; a nd ma ny read e rs w ill d o u btless u es t o q be better s atis fi ed w i th the tra ns l ation in is p res en t form ; the ess ential th i ng a t a ny ra te is that th e mea ni ng be fa i thfu l l y rend ered The me thod of tra nsl iterati on fol l ow e d in th is as in the other v ol u mes of M ull e r s s eri es of S a cred B ooks is w holl y to be con I t is the ge nera l ed i to r s ow n s o cal l ed M iss i onary d e mned — A l p habet a mi x tu re too aw kw ard and u gl y to be tol era ted o f The roma n and i tal i c l e tters and s mal l ca pi tal s in th e same w o rd ori gi na l d ev i ce w a s to be s u re an i nge ni ou s o ne ; a nd th e al p habe t h as is ow n p roper s phere of u s efu l ness as ind ieated in is name that is to say in cas es of ex i gency w here the res ou rces of a w el l firrnis hed p rinti ng office are w anti ng and one has to a cce p t a nd be tha nk fu l for th e b es t means of d i s ti ncti on th at are av a i l a bl e B ut it w as certa i nl y a grave error of j u d gm ent on M ul l er s part to i mpos e is u s e u p on the w eal thy Cl arend on press and in thes e ha nds ome w

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a nd cos tl y v ol u

mes

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W D W H I TN .

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EY

.

— 11 O N T H E L O CA L I T Y TO W H I CH TH E T R E A T I S E O F P A L L A D I U S D E A G R I C U L T U R A M UST .

BE

h i ch

A SS I G N

ED

.

is ts w ith regard to the q u es ti on w ith w hich w e hav e h ea d ed thi s p aper w i ll be b etter u nd ers tood by a refe re n ce to th e arti cl e of W e i ss in M ichau d s Bi ogra p h i e U n i v er s e ll e in w h i ch it is s tated that P al l ad i ns (R u til iu s T au ru s A e milianu s ) o ne o f the mos t a n ci e nt w ri te rs on a gri cu l tu re w hos e w orks hav e co me d o w n to u s is a cco rd i ng to B arth a nd D om R iv et the s a me as Pa l l a d i ns the s on of Ex s u pe rantiu s p refect amo ng the G au l s T he maj ority of cri ti cs hav e ad opted this conj ectu re w h ich is h ow e v e r fo u nd ed merel y u pon a n i d enti ty of name O n th e oth er s id e thos e w ho S u p pos e Pal l a d i ns to h av e b ee n b orn in I ta l y and tha t h e fl ou ris hed tow a rd s the midd l e of the s econd ce ntu ry can b ri ng 110 s ol id proof to s u pport the i r o pi ni on S o th at the orig in I f w e ma y b el i ev e D o m R iv et he w as o f th is w ri ter is u nce rta i n “ bo rn a t P oiti e rs at the co mmencement of the 5 th century a nd after tra i n i ng in el o q u ence accord i ng to the G a ll i c s choo l s he w ent to A fter the d eath of his father w ho R o me to s tu d y j u ri s p ru d ence w a s ki l l ed in 5 24 (a n ev i d e nt e rror for 4 2 4 ) in a ri ot it beea me a ma tte r of i nd i ffere nce to Pa l l ad ins w hethe r he l i v ed in Gau l or I tal y an d it is b el i e v e d that he se ttl ed h i ms e lf in the ne i gh b orho od of H e i nforms us hi ms el f that h e p oss es s ed l and ed p roperty N a pl es in th e s u b u rbs o f that city and in Sa rd i nia and th at he h i ms el f s u pe ri nte nd e d the cu l ti v ati o n of h is es tates Th u s fa r W e is s in refere nce to th is i nteres ti ng w ri ter w hos e I t w i l l be obs erv ed that w o rk s h a v e b ee n bu t rare l y ed ited W e is s h ol d s the reference of P al l ad i ns to the sth centu ry and to t h e l oca l i ty of Ga u l as a conj e ctu re fou nd ed u p o n a s i mi l arity o f Th e d ifficu l ty

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,

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n a me

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S chne i d e r w ho ed i ted the w ork of Pall ad i ns in his Scriptores R ei R u s ti c i L ips iae 1 79 5 mai nta i ns w ith G es ne r aga i ns t the o pi n i on o f M yl a e u s tha t P a l l a d i ns is not a co ntemp ora ry of Pl i ny ,

,

,

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Se e

i

art c l e

Se e R

Ex

u ti l i u s ,

su pe ra n ti u s

It

i nera ry

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I

in M

i

c ha u d , a n d

2 08 . a n d

N

o te 2

.

N

o te 1

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A MER ICAN j

1 2 4 a nd

a n l i i i ; Q

a nd

u nt

O U /rN A L

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

'

L u d ov i cu s Vi v es

i

aga ns t

,

.

that he is no t to be

ign of Ad ria n bu t he d oes not bel i e v e Pa l l a d i ns to G al l ica e pa tri ae nu l l a m pl a ne vestzg zu m in be a nativ e of Ga u l 0pere s u o s ignav it P a ll ad ius ni s i fo rte h u c tra h ere v e l i s l i gn i G al v el m ess orii v eh icu l i d e s cri ptio ne m q u o pars l i ci as s e res (I 1 3 N ow S ch ne id er s fi rs t il l us tra G all iaru m pl anio r u teb atu r (VI I ti on is a p ecu l ia rl y u nhapp y o ne fo r the pas sage q u oted more at l ength a d v is es tha t in b u i l d i ng y ou r co u ntry ho u se yo u s hould ex ea ma teri a q u ae e mpl oy ma te ri al s w h i ch lie read y to ha nd fa cil iu s inv enietu r a nd the re fore th e w ri ter recomme nd s pl anks of French pi ne or cypress as s eres l ig ni G a ll i ci ve l cu pre ss i directos pl ace d

in the

re

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,

’

,

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”

mera fa ciend a est M oreov er th at the w ri ter is not a n I ta l i an is ev id e nt fro m the fi rst “ n u a r m n l m a l a i o e se o c i s e r a b w o rd s of the s e co nd boo k : a t e t i s j p et aeq u a l es

co ns titu e

mu s in

u bi

l oco ,

eo

ca

.

,

i tes qu ad I ta l z ex coa zca re appel l a nt id est circa ” e tc v i tis cod ice m d ol a b ra terra m d il ige nte r a peri re Bu t w e are a bl e to a pp roach th is q u es ti on in a nothe r d i recti o n than that of l i ngu i s ti c criti c i s m for Pal l ad i ns has gi v en u s at the e nd of each month a ta bl e of the l e ngths of the s ha d ow s in the s u n d ial for the v a ri ou s h ou rs of the d ay a nd from month to mo nth I n the Al d i ne ed iti o n o f P al l a d i ns p ri nted at V eni ce in 1 472 a s mal l tra ct is app e nd ed by A l d u s to ex pl a i n the s s tem empl oyed y by Pal l ad i ns for th e d i v i s i on of the ho u rs a nd al s o s h ow ing how to adj u st the g nomon e mpi ri call y by mea ns o f th e g iv e n l ength of Th is tract is repri nted in S chneider s h a d ow on a pa rti cu l a r d a y as d o u b tl es s by oth e r w ri te rs The re is no d ou bt that A l d us j u dges rightl y in ma i nta i ni ng th e ho u rs of the d a y a ccord i ng to Pal l adins a re al w a ys tw el v e a nd thes e ma ke u p the i nte rva l be tw ee n su nrise a nd s u ns et Thu s in the month of J u ne the l ength of the s hadow n v n u e a d a u s t e q

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,

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is gi v e n in feet

as

H

fol l ow s ora e

i ii iii

81

x

i

iv v vi

hether th is d a y is compos e d of tw el v e equ a l ci v il hours is n ot menti o ned ; no r, as S ir G C L ew i s rema rk ed in his treatise

Bu t

w

.

1

Se e N

o te

3 for th

.

i s earl i es t form of

i

mach i ne

re ap ng -

.

A MERICA N j

1 4 4

8

be ing

the s u n s d ecl inati on ’

J anuary

1 3

N

.

ow

,

if

23

e

ber,

h ad

or w

su

pp ose d

so

20

°

and

'

i

w e

.

mew here be tw een D ece mber

obs erv at ons

he n 8

P H IL OL O G Y

OF

i v e 8 is greates t g

we

a

If w

O UR N AL

val u e w e

55

4

,

1 and

h av e

°

mad e at the begin ning

of

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hav e 57

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i d ent that th es e lati tud es are a great d eal too far north to M oreov er if w e tak e a p articu l ar l ati tu d e s u ch as be ad miss ibl e R ome (42 N ) and cal cu l ate the s had ow s for the end of the first w e s h al l find it d iffi cu l t to ha rmo niz e our w eek of ea ch month res u l ts w i th the gi v e n d a ta ; th u s a fou r foo t s ty l e w oul d gi v e mid I t is

ev

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,

°

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d ay s had ow s a nd

d i v ergence is

th e

tha t is , if

tu d e

w e

r ea w t g

as

he n

fi v e d egrees

o g

ta k e

w e

for

i ns tance

Rome

north of

,

w

l ati

here

we

e t g

4 w

i th

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fo u r fe et in l ength

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nd

if

w e

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R ome fiv e d egre es north the res u l s w he n corrected are e v e n more d i v erge nt A re fe rence to Ta bl e I I I s how s how i mposs ibl e is th e hy pothes is of a horiz ontal d ial S o that w e ca n no t e v en as s u me th at ou r au thor has i mi tated the fool is h pa rad e of th e R oma ns w hen they brou ght a v a l uabl e s u n d i al from S yracu se and fi x e d it u p w i thou t correcti on for change of l ati tu d e in the Comi ti u m I t s e ems that w e mu s t aband o n th is hy p oth es is a nd s e e k a s i mpl er o ne a nd he re w e a re h el p ed by the re me mb ra nce that th e ea rlies t form of th e s u n d i al is not o ne w i th an el evated gno mo n s tarting fro m th e centre of the d i al bu t is co mp os e d of tw o s trips of metal or w ood one hori z ontal a nd in th e north a nd s ou th l i ne of th e d ial an d th e oth e r a t rig ht a ngl es to it and p erp e nd i cu l ar to th e plane of the d i al a nd of a p ro p er h e igh t to a dj u s t the ins tru ment to the l ati tu d e of th e pl a ce I t is therefore in th e hi g hes t d egree l ik el y that P al l ad ius has e mp l oy e d a d i al O f;th i s kin d and h e ma y e v en hav e meas u red his s had o w s from the fo ot of the u p right p o i n te r and n ot from the mid d l e of the pl ate O u r figu res then g i v e u s hav e

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pri ncip al l ati tu d es the y ea r A comparis on of ou r tabl e w i th th e d ata of Pal l ad i ns co nfi rms o u r s u pp os i ti o n tha t w e are no t fa r fro m l a ti tu d e Athens is ev id entl y a great d eal too far s ou th N ow b efore w e go fu rther w e mu s t rema rk that of al l the res u l s a ll a m h v n b d n s e o co r r r l i P i i p b b i e s w l l o a h t t e c t e t o s e n f o r b e v y g y g Ju ne b eca u s e the w eather is p ro ba bl y cl ea r a nd the s u n s ca rcel y .

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AMERICAN j

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d egre e in d ecl i nati on d u ri ng the w hol e month , w e may there fo re ex pec t th e s had ow s to be accu ra tel y meas u red O n the oth e r h a nd w i nter meas u remens are l eas t tru s tw o rthy , for the

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becau s e the s u n is rai sed by refracti on es pec ial l y w hen on the h oriz on and cons eq u e ntl y cas s a s horter s had ow th an it ought Anoth er perceptibl e error in the O ppos ite d irecti on may be ex f e h ou rs are mark ed by a cl ep s y d ra a d u s ted to the i d h c e t e t j p month or d a y ; the w ater ru ns ou t too fas t at firs t a nd the early h ou rs are a l i ttl e s hort p erha ps ; th i s mak es th e s h ad ow s of P al l ad i ns s o mew hat l ong er than th ey o u ght to be in the begi nni ng of th e d ay ; bu t I d o not s u p pos e that this e rror w ill co mpensate A d ifference of a d egree in al ti the one i ntrod u ced by refra cti on tu d e ma kes a d i ffere nce of 3 feet nearl y in th e s ha d ow w hen the al ti tu d e is S o far ou r ta bl e has onl y s erv ed to ass u re us th at w e w ere right in pu tting fiv e feet for the l ength of the s ty l e and that the l ati tu de bu t w e are scarcel y ab l e to d ec i d e w i th cer is not far from c u a n d W h f ca l r p r e e e c o e d t e r o tainty be tw ee n o e t 4 l a te the s had ow s for ev ery ho u r of the ci v il d a y at th e time of the for th e l ati tu d es in q u es ti o n The res u l s are gi ven in e q u inox Tabl e I V ; and b eari ng in mi nd the cau tions gi v en a littl e w hil e ago w i th rega rd to the l onges t s had ow s th e comp aris on i s deci si ve in e u l a r f o r t it u d b t i t u d e i s e h a n o b a l a t e t t o v t t h a t 47 4 f f a nd as w e hav e p o i nted ou t th es e are the res u l s u po n w hi ch w e ca n b es t rel y b e i ng mad e at mi d s u mme r Las tl y w e hav e cal cu l ated from th e as s u mp ti on th a t the sun is val u e ,

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TA B L E

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P H IL OL O G Y

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measu rements

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fact, th e

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o

a n ua r

revious

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a nd

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ro

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correcti ng

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meas u red in the mid d l e of the ru n ; a n d th at the el ev ati o n of the s u n by re fra ct i on d i mi nis hes th e s ha d ow a s cal cu l a ted th eoreti ca l l y w h i ch mak es a v ery s e ns ibl e d i fference th e ho u rs are

mos t

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TA B L E V t a c a u l ) (

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in fav or of l ati tu d e

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AMERICAN j

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P H IL OL O G Y

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fri e nd

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u til iu s , w

in the 4th h o s peaks

p rais e in the firs t book of h is I ti nerary H e had a ppl i ed h ims elf p arti cu l arl y to the s tu d y of J u ris p ru d ence and it is bel ieved tha t he had comp os e d treatis es o n that s ci ence O ne of h is b ro th ers i a n u il n h a r e r n o r u i t s d t i l i u s i e d o t h e o l i f B u t i t t u d e o h s e l t e h m e Q Q A t his d i re cti on the w here h e l i v ed u nd e r the d i recti on o f J erome hol y d octor w rote to Ex s u pera ntiu s a l etter w h i ch has bee n pre s e rv ed and in w h i ch he ex horts him to foll ow the ex amp l e of his brother Ex s u pera ntius h ow ev er w ou l d not renou nce the ad wan N o mi nated to the ta ges w hi ch the w orl d s eemed to offer h im i mp orta nt offi ce of p re fect of the Praetori u m among th e G a uls be occu pi ed h i ms el f in t e es tabl i s h i ng ord er and p ol ice in the A rmo ri ca n p rov i nces he s u cceed ed in e x pell ing the Goths a nd in q u i eti ng d is tu rbances occas i oned by th e l e vy of new ta x es A t l as t he ca me to Arl es bel i ev i ng th a t his p res ence w ou l d s uffi ce to red uce to o rd er the ev ol ted l eg i ons ; bu t as s oon as he a pp ea red amongs t r the mu tin o us s ol d i ers they s u rro u nd ed h im and s ta bbed him to d eath The d eath of Ex s u peranti us happe ned in 4 2 4 u nd er the reign of the w eak J ohn w ho d id not e ve n ord er s earch to be made for the as sass i ns in h is

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i u m gen eri s s pemqu e F acu nd u s j u e n i s G a l l oru tn nu per a b a rv is M i ss u s R oma n i d i s ce re j u ra fori I l l e m ae s e cu m d u l c is s i ma v i ncu l a cu ra c F i l i u s adj ec tu s ti rpe propinqu u s h ab et Cuj u s A re mo ri cas pate r Ex su pe ra n tiu s oras N u n c pos tl i mi ni u m pa ci s amare d oc e t P al l ad

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d n m l o i h a r s e e t r W P e ea t es t t o a d p y g y G al l iaru m pl anior hoc comp end i o u titu r ad metend u m et praeter h ominu m l abores u ni us b o v i s O pe ra s pati u m toti us mas s is a bs urnit F it ita q u e veh i cul u m q u od d u abu s rotis brev ibus fertu H ujus r .

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A l read y in the o p eni ng pages of the i ns tru ctiv e remarks on the R ev is ed N ew Tes ta ment w h ich Profess or S hort is co ntribu ting to ev en a ra pi d gl a nce s u ffi ces to d i s ce rn w here he th i s j ou rna l a d v erts to u sa g e in mod ern an d in ol d er E ngl i s h a s p ri nkl i ng of ass e rti ons d e mons trab l y o p e n to q u es ti on Ass u red l y it ou ght not to be that d ay by d ay the fact is still practi cal l y treated as th ou gh it w ere not a fa ct that E ngl is h phil ol ogy F or a l ong ti me to come it is as y et v e ry fa r from matu ri ty mus t be th e cas e j u s t as it now is tha t a ny i nd u s tri ous reader of o u r l i tera tu re ca n d i s cov e r th i ngs p rev i ou s l y u nre cord ed ors l i ghted by l ex i cogra p h ers gl ossaris ts and grammari ans o f a character to mod i fy if not to i nv al i d ate p os iti ons s u pp os ed to be d efinitivel y I n thes e ci rcu ms ta nces w a ri nes s a nd d ifii d ence w ill es tabl i s h d e re e n i r h r us t p o p o i n o i p t n ev e r be ou t of p l a ce t o h r r v n c e t t a l e e e j w ou l d s eld ome r be occas i o n to commen t on has ty p ro nou ncements a nd the cri ti cis m of p h i l ol ogi s ts w ou l d be d i s p ens ed fr o m the neces s i ty of a p ol emi c a tti tu d e “ A ccord i ng to Profess or S hort the v erb in the s i ngu lar after a is rare in mod ern Engl i s h comp ou nd s u bj ect a nd he seems “ A ll th i s a nd much to be d iss ati s fied w i th D r L id d on for w ri ti ng : el s e appea rs to forbi d etc A s h e d raw s no d is ti ncti o ns w ould he s cru pl e an ex p ress i on on the ty pe of mi l k and w a ter i s a harm ” R eferri ng to M il ton s w here fl ow s G anges and l e ss be v erage ” I nd u s W al ter S av age L a nd or obs erv es : The s mall fry w ill mm at th i s w h i ch is o ften an e l ega nce bu t oftene r in G ree k than in Lati n in L ati n than in French in French than in Engl is h L et Land or s ay w hat he may there is nev erthel ess to w hat he w ould ha v e cal l ed th e d egenerate ears of l ater d ays some th i ng inevitably i t f i l h n o c u t i n w h c d r a e o i n t h i h a d u c i i o t e a n a n es d n i m o t t a g g ‘

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Vide supra pp ,

1l

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w tn ess , for

gi es i n th e

Vorhs

a / I

i

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me

a

breed A

i ns ta nce

,

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Mr H

a nd

R

of

th e

fol l ow

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h ol e , P

P ro fes s o r F

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in

S k ea t ,

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S cyth .

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man of i d i om

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i

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W W

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typogra ph cal e rror ”

ev

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j

Co n te s te d Etymol o u s t pu b l s h ed ’

s

i

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Vol I V p 460

L if e

is

e

W ed gw ood

e n s l e i gh

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i cti on a ry o f th

w o rs e

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1 4 1 - 169

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ew

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re

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a rre s t n gl y ecc en tr c, abov e al l

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Pind ar no attempt w il l be mad e to d i s cu ss at l engt h the ge neral s u bj ect of the h y po W h il e there is mu ch l es s tend ency to cas t iron th eti cal p eri o d ru l e a nd the genes is of th e hy poth es is has bee n s o u gh t w ith a l arge meas u re of s u cces s in the origi nal pa rata x i s ye t schol ars s til l hold s of cond iti o nal s e nte nces a nd rightl y h ol d to certa i n l ea d i ng type W e are s til l obl iged to u s e formu lae that are l eft ov er from earlier Trans p arent form a nd ev id e nt ety mol ogy w ou ld relieve method s u s of many s y nta cti cal prob l ems s u c h for i ns ta nce as torment us A nd s o a conv i nci ng res ol u ti o n o f «I in the theory of the cas es w ou l d be a grea t ga i n fo r the s tu d y of the hy p oth e tical se nte nce Cu rti u s s parall el is m w i th w e nn may pl eas e th e G e rmans th e paral l elis m w i th s o w oul d s eem to comme nd i ts el f to Ge rma n a nd E ng L ange lis h al ike ; bu t no one is th o rou ghl y satis fi ed w ith th es e it is tru e h as giv en th e p arti cl e a ha pp y na me : 3 is a n ad hibitiv e as pi; is a proh ibi ti ve A d hibitiv e w il l s erve bu t onl y beca u s e it ” Ev ery now have not yet co me to res t is s o v ag u e A r a nd a nd th en s o me one ari s es w h o fi nd s a v i tal d is tinction be tw een them and p romu l gates a ya rd l o ng d efi ni ti on for th es e pe rp l ex i ng pa r ti cl es ; others are content to d ecl i ne a ny d e fi ni tio n and s i mpl y note h ow the y behav e in co mbi na ti on Bu t w hil e mu ch remains u ns e ttl ed th e l i nes of res earch are cl ea rl y ma rk ed ; an d it is not ti me w as ted to as certa i n th e forms in w h i ch s u ch a geniu s as P ind a r Thos e w ho d eny or d es pise the l iterary has cas t h is s u pp os itio ns res u l t w i l l a t l eas t a pp re ci ate the gra mma ti cal s tatis tic or the his tori c gro w th F or conv eni ence s ak e the fou r l ead i ng forms of the co nditio nal a nti cip ator w i l l be d es i gna ted a l og i cal i d e a l a n d r u n e a l ) y L ogi cal is an ol d d es i gnation u nreal in the form i rreal is for th e co nd i ti on co ntrary to fa ct bx be come v ery po pul ar amo ng th e Ge rma ns of l ate The i d ea l is s o meti mes cal l ed th e poten tial Th e d cond iti onal l acks a d is ti nctive na me and I ha v e d es i gna ted it as the ai i ticipatory cond i ti onal for reas ons to be as s i gned bel ow of

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P I N D A R I C S Y N TA X

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j us t as the mod ern Engl is h hy pothes is in its pov erty ex h ibits a striking co ntras t to the fl oati ng w eal th of the S hak es p earea n co nd i I n Pi nd ar w e find that the cry s tal l izatio n has been s ubstan tion tia ll y e ffe cted that h is feel i ng of the co nd i tional is ess entiall y at one w i th that of the s tand ard l a ngu age O nl y at one remarka bl e p oint d oes he s how the i nflu ence of the earl ier sta ge 1 Th e Logica l Cond iti on states the el ements in qu es tion I t I is u s ed of th at w hi ch can be b ro u ght to the s ta nd ard of fa ct ; bu t tha t s ta nd ard may be for or aga i ns t th e tru th of th e p os tu l a te A ll tha t th e l og i cal co nd iti on ass erts is the i nex ora b l e connex i o n of I t is the fav ori te cond iti on in the tw o me mbers of the sentence I t is the fav ori te cond i tion w hen one w is hes to be or arg u me nt see m fa i r th e fa v ori te cond i tion w h en one is s u re o f the p re miss So it is o ften a pro f orma cond ition j us t as s i q u i dem approaches negati v e conti nu es to be h u l n as t e i b o c n d i a t s o t h e i o n u o t a l q g I t is l ittl e us ed in epic poetry and the causa l d o not co inci d e mu ch in d ramati c mu ch in l yri c I hav e el se w h ere s how n how cl ea rl y it is d i fferentia ted in one of its forms cl w fu t ind from 86 I n p ros e it is l argel y argu mentativ e or s emi -ca us al w th e s u bj 2 Th e L ogical Co nd ition l ik e every otherform of the cond itional s e nte nce is parti cu l a r o r generi c a ccord i ng to th e character of the H ence w hen it has its a pod os is in the prese nt it h as a a pod os i s d ou b l e meani ng w h i ch ad apts it ad mi ra bl y to pers o nal argu ment es peci a ll y w he n the fo rm I m is u sed w h i ch may p oi nt ei ther to a Bu t as the { do cond i tional w i th d efinite or to a n i nd e fini te pers on a prese nt i nd i cati v e a p od os i s is regu l arl y generi c it is not w i thou t reas o n tha t th e 36 1 form s h ou l d be p referred w hen d i s ti nctl y generi c J u s t as the conativ e el e ment is not s o acti o n is to be ex p ress ed d is ti nct in th e pres ent as in th e i mp erfect s i mpl y beca us e the p res e nt has the d o u bl e fu ncti o n of a present o f conti nu ance (d u rativ e p res ent) and a pres ent of atta i nme nt (a oris ti c p res ent) s o the é w cond i ti onal A l l th is is tru e o f the is mo re d i s ti nctl y the generi c cond i ti onal W hen w e tu rn to poe try w e find crys tal l i ze d l a ngu age of p ros e .

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r i T b n h P oets (Tra n sa c e agi t h t t e s u i j h O r f o m h n a t o c h r A soc a e h l l a l s o c c i i i i i i i P h o r n m e ca A h e f t n o t o s p p g l l b e borrow ed i s ma y s u i t th e pre e n t pu rpo s e a s h r a se p r r P e t t h b a s s M r o e d n b e r m h o s A n t c i i X i i n o o f e n t o n t d e e c e In a r y p f h h e f r m h m e n d t n f r t o s f o o o e con t i l i i i a s t h l o c co e l u d 1 x c e e n o n me nti g 4 g m as te r on ce fo r a l l r i s r e m n d t o n e d e i i i n h t b e h e h c n w i t i o s r d itiona l p e po g n d t n o o s l c o c av a l i e rl t r ea t h e l ca i ff r t o n o d t o i i o t a i i o l d r u a c d n f P A n ed tor o g y l

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p reponderates a nd it is safe to say as L eo M eyer ack now l ed ges tha t th e H omeri c 08K 5 . w i th the opt h as to all i nten ts a nd pu rp os es rea ched th e ord inary p ros e u sage H ow ev er w e get at it throu gh d emonstrati v e throu gh al ternati ve if 6 w i th the negativ ed opt is eq u iv al ent to in any cas e w e h h a t mu s t ha v e b een ess enti al l y the effect i T a w s r e t t 5 1 e p g fe rred to 5 w i th th e negati v e is cl ea r ; bu t if w e ex cl u d e metri ca l c ons i d era ti ons w e mu st res t content w i th th e te nd ency of th e nega The negati v e p re fers a» to x i ti v e to th e s tro nger of tw o forms as it p re fers the total n egati on of the a oris t to th e p ers is te nt opp o N or is it u nw orthy O f note that s i ti o u o f the p res ent o p tati ve w h ere a» is r peated in the s ta nd ard l a ngu age it is rep eated l a rgel y e w ith n egati v es or eq u i val ents B L G I L DE R S L E EVE 11

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PLUTAR CH

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W h en Cl isthenes had su cceed ed in i ntrod u cing his reforms in th e cons titu ti on his rival I sagoras coul d ho pe to ov ercome him Th is onl y b y i nv oking th e aid of the Sparta n K i ng Cl eo menes a id Cl e ome nes fi rs t rend ere d by s end i n a heral d a nd d e ma n d i n g g th e ex p u l s i o n of th e a ccu rs ed m : v y r tha t is the fa mil y of the A l cmaeo nid a e to w h i ch Cl is thenes b el onged w ho w e re s u pp osed to be ta i nted w i th gu il t in co ns eq u ence of the d es tru cti o n of Cyl o n ,

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mak e w ay for a new bod y of three hu nd red ol iga rchs w hom Cl eo menes d es i red to ta ke charge of th e government ; and after a s hort s i eg e Cl eo me nes a nd I sa goras w ere forced to aba nd o n th e A ero p ol i s and reti re to Spa rta Cl eomenes then res ol v ed to i nv ad e A tti ca w i th a co mp etent force ; and s u mmoned al l i es from the A t the s a me ti me h e a rra nged v a ri ou s s ta tes of Pel o p onnes u s by negoti a ti on a pl a n for a s i mu l ta neou s invas i o n of A ttica by the .

.

B oeotians and the Chal cid ia ns of Eu boea A s s oon as these p reparati ons w ere mad e the Pel oponnes ian force ad v anced u nd er th e command of th e tw o ki ngs Cl eomenes a nd D emaratu s a s fa ras Bu t Cl eomenes had hi therto k ept the p u rp os e o f the El eu s is W h e n it ex p ed i ti on co ncea l ed fro m his P el o p onnes i an al l ies ca me to be k now n as the re w as no u nfri e nd l y feel i ng tow ard s A thens among them it ca us ed mu ch d iss atis faction ; and t he Cor D em inthia ns s et th e ex ampl e of w ith draw i ng the ir conti ngent ara tu s too for s o me u ns p ecifi ed reas on renou nced the u nd er ta ki ng ; a nd thes e d efecti o ns cau s ed th e w hol e army to d iss ol v e Bu t the B oeoti ans and Chal cid ians and retu rn to th e i r h omes The B oeo tia ns e nd ea v ored to ca rry ou t thei r p art of the p l an occu pi ed O enoe and H ys ia e on the A tti c fronti er near P l a tae a ; and the Chal c i d i ans cross ed the Eu rip u s a nd b egan to d e v as ta te I nv ad ed thus on all s id es th e A then th e ea s tern p a rt of A tti ca ians a t firs t res ol ved to concentrate their forces to w i ths ta nd th e .

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45 8

A M E R I CA N

I t is to be

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i

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i mi

mpell ed

co

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both s id es ; in each w e have a Pel op onnes ian a rmy u nd er a Spartan ki ng a d vanci ng as far as E l eu s is and the n retreati ng w i tho u t s triki ng a bl ow ; in each w e hav e a n ex p ed iti o n aga i ns t Eu b oe a s u d d enl y arres ted in ord er to meet a more p ress i ng emergency a nd then res u med w i th co mpl ete s u cces s

.

H erod o tus (V 77) tel l s u s that w he n th e Chal ci d i an s w ere d e feated the A thenia ns s ettl ed fou r thou sa nd of thei r ow n c i ti zens a s K l eru chs o n th e l and s o f th e Chal ci d i an nob l es w h o bore the I n s p eaki ng of the res u l ts of the ex p ed i ti o n of na me o f Im rofié mt Peri cl es T h u cyd i d es (I 1 1 4) says that he red u ced the w hol e is l and recei ving the s u bmis s i on of the grea ter part bu t d ri ving o u t th e p eop l e of H es tia ea from the i r terri tory a nd occu p y i ng it w ith A thenia n s ettl ers Pl u tarch (P er 2 3) ex pl ains that the reas on of th is s e v eri ty to the H es tiaeans w as that they had ta k en a n A th enian s h ip a nd pu t the crew to d ea th I co me now to the po i nt in w hi ch I thi nk it proba bl e that Pl u ta rch has ma d e a mi stake After tel l i ng u s (P er 2 3 ) that Peri cl es cross ed ov er to Eu boea w i th 5 0 s hips a nd 5 000 hop “ l i tes a nd red u ce d the ci ties he s ays : A nd th os e of the Chal ci d i a ns w ho w ere cal l ed h ippobo tae pre emi nent in w e al th and rep u ta ti o n he d ro v e o u t X h x tb w p v r s Imr fidr s h e y pév s 1 611 1 I n th ei r accou nts of these pro ce ed i ngs K i 6659 a q b p w s { gfi x m T h i rl w all G rote a nd Cu rtiu s ta ke th is s tatement from Pl u tarch T hi rl w al l i nd eed u s es the ex pres s i on that thes e nobl es w ere again d ep ri v ed of thei r es ta tes s h ow i ng that he b ore in mi nd the a ccou nt in H erod otu s of w hat had o ccu rre d so me fi fty years p rev i o u sl y Bu t nei ther G rote nor Cu rti u s mak es any reference to the earl i er I th i nk it prob a b l e tha t ex p u l s i on of th es e s ame hippob ota e Pl u ta rch w as mis l ed by the s i mil ari ty of the circu ms tances of the t w o e x ped i ti ons w h i ch I hav e p o i nted ou t to j o i n togethe r the i r res u l ts a nd attrib u te them to the l ater ex p ed iti o n o f w h i ch h e ay of cou rs e be s a i d tha t in the inte rval tha t m i I t v es a n accou nt g el a ps ed betw een th es e d efeats the nobl es of Chal cis h ad p oss i n s u cceed ed in rega i ni ng the i r es tates and re es tabl i s h i ng th ei r influ Bu t of this there is no ev i d e nce ; and it is in th e h ighes t e nce The Ath eni ans w e are tol d se nt 4000 of th e ir d egree i mproba b l e W e hear of them aga in as ow n ci ti z ens to occu p y thes e l and s s ti l l in p oss ess ion of th em a t the ti me of the b attl e of M a rathon in ,

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b f o r D i e e a t s and A n a ) h h r d u b o ea th e p eo pl e of Eretri a know i n e r n e a c E h e es a h t e t t p g y w ere to be atta ck ed s e nt to A th ens a nd b eg ed for as s i s tance g The A th en i a ns w e are tol d d id not rej ect the i r p eti ti on bu t as s i gned as th e i r a ux i l i ari es the 4ooo w h o as cl eru chs w ere occu p y i n h e t g l a nd s of the Chal ci d ia n h ippobotae Bu t thes e men fo u nd tha t ow i ng to i nternal d iv is i ons a nd p robab l e treas on th e Eretri ans had — c h a n e f c f l l r s n h r no c o su es s u y es i ti g t e P e s i a ns c ray Epe rp m 61 — and a ccord i ngl y they acted on the ad v i ce dpa 6881 {ry s B éke pa rd 1r 6rr0 a nd cros s ed over O f a certa i n A es ch i nes 88 raw Ep rpt p The Pers ians took Eretri a to O ro p u s a nd s o s a v ed the ms el v es by treas on ca rri ed off th e i nhabita nts and w it hou t s p e nd i ng more ti me in Eu b oea w ent at once to the pl a i n of Maratho n O f co u rs e one ma y b el i e v e if he chooses tha t thes e A the ni a n cl eru chs d id not retu rn a fter the d e feat of the Pers i a ns to the i r es tates w h i ch they had b e en occu pyi ng for so me si x tee n o r eigh teen y ears Bu t thi s W e are not tol d that the P e r s e ems to me e x ceed i ngl y u nl ik el y i n a ny w ay d ev as tated the territo ry o f Ch al ci s d u ri ng s i ans th e i r s ta y in E u boea ; a nd there cou l d h a v e b ee n no reas o n w hy the A th eni an s ettl ers s ho u l d not retu rn to th e ir farms as s oo n as Boeckh (P u bl Ec the d a nger o f the Pers i an i nvas ion w as p as t I p 5 5 7 ; E T p 5 4 8 ) s peaks of the retrea t of th es e cl eru chs — before the battl e of M aratho n to A thens he s ays ; bu t H erod otu s — a nd is conv i nced that t hey retu rned a nd res u med sa ys to O ro pu s pos ses s i o n of thei r l a nd s I t is tru e that on the sa me page he foll ow i ng the s ta te ment O f Pl u tarch that hippobotae w ere sa ys aga i n fo u nd by Peri cl es in Chal ci s a nd ex p ell ed by him B u t he d o es no t attemp t to s how how if as h e bel ie ves the A then i an cl e ru ch s w e re s ti l l in p oss es s i o n o f the ir l a nd s the re cou l d h av e bee n roo m for another s et of h ippobotae to ex is t there of s u ffici e nt i mp o rtance to be s p eci all y me nti oned as d is p oss ess ed D u ri ng th e w h o l e p eri od i nterv en i ng b etw een th e b a ttl e of M ara tho n a nd the d efeat of Tol mid es a t Coro nea the A theni a n p ow er had b een s tea d i l y a u g me nti ng ; a nd it is ha rd to be l i ev e that w he n s u ch a l arg e b od y of A th eni a n ci ti zens w as p ermanentl y s ettl ed pres u m abl y O u th e b es t l and s of the L el antia n p l a i n any co ns i d era b l e nu mber of th e ol d nobi l i ty coul d ha v e s u cceed ed in es tabl i s hi ng W hen w e ad d to th i s i nherent i mp robabil i ty the s il ence the ms elves of Th u cy d i d es as to any s u ch e x p u l s i on of hippobotae the p roba bil ity is greatl y i ncreas ed that Pl u tarc h has fal l en i nto a n error perha ps l ed to it in the w ay I hav e s u gges ted I nd eed the w ord s 0 49

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i is mad e to s tand for th e Chu rch as a d i v ine orga n i zati on T hi rd the w ater p ou red into the chal i ce s ymb ol izes mankind gathered i nto the Chu rch N ex t th e h os t s ymb ol izes A nd final l y th e p ou ri ng of w ine upon Chris t s b od y in the w omb the w ater s ignifi es the d i v i ne natu re of Chris t a dd ed to h u mani ty I d o not s ee how w e can h el p rend ering the I ris h p rep os i ti o n a r in ” “ u p on True the u s u al meani ng O f a r in O ld th i s contex t by a nd M i dd l e I ris h is for b efore Th u s Wind isch in the d i ction ary to h is T ex ts p 36 8 rend e rs it by war f ztr w eg en a nte ae r p t e u r o r B 0 n d e N r p o u o h i v v r a l t r e es s e e p h e r as s 3 7 4 p p p g “ in w h i ch a r has the force of th e German 2 11 Izznzu in ad d i ti on ” e g de c a r mzl z to 1 0 1 2 w ord for w ord in L ati n d ecd m ad ” mi l l er and a cack a r ca clz lo (l athe) from ea ch to ea ch d ay e from d ay to d ay There is therefore s ome l ex ical w arra nt for ” and thus l etti ng the au th or to treati ng a r in ou r p as s age as i ncu l cate good Cathol i c d octri ne h ow ev er ex travaga nt h is s ymb ol is m may s o u nd to u s I f w e ad o pt M r S tokes s rend eri ng w e s hal l hav e to i magi ne the w ater as poured o ut of the chal i ce to mak e Then the

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pas t su mmer the ex cav ati ons at As sos hav e b rou ght to l ight n o i ns crip tions comp osed in an y bu t th e common d i al ect R ecently h ow ever there hav e been fou nd s ev eral ol d er bits con ta i ni ng s p eci mens of the l angu age of th e cou ntry Th is tu rns ou t as mig ht hav e been ex p ected to be noth i n l h e c h A i e l n t e o se t a g of L es b os A b rief notice of thes e i ns criptions in ad vance of the ir p u bl i cati on in the pap ers of the Archaeol ogica l S oci ety may not be ou t of pl ace h ere Th e l onges t reads as fol l ow s : the

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OUR N A L

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Th e fi rs t th ree parts appeared i n 1 8 8 1 P art I i s i n trod u ctory, co n ta i n i ng a ” Sch ri fttafel of A s syria n syl l ab i c va l u es , a Z e i ch e ns amml u ng o f 8 8 7 i d eo .

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A M E R I CA N

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introd u ction a re necess ary to the i nves tiga ti ons conta i ned in th e fol l ow i ng pages in ord er to remo v e s ome of th e perpl ex ity w h i ch may hang arou nd the enu nci ati on of the th eory w h i ch they co nta i n I n t he cou rs e of a n ex ami nati on of the col u mnar arrang e me nt of th e te x t of the ol d es t M S of the N ew T es tament my a ttenti on w as d ra w n to a re ma rk a bl e nu me ri cal p e cu l i arity in the a rra n e g ment of the l i nes and col u mns of the s ev eral books a nd from thi s my m i nd w as forced to the co ncl u s i on that the s cribes of the N ew Tes ta m ent p rod u ced epis tl es more u ni fo rml y w ri tten a nd a t the cl os i ng page more fre q u entl y fi ll e d tha n is th e cu s tom a t the pres e nt d ay ; and that it w as in fact poss ibl e to reprod u ce the l e p rocess of nu meri cal s u bd i v i s i o n if onl y o ri g i n a l p ages by a s i mp Fu rthe r th e M S ha d pres erv ed the l i nes of th e origi nal w ri ti ng s tu d y of the V ati can Cod e x s h o w ed tha t a l arge n u mbe r o f th e bo o k s o f the N ew Tes ta me nt w ere ca pa bl e of th is s u bd i v is io n (by t h e v e ry s i mp l e p rocess of d i v i d i ng the col u mn of the M S i n to th re e e q u a l pa rts ) a nd tha t the pages res u l ti ng fro m the s u bd iv i s i o n w ere v e ry cl osel y rel a ted to th e origi na l p ages P erh a ps thi s w i l l b ecome eas i e r to a pprehe nd by a s i mpl e va ria I magi ne a pri nte d book in w h i ch there a re t i o n o f th e s ta tement l e t u s sa y ten e q u al p ages o f th i rty l i nes to ea ch pag e pri nte d I f a re p ri nt be mad e o f th is boo k in a ny o th e r fo rm u n i fo rml y o n pa ges a nd w i th l i nes o f a d i ffe re nt s iz e to the co y it is z e p e v i d e nt th a t the origi nal arra nge me nt o f th e b ook w i l l be l os t a nd it is v e ry u nl ik el y that the l as t page o f the new b ook w i l l be a I f how ev er the pri nte r ad heres to the ori g i na l c o m p l e te o ne l i n e s no ma tte r how he ma y chang e h is p ages or h is type w e s ha ll a l w a y s be a bl e to re s to re the b o ok to its o rigi na l s ha p e by s i mp l e A few

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bd iv is i on of its 300 l ines into te n pages al thou gh of cours e the This s u bd i v is i on ma y not be eas y to d etect nor to d e mo ns trate is w ha t has ha p pened in the V ati can M 5 ; the scribe has retained nd in a certa i n s ens e has p res e rv ed the ori ginal the ori gi nal l i ne a page als o s ince he mad e his col u mn (as the inves tiga ti on w ill s ho w ) by p l a cing th ree of th e origi nal pages in a v e rti cal l i ne T his fu nd amental fact is the key to the method of tex tual cri ticis m to w h i ch these pages form a n i ntrod u cti on su

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ight co mpos i ti ons al l u d ed to viz I I Cori n s I T h ess al onia ns J a mes th e th ree Epi s tl es of J o hn th ia ns G al atia n a nd J u d e are eac h w ri tten on a n i nte ral nu mb er o f s heets of a g r h r h d v e s ze a n f u t e t s h ee f r a i i i i b t n m us t ea u i n s o ve s z e e c ; g g p l iar rel ati on b oth to the w hol e col u mn of the V ati can Cod ex cons i s t ing of 42 l i nes a nd to the fracti o nal col u mn of 2 7 l i nes for oth erw is e it w ou l d not be poss ibl e for d ocu ments of d i fferent l ength ev en tho u g h w ri tte n o n s h eets o f gi ve n s i ze to e nd a t the sa me pl a ce on I f w e al l ow a l i ne for th e s u bs cripti o n of th os e the V a ti ca n pa ge Epis tl es w hi ch e nd at the 2 7th l i ne w e ha v e to s ee k a s u b mu l ti pl e a nd w e a t o nce se e tha t 1 4 l i nes o f the V a ti ca n Co d e x of 2 8 a nd 4 2 be ars s ome mu l tipl e proporti on to the s i ze of a p age of th e origi nal w ri ti n a nd in a l l p ro ba bi l i ty in th e cas es refe rred to w e ma y s a g y tha t 1 4 l i nes of the V a ti ca n Cod ex re p res ents e x a ctl y the page of Th i s th e au tog ra ph the onl y s u b mu l ti pl es of 1 4 b e i ng 7 a nd 2 p rov i d es u s w ith a u ni t u pon w hi ch to bas e ou r ca l cu l ati ons w h i ch for conve ni e nce w e w i l l d e nom i na te a V p age l l r n a f h e l r e d W a e s e t h e h t o t e E pi s t es s e c i r e f e o e t t 4 p y I t is

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i d e ntal ; w e may ass u me that in the cas es al l u d ed to w i th the e x ce p ti on of the rs t E pis tl e of J o hn w h i ch on a cco u nt of the irreg u l a r l e ngth of th e col u mns fu rnis hes a n acci d e ntal coinci d e nce there is a u ni t s heet of p a p er e mpl oyed ca pabl e of con ta i n i ng 1 2 l i nes of th e Si na i ti c Cod ex ; w e s ha ll th erefore ha v e a ne w l ea f o f p a p e r (fo r re fe ren ce to w h i ch w e ad op t th e ex p ress i on S page in o rd er to d i s ti ng u i s h it from th e p rev i o u s V page) by mea ns of w h i ch to meas u re o u r d ocu ments Wi th rega rd to the co mpa rativ e s iz es of the tw o pages it is e v i d ent a t a gl ance tha t the S p a g e is s ma l l e r tha n th e V page fo r it co nta i ns tw el v e l i nes w he re th e o th er has fo u rte e n a nd ha s a s ma l l er nu m be r o f l e tte rs to the l i ne 6 W e th u s get the ke y to the meth od b y w h i ch th e tex t of the p a p y ru s l ea v es w as red u ced i nto the s hap e in w h i ch w e find it in th e Cod e x B s el ects the l a rge r ty pe of page a nd o l d es t ma nu s cri pts a rra ng es them n i n e o n a page o r three in a s i d e ; w hil e th e Si na iti c Co d e x s el e cts th e s mall e r l eaf a nd arra nges the m s i x tee n on a page acc

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j tha t Ti tu s s h ou l d be a d d ed to the l i s t as co nta i ni ng 2 3 S pages a nd one l i ne ; w h i l e the Epis tl e to the Col os s i a ns is aga i n d o u b tfu l co mp ri s i ng 49 l ea v es a nd one l i ne W e ha v e thu s d ed u ced the ty p e of a l mos t al l th e Epis tl es s ome of th e m w i th gre a t ex a ctness ; a nd w e o bs erv e tha t th ey fal l i nto tw o gro u p s w i th the ex ce pti o n of s ome fo u r o r fi v e Epi s tl es w h i ch e i th er a re not w ri tte n s o as to fil l the pa pe r or are w ri tten o n pa per of a d i ffe re nt s i ze to the tw o s orts w e hav e b ee n co ns id eri ng o r on a d i ffe re nt pattern 8 W hen w e tu rn to th e G os pel s w e h a v e a ha rd er p ro b l e m to s ol v e bu t I thi nk w e ma y s ay that if the tw o p ri nc ipal ty p es of th e ea rl y M S S a re t ho s e i nd i cated as rpw mi a nd rerp a mi th e n it is far more l ik e l y tha t th os e ty pes w ere fo u nd in the G os pe l s tha n tha t th ey w ere me re l y a d o pte d fro m the Epi s tl es W e may therefo re ex pec t to fi nd s ome of th e G os pel s w ri tte n rpw o i a nd s ome r rpa i or ra th e r s o me on the V p ag e and s o me o n th e S page The q u es ti o n is how s hal l w e d ete rmi ne th e ty p e of th e au togra ph fo r a ny par ticu l a r G os pel ? I A nd h e re an i mporta nt re mark mu s t be mad e a m a w a re that ev ery o ne o f th es e res u l ts a nd s u gges ti o ns is s u bj ect to a d i s tu rbi ng fa ctor o f th e greates t moment v iz th e q u es ti o n o f v ari ou s re ad i ngs in th e te x t a nd of acc i d e ntal omi ss i ons or i ns e rt i o n s of pas s ag es o r l i nes in th e gre at Cod i ces Th e d i s tu rba nce w i l l b e mos t to be a pprehe nd e d in the cas e of the l o nger co mpos i ti o ns a n d w i th regard to th es e al l o u r res u l ts mu s t be l oo k e d u p on a t fi rs t as co n ectu re

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pparent Bu t s trange to sa y w he n the v e rs e is al s o re mov ed fro m Co d ex B in w h i ch it occu pies s ix l i nes at th e top of a page w e a re l eft w i th a G os pel termi nati ng a t the en d of a page a nd in o u r nota ti o n occu py i ng e x actl y 2 9 1 V pages The G os pel of J oh n is th erefo re pro bab l y w ri tten o n the V p age a nd the a pp are nt co ntra dicti o n o f th i s s tate ment by the Si na i ti c Cod ex may be d u e to th e fa ct tha t in th e ty pe of M S S w h i ch tha t Co d e x h as be e n fol l ow i ng s o me one has u ti l i ze d pa rt of the b l ank s p a ce a t the l atte r h al f o f a col u mn for the i ns erti on of a s ente nce as to the nu mber of b oo ks that mi ght hav e bee n w ri tten Th e ad d i ti o n mu s t have been ea rl i e r th a n th e age o f v el l u m M S S and ma y hav e a ris en in the tra ns cri pti o n of th e G os p el of J o hn fro m th e l arge r s i z ed p a p e r to the s mal l e r s i nce it nea rl y fi l l s th e b l a nk in a s mal l e r s h ee t a nd tha t s hee t n ot th e l ow es t in a Si na i ti c col u mn 1 0 T h is co ncl us i o n w i th rega rd to th e a u togra p h o f S t J oh n l ea d s to v e ry i mpo rta nt co ns e q u e nces w i th rega rd to th e cel e b ra te d pe ri A n ex a m i nati on of th is co pe o f th e w oma n ta k e n in ad u l te ry p as s age s h ow s that there a re 908 l e tte rs ei the r i ns erted in th e N ow th e av e rage nu mbe r o f l e tte rs to th e tex t o r d ro p ped fro m it l i ne in S t J o hn s Go s p el in the Cod e x V ati ca nu s is fro m w h e n ce w e co ncl u d e t ha t th e p as s a g e in q u es ti on is e q u i v a l e n t to N o w it a b ou t 5 6 l i ne s o f Co d e x B z e to fo u r V pa ges ex actl y is o bv i o u s tha t fou r s u ch pages cou l d not by any p oss ibi l i ty h av e been ex cis ed fro m a d ocu me nt in w hi ch the V pages a re a rrange d n i ne i n a s q u a re T he y mu s t the refore ha ve bee n l os t fro m th e o ri g i na l d ocu me n t b e fo re it ca me i n to the s ha pe re p re s en ted b y Cod e x B T h e i r re i ns e rti o n has be e n ch a ra cterize d b y gre a t aw k a nd b rea k s th e co nti n u i ty o f th e w a rd nes s in l a te r ma n u s c rip ts na rra ti v e T hey hav e be e n in fact res tored to a pl ace w h i c h th e y d id not prev i o u s l y o ccu py Be fo re go i ng fu rth e r w e i ns e rt a re p rod u ct i on of the fo u r pag es w h i ch w e ha v e re as o n to b e l i e v e t he l o s t p as s a ge to h av e occu pi ed A s a res to ra ti o n of th e te x t of B it is n ot q u i te a s u cces s fu l e ffo rt I ha v e no t I fi nd d o ne j u s ti ce to the s y l l a bi c d iv i s i o n fo l l o w e d b y the s crib e w h o ha s a d is ti nct cu s to m in e nd i ng h is l i nes a nd d i v i d ing h is w ord s a nd pre fe rs if po ss ibl e to w ri te a sev en s yl l ab l ed l i ne a

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12

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TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

.

p ass age is more harmoni ou sl y pla ced w ith rega rd to the conte x t than p re v i o u s l y M oreov er th ere is th is d iffi cul ty that in the ord inary s u ppos ition thes e l os t V p ages w ou l d b egi n fou r l i nes from the top o f th e p age B had eithe r ad d ed a nd w e s hou l d hav e to as s u me that Cod ex fou r l i nes to the au togra ph or l os t ten l i nes in the firs t s ev en chap ters b efore w e co u l d rect i fy the p ages s o as to re i ntrod u ce th e l ost N e ither of thes e s u pp os iti ons seems l ikel y col u mns of th e pa pyrus as the te x t of J oh n in thes e cha p te rs is remarkabl y good a nd the tex t o f B is more l ikel y to be mark ed by o miss ions than i ns erti ons O n ou r hyp othes is the y begi n on th e l as t l i ne of the l eft hand col u mn of the p age and w e hav e onl y to ass u me that a s i ngl e l i ne has b een l os t from Cod ex B in the fi rs t fi ve chapters W e p roceed to go in s ea rch of th is l os t l i ne The G os p el of J oh n in B has comp arativ el y few v a ri ou s read i ngs in the s h ape of i ns erti ons or omiss i ons The maj ority of the m cons is t of tra ns pos iti ons a nd changes of merel y W e p rocee d to tabu l ate thos e of them w h ich v e rb al i mp orta n ce affect ou r e nq u i ry fro m the p rin cipal ed i tors a nd M SS that the

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Rev iew i ng the v ariants of the tex t of B thus far w e find fou r eases I f w e al l ow th at B is of p rob ab l e omiss i on a nd tw o of i ns erti o n the res u l t is a bal ance of a line c a ri ght in o mi tti ng raw d to be ad d ed w h i ch s u its ou r cas e ex actl y 1 1 W e mu st now ex a mi ne the remai nd er of the Gos p el in the ,

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TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P E S

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j us t w h at w e s hou l d e x p ect if th e M S S w ere origi nal l y of the V pattern ; a nd w e may l a y d ow n the fol l ow i ng general pri n w ri tten on a certa i n a tt e rn w i ll cipl e : A m a nu s cr ipt m jgi na l t y p o e r r tt r n i t a ma ori t r o o t i r e a e o n w h i i c h l s h o w s s e r a e n y f f j p ty g Th e ad v a ntage of th i s pro p os i ti on is that it w i ll h el p us w ri tten to d etermi ne the ori gi na l cha racter of a M S w heth er the M S occu p y W e are now in th e an ex act nu mb e r of p ages o f its p atte rn or not p os i ti o n to p rint the G os pel of J oh n approx i matel y from the origi ,

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p ters : the s i mil arity o f the 3oth v ers e of the 2 o th ch a pter to th e l as t v ers e of the 2 rs t cha p te r is u nm is tak A nd he re co mes in ab l e The G os pe l h as app a re ntl y tw o end i ngs the rema rka bl e fa ct th at T ertu l l i a n cal l s the 3oth v ers e of the 2oth ch a pte r th e cl os e of the G os pe l al th ou g h h e q u o tes fro m th e z rs t I ps a q u oq u e cl a u s u l a Ev a ngelii ch a pte r in a t l eas t tw o p l a ces : p ropte r q u id cons ignat h ae c s cri pta n is i u t cred a tis inq u it I es u m ” Th e p ro pe r pl a ce fo r the tw o cl os i ng Chris tu m fil iu m D ei ? v e rs es of th e 2 o th ch a p ter is mos t l ik e l y at th e e nd of th e 2 rs t end ngs of th e 20th a nd 2 I S t cha

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ma ny o th e rs ign s not re cord ed u r a t h e h j i s t s e e x o n I a d m n ss a ( y p

r r ess o n a t t h e e e r w t h e p

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i ntrod u cti o n o f the G os pe l to w h i ch it retu rns as a k eynote a nd w i th the 2 4 th v e rs e of th e 2 1 s t cha p te r w hi ch p rece d es it A nd th i rd l y the re is ro o m fo r a s i ngl e conj ectu ral eme nd a ti o n I n XXI 30 a fter e en t w h i ch a d d s v i v i d nes s to th e na rra ti v e a n r m m n o ra t a s t M e e c a l h i SS p i l i ibi raw pa o t o se h c h x w e h t a q y p y W es tern tex t ins e rt i f il I t is a l aw fu l s u ggesti on that the original rea d i ng w as s i mp l y mi m v nf r i} w h i ch w as al te red as s oo n as th e v e rs e h ad b e come s ev e re d fro m its p ro p er con necti on ,

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TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

p rev i ou s i nv es tigati on cons tru cted s how i ng th e rati o of th e V l i ne to th e S l i ne of

bas is

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hen the tex t has sa

any rate w e ca n s ee

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if

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for, s tri ctl y

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are

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p ea k

patterns

31

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the col u mn of ra ti o s no rmal v al u e of th e

l r e s h e V h t f 2 p t e o e o r 8 o t e t e t t t t S 6 , 3 y yp The fi rs t u s e of th is ta bl e is to s how , or ra th e r

w e all ow

or

s ugges t, o rec ted

i n tl ze

to ou r tabl e

book

i

i

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bu t at

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rat o of th e

ra t o ,

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ma rk mu s t

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n

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m

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w ri tten

II res u l ts

to be

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Change in th e s tyl e of a w ri ter w i l l als o affect

l i nes ,

books

efe rr ng

ing, if

i

ra t o

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i l l be S i mi l a rly

R

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for omiss i ons

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i i n i r i n a n d h v e s e t g g g g p s i gn for omis s i ons th e rati o is al tered by th e frac S imi l arl y if the Sinaiti c Cod ex omi ts p l ines th e rati o

the n u mb e r of e ra l

Bu t thi s S l i ne res pecti vel y if for ex a mpl e a nd i ns erti o ns

a nd

,

g

a l tered

nV, or

-

the origi nal , the rati o

d i mi nis hed in the

Vati can

n

V

th e

in th e

m

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n

mis s i ons

fo r, there

i rema i ns

i

or ns ert o ns

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.

e ffect u

W h en

a re co r

the rati o

prod u ced by the varia ti on in the hand of a s cribe i nd u ced by h is co py be i n g A nd th i s res i d u a l effec t s omew ha t d i ffe rent fro m h is normal s tyl e may p erh a ps h el p us to cl as s i fy th e s cribes of the d i fferent books W e hav e gro u ped the Pau l ine Epis tl es in chronol ogi ca l ord er a nd it is i nteres ti n w r t o o b a e E p i e n i a se e t h t o t l es t t t h r v t h s s t e g a res

p on

thes e

,

.

.

,

W

N E

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P E S

17

.

bei ng w ri tten in the sa me manner T hu s Gal ati ans and Romans are bo th w ri tten on the V page ; betw een them th ey occu p y 200 s hee ts of p a pe r E ph es ians Phil ipp ians Col oss i ans a nd Ph il e mon are all w ri tten A nd th e fou r on the S p age (u nl ess w e mu s t ex cept P h il ippians ) E pis tl es together occu py 200 s heets of paper The three pas toral E p is tl es s h ow traces of bei ng w ri tten in the same s tyl e bu t w e hav e not b een abl e to i d entify it The tw o Epis tl es of P eter ag ree in thi s tha t th ey are both w ri tten o n the S p age me time s how

sa

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ma i n grou ps cha racterized as th e S y p e a nd has a n i mp ortant b earing u p on th e s ti chometry of the N ew Tes tament Profess or Gil d ersl eev e has draw n my a ttenti on to the a nal ys is by w h i ch M Ch G raux s how ed in the Rev u e d e P hi l ol og ie for -t

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-

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.

.

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in s acred a nd

profa ne w ri ters rep re s e nted not a v ers e nor a cl au s e nor se nte nce bu t a fix ed q u a n ti ty of w ri ti ng Ev i d ence is offere d in th is a rti cl e tha t cop y is ts w ere p a i d at a fi x e d l egal rate per 1 00 l ines S u ch a l aw w ou l d hav e been va i n a nd i ll u s ory if earl y a nd cons tant trad ition had not esta bl is hed w ha t w as to be u nd ers tood by the l ength of the l i ne M Grau x e s ti mates as nea rl y as poss ibl e the n u mb e r of l etters conta i ned in a i n w ork of s o me sacred o r p rofane a u thor and d i v i d es th is e v g n u mber by th e nu mber of o r x ot w h i ch the manu s crip t of the w ork The res u l ts at w h ich he arriv es are v ery d e cl ares it to contai n re marka bl e be i ng al mos t al l of them i ncl u d ed betw een 35 and 3 8 From 5 0 cons ecu ti v e l i nes in the I l iad op ened l e tters to the o rrx os a t ra nd o m he d ed u ces tha t the ave rage H omeri c l i ne contai ns A

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of

th e Cod ex

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i

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case of

concl u s on

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tha t tw o l ines

mea nt

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18

N E

the

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W

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S '

Eu ripi d es ,

of

.

have

l etters ; bu t w e have al read y fou nd for th e Cod ex S inaiticu s th e nu mb er o f l etters to be nea rl y 1 4 , w h i ch is not far from the hal f of th e i ambi c l i ne w e

.

T hes e mu st the refore be tw o of the principal types of w riting e mpl oyed both be fore and after the time of the co mp os i tion of the books of the N ew Tes ta ment : and these a re the tw o pri ncipal The origin of w hat w e ty pes empl oy ed in the N ew T es tament hav e call ed the S page and V pa ge res p ectivel y is the refore to be fou nd in the i ambi c and hex ameter lines Thes e res u l ts ad mi t of a very s impl e tes t I n the Epis tl e of J ames I 1 7 w e hav e an al mos t perfect hex amete r: .

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P H M A TEA EI O N A N Q G EN

me

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sa

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the

iambic

w

Pau l

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in I Cor

u o t e s q

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XV

r a e f n d r m e n o M 34

0 ei ovo w ¢ p

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ex actl y

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I t w i l l be

i

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biu h

Sinaiti c Cod ex

that ou r l ines , as

a

iambic

hex amete r and

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at

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n e r a l f e r u e l l a l a , g

The

l ittl e s hort

reas on for th s

i l ies in the fact that a s crib e paid at s o mu ch a hu nd red l ines w hen co pyi ng s ome oth er w ork tha n H omer s el ected a s ho rt l i ne o f H o mer for h is p attern By thi s means the conv enti onal a rtx os is a l ittl e smaller Thes e o r x m mu st not be confou nded w i th the d iv is ions o f the tex t mad e by Eu thalius an Al e x and ria n d eacon in th e fi fth centu ry w h i ch d oes not proce ed by l etters bu t a pparentl y by w o rd s and of

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av era ge

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ta ke th e as sertion

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of

w e s h ou l d

fi nd for the v al u e o f the a rix os the inad miss ibl e q u anti ty 2 8 or 29 H e therefore p ro ceed s to e x p lai n aw ay the s tatement of l etters J os ephu s , as b ei ng a rou gh ex pans i on of the ass erti on tha t each of .

th e tw

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i e l e o r b v m r r o m m r e n r u é p p d q p inrepfiar em cpepet r pm Gel s 86607 00 ” ar oby a

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betw een tw o giv enpassages of the G os p el of J oh n V I I I 5 9 and X 30 Eu s tathiu s reckons a bou t 1 35 N ow if w e cou nt th ese i nterveni ng l i nes in Cod ex B nx c w e hav e 3 2 6 l i nes w h i ch is mo re than tw i ce 1 3 5 a nd in the Si naitic Cod ex the pass age occu pi es 4 1 4 l ines I f how ev er w e cou nt the actu al l etters in the pas s ag e w e fi nd fro m the Si na i ti c Cod e x 5 3 75 l etters w h i ch w hen d iv id e d by 1 35 gi v es u s l etters to the m ix s a res u l t s omew hat too l arge bu t s ti ll confi rmatory o f M I t w i l l be noti ced that Eu s ta thiu s is a pprox i G rau x s concl us i on mate Probabl y he mis took 1 3 5 for 1 4 5 The nu mber of i nter Atom (va

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ex

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F ro m this l as t res u l t it N ew Te stament in fl ix m

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bs eq u en t tabl e and are co mpared w i th es timates d eri v ed fro m v ari o u s cod i ces T h e sa e u m s pp o i i n o f a n r a l i a bi p l a i n s t o o m m c x e m i e s h t s 4 x s ta tement of Di o nys i u s of H al i ca rnas s u s (on the s u peri o ri ty of the el ocu ti o n o f D e mos the nes ) that D emos th enes w orks contai n or M G rau x d is mis s es this s tate ment w i th o rix m th e w ord s on v oi t q u e D en ys ne tena i t pas a l ex a ctitu d e a bs ol u e ’ d es ch i ffres Bu t e v en if w e ad mi t the es ti mate to be a rough o ne w e hav e a righ t to as s u me tha t th e accu rate nu mb er of m ix s ho u l d fal l betw een the as s i g ned l i mi ts That it d oes not s o fal l is p oi nted ou t by W Chri s t in h is A tticu s au sgabe d es D emos thenes in w hi ch h e cal cu l ates from th e s ticho metri c i nd i cati ons of ce rta in manu scrip ts of D emosthenes that the w hol e nu mber of mi x “ is The concl u s i o n d raw n by the w ri ter (as not mu ch ab ove v ue Cri ti ue for N ov 2 7 1 88 2 ) is th at v n n i W i R e b e l i e e M t h y g q the ex empl ar on w hich the reckoning is bas ed is o ne of s horter l i nes than is u s u al Bu t the q u es ti on i mmed iatel y aris es w hether th i s eas e is not e x p l i cab l e by the hyp othes i s of the ia mbi c l i ne : i ncre as i ng th e The

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W

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

21

.

p rop ortion of 7 to 9 w h i ch w e hav e s een to b e the ra tio of the normal tragi c v ers e to the h ero ic w e ha ve O T X t w hi ch fal l s nea rl y hal f w a y betw ee n th e l imi ts s u gges ted by Di onys i u s of H al i carnas s us W e may s tu d y thes e s ticho metri c i ndica ti o ns in the i mp ortant M u nich M S of D emos h n w n a v r i r e as B t enes k o a cu s w he e th t are ma rk ed b h n ou u x y d red s on the margi n by the l etters A B e tc They are g i ven by R eis k e in h is e d i ti on of D emos th enes a nd w e hav e o nl y to tak e the av era ge o n x s from the s p ace i nte rv eni ng betw ee n tw o s u cces '

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perfect (w hi ch is not the cas e by any means ) for fi rst w e ca nnot tel l to w hat p art of R eis ke s l i ne the i nd i cation appl i es nei ther ca n w e be s u re that R eis ke k new to w hat p art o f the l i ne Th us the re is a chance of error fou r of the M S they appl i ed ti mes re peated tw i ce fo r the begi nni ng of the s ti cho metri c i nterval and tw i ce for its cl os e A s an e x ampl e l et u s ta ke the orati on aga i ns t Timocrates R eis ke i f h f l r n c e s t s a e a n d n f i r e i v h e o l o i n e e o p s i r w h es t l es o t h e s t c o g g g metri c marks : 703 1 7 A ; 705 1 7 B ; 7 1 1 pen I ; 7 1 5 1 0 A ; 72 2 i

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firs t fou rth tenth a nd el ev e nth are s ti chome tri c i n te rval ei the r b eca u s e R e is ke s tex t is not the tex t to w hi ch the marks can prop erl y a pp l y From the re ma i ni ng or be caus e the ma rks a re w rongl y p l a ce d res u l ts w e get the v al ue of the i nterv al th e s econd b e i ng cl earl y th e d ou bl e of s u ch a n i nterval and th e mea n of the res u l ts is l ett ers the s ticho R eis ke l i nes Bu t the av e rage R eis ke l i ne is l etters fro m w h i ch it at once me tri c i nterv al is therefore a pp ea rs th at the ma rks are mea nt to re p res ent the s u cces s i v e h u n d red s of hex ameter l i nes each l i ne b ei ng 3 7 l etters Th is es tabl is hes the na ture of the s ti ch ometry of Bav aricu s O f thes e fi fteen res u l ts , the cl ea rl y not a mu l tip l e of th e

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TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S '

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to the pay of the s cribe by the

as

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proceed to ex ami ne the ed ict more ex e mp l ars more or l es s co mpl ete in the Corp u s I ns criptionu m L ati naru m Vol I I I S 800 the mos t important b ei ng an inscripti on from S tratonice The fol l ow ing are the l ines that affect o u r enq u iry : .

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n l r r n o n ua e d e p e d a i p e e a m a t M embranario in [ [ ] ] g q S criptori in s criptu ra optima v ers us n centu m S e[q u ent]is s criptu rae vers u um n centu m u m] in Tabell anioni in s criptu ra l ibell i bel tabul ar[ v ers ibus n centu m

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pri ces are w anting in the ins cription from S tratonice are s u ppl ied from a P hryg i an i ns crip ti on marked H in

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ex stence of

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pectivel y opti ma and s eq u ens Thes e are l arge and s mal l s ize ; a s tu d y of the w hol e as w e s h ou l d s ay i ns cripti on gi v es many i ns tances of this Take for ex ampl e the p rice of a p pl es in th e ed ict res

.

,

,

.

M al a O ptima M attiana s i v e S al igniani

°

n

S eq u entia

°

n

M al a mi nora

Th i s

n

blis hes

es ta

rel ating to

°

the

styl es of w rit ng are

in the

i

rat o of

i

nearl y

the

6 3

prev i ous a re 1

2 8 or

tberef ore

M G .

and

heroi c

ra tio

ra u x

es i v g

i

i

to

r a u u tt o q

t z c s i m p

seq u ens as

f

f

w rses .

i

N

i

a pparentl y

Th ey

p

.

s h ow n , v ery

to the ed ict

from W ad d i ngton,

i

w r te as .

centu

foll ow

s :

m

XL XXV

etc.

u n te rs ch e

the

ow

’

i ma v ersu u m N o

me tha t

of the tw o

the D iocleti a n

w riti ng o

s cri ptu ra opt

ass u

pri ces

pprox i mation

es o

,

.

a nd

o

s c ri ptu r ae

d a s M onu me n t

t ty

u ad raginta

a v ery cl os e a

typ

o

i rt (Bu chw ese n

Tabel l an ion i ,

ms

.

to 20 or

th e pr ces d fferen tl y, q u ot ng

S e qu enti s a l so s ee

i

tw o sta nda rd

ou r

r u ua o t t q

t obs erv e that th e

ra t o of 2 5

h i ch is

Tbe tw

.

S criptori i n

i

w

ex

v igi nti

.

to the iambi c is , as w e hav e

v erse

9 : 7,

i s fol l ow ed by B

B rt

N

a u o r u tt q

q

the use of the w ord s

res vena l es .

d ecem

s eq u ens

id et

h

refe rs to

ier w ie

l r a t h e r u a i t y q

uberal l

tha n

q

So rten

nu r zw e i

ua n

und

ichn et d i e s ch l e ch tere a l s seguen D r B l oomfi e l d f rn i s h es me w i th th e fol l ow i ng note I n I nd i a M S S a re n ow copie d a nd pa i d fo r by w a s or gm ntba s The cl oke i s an i amb i c me ter cons i s ti ng of fou r times e i h t s l l ab l es an d an M S w h eth e r y g y

b eze

s.

u

.

,

.

,

,

N E

24

W

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

.

money is more difficul t ; p erhaps w e s hal l not be far w ro ng in taki ng the es tima te of M W a d d ingt on that the d enari u s 06 2 .

,

.

Bi rt (A ntik es B u chw es en p 209) s ets th e d enari u s d ow n a t 0 24 marks of mod ern money T his w ou l d make the scribe s pa y fo r n a u f f i e t m m r l a l l 1 00 l i nes of h e x a mete r s ize k c i s 6 s o t b e a 9 y corre ct es ti mate of s cri v ener s pay ; for th e s h orter pa tte rn 6 mark pe r hu nd red ; w hil e the cos t of p rod ucti on of a compl ete Si naitic Cod ex s tand s at 7 20 marks or thereabou ts I t is not a l ittl e cu riou s that the es ti mate w hi ch w e hav e mad e of th e c os t of prod u ction of the b ooks o rd ered by Cons ta ntine s houl d a pp roa ch s o nearl y to the p ri ce s et by Tis ch end orf on the S p l e nd i d ed i ti on of S ina iticu s prod u ced by ord er of the Emp ero r Al ex a nd er I I o f Ru s s ia f u c d u r e d t s c T i n i n o o i t o i s T h e r r a n o e e s o a r s h e e e m l n t 7 y t a b el l a n io for tabel l i o) or w ri te r o f the b i f m r s e r o u s o o r v h e cu e t ( A ccord s mal l b oo k (l ibel l u s ) or of tabl e ts is paid a t a l ow e r rate ing to the ed i ct he is pa id onl y 1 0 d e narii per 1 00 v ers es We cannot be far w ro ng i n ass u mi ng his l i nes to be hal f as s h ort as the pre v iou s typ e ; in o ther w ord s his l i nes are s ens ibl y th e sa me as N ow it is the Sina i ti c l i ne tw o o f w h i ch g o to the i ambic orix s not u nw orthy of note that w e fi nd not a few manus crip ts of the N ew Tes tame nt w ritten on a mo d el v ery l ittl e d i fferent from the Si nai ti c Cod ex T hey a re a l ittl e s horter averagi ng 1 1 l ette rs to the l ine a nd i nd i ca te a n original w ri tten on v ery na rrow s trips of pap er To thi s ty p e b el ong the MSS k now n as I N I (w h i ch a re p erhaps fragments of the same original ) ; they a re w ri tten in d ou bl e col u mns 1 6 l i nes to the page and el ev en l ette rs to the l i ne Cod ex W is p erha ps a l ittl e l onger 1 2 l etters to the l ine a nd in d ou b l e col u mns of 2 3 l i nes to the col u mn 8 The tab l e w h i ch contai ns o u r cal cu la ti on o f the ar ix t for the s ep ara te b ooks is d es erv i ng of a carefu l s tu d y The fi rs t col u mn is taken from S cri v ener p 6 3 of I ntrod u cti o n to N T Criti cis m H e s tates that for the G os p el s his figu res are tak en from Cod d G S a nd 2 7 Cu rs ives named by S ch ol z I t w il l be obs erv ed that as a general rul e the res u l ts of the s eco nd col u mn ex ceed those of th e th i rd Bu t in the cas e of th e A cts Probabl y the ex pl anation is that th e o rd e r is nearl y rev ers ed the A cts is w ri tt en more cl os el y in Cod ex B tha n any o th er book a nd s o w e have a s mal l er nu mber of l i nes from w h i ch to cal cu l a te o u r o rix m The fi rs t col u mn is at the b eginni ng mu ch .

,

.

’

.

,

.

,

,

’

,

.

.

'

.

.

.

.

,

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,

o

,

.

,

.

,

‘

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

,

,

.

,

'

a

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

'

.

N E

in

ex ces s

of

W

the

i nterpol ati ons in omis s i o ns in the

TE S TA M EN T A U TO G R A P H S

s eco nd

a nd

th i rd ,

probab l y

25

.

cons eq u en ce of

in

the

G os p el s fol l ow ed by Cod i ces G S etc or a n r r a l u F e c i s o t h u i p l t cc e n i s s e e d E t es h t e g g s eco nd a nd third col u mns gi v e as a ru l e res u l ts sl i ghtl y in ex cess of th e firs t e x ce p t for the H eb rew s w he re th e Si na i tic Cod ex has s ome omi ss i ons to a cco u nt for a nd in J a mes a nd I J o hn .

,

,

W e may actu al l y

.

tes t the res u l ts

P h i l e m on re ck on i ng then

in the

cas e of s u ch s h ort co

the tw o s horter E pis tl es of

and

n s as o o s t p actu al

,

.

,

ii

.

,

.

By

a nd

I I I E pis tl es of J ohn as g i v en ’ in W es tco tt and H ort s ed i ti on, w e fi nd 30 and 3 1 W ix m res pec The abb rev i ated forms are tak en for Zqo oa, x pt o roii, bu t tiv el y on

th e I I

J oh n

m

'

.

bbrev i ati o ns w i l l not affect the res ul t arriv ed a t F or P hil e mon the s a me tex t g i v es 4 2 w ix r; bu t if w e d o not abb rev i ate u s t a dd ne arl y s i x ty l etters ; th e l as t o r x s nu mbered 1 5 w e m l etters and w e hav e therefore to ad d a b ou t 39 l etters o r j u s t ov er a v ers e w h i ch b ri ngs the res ul t v ery cl os e to th e cal cu l ati o n from th e Si na i ti c or the es ti mate of M G rau x The res ul t arri ved at by M G rau x and confirmed by ou r ow n res earch es is in th e fi rs t i ns tance d ed u ced fro m th e fact that the av erage val u e of th e o n x s as ca l cu l ate d fl u ctu ates b etw ee n v ery n arrow l i mi ts A nd I can i magi ne s o me o ne obj ecti ng that s u ch a res u l t w ou l d be a thi ng that a ny o n e mi ght a nti cipa te and tha t w e mi g ht j us t as w el l cal cu l ate th e a v e rag e l ength of a v ers e inthe Engl i s h Bibl e and then d raw the i nfere nce that th es e v ers es w ere cons tru cted a ccord i ng to a pa ttern w h i ch can hard l y be bel i ev ed To repl y to th is obj ecti on perhap s the s i mpl es t in any s tri ct s ens e cou nter argu men t w ou ld b e to obs erv e tha t if there w ere real l y an av e rage nu mbe r of l etters to the v e rs e fl u ctu a ti ng betw ee n l i mi ts as narrow in p rop orti on as in th e ca s e of the nu mb er of l ett e rs to there ou ght to be a n a pp rox i matel y u ni form ra tio th e a rix os b etw ee n the nu mb er of o rix c and the nu mber of v ers es in the s ep s e th o

a

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o

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o

a ra te

w

b oo ks ;

ho l e

3 f i

3

for if i

is

P

nu m e r of l etters

b

is

a l so a

a

in

pprox i matel y

a

pprox i matel y

book

,

and

cons ta nt, w

p

cons tant, w

here m is the

the nu mb er of m ix er,

here q is the

a nd

nu m er of

b

r m atel y a cons ta nt rati o o x pp i W e ca n a t p o nce tes t th i s p oi nt by taki ng the nu mbe r of a rt x m and v erses a s i T h r u o i p v ener I ntrod u cti on to N l f e n by S cr 6 e e s t v T 3 g th e enq u i ry is as fol l ow s v ers es ,

then

i s q

a

.

'

'

,

.

.

,

.

.

26

N E

W

TE S TA M EN T A U TO G R A P H S

.

o rix 01.

Matthe w Mark

2 5 60

1 07 1

1616

6 78

L

ke

2 740

1 15 1

J oh n A cts J a mes I Peter I I Peter I J oh n I I J oh n I I I J ohn J ude R omans

20 24

8 80

2 5 24

1 007

24 2

1 08

2 36

1 05

1 54

61

2 74

1 05

6 3

13

2 3

15

68

25

2 0 9

43 3

8 70

1

.

1

.

u

I Cor

I I Cor

0 59

4 37 25 6

G al at E p hes ians Phil ipp

293

1 49

1 2 3

155

20 8

1 04

.

.

.

.

Col oss I T hess I I Thess I Tim I I Tim

2 08

.

.

.

.

.

Titu s P h il emon H ebrew s Revel ati on

1 93

95 89

1 06

47

2 30

1 13

1 72

83

8 9

46

8 3

25

0 7 3

0 3 3

1 800

0 4 5

24

990

6 6 9

2 1 89 .

2 1 68 .

1

2 0 5

T hat is (l eav ing out the cas e of Revel ation w here the nu mber o f or ix s is o b v i ou s l y a p ocry p hal ) the ra ti o v ari es b etw een an d w h ich is more d i v ergent th an 3 to 5 I n th e l onger compo I t is sitions the ra tio tend s to u ni formity as w e s hou l d ex pect cl ea r th e n tha t the a verage of M G rau x s res u l ts is s o methi ng mo re tha n a mere nu meri cal a v erage a nd i mp l ies th e ex is te nce of an u nd erl y i ng typ e i m o u f I r h a d h r n h r e n r t s i p o t w s h l p e b ea i o e p v i u s t a t t e as t o t 9 g g res ea rches u p on the a nti qu i ty of the te x ts conta i ned in th e tw o reat U nc i al s cri ve ner in his col l ati o n of the Cod ex S ina iticus S g d ra w s attenti o n to the re marka bl e res embl ance of the w ri ti ng to tha t o f the H ercu l a nea n pap yri none of w h i ch as h e i nge ni ou s l y re marks ca n be d ated b el ow A D 79 H e d raw s a s i mil ar com ,

o

,

.

.

,

’

,

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,

,

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.

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,

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,

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.

28

N E

W

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

.

ith the name of M arci on W e find this cha rge mad e ev en by s o nob l e a s pi rit as O ri ge n w i th regard to th e co ncl u d ing vers es o f th e E pi s tl e to the R o ma ns W e now annex the tabl e w hich giv es the comp aris o n betw ee n the nu mbe r of arix as q u oted from earl y cod i ces and the nu mber as cal cu l a ted from the l ines enu merat ed in tab l es I and I I fo r th e s eve ral b ook s of the N ew Tes ta ment o n th e b as i s o f a nu mb er of l i nes in S t J o hn s G os pel actu al l y meas u red i nto a rix at Si nce w e fi nd ou r res u l ts freq uentl y in co i nci d ence or n ear it a nd s el d o m d i fferi ng fro m one a nother mo re than 5 per cent the res ul t is co n firmatory of th e p revi ou s s tateme nts mad e as to the fi x ed l e ngth of When all ow ance has b een mad e for the o miss ions a nd th e a u x s i ns erti ons in the M SS w e may p erhaps find it u sefu l to recal cu l ate the fi gu res gi v e n TA B L E I V th e ord i nary

Chu rch M SS

w

.

.

at

,

,

’

.

.

,

.

'

a

.

,

.

G al a ti ans E phes i a ns P hi l i ppians Col os s i ans I T hes s I I T hes s .

.

I Tim I I Tim .

.

Ti tu s P hi l e mon H ebrew s J a mes I Pe ter I I P eter I Joh n I I Joh n I I I Joh n i de

R

ev el ation

,

W

N E

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

29

.

W hen w e p roceed to ex amine in d eta i l the v ari ous read ings and errors of the p ri ncipal manu s crip ts in the Cathol ic Epis tl es w e come to th e concl u s ion that there is noth i ng to affect ou r res u l ts in the tw o s mal l er Epis tl es of J ohn no r in th e E pi s tl e of J ames With regard to the fi rs t Epis tl e of J ohn the onl y pas C

1

.

.

,

,

.

sag e

w

,

here

the

regard

ca n

w e

tex t of

B

u ncertai n

as

is in

I V 3 , w he re the w ord s x pw rov 3! m pg } A q eéra a re omitt ed , the l engt h of the o mi ss i on b ei ng a V-l i ne , and the pas sage be ing '

Si nai ti c Cod ex ; and at I V 2 1 there is a l i ne omi tted by B T hen w e come to the q u es ti on of the cel e brated pass age I J ohn V 7 or the Three H eav enl y Wi tnesses th e tex t of th i s w ou ld occu py a bou t fiv e V l i nes O u r meth od of i nv es tigatio n agrees w i th ev ery otherappl ied cri ti c al tes t in rej ecti ng Th e a b normal ex cess of th e nu mber o f m ix r noted in the w ord s s ome earl y cod i ces of S t J ohn ov er the nu mb er as cal cu l a ted by ou rs el v es l ead s to the s u s pi ci on th at th ere may hav e bee n G ree k cod i ces now l os t in w h i ch the w ord s occu rre d The d efend ers re ta ned

i

by the .

,

-

.

e

.

.

°

.

,

,

of the

.

,

ag e , as s p

if th ere

firs t Epis tl e of J ohn v c r e n r e n b v i S i e y g

th e as

a nd co

ca n actu al l y cou nt

mpare thei r res u l ts

The d is p u ted

.

m ix “

l eft,

a re a ny

pass age

w

is

i th

the m ix e r in the nu mbe r

a

matter

of

3

.

J ud e is an i nteresti ng s tu d y from ou r poi nt of v i ew There are no v arious rea d i ngs that are l ikel y to affect the arra nge me nt of the E pi s tl e ; in the 1 sth ve rse the tex t o f the Si na i ti c is perpl e x i ng a nd in the 2 5 th v ers e b oth the ol d es t cod i ces agree in th e add i ti on of tw o V l i nes to th e ord i nary te x t Bu t the s i gnifi ca nt fea tu re o f the ex a minati on of the tex t is the d i s cov ery that the s cribe of the Si na iti c Cod ex has in v 1 2 mi s ta k en th e 06 m: 2

The Epi s tl e

.

of

.

,

-

.

.

d o ur of the

v e rs e

r from that

for the

sa ne w ord s

in v

.

I

6,

a nd

has

cons eq u entl y

v ers e b efore d etecti ng h is error interp ol ated fou r l ines an d retu rn i ng to th e p ro p er pas s ag e H is eye has appa rentg y w and e red fro m the top of a col u mn nearl y to the b o tto m in s earch of the w o rd s w hi ch he ha d e i ther recentl y trans cribe d or w as pro pos i ng to tra ns cri be W e need scarcel y say that s u ch a s u ppos iti on is ex tremel y u nl ikel y W hen how ever w e res tore th e p ages to the S form as they may be eas il y ex hibi ted w e s ee that the s cribe s eye has real l y o nl y w and ered from the fi rs t l i ne of the col u mn he w as tra ns cribi ng to the fi rs t l i ne of a col u mn not v ery re mote from it and co mme nci ng w ith th e v ery sa me w ord s A nd this is s o thorou ghl y l ik el y tha t it mu s t be rega rd ed as no s l ight confi rmation of our theory of the s ubdi v i s i on of the col u mns .

,

,

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’

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,

.

N E

30

I t is

be

not to

W TE S TAM E NT

A U TO G R A P H S

necess aril y nferred th at the

i

.

Epis tl e

w as originall y

S page ; w e hav e al read y s een reas on to ass u me the ty p e (u nl ess , i nd eed , the d ox ol ogy s hou l d be s h ow n no t to be g enu ine) ; bu t the p oint that w e p ress is th e fa ct o f the red u c tion of s mal l er p ages i nto th e form giv en in the Sinai tic Cod ex From th e sa me e nqu i ry another res ul t fol l ow s : the ratio of th e V h l ines for th is E pis tl e w as a bnormal l y h igh , bu t S l i nes to t e

i O ppo s ite

w r tte n o n

the

-

.

hen

u c e e d t o s r o p

the fou r l ines

ins erted by th e Si nai ti c, and recal cu l ate the rati o , w e fi nd I 2 6 8 ins tea d of h x a m t x t of th e fi rs t Ep is tl e of P eter, o n e t e W e p o c ee d t e i e r 3 w

w e

b tract

.

.

w

h ich

we

w

hi ch

we

a es p g

d o more in d eta il in res tore th e tex

t,

o rd er

p ri or

to

i ll u strate

the

divid ing it

to

methods by th e s mal l er

.

I

Peter

.

Buz m ev pa ro r '

‘

o

t

e c f ’

'

or al i w a émrrds

e x oa pow '

) 7 36 m ) ! dr oadi a ov mv hdyov fiy é r (in m nmrocéi v k art

x a

l v ip t w s

mm fiha w q march 83 15s Baffi

d p31!

x ar ‘

ol t r e p

’

a tr r

‘

44

V

2.

V 5 V 10

m a x orroiivres

e

I3

'

inrora a a ép evot

I

dep end a nt

10

'

.

In

’

.

ad d

iti on B omi ts

the w

3

hol e

of

V

3

,

conta ning

i

8 5 l etters ,

‘

z e .

.

be tw ee n 3 and 4 Vatican l i nes w h ich w il l certainl y mak e the tex t e ight V ati can col u mns and 3 6 l i nes bu t it d oes not fil l the p age I n the Si na itic w e hav e bes i d es the vari ants noted a nd s ome s w e h av e 1 4 s hort col u mns s o tha t in S page s mal l e r ones s ix col u mns a nd one or tw o l i nes w h i ch s ee ms to ind icate 5 6 S pages Th e l etters miss ed or ins erted l ook l ike compl ete Sinai tic l i nes w h i ch a ga i n confi rms ou r O pi ni on th at the ori gi nal form of the d ocu ment is the S page W h en w e ad d the miss ing l i nes to the tex ts and cal cu l ate afresh h f V l i ne to the S l ine w e have the rati o o t e ,

,

,

.

,

,

-

,

,

-

,

.

,

-

.

-

,

W

N E

2 3

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

.

M oreov e r the passage in d is pu te occu rs w ith in a l ine O f th e bottom o f one of th e Sina iti c col u mns and in a l l proba bil i ty z pfim

e

.

,

,

w

pas sage is rectified l ow es t l i ne of an S page

he n the

the

-

,

the

,

w o rd s are eith er

The

.

,

or

eye , the refore , w a nd ers

’

ib e s

s cr

h ighest

th e

Th is ex l ateral l y tw o col u mns and h ence the w ord espeovjo crm pl ai ns the o rigi n O f the v ari ant W e infer al s o from the d is crep e a cas e in w hi ch the o r a ncy of l ater co pi es that w e h av e her i gi nal read i ng is e ntirel y l os t and th e tex t has been res tored by a co n ,

.

.

j

ectu ral e

mend ati on ,

p

than a ny oth er, w

ex actl y

h ich is

oth erw s e , s o

i

i

f r o , ; co nse rv ed th e

i

M SS is

a

O

i

The

.

-

accord a nce w th ou r

me manu script

or g nal read ng

i i

in

MS

f the S ty pe , it au togra p h of the E p is tl e

nea rer to th e

is

that ty e

e nq u ry

in

the erro r to ok pl a ce

Fu rthe r s i nce foll ow s that

.

w ou l d ,

i

r e v o us p

d ou btl es s ha v e ,

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Sinaiti c it is proba bl y I 6 is al s o an ex act l i ne and has been d ropped by a a n a dd ition I 1 4 is general l y ad mi tted to be an i nterp ol ati on few cod i ces I I 2 is v ery A t I 2 3 a nd at I 25 a l i ne has b een ad ded by x I I I 6 the passa ge is t e I I 1 1 is p roba bl y an ad d i ti o n d o u btfu l i i r o v l l n B p r h a p D t s e ik e u i W e e d n l a n d e e n e c t b s e y y y y g j i nfer that of three pl aces w here the Si na iti c contrad i cts th e Vatica n it is incorrect in tw o of them The Epis tl e is now one or tw o l i nes s hort of 49 pages of the S typ e The errors are a bou t ev enl y d i v i d ed b etw een the tw o ty p es The res ul t is confi rmed by oh s erv i ng that in I 1 2 Cod B has b ee n gu il ty of co nflati on of th e tw o rea d i ngs im vé o uw c and m k cra vfl so as to mak e x l t a m r l ix a vamavfl ; it s eems hard l y l ikel y th en that B conta i ns the o rigina l ty pe o f the tex t of Col oss ians 13 Ph il emon is as al rea d y s how n 1 0 S -pages ex actl y 1 4 N ow l et us ex ami ne the a rra nge ment o f the G os pel of L u ke O u r e nu merati on of col u mns and l i nes gives u s for t he G o s pe l 40 1 V pages or 5 9 8 S pages Bu t ne i th er of th es e res ul ts ca n b e a cce p ted on a ccou nt of the nu me ro u s a nd i mpo rtant v a ri a nts w h i ch I t is i nte res ti ng to noti ce that the tw o h ave to be cons i d ered This w oul d be ex actl y res u l ts a re v ery nearl y in the rati o of 2 3 the cas e if tw o cod i ces w ere w ri tte n one on a 1 2 l i ned page an d w ith 1 4 l etters to the l i ne and the other on a 1 4 l i ned p age a nd 14 : 14 x w i th 1 8 l etters to the l i ne for 1 2 x 2 N 18 ow 3 the tw o grea t M 5 5 v ery nearl y fu l fil th is cond iti on ; it d oes not u f s r u if o n h r e r e r i s s w h e n c o d u p e o e e ex t s gges ts 400 V pages the oth e r s u gges ts 600 S pages N ow tu rni ng to the G os p el of L u k e w e noti ce in the firs t pl ace that the p ass age co ntai ni ng the accou nt o f the A gony in th e G ard e n has b een e x cised from or is w anti ng in the chi ef e x empl ars Th e Va ti can Cod ex omi ts the Si na i ti c brack ets it I po i nted ou t in my recent l ectures that it w as conce i vabl e as E i ha nius s tates th a t pp O f thes e

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passage w as ex cis ed for d octri nal reasons and that there w ere probabl y other w ords m l M v w h i ch had nev er fou nd the i rw ay back i nto the tex t Cou nti ng the l etters of the d ou btfu l pas sage and ad d i ng if it be th ou gh t ne cess ary 1 0 l etters for m l Z ka vo e w e H ere w e hav e a have 1 5 5 l etters o r al mos t ex actl y a n S page s trong i nti mati on that th e G os p e l w as orig i nal l y w ri tten o n th e S page and that the a ccou nt of the Ag ony is an a u thentic p art of th e tex t eas i l y l os t or ex cis ed T u rni ng to the Si nai ti c Cod ex w e find that the pas s age occu pi es el ev e n l i nes ex actl y w i thou t the w ord s add ed by u s and is e v i d entl y I n the pl ate annex ed eas il y d etached fro m th e ma i n b od y of the te x t the pass age is co mpl eted a nd giv e n as a s pe ci men of the S page Ass u ming fo r the p rese nt tha t the S page is the origi nal form of L u k e b racketed w e e x a mi ne the n e x t i mporta nt p as sage by W es tcott and H o rt L u k e XX I I 1 9 20 fro m re fm p spay 61 66 r s S h i A t t s fi i vo v o 5 d o t t see m t h a e 6 3 s t T o i n r t p p 7 w g p th e omiss i on of th is pas s age by the W es tern tex t might be d u e to « bu t a cl os er e x a mi na ti o n s h ow s that it con Spoc r Xew o ta i ns 1 5 2 l etters or al most ex actl y an S page ; in the Si na i ti c Cod ex it occu pi es 1 2 l i nes a nd 7 l etters bu t o ne of the l i nes is a v e r s ho rt one a nd h as onl r h r l e I l o a e t t e s t o k a i n a t e s s if a n y y g S page had been ei ther o mi tted or i ns erted if both the pas s ages w h ich w e hav e d is cu s s ed w ere actu al p ages of the o ri i nal d ocu g ment the i nte rveni ng s p ace o u ght to be a n ex a ct nu mb er of S pages i e th e s pace betw ee n the w dpe v of the s econd p ass age a nd the

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pas s age be an i ntegra l part of the orig i nal d ocu ment ; and b earing in mi nd the s u s pici ou s resembl ance to a h a i r w v e m t r i n u s n e n i as sa p e e n I e l ea e e s u l w o h t t s t e av C e g p If w e see reas on to concl u d e ex amined the re ma i ni ng v aria nts that it is real l y a pa rt of the tex t w e s hall most p roba bl y find that there has be en s o me d i s pl aceme nt of the tex t in the ne ighbo rh ood B efore pas s i ng w e obs e rv e that the 34th v ers e of the XX I I I chap ter w hi ch W es tco tt and H ort b ra ck et is al s o ma rk ed w i th s u s pi cion in the Si na i ti c a nd occu pi es fo u r l i nes of th e te x t The d o u btfu l 1 2 th vers e of chap XX I V in the Si na i tic Cod ex begi ns a l i ne and occu pi es 8 l i nes al l bu t fou r l etters ; moreover the pas s age has d roppe d fou r l etters from the tex t en ro u te in th e hether th is

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d etail , mu ch in the sa me w ay as w e dis cuss ed th e Gos p el of J oh n ; the l is t of variants is v ery l ong, as the tex t is ma ny times more corru p t tha n that of J ohn a nd w e th e re fore co ntent ou rs el ves w i th g i v i ng a pp rox imate res u l ts d ed u ced from a l ong array o f d o u btful pas sa ges The first thing that s trik es u s in stu d y i ng the portentous l is t o f

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var ous readi ngs

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p ro babl y erroneo us w e ha v e on the w hol e u p to XX I I 2 5 forty s ix l ines to ad d the criticis m of the tex t be i ng comp a rati v el y eas y N ow th e d o u btful pas sage contain ed in XX I I begi ns on the tenth l ine from th e bottom of a col u mn bu t w hen the fo rty s ix l i nes are a d d ed it fal ls at once into th e proper place the l as t s ecti o n of a col u mn This w ou l d l ea v e th e G os pel if u ndis tu rbed to fi nis h on the 2 3d l ine of a col u mn ; b u t now the cri ti cis m be comes ex tremel y d iffi cul t erroneou s , o r

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Tex t p roba bl y correct P rob abl y tw o l i nes add ed T ex t prob abl y correct .

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b ei ng that 2 3 l i nes have been p robabl y ad d ed if w e pas sage XX I I I 34 as probabl y au thenti c T ha t is to ,

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Gos pel of L u k e to the sa me type and to an origi na l d o cu ment of a b o u t 600 u ni t s hee ts 1 6 W e s hall now d efer th e ex a mi na ti on of the rema i ning b oo ks reserv i ng the d is cus s i on of th em together w i th the i mp o rta nt q u es ti o n of th e cl os i ng v ers es of S t M ark and s ome oth er p o i nts o f interes t for anoth er occas ion ; and w e s hal l concl u de th is pres e nt a rti cl e by a bri ef e x a minati on of one or tw o earl y u ncial tex ts b y the l ight of th e res u l ts al read y obta i ned a nd b y i nd i ca ti ng a mo re f f a e a e au r m s o n v e i i h r p i n e r a l m f r m n t o h o n e t h o d o d e e n t t g y g g g col l ecti on of l e tters D 1 Cod ex Al ex and ri nus is w ritten in tol erabl y u niform l ines an d in d ou bl e col u mns The nu mb er of l i nes to the page is normal l y 5 0 bu t s ometi mes 5 1 and in one or tw o i ns ta nces w e note 49 I n oth er w ord s th e normal s ize of the page co pi ed has b een a ffe cted b y omis s i ons a nd ad d itio ns bu t pri ncip al l y the l atter Th e tabl e fo r reas on to refe r

the

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L i nes

M atthew b egins M ark

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XXV

6

L u ke J oh n or cou nti ng th e

A cts J ames I Peter I I Peter I J oh n I I Jo h n I I I J o hn J ude R oma ns

tw o l eav es l os t

N E

W

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

43

.

Col u mns

L i nes

I Cor

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I I Cor

.

G al atia ns E p hes i a ns P h il ippians Col oss ians I T hes sal oni ans I I Thessal oni ans H ebrew s I Tim

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I I Tim

.

Ti tu s P h il emon R ev el ation w

ill

J oh n and

J ohn no l onger agree in th e nu mbe r o f l i nes the col u mn o n w hi ch the s econd Epis tl e is w ri tten be ing w id er than tha t on w h i ch the thi rd E pi s tl e is w ri t en ; t th is l atter col u mn has b ee n narrow ed in ord er to make room for a mu ch w id er col u mn in the Epis tl e of J u d e w hi ch s ometi mes con ta i ns as many as 2 9 l etters to th e l i ne I n th is M S the books d o not begi n u ni forml y at th e top of the p age w h i ch s how s that th e ord erl y arrangement of th e original ma tter is d isa ppea ri ng T hu s I J ohn d oes not begin at the head s t 2 9 l i nes then 9 col u mns the n 4 7 l ines o f a page ; w e hav e fi r I I Cor b egins in th e a nd s o w e end near th e foot of a col u mn m id d l e of a page ; w e have 2 1 l i nes th en a col u mn of 49 l i nes onl y then 1 8 more col u mns cou nti ng th e three l os t l eaves and then 1 8 l i nes O ne th i ng h ow ev er is v ery remark abl e in the tabl e and th at is the w ay in w h i ch the concl u d ing l i nes grou p thems el ves aro u nd the nu mb ers w h ich a re mul tip l es of ten I t w il l be w orth w h il e ex ami ni ng this p o i nt T heoreti cal l y the terminal d igi ts of the l i nes 1 2 3 0 ou ght to be tol erabl y ev enl y d is tribu ted bu t w hen w e ex a mi ne w e find It

be

o s e rved

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that I I

III

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44

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TE S TA M EN T A U TO G R A P H S

preference

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for the

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nu m e rs 1 ,

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6 , 7 , 8 , 9 is

methods of arra ngi ng

the origi nal

.

The fact is that this d ocu ment w as p robabl y o rigi nal l y re d u ced from d o cu ments of w h i ch o ne page is e q u iv al ent to the fi fth p art of the A l ex a nd rian col u mn ; a nd th e matte r o f the ori gi nal d ocu ments w as s o a rra nged that the final page w as more tha n hal f fill ed .

T h is

ex

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l atter hal ves

p reference

the

of the

d ecad es

ment of the matter

for the

e nd ngs

i

w

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occu

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The q u es ti on ari s es , w as th i s arra nge arbi tra ry , or a re there a ny res i d u al tra ce s of .

pages ? A n ex ami na ti on of th is po i nt w il l I thi nk s how that th ere w as a ti me w hen th e fi fth of the col u mn of Cod e x A w as a V page b u t T his ma y be s e en to be the tra ces ha v e al mos t d isa pp eared rou ghl y the cas e by cal cu l ati ng the l e tters for 1 0 Al ex an d ri an l i n es w h i ch a mou nt to s ometh i ng ove r 2 30 not fa r from th e a v erage l e tters A nd th e s u s pi ci on is confi rmed by re ma rki ng that the of a V p age I I and I I I of J oh n w hi ch are a col u mn in A are 5 V p ages The arrange ment w o u l d be s u gges ted by the fact that th e nu mber of p ages in s o many of the d i fferent Epis tl es is a mu l tip l e of fi ve or near W e may d etect the res i d u al traces of the p ri mi ti ve form by it tak i ng s o me p orti on of an Epis tl e and ex amin i ng its tex ts s i d e b y s i d e L e t u s ta ke the b e au ti fu l l y u ni form w riting for the tw o cod i ces B as o ur meas u ri ng l i ne ; and b egi n w i th o ne of the o f Cod ex By h y p o th es i s 1 0 l i nes of A s hortes t E pis tl es s ay the I I J o hn A ctu al l y the fi rs t ten l i nes of A ha ve o u ght to be one V p age The s cri be l os t tw o l etters from the fi rs t fou rtee n l i nes o f B crow d s th e nex t l i ne w i th fi v e or s ix ex tra l ette rs a nd by the e nd By the 3oth of his 20 th l i ne is t wo l etters ah e ad of the p attern l i ne he is 6 or 7 l ette rs ah ead a nd b y the 4o th l i ne he is 1 2 l e tters ah ead th u s enabl i ng h im to fi n i s h th e e pis tl e in n i ne more l i nes The ro th l i ne of A N e x t l et u s try the firs t E pis tl e o f J oh n d oes not agree w i th the 1 4th of B in its e nd i ng but w e note a coi nci d ence in end i ng of the th e ori gi nal

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TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S '

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J ohn

J ud e R o mans I Cori nth ians I I Cori nth ians Gal atians Ep hes i ans Ph i l ippians Col os s i ans I T hess al oni ans I I T hes s al oni ans It

w

il l

be

s ee n

that th e ty p e has al mos t

dis a ppeared

ex ce

p t from

Cod ex A , th en, is a d ocu ment d egenera te in typ e , bu t b ea ri ng tra ces of a d is ta nt ge neal ogi cal rel ation to M SS o f the patte rn co ns erv ed by B I e a n o h e r n t a c u i l n a i w k i n e a d bi i t s s f t e s s e A e n a a l u C o x , 3 y g g th e s horter w ri ti ngs

.

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,

cod ex

col l ated

by

Scri v ener w e hav e a tol erabl y ev en G reek tex t conta i ni ng 2 7 o r 2 8 l i nes to the col u mn b u t the nu mb er of l etters to th e l i ne fl u ctu a tes betw een w id e r l i mi ts th an in prev i o us cas es ,

,

,

.

W e may

u t p

R omans I Cori nthi ans I I Cori nth i ans G al ati ans E phes i ans Ph il ippians Col oss ia ns I T hess al oni ans I I T hes sal onia ns I Ti mothy I I Ti mothy Titu s Phi l emon ere al l

H onl y

w e

.

of

the

a nc ent end n s g

i

i

th i ng noti cea bl e in the end ings

mu l tipl es E

trace

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now

of

L

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recu rre nce of

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p roceed

d etermining the

i i i m of the N ew Tes tament to d is cu ss and appl y the general method of forms of au tographs of any series of l etters for

a w

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cr t c s

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w ere

W

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

a s ingl e s ze of

i

l ett

47

.

p aper in u s e and a s ingl e nu mber of the l i nes w h i ch

er

,

intimate the bread th a nd ou ght normall y to be fo u nd u p on each s epa rate s heet, the foll ow ing phenomena w oul d pres ent themsel v es in the stu d y of any gi v en coll ect i on of l etters : Firs t, there w oul d be a v ery great searcity of l etters end ing at the firs t few l ines of a page ; and second l y , as w e mov e d ow n the l ength of the page w e s hould find a greater nu mb er of l etters end i ng at the s u ccess iv e pl a ces in the page L et u s cal l the nu mber of epis tl es w hich occu py a pprox i matel y any gi v en s p ace b l r e r h e ac e f e t h e s e u e e i n f h p i b i n m i o t s l e eas d t h t s t e ( y g paper or in any other w ay) the freq u ency for the s pace Then to

,

.

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pyi ng betw een n and n I 1 s tand ard a m u m es a ax m e w h r m i t h e f r e u n c w u l d s e e n r o h e o b e ea e t p g q y cl os e of the n beca u s e there is a tend ency other 1 th page th ings being eq ual to end one s ep istl es rather at th e b otto m of a page than near the to p F or conv eni ence w e s hall now change sl ightl y ou r method of s tatement ; w e res erve th e w ord l etter for p rinted o r w r i tten type an d u s e epis tl e for the d oc u ment ; this w ill sav e confus i on ; a nd w e w e sa y

that for l etters

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e rs el y , if the curve w ere traced for us w e ou gh t to be a bl e n o v C 3 to d etermi ne very cl os el y the normal s ize s of th e patterns of o rig ina l w ri ti n n A i es c e n d e l v s i p b o t i s t o t hi s r o l u r s m a e t h w e a d r ess d t , g w e hav e not a few coll ections of s u ch anci ent w ritings a nd h av e s trong ev i d ence that the w ri ters of those e pis tl es u sed fix ed mod el s by w h i ch to w ri te N ot to s pend time in gi v ing w ell -know n q uota .

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ev id ent u i e t q

.

Teubner line may be pu t at 5 0 l etters (w hich is l e 8 0 l t h a r r c n h e cas e w e h a v e P e a e t t s o e l i n e w hi h t v ery t , ) 3 y yp g is j u s t ov er 1 0 average hex ameters ; in al l probability , then, the maj ority of the Pl iny epis tl es , es peciall y the l onger ones , are w ritten W hether in the s mall er on a ao lined p age of half h ex anreters ep is tl es a s mal l er pattern is s ometimes u s ed d oes not at present a ppear ; bu t certainl y al most all the l ong ones are very nearl y of ‘ the p attern ind icated 6 W e are abl e to a ppl y our res ul t to one interesting ex am e I n Pl i ny I V 1 1 w e have an ep istl e of abou t 6 1 Teu bner lines , in w h ich the w riter concl u d es by d emand ing an eq ual l y l ong repl y , a nd threatens to cou nt not onl y the pages of the a ns w er, bu t the Ego non pagi nas tantu m s ed v ersu s etiam l ines and s yl l abl es From the fact that the epis tl e is not qu ite s yl l abas qu e nu merabo w e infer that he actual l y 6 1 Teu bner l i nes , and s ince 8 x The all usion, then, to cou nting finis hed the l as t sheet v ery cl osel y lines and s yll abl es d oes not refer, as one might hav e at firs t s u p u a b u u fi r a i u r fl ous e t t o i o b e p e p h e o a s se n o t s o t t t s d s e d s o , , g p p p that the

av erage

,

.

m

.

.

.

.

.

.

w

ith

an e

d o o g 1

F

ight paged epistl e in repl y u nl ess the pages contain l ines to the p age and each line of a p roper l ength -

t h an about w as n ot

.

,

or i ns tan ce,

3

i f the

out of

normal

th e

20

20

e e a r w e p g

l onges t

more than h al f fil l ed

.

epi stl es

l i nes , th ere

in

w

w ou l d n ot

hi ch the

b e more

concl u din g

pa ge

N E

W

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

53

.

Birt (D as A ntike B u chw es en p 1 6 1 ) has cu ri ousl y u nd er e s ti mated the l e ngth of th is epis tl e ; h e d es cri bes it as a l ong epis tl e w h i ch mu s t hav e occu pi ed over tw o p a es i a n d r h n f a h e s e t t t g d es ired repl y is to ha ve at l eas t three pages the third of w hich is s t o ca rry ten ad d i ti onal l ine together w ith a hal f l i ne of ten .

,

,

,

,

,

s y ll abl es

.

I t may be interes ting to note that the cel ebra ted l etter of Pliny t o T raj a n (X 96 ) is w ritten on a roll of s ev en s heets , w an ting a c ou

of

pl e

a nd a

l ines

hal f

of

or therea ou ts

b

the

me

sa

.

The

answ er oc cu

s ty l e of w r t ng

ii

pies abou t a s h eet

.

T here are traces O f the us e of a s mal l er page of 20 hal f iambies Teu bner l i nes Perhaps it is to th is mod el and a roll o r abo u t o f 5 s heets that Pli ny refers w hen h e says (I I I abou t the ” 2 2 d l i ne Charta ad h u c su peres t The w hol e l etter is not 30 a o ll b e tak en as a 4 paged l etter of Bu t it m y al m st as w e l i nes -

,

.

,

.

,

.

th e l arger s ize

.

W e can now print the Pl iny l etters

matel y

fi om theira utographs approx i

.

I h e r e u b o i ll e r v e d t h a t v i n v n i p i es a b u w e o b s t s t t i o n a l a s t t e es 7 g once to fix a su p erior l imi t to th e nu mber of p ages in the separate .

A full page of the Teu bner books to w h ich the l etters are red uced The fi rs t book cannot therefore ed i tion is 3 8 l i nes or 5 Pl i ny pages .

.

more than 1 05 Pl i ny pages The second book giv es precisel y the same es timate, so d oes the third and the fourth and the fi fth ; the s ix th giv es 1 20 as th e s u peri o r l imit the sev enth 1 1 0 th e eighth 1 05 Cou l d w e ha ve a more f orcibl e sug the ninth 1 20 the tenth 1 5 0 o m aj ori t cas e t t e e t i n t l z e s t h e l e e r s w t u t r ac a l l z a es t i o n y f g ly 9 a t e t t s c w c a o 0 r o l s 0 s h ee i h e n h m o b e e d i t e e l 1 d e redu ced i nto y f p e 8 A precis el y s i mil ar anal ys is a ppl i ed to the T au ch nitz tex t of J os e phus enabl es u s to d e termine the original form of many of the d ocu ments embed d ed in his w riti ngs W e hav e ex tracted betw een 60 and 70 l e tters and d ecrees from the Life and the A nti q u i ti es The res u l ts arrange themsel ves as fol l ow s contain

.

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

,

,

.

.

.

.

Tau chn ib

Ta m / mi te

54

H

W

N E

TE S TA M E N T A U TO G R A P H S

.

ith the recurrence of the mul tipl es o f at o nce s how s that fou r l ines of T au ch nitz

ere w e are at once s tru ck w

four,

and

mina ti on

ex a

J os ephus are 1 2 half iambics or an S page v ery ex actl y Simil ar ex amination w il l s how that a page of 20 half iambics is Tauchni tz lines and a page of 20 half hex ameters is 1 l ines F ro m thes e res ul ts the maj ori ty of the w ritings ind icated are a t

type in

-

-

.

-

-

,

once red u ced

.

to their

original

e r n s a tt p

.

The

recu rrence of

th e

S ty pe s i mpl y means th at J os eph us has manufactu red not a few o f them, as l etters w oul d hav e been w ritten by his ow n han d , for w e have al read y d etermined , from the s tich ometry of th e A ntiq u iti es and confirmed the res ul t by the ex amination of certain l etters , tha t J os ephus uses the iambi c v erse as his mod el -

,

.

E R R A TA P

P

by

.

l n s 1 a n d 1 b tt m e a e a i e 1 o a d s f r n n e 0 f r o m o r s o s e t e c , 3 g p r i r o s e r f 7, l ine 2 2 from to p, read i s rang /sly represented o y p es e nte d ”

.

,

.

‘

.

”

.

P

.

1 9,

l a s t l i n e,

i ne

E ng as tri my tlw for

re a d

Engas tri muth o

.

from top, read S a l xgma na for S al igni ani P 24 , l in es 1 6 and 1 5 from bottom, re ad To thi s type bel ong ti e M S S merly know n as I , N , I (w l si ck a re f rag ments of til e some orig i na l ) P

.

2 2,

l

'

21

.

‘

.

‘

f

or