AO-AC93 "0 UNCI.ASSIFIED
BURT ASSOCIATES INC BETHESDA NO WORLOWIOESURVEY OF NONMEDICAL OUS USE AI NOV SO N R ST. N N BEfEL. T CARNES
vto 601 ALCOHOLUSE ARO oN -TCIU) MDA903-?I-C-O 7 NL
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WORLDWIDE SURVEY OF NONMEDICAL DRUG USE AND ALCOHOL USE AMONG MILITARY PERSONNEL:1980
by: Marvin R. Burt, D.P.A. Mark M. Biegel, M.A.
with the assistance of: Yukiko Carnes, M.A. Edward C. Farley, M.S.W. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. Contract No. MDA903-79-C-0667
November 14, 1980 / BURT ASSOCIATES, INCORPORATED 4340 East West Highway
Suite 506 Bethesda, Maryland
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14MONITORING AGENCY NAME & AODRESS(1I
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SECURITY CLASS. (of ffile report)
Unclassi fi-d 15a.
DECL ASS)IFIC ATION! DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE
N/A 16.
DISTRIBUTION
STATEMENT (0f tis
Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unljimited
17.
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the Abstract entered in Block 20. Uf different from, Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
IS
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Prepared with assistance of:
19.
KEY WORDS (Continua on rovers* side It necea"
Drug use Alcohol abuse Cannabis 20.
and IdentIy by block number)
Amphetamines Cocaine Hallucinogens
ABSTRACT (Continue* on ro~ve#
Yukiko Carnies and Edward Farley
Tranquilizers Barbiturates Opiates
Phencyclidine Heroin
aide It necessary and identify by block numnber)
This survey report provides a comprehensive, detailed and accurate estimate of the prevalence of drug and alcohol use among the active duty military population as well as information on the physical,' social and work-related consequences of drug and alcohol use in the subject population. It was found that abuse correlates generally With]: (1) younger age, (2) being unmarried, (:3) lower educational attainment, and (4) being male. The druig most commonly uised i~s a Icobol fol-) I owed by cainnabi 8. ainphetani les , cocai no, and ha I I Liintgeno 0D1A3 1473 EDoITION OF I NOV 65 15ODSOLETL nlssfe SFCUfl
LIIA_
CL ASSIF ICATION OF THIS PAGr (41-1 1)0-
Unc I ass, if i ed Phencyclidi ]ne and h',roin we-re found to be the eat i usd drugs ; Nine~teen perce!nt of the Junior eni ;tod men reported b-i nr huh on drugrs whi le workin -)L s-ome, time during( the previous yea:r wh ii( 1.5' said they have bee!n drunk while working some time, dulring the, ye-ar H1oweve.r, ove-,ral I and with thf except ion of cannahb I use, drug us i-n the military popuilatLion bas, shown a decline since 1971 the year of the )ast worldwide survey.
Unci1 nss:i i led
___
SECURITY CLASS~rICA1,OW or THIS rAGt( W?- I~f .*i
ntl
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This 1980 Worldwide Survey of Nonmedical Drug Use and Alcohol Use Among Military Personnel was conducted by Burt
"2
Associates, Incorporated, and its subcontractor, National
U
Analysts, under the sponsorship and guidance of the Depart-%, ment of Defense (DOD).
The survey was intended to provide
a comprehensive, detailed, and accurate estimate of the prevalence ot nonmedical drug use and alcohol use among the active duty military population worldwide and to provide information on the physical, social and work-related consequences of substance use in the population.
Similar peri-
odic surveys will be conducted in future years to determine the extent to which changes occur in the use of drugs and alcohol and to assess the impact of policy and program interventions. Many dedicated individuals contributed to the success of this survey.
Among DOD and Military Service personnel,
special appreciation is extended to Brigadier General William C. Louisell for his overall support of the project and to Mr. James F. Holcomb for his assistance in coordinating the preliminary and final reports.
Dr. John Lazaruk contributed
substantially also in the initial conceptualization and procedural organization of the survey.
The extensive coordina-
tion provided by the Service Liaison Officers, the on-site assistance and courtesies extended by the Base Liaison Officers,
iii
)
and the cooperation of the more than 15,000 servicemember participants, of course, were major factors leading to the successful completion of the project. Several consultants made substantial contributions. Dr. Donald Cahalan advised on the technical aspects of the survey throughout the duration of the project and provided invaluable comments on the final report.
Dr. Ira Cisin,
Social Research Group, The George Washington University, provided invaluable comments on the final report and assisted in utilizing the data from the national survey of drug use in the civilian population sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Dr. Walter Clark, Social Research Group,
University of California, assisted in questionnaire development and provided constructive comments through his review of the report section on alcohol use.
The authors and Burt
Associates, Incorporated are solely responsible for any errors. Staff of National Analysts, under subcontract, contributed significantly to the sampling design and subsequent field work.
Mr. Anthony M. Asmann deserves speciai credit
for his work in developing the worldwide sample.
Similarly,
Dr. Lucy C. Wilson provided valuable assistance in the organization and training of the National Analysts Field Team Members. Several staff members of Burt Associates, Incorporated contributed significantly to the project.
Ms. Angela Elbin
and Mrs. Rosa Frazier handled the complex logistical
iv
arrangements; Ms. Yukiko Carnes and Mr. Edward Farley were responsible for the data processing tasks, in consultation with American Managment Systems; and Ms. Phyllis Goodwin assured completion of the enormous typing and clerical requirements.
Finally, the stalwart team members who
braved the rigors of a worldwide field survey are to be congratulated for a job well done.
Marvin R. Burt President Mark M. Biegel Project Director
AI
/ i
v
itFi
-
l
l
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................
vi
GUIDE TO DATA TABLES ...........................
viii
I. INTRODUCTION ................................
1
Sample Design .............................. 2 Instrumentation ............................ 7 Pilot Test ................................. 9 Field Procedures ........................... 11 Survey Results ............................. 14 Comparability of Data ...................... 14 Interpretation of the Findings ............... 15 II. HIGHLIGHTS .................................. Drug Use ................................... Alcohol Use .................................. Comparison of Drug and Alcohol Prevalence Among Military and Civilian Populations .... III. NONMEDICAL DRUG USE ......................... Prevalence of Drug Use ..................... Combined Use of Drugs and Alcohol ............ Drug Dependence ............................ Consequences of Drug Use ...................... Work Impairment Because of Drug Use .......... IV. ALCOHOL USE .................................
16 16 24 34 36 36 145 149 153 158 161
Prevalence of Alcohol Use ..................... Adverse Physiological Effects of Alcohol... Alcohol Dependence ......................... Consequences of Alcohol Use ................... Work Impairment Because of Alcohol Use .....
161 240 248 251 261
V. COMPARISON OF NONMEDICAL DRUG USE AND ALCOHOL USE BETWEEN MILITARY PERSONNEL AND CIVILIANS.
272
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont) Page VI. FURTHER RESEARCH REQUIRED ...................
276
Determine the Proportion of Servicemembers 276 with Impaired Military Effectiveness ....... Characteristics of Drug and Alcohol Abusers ...................................... 277 Effect of the Military Environment on Drug and Alcohol Use ............................. 278 Special Regional Analyses .................. 278 Career Intentions Related to Drug and Alcohol Use .................................. 278 Type of Duty Related to Drug and Alcohol Use .......................................... 279 279 Reasons for Drug and Alcohol Use ........... Comparison of Drug and Alcohol Use Before and After Arriving at an Installation ...... 279 Comparison of Drug and Alcohol Use Before 279 and After Entering the Service ............. Military Occupational Specialty Related to Drug and Alcohol Use ........................ 280 Availability of Drugs On and Off the Installations ...................................... 280 Social Climate and Pressures on Drug and Alcohol Use .................................. 280 Other Studies ................................ 280 APPENDICES ........................................ 282 A. Sample Weighting ......................... 283 B. Population Represented by the Sample .... 287 C. Confidence Limits and Significance of Differences .............................. 290 D. Number of Respondents ................... 296 E. Validity ................................. 299 F. Response Rates ........................... 310 G. Computation of Mean Daily Consumption of Ethanol ................................... 312 H. Questionnaire ............................ 319 I. Standardization of Civilian and Military Populations .............................. 332
vii
GUIDE TO DATA TABLES The major emphasis in this report is the analysis of worldwide Department of Defense (DOD) survey data for determining the prevalence and consequences of nonmedical drug use and alcohol use.
Some additional analyses are
provided for combined drug and alcohol use and dependency on drugs and alcohol. In general, prevalence data are reported for nine drug types and three types of alcoholic beverages.
Where possible,
data are displayed by total DOD; by each Military Service; by pay grade categories El-E5, E6-E9, 01-03, and 04-06; and by geographical region.
1
The indexes on the following pages have been prepared to assist in locating tables in the report.
These indexes
correspond to the following sections of the report: CHAPTER I. II. III. IV. V.
VI.
TABLES
Introduction Summary Drug Use Alcohol Use Comparison of Drug and Alcohol Use Between Military and Civilians Further Research Required
I-1 II-i III-1 IV-l
to to to to
1-2 11-16 111-93 IV-92
V-1 --
1 The
low number of respondents in pay grade Wl-W4 made it necessary to limit presentation of data for this group to worldwide totals by Military Service.
viii
APPENDIX
TABLES
A.
B.
B-I C-I D-1 E-1 F-i
C. D. E. F.
to to to to
B-2 C-2 D-2 E-2
G.
H. I.
GUIDE TO DATA TABLES INDEX TO CHAPTER I: Table I-i 1-2
Title Sample Allocation Demographic Characteristics of Survey Respondents and All DOD Military Personnel INDEX TO CHAPTER II:
Table II-1 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 11-7 11-8 11-9 II-10 II-11 11-12 11-13 11-14
11-15 11-16
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY Title
Population Using Each Drug Population Using Each Drug by Pay Grade Group El-E5 Using Each Drug by Service Drug Dependence El-E5 by Service Selected Consequences El-E-5 by Service Work Impairment Work Impairment El-E5 by Service Population Using Alcohol Past 30 Days Quantity Consumed Typical Day--30 Days Worldwide Heavy Drinkers Worldwide/Service High Risk for Serious Medical Problems Alcohol Dependence 12 Months Selected Consequences 12 Months Consequences Using Alcohol 12 Months
Work Impairment 12 Months Prevalence of Nonmedical Drug/Alcohol Use Among Military/Civilian--Ages 18-25
ix
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INDEX TO DRUG USE DATA TABLES (TABLE NUMBERS
-
CHAPTER III:
CONSFQUENCES OF OTHER DATA SUBJECT E1-E5 BY SERVICE
COMBINED DRUG AND ALCOHOL USE
DRUG DEPENDENCE
DRUG USE PAST 12 MONTHS E1-E5 BY SERVICE
111-88
111-89
PAST 12 MONTHS GENERAL CONSEQUENCES
111-90
SPECIFIC CONSEQUENCES
111-91
NUMBER OF TIMES ANY CONSEQUENCE OCCURED
111-92
WORK IMPARIMENT PAST 12 MONTHS
111-93
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INDEX TO CHAPTER V: COMPARISON OF NONMEDICAL DRUG USE AND ALCOHOL USE BETWEEN MILITARY PERSONNEL AND CIVILIANS
TABLE V-I
TITLE Prevalence of Nonmedical Drug Use and Alcohol Use-Military/Civilian 18-25 Year Old Population
xiii
INDEX TO APPENDIX TABLES TITLE
TABLE B-i
Population Represented by the Sample
B-2
Population of El-E5's by Subregion
C-i
Confidence Limits for Sample Estimates
C-2
Differences Required for Significance According to Sample Size
D-1
Number of Respondents
D-2
Number of El-E5 Respondents
E-1
Frequency of Drinking in Past 30 Days (Air Force Personnel)
E-2
Consequences of Alcohol Use During Past 12 Months
F-I
Response Rates
xiv
I.
INTRODUCTION
This worldwide survey was undertaken to provide estimates of the prevalence of nonmedical drug use and alcohol use among active duty personnel
in the Military Services and
to provide the Department of Defense
(DOD),
additionally,
with related information on the effects or consequences of substance use on the servicemember's well-being and job performance.
"Nonmedical drug use"
is defined for the
purpose of this survey, as the use of drugs for nonmedical purposes,
that is,
for highs, for
thrills, to relax, to
give insight, or for pleasure. The findings presented in this report are based on the responses of 15,268 randomly selected military personnel to a self-administered anonymous questionnaire completed during the months of February through April of 1980.
To place the
results in prespective, comparisons are made between military and civilian subpopulations.
1
This worldwide survey is significant not only because it provides detailed current estimates of the prevalence of drug and alcohol use but also because it can be
system-
atically repeated and, thus, provide a baseline for examining future trends.
Survey information, such as that provided
in the report, can be used by the Department of Defense to assess 1Civilian
data are extracted from the 1979 national
survey sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. 1
2
the effectiveness of policies for the prevention of drug and alcohol abuse;to determine the need for reallocation of resources;
to realign emphasis of program elements;
or as a
basis for targeting particular groups or geographical areas for special attention.
Over time, repeated surveys could
signal emerging problems and the impact of new policies, programs, or events. Sample Design The DOD stipulated that a sample be drawn of all active duty military personnel throughout the world from which reliable estimates of drug and alcohol use could be made with known degrees of error for each of the Military Services, for four pay grade groupings, and for three main geographical regions and "Other Locations."
It was further stipulated
that the response rate among sampled personnel be 80 percent or higher, without replacements. Because of budgetary and time constraints, it was not possible to survey every servicemember in each of the over 300 locations throughout the world.
These considerations dictated
a design that sampled both personnel and locations by probability means.
A stratified multistage probability sample
was subsequently developed and implemented. personnel were randomly selected.
Both sites and
Differential personnel
sampling rates were used to obtain sufficient sample sizes in the various respondent subgroups.
Sample weighting pro-
cedures were applied to put the complete respondent sample into balance; these are described in Appendix A.
3
The final sample size designated for each Service by geographical region is shown in Table I-1.
The sample was com-
posed of 19,582 military personnel stationed at 81 installations. 1
As shown in Table 1-2, the survey respondents
were predominately male, white and between the ages of 18 through 25.
As indicated also, the sample was representa-
tive of all DOD personnel, wcrldwide, with respect to the characteristics shown.
The population represented by
the sample is depicted in Appendix B. At each survey site, a random sample was drawn from the most current listing of all personnel assigned to the installation. 2
The random selection was made from all personnel
in pay grades El through 06 of the one designated Service permanently assigned to organizations included in the specified installation.
The last two digits of the individual's
Social Security Account Number were used as the device for random selection of the respondents.
Not included in the
population base from which a sample was drawn were those personnel in recruit or basic training and those personnel in units known or expected to be at sea or deployed away from the installation at the time of the questionnaire administration.
Personnel selected for the sample could be
1
An installation was composed of all permanent parent and tenant units at a base, post, camp, station or ships in a designated location. 2
The detailed sample selection procedures were designed unique Service personnel accounting systems accomnodate to and local capabilities to produce the random sample.
4
TABLE I-I SAMPLE ALLOCATION REGION ARM4Y(9 CONUS EUROPE PACIFIC OTHER
NO. SITES
SAMPLE
(19
(6,239)
8 5 2
NAVY NVY
(30)
EUROPE PACIFIC OTHER
(10) 7 3
(5,202) 3,202 600 1,174 226 (2,861) 1,917 944
(22)
(5,280)
5 5 1
2,464
17 5 7 1
MARINE CORPS CONUS PACIFIC AIR FORCE O-NUS EUROPE COUS11 PACIFIC OTHER TOTAL CONUS EUROPE PACIFIC OTHER
(81) 43(1 43 14 20 4
•
•
•m
3,026 ,320 1,548 345
1,066 1,066 ,284 466
9,582) 10,609 2,986 4,950 1,037
m
lI
I
5
TABLE 1-2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEY RESPONDENTS AND ALL DOD MILITARY PERSONNEL (PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION) CHARACTERISTIC
TOTAL SURVEY
DOD ACTUAL
SEX MALE FEMALE
91 9
92 8
RACE! ETHNI C WHITE/CAUCASIAN AFRO AMERICAN/BLACK HISPANIC ORIENTAL/ASIAN/PACIFIC ISLANDER AMERICAN INDIAN/ALASKAN NATIVE OTHER
71 18 5 3 1 2
73 19 4 1 2 1
MARITAL STATUS MARRIED NOT MARRIED
53 47
52 48
AGE 17 OR UNDER 18-25 26-29 30-34 35-39 40 OR OVER
1 55 15 13 10 6
1 56 14 13 10 6
1
MARCH 1980:
DEFENSE MANPOWER DATA CENTER.
II
I
6
excused from questionnaire administration only for the following authorized reasons: * on leave from the parent organization on temporary duty away from the installation absent without leave assigned a permanent change of station • separated from the Service Absences for any other reason were designated as "no-shows." It is well known that a survey based on samples of a population can only approximate the level of accuracy that would be obtained if it were possible for the entire population to participate in the survey.
Because of this, there is
a need to know the precision of the estimates from a particular sample survey.
The 95 percent confidence limits for
any percentage estimate reported in this volume are provided in Appendix C.
These confidence limits are particularly
important where estimates are given for subgroups of the population.
The reader should be aware that those subgroups
with relatively few cases will have relatively greater margins of error than those subgroups with a larger number of respondents.
This notably includes subgroups of officers
and warrant officers.
Regional data on officers should be
viewed with particular caution because of the small number of respondents in those subgroups.
The number of respondents
in each subgroup is depicted in Appendix D.
7
Instrumentation The questionnaire developed for this survey was in an optical-scan format and designed to be anonymously selfadministered, as specified by DOD.
Questions were multiple
Some items were adapted from previous DOD and civil-
choice.
ian surveys for the purpose of conducting comparative analyses of data from this and other surveys. The instrument was intended to elicit responses that would provide a basis for estimating the prevalence and consequences of nonmedical drug use and alcohol use.
Items generally fo-
cused on the frequency and amount of use, reasons associated with use or non-use, and the consequences of use in terms of adverse effects on the individual's well-being and job performance.
Scales and/or items for estimating dependency on
the different substances were included. cluded beer, wine and hard liquor.
Alcohol items in-
The nine drug types used
are listed below, together with verbatim examples from the questionnaire: DRUG
EXAMPLE
Marijuana ................... "Pot,"
"Grass"
Hashish ......................."Hash" PCP ........................... "Angel Dust" Other Hallucinogens ......... LSD, Mescaline, Peyote, STP, DOM, DMT, Psilocybin Cocaine ......................."Coke," "Snow" Amphetamines ................ Benzedrine, "Bennies," Methadrine, Dexedrine, "Speed" Other Uppers ................ Preludin, Ritalin, Sandrex
TranquilIzers . ...
.br...,
Miltown
au.,
barbiturates ................ Seconal
Nembutal
(reds),
(yellows), Amytal
(blues)
Other Downers ............... Quaalude (Sopors), Optimil, Doriden, 1iacidyl, Methaqualone Heroin ...................... "Smack," "S ag,"
"Horse"
Other Opiates ............... Morphine, Opium, Demerol, Codeine, Methadone Also included were items on the demographic and servicerelated characteristics of the individual respondents.
The
demographic items covered age, sex, weight, educational level, marital status and racial/ethnic group.
Items con-
cerning Military Service included identification of Service affiliation, pay grade, occupational specialty code, amount of active duty time, type of duty, current military environment, career intentions and job satisfaction. A pretest of the questionnaire was conducted at one military installation to determine the adequacy of the overall and item formats, the comprehensiveness of substantive content, the time required to complete the questionnaire, and the usefulness of the administration procedures.
Pretest
respondents were personally interviewed about their reactions to the questionnaire instructions, the format and the substantive content as well as their reading comprehension. Subsequently, the pretest responses to each questionnaire were reviewed for item completion rate and proper recording of responses.
Some minor changes in format were made as a
result of the
pretest.
A more comprehensive list of
r
9
examples of drug types was devised and revisions were made in the content of several response categories.
The ques-
tionnaire was then printed in an optical-scan format to be used in a Pilot Test. Pilot Test The Pilot Test was designed to determine the adequacy of the questionnaire and the field procedures and to provide data for determining the validity of responses to sensitive items.
The validity issue was particularly crucial.
The
accuracy of the survey findings on substance use obviously rested on the respondents' willingness to acknowledge any nonmedical alcohol.
use of drugs or their use of or dependency on
And, obviously, users would be less likely to be
honest if they feared such admissions would be made public and subsequently adversely affect their job performance evaluations or career advancement potentials or even result in prosecution.
It was imperative that BAI's stringent pro-
cedures to protect anonymity be carefully tested to determine whether respondents indeed felt protected enough to respond candidly to items related to substance use.
Of course,
each item on substance use needed to be examined for clarity, since a commonly misunderstood question would result in invalid answers. The Pilot Test was conducted at four military installations in the eastern continental United States.
Each of
the Military Services was represented in the sample of
10
respondents
(n= 1,284).
Upon completion of the questionnaire,
10 percent of the respondents were randomly selected for interviews conducted by the BAI Field Team.
These interviews
provided information about the clarity of the optical-scan formatting and the content of the questionnaire, about the administrative procedures associated with the selection and attendance of the participants, and about the participants' reactions to sensitive items and assurances of anonymity and confidentiality.
A major aspect of the Pilot Test was an
evaluation of the field procedures developed for the survey and published in a Field Manual.
Included were instructions
for the selection of the installation sample and the actions necessary to provide the support for administration of the questionnaire.
The opportunity to test these procedures
proved quite valuable in exposing certain problems associated with the capability of local commands to draw an adequate sample.
These problems were corrected by a change in the
Field Ma.iual which provided specific instructions for local sample selection based on each Military Service's personnel accounting system capability. The 1,284 completed questionnaires were analyzed to provide information on the validity of the responses.
The
results provided some direct evidence that responses to drug nse were generally valid.
A high percentage of the respon-
dents admitted to drug use and the overwhelming majority of those who did so were in pay grades El-ES--the group considered to be at high risk.
More convincingly, comparisons
11
of the responses of those who said they used drugs or
"frequently"
"sometimes" with the reported results on consequences of
drug use showed substantial consistency between the two types of data.
A more detailed discussion of response validity is
presented in Appendix E. On the basis of the Pilot Test results, the questionnaire and field procedures were revised and put into final form for the worldwide survey. Field Procedures The survey was conducted during the months of February,
March, and April of 1980.
These months were chosen in order
to avoid holiday seasons, high peak transfer seasons, and vacation periods.
A few minor delays were encountered because
of troop deployment, emergency operations, unit exercises, or other conflicting schedules. Work in the field proceeded in several steps.
First,
of course, was the sampling of respondents; this was conducted at each site by a designated Base Liaison Officer (BLO) using the sampling procedures specified by BAI.
Prior to the ques-
tionnaire administration sessions, the BLO also assumed the following responsibilities: Arranging for the facilities to be used for questionnaire administration sessions. Development of the time schedule for each session. Compilation of a roster containing the names of the selected respondent group for each session. Arrangements for respondent attendance. Provisions for security of the questionnaires. Schedules for make-up sessions.
12
Upon the arrival of the BAI Field Team at the survey site, the BLO provided them with the questionnaire administration schedule, rosters of personnel selected for each session, and a master list of the entire sample population. In addition, the BLO made available a Sampling S'wnary Sheet which displayed both the installation population and the sample selected (each by number and percentage in five pay grade groups).
Installation population characteristics were
further documented for the BAI Field Team in terms of age, sex, education, and marital status. Subsequently, the questionnaire sessions were conducted by a BAI Field Team trained to ensure the integrity of the administration process. at each site.
Two Field Team Members were present
No military personnel assisted in these ses-
sions, which were conducted during regular working hours. As each session was initiated, a Field Team Member checked off each sampled individual's name on the roster, prior to the participant's entry into the questionnaire administration facility.
Once a session began, a questionnaire was
distributed to each participant.
The BAI proctor then read
an introductory statement that described tne purpose of the survey, provided assurances of confidentiality of responses, and cautioned participants not to place any personal identification information on the questionnaire form.
The proctor
then asked participants to read the first page of the
13
questionnaire; this documented the voluntary nature of participation in the survey and provided instructions for responding to the questions.
Any questions that the participants
had about the survey were answered by BAI representatives during this introductory period; no questions were permitted during the time participants were responding to the selfadministered questionnaire. Sampled respondents who were listed as "not present" at a scheduled session were required to be accounted for with a notation on the roster by the BLO, following the BLO's inquiry with the individual's unit.
Make-up sessions were
instituted for all sampled personnel who had no legitimate reason for failing to appear at a scheduled session.
Before
their departure from the installation, the BAI Field Team Members were given a copy of all session rosters and the master list of selected participants that was annotated to
indicate the reasons for exclusions and "no-shows." Completed questionnaires were secured by the BAI representatives after each session and all questionnaires then were sent directly to the optical-scan processing center.
Before leaving the installation, the BAI Field
Team Members mailed a Site Visit Report to the Project Director that described the arrangements on site, attendance, problems, and types of documentation received.
14
Survey Results A response rate of 93 percent (respondents
sampled
personnel less official exclusions) was achieved; this resulted in 15,268 completed questionnaires.
A complete de-
scription of the response rate and the number of respondents for each Service by pay grade and geographical region is given in Appendix F.
The representativeness of the sample
was demonstrated previously in Table 1-2. Comparability of Data This report follows a comparative format, as required by the Department of Defense; that is, data are displayed for each of the Services wich regard to drug and alcohol use and related factors.
It is important to note, however,
that substance abuse has been found to correlate generally with the following characteristics:
(1) younger adult age,
(2) being unmarried, (3) lower educational attainment, and (4) being male.
Therefore, to the extent that a Service has
a higher proportion of personnel with these characteristics, compared to another Service, it might be expected to have a higher proportion of substance abusers (assuming all other factors are equal).
It would be possible to control for
these characteristics and compute standardized comparisons among the Services.
However, this was not the purpose of
this study. The purpose was to present estimates for each individual Service; and this is precisely what was accomplished.
For this reason, comparisons among the Services
15
should be made with some caution; realizing that such comparisons are affected by the characteristics of personnel in each Service. In contrast, the purpose of making comparisons of substance use among the military and civilian populations was precisely for the purpose of determining to what extent the prevalence among military personnel was equivalent to that of the civilian population, holding constant the characteristics of the military and civilian populations.
This
required controlling for the four factors discussed previously.
The result of this procedure is comparative data
that are unbiased with respect to those four factors. Interpretation of The Findings In any study of human behavior, there are usually several perspectives from which the implications of the findings may be seen, depending to a considerable extent upon the relevance of the issue to the person interpreting the findings.
This possibility of controversy in interpretation
is obviously relevant to this report. This report is intended to present an objective description of the behavior of military personnel with respect to nonmedical drug use and alcohol use and the consequences of such use while avoiding expressing any implication that the behavior is necessarily "very bad" or "not so bad."
The
analyses are presented in sufficient detail so that such evaluative interpretations can be made by those responsible for policy and performance assessment within the Department of Defense.
II.
SUMMARY
This summary reflects the principal survey. III,
findings of
the
Considerably more detailed analyses are in Chapters
IV, and V.
Drug Use Prevalence of Nonmedical Drug Use The percentage of the military population using each of nine types of drugs nonmedically is depicted in Table II-1; the types of drugs are ranked from highest to lowest prevalence.
Two time periods are presented:
" any use during the past 30 days (i.e., current use) and; " any use during the past 12 months
(i.e., annual use).
The type of drug most commonly used for the DOD as a whole was marijuana or hashish; the prevalence of current use was 26 percent and annual use was 35 percent.
There was
very little difference between the prevalence of marijuana or hashish use and "any drug use."
This indicates that
nearly all nonmedical drug users used at least marijuana or hashish. Nonmedical drug use by military personnel other than El-ES's was comparatively rare (Tables 11-2 and 11-3). Current use for E6-06's was no more than 1 percent for any type of drug other than marijuana or hashish and the prevalence of marijuana or hashish use for these personnel was 16
17
TABLE 11-1 POPULATION USING EACH DRUG (PERCENTAGE) DRUG TYPE/ USE PERIOD
SERVICE MARINE
TOTAL
CORPS
AIR FORCE
ARMY
NAVY
27 36
29 38
33 43
37 47
14 23
26 35
28 37
32 42
36 47
14 22
6 13
6 12
10 19
8 19
3 6
4 11
4 10
7 17
8 19
1 5
3 8
2 7
5 12
7 15
1 3
2 6
2 5
3 9
2 7
1 2
2 6
3 6
3 8
3 9
1 3
1 4
2 4
2 5
2 6
+ 1
1 4
1 4
1 5
3 10
+ 1
1 2
1
1
+
+
3
1
1
+
DOD
ANY DRUG USE PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS MARIJUANA/HASHISH PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS AMPHETAMINES OR OTHER UPPERS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS COCAINE PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS HALLUCINOGENS (OTHER THAN PCP) PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS TRANQUI LIZERS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS BARBITURATES OR OTHER DOWNERS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS OPIATES (OTHER THAN HEROIN) PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS PCP PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS HEROIN PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS
+ LESS THAN HALF OF ONE PERCENT.
TABLE II-2 POPULATION USING EACH DRUG--BY PAY GRADE GROUP (PERCENTAGE) DRUG TYPE/ USE PERIOD
PAY GRADES TOTAL DOD
EI-E5
27 36
38 50
26 35
W1-W4
01-03
04-06
5 9
3 4
4 9
1 2
37 49
4 9
3 3
3 8
1 1
6 13
9 19
1 2
0 0
+ 1
+ +
4 11
7 17
+ 1
0 2
+
0
+
+
PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS TRANQUI LI ZERS
3 8
5 12
+ 1
0 0
+
0
+
+
PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS
2 6
3 8
+ 1
0 +
+ I
0 +
2 6
3 8
+ 1
0 0
+ 1
0 0
1 4
2 5
+ +
0 0
+ +
0
30 DAYS 12 MONTHS
1 4
1 6
+ +
0 0
0 +
0 0
30 DAYS 12 MONTHS
1 2
1 2
+ +
0 0
0 0
0 +
E6-E9
ANY DRUG USE PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS MARIJUANA/HASHISH PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS AMPHETAMINES OR OTHER UPPERS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS COCAINE PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS HALLUCINOGENS (OTHER THAN PCP)
BARBITURATES OR OTHER DOWNERS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS OPIATES (OTHER THAN HEROIN) PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS
+
PcP PAST PAST HEROIN PAST PAST
+ LESS THAN HALF OF ONE PERCENT.
19
TABLE 11-3 POPULATION OF EI-E5'S USING EACH DRUG BY SERVICE (PERCENTAGE) DRUG TYPE/ USE PERIOD ANY DRUG USE PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS
TOTAL 00_
SERVICE MARINE NAVY CORPS
AIR FORCE
DOD
ARMY
38 50
41 53
48 59
48 61
21 33
37 49
40 52
47 58
47 60
20 32
9 19
8 17
15 28
10 25
4 9
7 17
6 15
11 25
10 26
2 8
5 12
3 10
7 1
10 21
2 5
3 8
3 8
4 13
3 9
1 3
3 &
4 8
5 12
4 11
" 4
2 5
2 6
2 7
2 7
1 2
1 6
2 6
2 7
4 13
+ 1
1 2
2 4
1 2
+ 1
+ 1
MARl JUANA/HASHISH PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS AMPHETAMINES OR OTHER UPPERS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS COCAINE PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS HALLUCINOGENS (OTHER THAN PCP) PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS TRANQUI LI ZERS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS BARBITURATES OR OTHER DOWNERS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS OPIATES (OTHER THAN HEROIN) PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS PCP PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS HEROIN PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS
+ LESS THAN HALF OF ONE PERCENT.
20
not large.
This pattern is undoubtedly a refle-ction of the
younger age of junior enlisted personnel compared to personnel in other pay grade groups.
In view of these patterns
of nonmedical drug use, the remaining analyses of drug prevalence and consequences in this chapter focus solely on the junior enlisted group. One-half of the El-E5's reported using marijuana or hashish at least once during the past 12 monthsi reported use during the past 30 days.
37 percent
As indicated previously,
the slight differences between any drug use and marijuana or hashish use indicate that nearly all nonmedical drug users used at least marijuana or hashish.
The patteins of use by
El-ES's in terms of the rank ordering of drug types from highest to lowest prevalence was the same asshown in Table II-1 for all DOD personnel; but, of course, the rates for El-ES's are higher.
Similarly, the pattern-s of use among the
EI-E5's in the different Services are similar to those for all DOD personnel but, again, their rates axle higher. Drug Dependency It is estimated that 3 percent of DOD junior enlisted personnel were physiologically drug dependent and that a total of 4 percent were physiologically or psychologically drug dependent at some time during the preceding 12 months.
The
percentige of El-E5's who were drug dependent is depicted in Table 11-4.
Drug dependency is defined in Chapter III.
21
TABLE 11-4 DRUG DEPENDENCE (PERCENTAGE OF El-E5 POPULATION)
TOTALSERVICE
OD DOD
TYPE OF DEPENDENCE
ARMY
E MARII MA,RI NE
AIR
CORPS
FORCE
NAVY
PHYSIOLOGICAL
3
4
3
4
1
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND/OR PSYCHOLOGICAL
4
5
4
5
1
Consequences of Drug Use The respondents were asked to indicate whether each of two consequences of nonmedical drug use had occurred during the past 12 months.
Table 11-5 shows that 19 percent of the
junior enlisted respondents reported suffering at least one of k-he consequences duriig the preceding 12 months. TABLE 11-5 SELECTED CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG USE (PERCENTAGE OF El-E5 POPULATION)
SERVICE CONSEQUENCE
TOTAL
_
_....
NAVY
MARINE CORPS
AIR FORCE
DOD AR4Y
USED MORE DRUGS THAN PLANNED
10
9
13
14
6
HIGH MORE THAN 1 DAY AT A TIME
17
16
22
24
9
19
18
25
27
11
TOTAL WITH EITHER OF THE TWO
CONSEQUENCES
22
The respondents were also asked tD indicate wnether each of 15 physical, social or work consequences had occurred because of their use of drugs during the past 12 months.
Ten
percent of the junior enlisted personnel reported suffering at least one of the 15 consequences during that period (Table 11-6). Junior enlisted personnel who reported one or more of 1 the 17 consequence. experienced them a median of three times. 2 Work Impairment Turning now to a more specific focus on work impairment because of drug use, four types of work impairment are considered:
(1) "lowered performance,"
left early,"
(2) "late for work or
(3) "did not come to work," and (4) "high while
working." The type of work impairment most frequently reported by junior enlisted- personnel was "high while working"
(19
percent); nearly one-half of the El-E5 respondents indicating this had pccurred reported experiencing this on 40 or more days during-the preceding 12 months.
Substantially lower
proportkons of EI-E5 respondents reported other work impairments, as shown in Table 11-7, and nearly all of them also reported being "high while working."
IThis analysis combines both groups of consequences. 2A person experiencing consequences (say) three times could have experienced one consequence three times, three different consequences one time each, or another combination.
23
TABLE 11-6 SPECIFIC CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG USE DURING PAST 12 MONTHS (PERCENTAGE OF El-E5 POPULATION)
SERVICE ARMY
NAVY
MARINE CORPS
AIR FORCE
2
3
1
2
+
DIDN'T GET PROMOTED
3
4
3
5
1
GOT LOWER SCORE ON EFFICIENCY OR PERFORMANCE REPORT
3
3
3
5
1
4
5
4
5
2
1
2
1
2
1
ARRESTED FOR NON-DRIVING DRUG INCIDENT
4
4
4
6
2
CONSEQUENCES
TOTAL DOD
ILLNESS KEPT FROM DUTY I WEEK OR LONGER
RECEIVED JUDICIAL OR ARTICLE 15 PUNISHMENT ARRESTED FOR DRIVING AFTER USING DRUGS
INCARCERATED DUE TO DRUG USE
2
1
2
3
1
HURT IN ACCIDENT CONNECTED WITH DRUG USE
2
2
2
2
+
DRUG USE CAUSED ACCIDENT WHERE OTHERS HURT OR PROPERTY DAMAGED
1
1
2
2
1
SPOUSE THREATENED TO LEAVE
2
2
2
2
1
HIT SPOUSE OR CHILDREN
1
1
1
1
+
SPOUSE LEFT
1
1
1
1
+
ENTERED REHABILITATION OR TREATMENT PROGRAM
2
2
1
2
2
ATTENDED TRAINING OR EDUCATION PROGRAM DETOXIFIED
2 1
3 1
1 1
3 1
1 +
13
15
5
TOTAL WITH ANY CONSEQUENCESa
10
11
aPERCENTAGE OF POPULATION REPORTING AT LEAST ONE OF THE CONSEQUENCES DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS. + LESS THAN ONE-HALF OF ONE PERCENT.
24
TE3LE
I
-7
WORK IMPAIRMENT BECAUSE OF DRUG USE (PERCENTAGE
TYPE OF IMPAI RMENT
OF El-E5 POPULATION)
T
i DOD DO
TSERVICE
1ARMY LOWERED
PE.
t
OP1AINCE
10
NAVY
MA'RINE iR N CORPS
AIR I FORCL
15
13
3
a
2
i
12
LATE FOR WORK/LEFT
EARLY DID NOT COME TO WORK HIGH WHILE WORKING
4
6
4
5
1
19
21
26
25
8
231
22
28
28
9
TOTAL WITH
ANY
IMPAIRMENT
Alcohol Use
Prevalence of Alcohol Use The percentage of the population that drank any alcohol during the past 30 days is depicted in Table 11-8.
The
principal point derived from these data is that most military personnel (83 percent) drank at least occasionally.
In
general, the highest prevalenceof drinking any alcohol was recorded by senior officers, followed by junior officers and junior enlisted personnel, senior enlisted personnel and warrant officers. For all respondents worldwide, beer was the most commonly consumed beverage; it was drunk by 73 percent of all military personnel at least once within the past 30 days,
25
TABLE
1I-8
POPULATION USING ALCOHOL DURING PAST 30 DAYS (PERCENTAGE)
PAY GRADE
TOTAL
GROUP
DOD
SERVICE MARINE
AIR FORCE
ARMY
NAVY
83
80
86
86
82
El-E5
83
81
88
86
82
E6-E9 W1-W4
77 76
75 76
78 80
83 -
78
01-03 04-06
83 91
80 92
88 94
91 84
82 90
TOTAL WORLDWIDE
-
LESS THAN 30 RESPONDENTS.
*
NOT APPLICABLE.
CORPS
*
and by about one-fourth (26 percent) at least three times a week.
Hard liquor (including mixed drinks) was consumed by
about one-half of the respondents (51 percent) within the past 30 days, but only 8 percent drank hard liquor as often as three times a week. sumed beverage.
Wine was the least frequently con-
Only 35 percent of the military personnel
had drunk any wine during the past 30 days, and only 4 percent had done so as often as three times a week. Heavy Drinking Two types of heavy drinking are defined for the purpose of this analysis: (1) consumption of eight or more drinks on a typical drinking day during the past 30 days and (2) consumption of eight or more drinks in a single day at least
26
once a week during the past 12 months.
With
respect to thure
first definition, Table 11-9 shows that beer was the beverage that was heavily consumed by the most respondents. TABLE 11-9 QUANTITY CONSUMED ON A TYPICAL DRINKING DAY DURING PAST 30 DAYS--WORLDWIDE TOTAL (PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION)
SERVICE BEVERAGE/ FREQUENCY
TOAL DOD
ARMY
NAVY
5 3
5 3
7 5
7 4
3 1
BEER 8-i1 DRINKS 12 OR MORE DRINKS
SMARINE CORPS
FORCE
WINE 8-11
DRINKS
+
+
+
+
+
12 OR MORE DRINKS
1
1
1
1
1
HARD LIQUOR 8-11 DRINKS 12 OR MORE DRINKS
4 2
3 2
5 3
6 2
2 1
+ LESS THAN HALF OF ONE PERCENT. On a typical day in which beer was consumed, 8 percent drank eight or more drinks.
Heavy drinking of wine was rarely
reported, but heavy drinking of hard liquor was reported nearly as often as heavy drinking of beer;
6 percent of all
respondents reported consuming eight or more drinks of hard liquor on a typical drinking day during the past 30 days. Heavy drinking was reported almost exclusively by enlisted
personnel.
Twelve percent of El-E5's and 4 percent of E6-E9's
A drink is defined as one 12 ounce can, bottle, or glass of beer; one four ounce glass of wine; or one drink of hard liquor.
27
worldwide reported heavy drinking of beer; only 1 percent of each enlisted group reported heavy drinking of wine.
The
comparable figures for hard liquor were: El-E5's, 8 percent; E6-E9's, 3 percent.
Only about 1 percent or less of each
officer or warrant officer group worldwide reported heavy drinking of any beverage. The preceding discussion was concerned with typical drinking during the past 30 days.
Now we focus on the
frequency that a person engages in heavy drinking during the past 12 months.
Table II-10 shows that 21 percent of
all respondents reported they had engaged in heavy drinking of beer at least once a week during the past 12 months;
the
comparable figures for wine and hard liquor were about 5 percent and 11 percent, respectively. TABLE II-10 HEAVY DRINKERSI--WORLDWIDE TOTAL (PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION)
SERVICE I MARINE CORPS
TOTAL DOD
ARMY
NAVY
BEER
21
22
25
28
WINE
5-6
8
5-6
7
3-4
11
12
14
13
7-8
BEVERAGE
HARD LIQUOR 1
AIR FORCE 13-14
DEFINED AS A PERSON WHO DRANK EIGHT OR MORE CANS, GLASSES, OR DRINKS IN A SINGLE DAY AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS.
28
The worldwide patterns of heavy drinking by pay grade group are as described previously the rates are higher.
for typical
drinking,
but
Heavy drinking was rarely reported by
officers or warrant officers.
Twenty-eight percent of
El-E5's and about 10 percent of E6-E9's reported heavy
drinking of beer; the comparable figures for wine were 8 percent and about 1 percent for El-ES's and E6-E9's respectively.
Fourteen percent of the El-E5's and about 5 percent
of E6-E9's reported heavy drinking of hard liquor. Adverse Physiological Effects There is compelling evidence that a person consuming a daily average of five ounces of ethanol during a year is at high risk of developing severe medical problems
(e.g.,
cirrhotic or precirrhotic conditions; see Chapter IV).
Based
on this threshold of presumptive harm, 7.9 percent of all DOD respondents are at high risk.
Table II-11 depicts the
data by Service and pay grade group. TABLE II-11 POPULATION AT HIGH RISK FOR SEVERE MEDICAL PROBLEMS (PERCENTAGE)
SERVICE PAY GRADE GROUP TOTAL E1-E5 E6-E9 Wl-W4 01-03 04-06
TOTAL DOD 7.9 10.9 3.1
ARMY
NAVY
MARINE CORPS
AIR FORCE
10.1 12.9 2.6
3.6 5.3 1.3
9.2 12.2 4.9
9.9 13.9 2.7
0.2
0
1.3
-
0.7 0.6
1.5 0
0.1 0
0.9 2.4
- LESS THAN 30 RESPONDENTS. • NOT APPLICABLE.
*
0.4 1.0
U
29
Alcohol Dependence It is estimated that 7 percent of military personnel worldwide were alcohol dependent during the preceding 12 months (Table 11-12).
"Alcohol dependence" is defined in
Chapter III of this report.
Alcohol dependency occurred
predominately among junior enlisted personnel (10 percent) and senior enlisted personnel
(3 percent); it was rare
among warrant officers and commissioned officers. The patterns shown are quite consistent with the heavy drinking patterns discussed previously.
This is to be ex-
pected because of the substantial correlation between heavy drinking and alcohol dependency. TABLE 11-12 ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE DURING PAST 12 MONTHS (PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION)
SERVICE PAY GRADE GROUP TOTAL El-E5 E6-E9
Wl-W4 01-03 04-06
TOTAL DOD
ARMY
NAVY
7 10 3 + 1 +
8 11 3 0 1 0
9 12 5 0 + 1
MARINE CORPS
AIR FORCE
11
4 5 2
14 4 5 1
*
+ 1
+ LESS THAN HALF OF ONE PERCENT. * NOT APPLICABLE. LESS THAN 30 RESPONDENTS.
Consequences of Alcohol Use The respondents were asked to indicate whether each of two consequences of alcohol use had occurred during the past
30
12 months.
Table 11-13 shows that 23 percent of all re-
spondents reported suffering at least one of the consequences. TABLE 11-13 SELECTED CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL USE DURING PAST 12 MONTHS (PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION)
CONSEQUENCE/ PAY GRADE
TOTAL DOD
ARMY
SERVICE MARINE NAVY CORPS
AIR FORCE
BECAME DRUNK WITHOUT PLANNING TO
20
16
25
23
18
DRUNK MORE THAN ONE DAY AT A TIME
11
10
16
16
6
TOTAL WITH EITHER CONSEQUENCE
23
19
31
29
20
Junior enlisted personnel were the most likely to suffer at least one consequence, followed in turn by senior enlisted personnel, junior officers, senior officers, and warrant officers. The respondents were also asked to indicate whether each of 15 physical, social, or work consequences had occurred because of their alcohol use during the past 12 months. Eleven percent reported suffering at least one of the 15 consequences during that period (Table i-14). Among those who reported any of the 17 cons.quences occurring, they had occurred a median of 3 times.
1
Detailed
data by pay grade group are in Chapter IV.
1
This analysis combines the two groups of consequences.
10
31
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32
Work Impairment The percentage of the population reporting work impairment because of their alcohol use during the preceding 12 months is shown in Table 11-15.
"Lowered performance" was
the type of work impairment most frequently reported; it was reported by 22 percent of all respondents and by 26 percent of the El-E5's and this occurred a median of two to three times.
The patterns of impairment by pay grade group are
in the following rank order by percentage suffering impairment: El-E5's, E6-E9's, 01-03's, 04-06's, and Wl-W4's.
4 9.
33
TABLE 11-15 WORK IMPAIRMENT BECAUSE OF ALCOHOL USE DURING PAST 12 MONTHS (PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION)
SERVICE IMPAIRMENT/ PAY GRADE LOWERED PERFORMANCE TOTAL El-E5 E6-E9
i
TOTAL DOD
ARMY
NAVY
MARINE CORPS
AIR FORCE
22 26 17
19 23 13
30 34 22
29 32 22
17 19 14
W1-W4
9
4
12
-
01-03 04-06
15 10
12 7
28 8
20 14
10 14
13 16 9
13 15 9
17 21 10
16 17 15
10 12 7
2
2
0
-
*
7 4
8 1
9 7
5 8
5 5
5 6 2
6 8 2
5 7 3
5 6 3
2 2 2
wI-W4
1
1
0
-
*
01-03 04-06
0 1
0 0
0 0
2 0
0 2
11 15 5
11 16 4
16 21 7
15 19 7
6 7 3
1
1
0
-
*
3 3
2 0
6 7
1 0
2 3
27 31 19
24 29 16
35 40 25
34 38 25
20 24 16
9
4
12
-
*
17 12
15 7
29 14
21 15
12 15
LATE FOR WORK OR LEFT EARLY TOTAL El-E5 E6-E9 WI-W4
01-03 04-06 DID NOT COME TO WORK TOTAL El-E5 E6-E9
DRUNK/HIGH WHILE WORKING TOTAL El-E5 E6-E9 W1-W4
01-03 04-06 TOTAL WITH ANY IMPAIRMENT TOTAL E1-E5 E6-E9 W1-W4
01-03 04-06
- LESS THAN 30 RESPONDENTS. • NOT APPLICABLE. + LESS THAN HALF OF ONE PERCENT.
*
34
Comparison of Drug and Alcohol Prevalence Among Military and Civilian Populations This analysis is restricted to the subpopulations at highest risk for nonmedical drug use in both military and civilian populations: persons 18 through 25 years of age. The data have been standardized with respect to the variables that are most closely correlated with nonmedical drug use: sex, age, marital status, and education.
Standardization
with respect to these variables serves to provide prevalence rates that are not biased by the differences in occurrence of these characteristics in the two populations.
The spe-
cific procedures employed to standardize the data are described in Appendix I.
The limitations in this analysis are
described in Chapter V. Table II-16 shows the prevalence of nonmedical drug use among military personnel and comparable civilians, ages 18 through 25.
Prevalence of current nonmedical drug use for
military personnel is slightly lower or equal to civilian use for 311 druq types analyzed, with the exception of amphetami\es or other uppers.
Prevalence of annual use is
lower f)r m\ Itary personnel than civilians with respect to four druj types ind higher than civilians for three drug types.
There is,
thus, no general pattern of nonmedical
drug use beinq morp prevalent for military personnel than civilians. Regarding alcohol use, slightly higher proportions of military personnel than civilians drank at all during the past 30 days and the past year.
I!
35 TABLE
IT-16
PREVALENCE OF NONMEDICAL DRUG USE AND ALCOHOL USE AMONG MILITARY PERSONNEL AND COMPARALE CIVILIANS--AGES 18-25 (PERCENTAGE OF 18-25 YEAR OLD POPULATION)
TYPE
MILITARY (n= 8224)
COMPARABLE CIVILIANS 1
!__n= 2022
MARl JUANA/HASHISH PAST 30 DAYS
40
42
PAST 12 MONTHS
52
54
10
4
21
12
AMPHETAMINES OR OTHER UPPERS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS COCAINE PAST 30 DAYS
7
10
18
23
5
5
13
12
PAST 30 DAYS
4
4
PAST 12 MONTHS
9
10
3
3
9
12
PAST 30 DAYS
1
1
PAST 12 MONTHS
3
1
PAST 30 DAYS
84
82
PAST 12 MONTHS
93
90
PAST 12 MONTHS HALLUCINOGENS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS BARBITURATES OR OTHER DOWNERS
TRANQUI LI ZERS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS HEROIN
ALCOHOL
IDATA STANDARDIZED WITH RESPECT TO SEX, AGE, MARITAL STATUS, AND EDUCATION. BASED ON SPECIAL TABULATIONS FROM THE 1979 NATIONAL SURVEY ON uRUG ABUSE.
I
j
II
III.
I
NONMEDICAL DRUG USE
Prevalence of Drug Use The military personnel responding were asked to indicate whether or not they had used one or more of nine different types of drugs nonmedically during the past within the past 12 months.
The results
30 days
(i.e.,
and
percentage
reporting use of a drug) are reported as prevalence rates for various respondent groups and for each of frames.
Use of a drug in the past 30 days is referred to
as current use; months.
the two time
annual use denotes usage within the past 12
Frequency of current use is also reported.
Marijuana or Hashish
1
Current Use Prevalence rates for marijuana or hashish use within the past 30 days appear in Table III-1 for all Services worldwide and for the different regions and pay grade groups.
Current Use - Worldwide Twenty-six percent of the military personnel worldwide reported current use of marijuana or hashish. rates by pay grade groups varied. Ported the highest current use
1
Worldwide
The El-E5 personnel re-
(37 percent).
Only 4 percent
Reported usage may entail either or both of these drugs.
36
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of the E6-E9 pay grade group, 3 percent of the 01-03 group and 1 percent of the 04-06 group, worldwide, indicated they had used marijuana or hashish within the pasto 3(ldays. Current Use - Regional and Sub7Regional Rates of
current use were higher in CONUS
than in the overseas
locations
(Europe, 23 percent;
21 percent; Other Locations, 22 percent). prevalence rates
(27 percent) Pacific,
Sub-regional
for 30 day marijuana or hashish use among
the El-E5 pay grade group are shown in Table 111-2.
(Sub-
regional figures are merely further breakdowns of data presented previously.) Among the El-E5 personnel in Europe, those in Geinany reported the highest current use of marijuana or hashish (36 percent).
In the Pacific, the rate of current use among
all El-E5's was the highest in Hawaii
(44 percent).
Annual Use Prevalence rates for marijuana or hashish use during the past 12 months are shown in Table 111-3 for all military personnel; corresponding figures for the El-E5 pay grade group appear in Table 111-4.
Annual Use - Worldwide Rates of annual use worldwide were higher than the rates
of current use of marijuana or hashish, as would be expected given the expanded time frame.
Patterns of use, however,
were similar in both time periods.
Worldwide, 35 percent of all military personnel reported
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use of marijuana or hashish within the past 12 months.
Only
9 percent of the E6-E9 pay grade group, 8 percent of 01-03's, and 1 percent of 04-06's, worldwide, indicated they had used marijuana or hashish within the past 12 months. Annual Use - Regional and Sub-Regional The annual prevalence rate for the military personnel stationed in CONUS was higher (36 percent) than rates for personnel in overseas locations
(Europe, 34 percent; Pacific,
32 percent; Other Locations, 32 percent). The annual prevalence rates for use of marijuana or hashish among the El-E5 enlisted personnel (Table 111-4) were highest in the CONUS sub-regions.
Fifty-one percent of
the El-E5 military personnel in CONUS-East reported using marijuana or hashish in the past 12 months compared to 48 percent of those in CONUS-West. In Europe, El-E5 respondents in Germany reported the highest annual use of marijuana or hashish (50 percent). Corresponding figures for El-E5 personnel in the Pacific indicated that the annual usage was highest in Hawaii
(57
percent). Frequency of Current Use The frequency of marijuana or hashish use within the past 30 days by Service and geographical region appears in Table 111-5. Worldwide, 19 percent of the military personnel reported they had used marijuana or hashish weekly or more frequently than weekly during the past 30 days.
43
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Weekly or more frequent use of marijuana or hashish was slightly more prevalent among respondents in CONUS than among those in overseas locations
(20 percent)
(Europe, 16 percent;
Pacific, 16 percent; Other Locations, 18 percent).
Figures
on frequency of use by pay grade group and geographical regicn appear in Tables 111-6 to 111-9; caution should be applied when interpreting the rates shown for the officer groups because of the small number of respondents. PCP Use Current Use Prevalence rates for PCP use within the past 30 days are shown in Table III-10 for each Service and by geographical region and pay grade group. Current Use - Worldwide
Worldwide, 1 percent of the military personnel reported having used PCP within the past 30 days.
The rates in the
various pay grade group were: El-E5, 1 percent; E6-E9, <0.5 percent; officer groups, 0 percent. Current Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Current use rates for all DOD personnel were minor; rates for each region were 1 percent or less. Sub-regional rates among the El-ES pay grade groups (Table III-ll) show that current use of PCP was most prevalent in CONUS-East (2 percent versus 1 percent or less in other sub-regions).
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22 months
are presented in Tables 111-12 and 111-13.
Annual Use - Worldwide Annual rates for use of PCP worldwide exceeded those for current use, but patterns of usage remained similar among the pay grade groups and regions. Worldwide, 4 percent of the military personnel reported use of PCP during the past 12 months.
Less than one-half of
1 percent of the E6-E9 groups and the officer jroups, worldwide, indicated they had used PCP within the past 12 months.
Annual Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Annual use rates for PCP were slightly higher for DOD personnel in CONUS locations
(4 percent) than for those in overseas
(Europe and the Pacific, each 3 percent;
Other
Locations, 2 percent). Sub-regional rates for the El-E5 pay grade group
(Table
111-13) show that annual use of PCP was most prevalent in three sub-regions: CONUS-East percent);
(7 percent);
CONUS-West (6
and Pacific-Guam (6 percent).
Frequency of Current Use Less than 1 percent of the military personnel worldwide reported they had used PCP weekly or more often than weekly within the past 30 days
(Table 111-14).
Similar figures
appeared by pay grade groups and geographical regions (Tables 111-15 through 111-18).
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Use of Hallucinogens Current Use Prevalence rates for current use of hallucinogens (other than PCP) appear in Table 111-19 for the different Services, regions and pay grade groups. Current Use - Worldwide
Worldwide, 3 percent of the DOD personnel and 5 percent of El-ES's reported they had used hallucinogens within the past 30 days.
Less than one-half of 1 percent of the E6-E9
group and the officers, worldwide, indicated they had used hallucinogens within the past 30 days. Current Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Current use of hallucinogens was reported by a larger proportion (4 percent) of the military personnel in CONUS than by those in overseas locations (Europe and the Pacific, each 2 percent; Other Locations, 1 percent). Among the El-E5 group, current use of hallucinogens was slightly more prevalent in CONUS-West than in any other subregion (Table 111-20).
Six percent of this pay grade group
in CONUS-West reported use of hallucinogens within the past 30 days; figures for El-E5's in CONUS-East, Hawaii and Japan were similar (each 5 percent). Annual Use Prevalence rates for use of hallucinogens within the past 12 months among the various groups appear in Tables 111-21 and 111-22.
60
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Annual Use - Worldwide
Eight percent of the military personnel worldwide reported they had used hallucinogens within the past 12 months. The highest rate was reported for the El-E5 pay grade group (12 percent).
Rates of annual use of hallucinogens among
other pay grade groups were 1 percent or less. Annual Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Nine percent of the military personnel stationed in CONUS reported use of hallucinogens during the past 12 months; corresponding figures for overseas locations were lower (Europe, 6 percent; Pacific, 7 percent; Other Locations, 5 percent). Sub-regionally, the highest annual prevalence rate was recorded in the Pacific region for Hawaii (Table 111-22). Fifteen percent of the El-E5 group from all Services in Hawaii reported they had used hallucinogens within the past 12 months.
In CONUS, prevalence rates were highest in CONUS-
West (13 percent).
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rate for use of hallucinogens among El-E5 personnel appeared in Germany (10 percent). Frequency of Current Use Less than 2 percent of the military personnel worldwide reported they had used hallucinogens weekly or more frequently within the past 30 days (Table 111-23).
Frequency of
current use of hallucinogens by pay grade and geographical region is depicted in Tables 111-24 to 111-27.
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Cocaine Use Current Use Prevalence rates for use of cocaine during the past 3C days appear in Table 111-28. Current Use - Worldwide Worldwide, 4 percent of the military personnel reported they had used cocaine during the past 30 days.
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different pay grade groups, only the El-E5 personnel reported any substantial current use of cocaine (7 percent compared to less than 0.5 percent of the E6-E9 group and none of the officers, worldwide). Current Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Personnel stationed in CONUS were slightly more likely to report current use of cocaine (5 percent) than those stationed in overseas locations
(Europe, 3 percent; Pacific,
4 percent; Other Locations, 4 percent). Among El-E5 enlisted personnel in the different subregions, current cocaine use was considerably more prevalent (17 percent) in Hawaii than in any other sub-region (Table 111-29). Annual Use The prevalence of cocaine use within the past 12 months is depicted in Tables 111-30 and 111-31. Annual Use - Worldwide Eleven percent of the military personnel worldwide reported use of cocaine within the past 12 months.
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Twenty-five percent of
this pay grade group in Hawaii reported they had used cocaine within the past 12 months. Frequency of Current Use Worldwide, only about 2 percent of the military personnel reported they had engaged in cocaine use weekly or more often than weekly within the past 30 days (Table 111-32). Frequency of cocaine use by pay grade and geographical region appears in Tables 111-33 through III-36.
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Nonmedical Use of Amphetamines or Other Uppers Current Use Prevalence rates for nonmedical use of amphetamines or other uppers in the past 30 days are depicted in Table III-.7.
Current Use - Worldwide Worldwide, 6 percent of the respondents reported nonmedical use of amphetamines or other uppers within the past 30 days.
Current use rates were substantially higher among El-
E5 enlisted personnel groups
(9 percent) than among other pay grade
(E6-E9, 1 percent; officers, <0.5 percent).
Current Use - Regional and Sub-Regional The current use rate for personnel stationed in CONUS
was slightly higher (7 percent) than rates in overseas locations (Europe, 5 percent; Pacific and Other Locations, E
4 percent). Among El-E5 enlisted personnel in the various sub-
regions, current nonmedical use of amphetamines or other uppers was most prevalent (11 percent) in CONUS-East (Table L-ji ).
jnual Use The prevalence rates for nonmedical use of amphetamines or other uppers within the past 12 months are presented in Tables 111-39 and 111-40. Annual Use - Worldwide
Worldwide, 13 percent of the military personnel rep-r" nonmedical use of amphetamines or other uppers within
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past 12 months.
Patterns of annual use among the pay grade
groups were similar to those reported for current use of these drugs.
Worldwide rates for El-E5 personnel (19 percent)
greatly exceeded those for the E6-E9 group (2 percent), junior officers (l percent) and senior officers (<0.5 percent). Annual Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Annual use rates for all military personnel by region varied only slightly: CONUS, 13 percent; Europe, 11 percent; Pacific, 10 percent; Other Locations, 12 percent. Among El-E5 personnel, annual nonmedical use of amphetamines or other uppers was more prevalent (24 percent) in Guantanamo Bay than in any other sub-region (Table 111-40). Frequency of Current Use About 3 percent of the respondents, worldwide, reported they had used amphetamines or other uppers nonmedically either weekly or more frequently than weekly within the past 30 days (Table 111-41).
Regional variations also were
slight (CONUS and Europe, each about 3 percent; Pacific and Other Locations, each about 2 percent).
Frequency figures
by pay grade groups and region are displayed in Tables 111-42 through 111-45.
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Nonmedical Use of Tranquilizers Current Use The prevalence rates f~r nonmedical use of tranquilizers within the past 30 days appear in Tanles 111-46 and 111-47. Current Use - Worldwide
Only 2 percent of the military personnel worldwide reported any nonmedical use of tranquilizers within the past 30 days.
Current use rates were low also among the El-E5
pay grade group (3 percent). Current Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Current prevalence rates were 2 percent in each of the four regions.
Sub-regional rates for El-E5 personnel ranged
from 1 percent (England) to 7 percent (Italy). Annual Use Annual prevalence rates for nonmedical use of tranquilizers are depicted in Tables 111-48 and 111-49. Annual Use - Worldwide
Worldwide, 6 percent of the military personnel reported nonmedical use of tranquilizers within the past 12 months. The annual use rate among El-E5 personnel
(8 percent)
was substantially higher than rates for other pay grade groups
(1 percent or less per group).
Annual Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Annual rates by region varied only slightly: CONUS and Europe, each 6 percent; Pacific, 5 percent; Other Locations, 4 percent.
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Among El-E5 personnel, annual nonmedical use of tranquilizers was more prevalent in Guam (12 percent) than in any other sub-region. Frequency of Current Use
Less than 2 percent of the military personnel worldwide reported any nonmedical use of tranquilizers on a weekly or more frequent basis within the past 30 days (Table 111-50). The frequency figures for pay grade groups and regions appear in Tables 111-51 through 111-54.
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Nonmedical
Use of
Barbiturates
or Other
Downers
Current Use Prevalence rates for current nonmedical biturates are
or other
downers
shown in Tables
for
111-55 and
use of bar-
the various groups
and regions
111-56.
Current Use - Worldwide The worldwide prevalence of current use of barbiturates or other downers was pay grade group was
low
also low
Current Use - Regional Current rates cent per
(2 percent).
The rate
for the El-E5
(3 percent).
and Sub-Regional
by region showed no variation
(2 per-
region).
Annual Use The
12 month prevalence rates
for use of barbiturates
or other downers are presented in Tables 111-57 and
111-58.
Annual Use - Worldwide Six percent of the military personnel worldwide reportel they had used barbiturates or other downers within the past 12 months. the El-E5
Among the different pay grade groups, the rate for group
(8 percent) was considerably higher than
those for other groups
(E6-E9, 1 percent;
junior officers, 1
percent; senior officers, 0 percent). Annual Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Regional variances in annual use of barbiturates or other downers were slight: CONUS, 6 percent; Europe and the Pacific, each 5 percent; Other Locations, 4 percent.
104
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Sub-regionally, among the El-E5 enlisted personnel, annual use of barbiturates or other downers was more prevalent in CONUS-East, Hawaii and Japan (each 9 percent) than in any other sul-regions. Frequency of Current Use Use of barbiturates or other downers on a weekly or more frequent basis within the past 30 days was reported by..only about 1 percent of the military personnel
(Table 111-59).
Variations by pay grade groups and regions were not large (Tables 111-60 through 111-63).
4.
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1
Heroin Use Current Use Prevalence rates for use of heroin within the/past 30 days are presented in Tables 111-64 and 111-65. Current Use - Worldwide Only 1 percent of the military personnel w~rldwide reported they had used heroin within the past 30 days.
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E6-E9 pay grade groups were 1 percent and less than 0.5 percent, respectively. Current Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Regional rates for current use of heroin were 1 percent or less in all regions except Europe where the rate was 2 percent.
Current use of heroin was most prevalent among
El-E5 personnel in Europe (3 percent).
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regional rate was recorded for El-E5 personnel in Germany (4 percent). Annual Use Annual rates of heroin use are depicted in Tables 111-66 and 111-67. Annual Use - Worldwide
The annual prevalence rate for heroin use worldwide percent) was double that for current use of this drug; however, patterns of use by pay grade groups and regions were similar for both time periods.
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Annual Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Four percent of the military personnel stationed in Europe reported they had used heroin within the past 12 months (compared to 1 percent or less of the personnel in other regions). Among the El-E5 pay grade groups in the various subregions, the annual rate of heroin use was the highest, by a considerable margin, in Germany (8 percent).
The rate
was no more than 2 percent in any other sub-region. Frequency of Current Use A special analysis shows that only 0.5 percent of the military personnel worldwide reported they had used heroin weekly or more frequently than weekly during the past 30 days.
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percent of the Army-Europe El-E5 pay grade group reported they had used heroin weekly or more often than weekly during the past 30 days.
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0.5 percent of Army-Germany junior enlisted personnel reported using heroin at least five days per week during the preceding 30 days.
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Use of Other Opiates Current Use Prevalence rates for use of "other opiates"
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heroin) during the past 30 days are shown in Tables 111-73 and 111-74. Current Use - Worldwide
Worldwide, only 1 percent of the military personnel reported they had used opiates other than heroin within the past 30 days.
Among the different pay grade groups, rates
ranged from zero to less than 0.5 percent for all except the El-E5 enlisted personnel for whom a 2 percent rate was recorded. Current Use - Regional and Sub-Regional Regional rates for all combined pay grade groups were 2 percent in Europe and 1 percent in each of the other regions. Annual Use The prevalence rates for use of "other opiates" during the past 12 months are displayed in Tables 111-75 and 111-76. Annual Use - Worldwide
Worldwide, 4 percent of the military personnel reported use of opiates other than heroin during the past 12 months. The annual rate for El-E5 personnel (5 percent) was substantially higher than the rates for other pay grade groups (i.e., <0.5 percent). Annual Use - Regional and Sub-Regional U
Annual rates by region did not vary greatly: CONUS and
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Frequency data by pay grade group and geographical
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Nonmedical Use of Any Drugs Table 111-82, 111-83, 111-84, and 111-85 depict the proportion of the population that engaged in any nonmedical drug use.
The prevalence rates are nearly identical to
those discussed previously for marijuana/hashish use. For example, Table 111-82 shows that 27 percent of the respondents worldwide reported current use of at least one type of drug while Table III-1 shows that 26 percent reported current use of marijuana or hashish. able figures for annual use are: 36 percent
Similarly, the compar-
any nonmedical drug use,
(Table 111-83); marijuana/hashish use, 35 percent
(Table 111-3).
Clearly, nearly all nonmedical drug users
used marijuana or hashish. Because of the close correspondence between marijuana/ hashish use and any drug use, the patterns for these two types of prevalence are nearly identical.
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Multiple Drug Use "Multiple drug use" refers to the use of more type of drug during a specified period.
than one
The drug types
considered are the nine categories previously discussed in this section. person using
Thus, for the purpose of this analysis, a (say) two different barbiturate drugs nonmedi-
cally during a specified period is counted as using only one drug type
(i.e., barbiturates/other downers),
she uses no other types of drugs.
assuming he or
Because nonmedical drug
use was largely limited to the El-E5 pay grade group, the analysis of multiple drug use is limited to that group. Prevalence During Past 30 Da
s
Table 111-86 depicts the percentage of El-E5's using drugs nonmedically during the past
30 days.
pattern is use of only one type of drug;
The dominant
24 percent of all
the El-E5's worldwide reported using only one type of drug while 15 percent reported using more than one
(7 percent
used two, 4 percent used three, and 4 percent used four or more types of drugs). The highest regional prevalence of multiple drug use among E1-E5's during the past 30 days is found in CONUS
(15
percent). Prevalence During Past 12 Months The patterns of nonmedical multiple drug use among ElES's during the past 12 months are more varied than for prevalence during the past 30 days. -s
Among all El-E5 re-
spondents worldwide, 26 percent reported using two or more
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143
types of drugs while 24 percent reported using one type 111-87). region;
The prevalence was higher in CONUS than in any other 27 percent of the El-E5 population in CONUS reported
use of two or more drugs within the preceding 12 months.
it
t-r
(Table
144
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Conbined Use of Drugs and Alcohol Table 111-88 displays how often each of the nine types of drugs listed had been used in combination with alcohol by El-ES's.1 hol;
Many of these drugs act synergistically with alco-
combined use may produce unforeseen and even danqerous
effects.
Marijuana or hashish is used more often with alco-
holic beverages .tnan any of the other drugs.
Forty-eight
percent of the El-E5 group, worldwide, indicated they had used marijuana or hashish at least once together with alcohol and 20 percent reported combined use frequently cent "very often" and 7 percent "always").
(13 per-
Cocaine and
amphetamines or other uppers are the next most frequently reported drugs used with alcohol.
Sixteen percent of El-E5
respondents had used cocaine with alcohol and 16 percent had used amphetamines or other uppers with alcohol. For the remaining six drug types, combined use with alcohol is less frequent, ranging from 12 percent for other hallucinogens to 3 percent for heroin.
iThe questionnaire did not specify a time frame; therefore the time frame could have been interpreted to encompass 30 days, past 12 months, or ever.
146
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149
Drug De eendence Any operational definition of dIrug dependence is likely to be controversial.
The controversy is particularly snar-
when one attempts to differentiate between "physiological" and "psychological" dependence. For the purpose of this analysis, a person is defined as having been physiologically drug dependent during the past 12 months if he or she falls in one or more of the following categories: 1.
Used one of the following drugs nonmedically at least five times per week during the past 30 days: barbiturates/other downers, heroin, or other opiates.
2.
Experienced sickness (i.e., withdrawal symptoms) because use of addictive drugs was stopped; symptoms include: "runny nose or eyes," "flushed or sweaty," "chills," "nausea or vomiting," "stomach cramps," diarrhea," "muscle pains," etc.
3.
Was detoxified because of drug use.
Simply stated, the rationale for this operational definition of drug dependence is based on a body of knowledge that a person who was physiologically drug dependent must be in at
least one of the three categories.
It is also recognized
that there may be cross tolerances between certain drugs; in such cases, one may substitute one drug for another without experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
A notable example
is heroin and methadone; addicts commonly substitute methadone when heroin is not available. withdrawals symptoms.
This substitution avoids
For this reason, this operational
definition of addiction does not ricidl:
.
particular drug every day, but rather nearly It
is
also comuonly
recolnized
that
';
A
continues use of the drug on which he or st ically dependent will experience one or mo drawal
symptoms stated
in
(2)
s
duv. ^n.
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t
above unless he or she is
detoxified under medical supervision.
Thus, a
,erson who
experienced withdrawal symptoms after discontinuing use of an addictive drug or who was detoxified is also ciassilfied as having been physiologically dependent. For the purpose of this analysis, a person is classified as psychologically drug dependent who experiences sickness (i.e., withdrawal symptoms) because he or she stopped use of one or more non-addictive drugs; the symptoms are the same as defined earlier for physiological addiction. It is possible that a person experiencing withdrawal symptoms after stopping use of addictive drugs is really psychologically rather than physiologically dependent.
But such a
distinction may be difficult to make in a clinical setting and is impossible to make on the basis of survey findings. Table 111-89 depicts the percentage of El-E5 respondents who were drug dependent at some time during the preceding 12 months.
Two totals are presented:
(1) the 1- rcentage of
respondents who were physiologically dependent
(i.e., who
either Lsed an addictive drug at least five times per week during the past 30 days, or became sick--experienced
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152
withdrawal symptoms as described above--because they stopped using an addictive drug during the past 12 months, or were detoxified because of drug use in the past 12 months); (2) the percentage of respondents who were either physiologically or psychologically drug dependent (i.e., who experienced withdrawal symptoms because they stopped using non-addictive drugs or were in the first total).
Thus, the "total in 1, 2,
3 or 4" represents an unduplicated count of persons who were physiologically dependent, psychologically dependent, or both physiologically and psychologically dependent. Three percent of the respondents were classified as physiologically drug dependent in the first total 2, or 3").
(i.e., "I,
Adding the respondents who reported only with-
drawal symptoms after ceasing use of non-addictive drugs increases the total DOD prevalence by 1 percent (from 3 to 4 percent).
This is because some respondents were both physi-
ologically and psychologically dependent on drugs.
'-
Consequences of Drug Use The respondents were asked to indicate whether certain physical, social or work consequences had occurred
because
of their use of drugs during the past 12 months. First, two general consequences that stem immediately from drug use are considered:
"used more drugs than planned"
and being "high more than one day at time." shows that
10 percent of El-E5 respondents
"used more drugs than planned" at
Table
111-90
reported they had
least once during
the pre-
ceding 12 months and 17 percent reported being "high more than one day at a time."
Nineteen percent
indicated they
had suffered at least one of these consequences during that period. A further consideration is 15 more specific consequences of dzug use.
Table 111-91 depicts the percentage of El-E5
respondents who reported each of these 15 physical,
social,
or work consequences had occurred at least once during the preceding 12 months.
It is believed that this set of con-
sequences constitutes a superior
indication of hard core
drug problems than the first set described above. considerable overlap in responses among the consequences.
There was
15 specific
This implies, for example, that a person who
received judicial or Article 15 punishment because of drug use might also have failed to get promoted.
The total
figures in Table 111-91 show that 10 percent of El-E5 respondents reported at least one of the 15 consequences had A
occurred during the preceding 12 months.
154
TABLE 111-90 GENERAL CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG USE DURING PAST 12 MONTHS (PERCENTAGE OF E-E5 POPULATION) SERVICE CONSEQUENCES
TOTAL DOD
ARMY
NAVY
MARINE CORPS
AIR FORCE
USED MORE DRUGS THAN PLANNED
10
9
13
14
6
HIGH MORE THAN ONE DAY AT A TIME
17
16
22
24
9
TOTAL WITH EITHER CONSEQUENCE
19
18
25
27
11
155
TABLE 111-91 SPECIFIC CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG USE DURING PAST 12 MONTHS (PERCENTAGE OF EI-E5 POPULATION)
SERVICE CONSEQUENCES
TOTAL DOD
ARMY
NAVY
MARINE CORPS
AIR FORCE
+ 1
ILLNESS KEPT FROM DUTY 1 WEEK OR LONGER
2
3
1
DIDN'T GET PROMOTED
3
4
3
2 5
GOT LOWER SCORE ON EFFICIENCY OR PERFORMANCE REPORT
3
3
3
5
1
RECEIVED JUDICIAL OR ARTICLE 15 PUNISHMENT
4
5
4
5
2
ARRESTED FOR DRIVING AFTER USING DRUGS
1
2
1
2
1
ARRESTED FOR NON-DRIVING DRUG INCIDENT
4
4
4
6
2
INCARCERATED DUE TO DRUG USE
2
1
2
3
1
HURT IN ACCIDENT CONNECTED WITH DRUG USE
2
2
2
2
+
DRUG USE CAUSED ACCIDENT WHERE OTHERS HURT OR PROPERTY DAMAGED
1
1
2
2
1
SPOUSE THREATENED TO LEAVE
2
2
2
2
1 +
HIT SPOUSE OR CHILDREN
1
1
1
1
SPCUSE LEFT
1
1
1
1
+
ENTERED REHABILITATION OR TREATMENT PROGRAM
2
2
1
2
2
ATTENDED TRAINING OR EDUCATION PROGRAM
2
3
1
3
1
DETOXIFIED
1
1
1
1
+
13
15
5
TOTAL WITH ANY CONSEQUENCESa
10
11
aPERCENTAGE OF POPULATION REPORTING AT LEAST ONE OF THE CONSEQUENCES DURING THE PAST 12 MONTHS. + LESS THAN ONE-HALF OF ONE PERCENT.
156
Another analysis investigated the extent to which respondents reported at least one of the 17 consequences of drug use occurring (i.e., combing the two general consequences and the 15 specific consequences).
Twenty-three
percent of the El-E5 respondents indicated that at least one of the 17 consequences had occurred at least once during the past 12 months.I The number of times any of the 17 general and specific consequences occurred is depicted in Table 111-92.
Among
the respondents who had suffered any consequences, the median number of times a consequence had occurred was three.
iThe percentage by Service were: Army, 23 percent; Navy, 30 percent; Marine Corps, 31 percent; and Air Force, 13 percent.
157
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158
Work Impairment Because of Drug Use Another way of investigating conseq%:nces of drug use is to focus on the extent to which a person's drug use affects his or her work performance.
Table 111-93 shows the
proportion of respondents who reported that their use of drugs had impaired their ability to work during the past 12 months. Four types of work impairment are considered
(the
verbatim questions are in parentheses): " Lowered Performance ("I did not work at my normal level of performance because of my use of drugs.") " Late For Work/Left Early ("I was late for work or left early because of my use of drugs.") " Did Not Come To Work ("I did not come to work because of my use of drugs.") " High While Working
("I was high while working because
of my use of drugs.") The type of work impairment most frequently reported was "high while working" respondents
(19 percent);
nearly half of these
(9 percent) reported experiencing this on 40 or
more days during the preceding 12 months.
Substantially
lower proportions of respondents reported other work consequences
(lowered performance,
left early, 6 percent;
10 percent; late for work or
did not come to work, 4 percent).
The last row in Table 111-93 labeled "TOTAL WITH ANY
IMPAIRMENT" reflects unduplicated counts of the proportion of El-E5 respondents who reported having experienced any one or more of the four types of work impairment because of drug use.
Twenty-one percent of all El-E5 respondents indicated
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they had experienced at least one work impairment.
Since
this figure is only slightly larger than the percentage (19 percent) reporting that they were "high while working," it is apparent that nearly all of the persons who suffered one or more consequences reported being "high while working."
(,
161
IV.
ALCOHOL USE
This chapter is organized to proceed sequentially from what would be considered "normal" to more "pathological" drinking behavior and finally to consequences of alcohol use. The following issues are addressed sequentially: What is the prevalence of drinking different types of alcoholic beverages (i.e., beer, wine, hard liquor) among military personnel? How frequently is each type of alcoholic beverage consumed? What is the quantity of each beverage consumed on a "typical" drinking day? How frequently do military personnel engage in "heavy drinking" (i.e., consume eight or more drinks in a single day)? * What proportion of military personnel suffer from "adverse physiological effects" of alcohol? * What proportion of military personnel are "alcohol dependent?" . What proportion of military personnel suffer certain consequences of alcohol use? . To what extent does alcohol use cause work impairment among military personnel? Prevalence of Alcohol Use The respondents were questioned in detail about their drinking behavior.
Questions focused on:
(1) length of
time since last use of alcohol, (2) whether they drank at all during the past 30 days, (3) their frequency of drinking each type of alcoholic beverage during the past 30 days, (4) the quantity of each beverage consumed on a typical
162
drinking day during the past 30 days and (5) the frequency of consuming eight or more cans, glasses, or drinks Iurin the past 12 months. Length of Time Since Last Use of Alcohol The data in Table IV-i show the length of time since the individual had his or her last drink.
Only 8 percent of
the respondents said that either they had never used alcohol (4 percent) or that it had been more than 12 months since they had had a drink (another 4 percent).
Thus it can be
said that practically all of the servicemembers drink an alcoholic beverage at least once in a while.
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Drinking During The Past 30 Days The percentage of respondents who reported they drank any alcohol at all during the preceding 30 days appears in 'fable IV-2; also shown are figures by Se-vice.
In inter-
preting this table, appropriate consideration should be given to the fact that mere consumption of any alcohol is obviously not of the same importance as is heavy drinking and getting into problems over one's drinking, which are discussed later in this report.
The main point to be derived
from the findings is that most military personnel drink at least occasionally: 83 percent of the respondents had -Lunk some alcoholic beverage within the past 30 days; and in none of the subgroups did less than seven out of ten indicate they had something alcoholic to drink during the past 30 days. In general, the highest rates of drinking at least a little were recorded for senior officers, followed by junior officers or junior enlisted personnel, senior enlisted personnel and warrant officers. Differences among the four geographic regions in preva.-nce of current drinking are generally not large. ;
The
rates appear for personnel in Europe, the lowest in rJc3tions. -, Iency
of Drinking During Past 30 Days
present findings separately on quantity and .3s. for each of the three types of alcoholic I
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times a week.
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frequently consumed beverage, only 35 percent of
the military personnel had drunk any wine during the past 30 days,
and only 4 percent had done so as often as three
times a week.
Current Use Patterns By Pay Grade Group Frequency of current alcohol use, worldwide, is depicted for each pay grade group in Tables IV-4 through IV-8.
Senior
enlisted personnel reported generally lower frequencies of drinking during the past 30 days than did junior enlisted personnel (Table IV-5).
The data for warrant officers
(Table IV-6) show they have generally lower rates of drinking than enlisted personnel. Junior officer respondents (Table IV-7) reported generally lower frequencies of drinking during the ?ast 30 days than did enlisted personnel.
The exception was for wine;
their frequency of wine consumption was higher than that
.
among senior enlisted personnel and was roughly equivalent to the frequency reported by junior enlisted personnel.
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The senior officers group, as a whole, reported frequencies of beer consumption similar to those reported by junior officers.
However, their frequencies of wine and hard
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Quantity Consumed During A Typical Drinking Day Obviously, the quantity of alcohol consumed during a single day or occasion is more relevant to the development of drinking problems than is the number of days during which any drinking occurs, although both quantity and frequency need to be taken into account in determining dependence upon alcohol (as discussed later in this chapter).
The data
on quantity consumed for each of the three alcoholic beverages will help to provide a preliminary indication of which beverages are involved in the heavier types of drinking. Total-Worldwide For all military personnel, and within each of the four Services, beer was the beverage that was heavily consumed by the most respondents (Table IV-25).
On a typical day on
which any drinking occurred during the past 30 days, 29 percent of all military personnel reportedly drank four or
1 more drinks of beer.
Eight percent of the respondents re-
portedly engaged in "heavy drinking" of beer--defined as consuming eight or more drinks on a typical drinking day. Heavy drinking of wine was rarely reported (by about only 1 percent of respondents). Heavy drinking of hard liquor, however, was reportedly nearly as common as heavy drinking of beer; 6 percent of all
1A drink of beer is defined as one 12 ounce can, bottle or glass of beer.
191
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respondents reported they had consumed eight or more drinks of hard liquor on a typical drinking day during the past 30 days. Quantity Patterns by Pay Grade Group Tables IV-26 through IV-30 display quantity consumed on a typical drinking day by pay grade group.
Heavy drinking Twelve
was reported almost exclusively by enlisted personnel.
percent of El-E5's and 4 percent of E6-E9's, worldwide, indicated heavy drinking of beer.
The comparable figures for
wine were about 1 percent for both enlisted groups.
Eight
percent of El-ES's reported heavy drinking of hard liquor compared to 3 percent of the E6-E9's.
Only about 1 percent
or less of each officer or warrant officer group, worldwide, reported heavy drinking of each type of beverage. Regional Patterns The quantity of alcoholic beverages consumed on a typical drinking day during the past 30 days is displayed for CONUS, Europe, Pacific, and Other Locations in Tables IV-31 through IV-46.
Because officers only rarely reported
heavy drinking in any region, this discussion will focus on enlisted personnel. The percentages of enlisted respondents who reported heavy drinking are summarized in Table IV-47.
For junior
enlisted personnel, the regional patterns are varied.
IThe respondents who drank days were asked to indicate the liquor in their average drink. to five ounces; the average was
The
hard liquor in the past 30 number of ounces of hard The answers ranged from one 1.7 ounces.
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214 TABLE IV-47 HEAVY DRINKERS -ENLISTED
PERSONNEL
(PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION) SERVICE MARINE CORPS
AIR FORCE
17 5 18 5
15
7
*
6
12 *
5 4
8 7 6 7
11 5 10 9
10
5
*
5
14 *
5 1
4 6 3 2
6 7 4 1
6 4 3 3
2
2
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2
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3 1
3 5 3 +
3 6 5 0
4 4 3 0
3 + 4 +
1 2 2 0
TOTAL DOD
ARMY
NAVY
BEER CONUS EUROPE PACIFIC OTHER LOCATIONS
12 8 11 8
11 9 9 10
HARD LIQUOR CONUS EUROPE PACIFIC OTHER LOCATIONS
8 6 9 7
BEER CONUS EUROPE PACIFIC OTHER LOCATIONS HARD LIQUOR CONUS EUROPE PACIFIC OTHER LOCATIONS
PAY GRADE/ BEVERAGE/REGION El-E5
E6-E9
1
DEFINED AS A PERSON WHO CONSUMED EIGHT OR MORE DRINKS ON A TYPICAL DRINKING DAY DURING THE PAST 30 DAYS. * NOT APPLICABLE. + LESS THAN ONE-HALF OF ONE PERCENT.
215
highest rates of heavy drinking generally appear in the CONUS and Pacific regions followed by Europe and Other Locations, although there are a few slight exceptions to these patterns. The regional patterns are also varied for senior enlisted personnel.
A notable pattern is that the highest
rates of heavy drinking appear in Europe followed by CONUS or the Pacific and Other Locations.
Frequency of Heavy Drinking During Past 12 Months The previous section addressed typical drinking during the past 30 days and focused particularly on heavy drinking. Now the focus is on the frequency that a person engages in heavy drinking during the past 12 months.
This is a pre-
liminary step toward analyzing the physical, social, and work consequences of heavy drinking. Total - Worldwide Twenty-one percent of all respondents reported they had engaged in heavy drinking of beer at least once a week and 11 percent reported doing this at least three days a week during the past 12 months
(Table IV-48).
For wine, the
comparable figures were: at least once a week, about 5 percent; at least three days a week, about 2 percent.
The hard
liquor figures were: at least one day a week, 11 percent;
least three days a week, 5 percent.
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217
Annual Patterns by Pay Giade Group The worldwide patterns of heavy drinking during the past 12 months by pay grade group are depicted in Tables
IV-49 through IV-53.
Heavy drinking was rarely reported by
officers and warrant officers.
Twenty-eight percent of
El-E5's and about 10 percent of E6-E9's reported heavy drinking of beer at least weekly; the comparable figures for wine were 8 percent and approximately 1 percent for each group. Fourteen percent of the El-E5's and about 5 percent of E6E9's reported heavy drinking of hard liquor at least weekly. Regional Patterns Heavy drinking patterns among pay grade groups by region are displayed in Tables IV-54 through IV-69.
Regional dif-
ferences among El-E5's for all Services combined are not large for any of the three beverage categories.
The regional
patterns are very similar to those identified previously in the discussion of the population drinking eight or more drinks on a typical drinking day during the past 30 days. Slightly higher rates of heavy drinking of beer and hard liquor occurred among junior enlisted personnel in CONUS and the iacific regions followed by Europe and Other Locations. However, heavy drinking of wine was most prevalent in Europe, reflecting its greater popularity there.
The number of re-
spondents is too small in Other Locations to warrant interregional comparisons. Regional differences among senior enlisted personnel are slight for the total population in each of the three
218
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beverage categories.
Officers rarely reported heavy drinking
and, therefore, no regional patterns can be identified for them.
F.
240
Adverse Physiological Effects of Alcohol There is compelling evidence that a person consuming an average of five ounces of ethanol daily during a 12 month period is practicing "chronic excessive alcohol consumption" and is at high risk of developing severe medical problems (e.g., 1 cirrhotic or precirrhotic conditions). Consistent witn tne criterion employed in the 1977 RAND survey of Air Force personnel, it will be assumed that persons drinking an average of five or more ounces of ethanol each day during 2 the past 12 months are presumed to be adversely affected.
This is not meant to imply that consumption of less than that amount is safe; but five ounces seems to be a sufficiently high level so that few experts would disagree that adverse effects could be expected to occur in at least most cases. The mean daily ounces of ethanol consumed by each respondent was computed using the procedure described in Appendix G.
This procedure combines beer, wine and hard
liquor consumed on both typical and atypical drinking days. The mean daily ounces of ethanol consumed during the preceding 12 months is depicted in Tables IV-70 through iV-75.
The majority of military personnel consumed less
than 0.6 ounces per day.
This is roughly equivalent to one
1
J. Michael Polich and Bruce R. Orris, Alcohol Problems: Patterns and Prevalence in the U.S. Air Force, (Santa Monica: RAND), 1979, pp. 30-31. 2 The Department of Defense specified that this definition, employed in a 1977 survey of Air Force drinking practices conducted by RAND, was to be used in this survey.
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1 drink of beer, wine, or hard liquor.
El-E5's are,
by far,
the group with the highest proportion of personnel at risk (10.9 percent), (0.7 percent),
followed by E6-E9's 04-06's
(0.6 percent)
(3.1 percent), and WI-W4's
01-03's (0.2 percent).
1One 12 ounce drink of beer contains about 0.48 ounce of ethanol; one four ounce glass of wine contains about 0.48 ounce of ethanol; and one drink of hard liquor contains about 0.7 ounce of ethanol. The last is based on respondents, estimates that their average drink contained 1.7 ounces of hard liquor; multiplying 1.7 times 0.43 ounce, the typical quantity of ethanol in an ounce of hard liquor, results in 0.7.
248
Alcohol Dependence For the purpose of this analysis, a person is defined as "alcohol dependent" who, during the preceding 12 month period, experienced one or more of the following symptoms during at least 48 of the 52 weeks:
(1) tremors
(shakes),
(2) morning drinking, (3) impaired control, and (4) black1 outs. The specific definitions provided to respondents for each symptom were as follows: Tremors (shakes)--"I had the 'shakes' because of drinking." Morning drinking--"I took a drink the first thing when I got up in the morning." Impaired control--"I could not stop drinking before becoming drunk." Blackouts--"I awakened the next day unable to remember what I had done while drinking the day before." Respondents were asked to indicate how frequently each of the above symptoms had occurred.
A scale score was computed
indicating the number of weeks at least one symptom had ocurred di7
ng the past 12 months.
Based on the alcohol dependence scale, Table IV-76 depicts the percentage of the respondents who were alcohol dependent during the preceding 12 months.
The "total world-
wide" rates show that 7 percent of all military personnel were alcohol dependent during the past 12 months and that alcohol dependency occurred predominantly among junior enlisted
(10 percent) and senior enlisted personnel
(3 percent).
1
The Department of Defense specified that this definition, used in a 1977 survey of Air Force personnel conducted by the RAND Corporation, was to be employed in this survey.
-
249 TABLE IV-76 ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE DURING PAST 12 MONTHS (PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION)
SERVICE
I
TOTAL DOD
ARMY
7 10 4 1 +
8 11 4 1 0
10 13 5 + 0
8 11 2 0
5 7 1 1
04-06
6 9 1 + 1
-
3
PACIFIC TOTAL El-E5 E6-E9 01-03 04-06
7 10 3 3 0
5 8 4 2 0
7 12 3
El-E5 E6-E9
4 5 3
01-03 04-06
REGION/PAY GRADE CONUS TOTAL El-ES E6-E9 01-03 04-06 EUROPE TOTAL
El-E5 E6-E9 01-03
OTHER LOCATIONS TOTAL
TOTAL WORLDWIDE TOrAL E1-E5 E6-E9 W1-W4 01-03 04-06
I
NAVY
MARINE CORPS
AIR FORCE
11 14 4 3
4 5 2 0 1
1 * * * * *
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6 7 4
1
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-
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4 4 3
4 6 3
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8 11 3
9 12 5
11 14 4
4 5 2
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0
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1
NOTE: A PERSON IS DEFINED AS "ALCOHOL DEPENDENT" WHO, DURING THE PRECEDING 12 MONTH PERIOD, EXPERIENCED ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING SYMPTOMS DURING AT LEAST 48 WEEKS: (1) TREMORS (SHAKES), (2) MORNING DRINKING, (3) IMPAIRED AND (4) BLACKOUTS.
I .iCONTROL, *
-
+
NOT APPLICABLE. LESS THAN 30 RESPONDENTS. LESS THAN HALF OF ONE PERCENT.
250
Alcohol dependency was rare among warrant officers and commissioned officers (1 percent or less for each group).
This
pattern by pay grade holds for the total population in the CONUS, Europe, and Pacific regions.
The somewhat different
pattern shown for Other Locations should be interpreted cautiously because of the small sample sizes.
The rates for
officers should be viewed with considerable caution due to the small sample sizes. The patterns described above are quite consistent with the rates of heavy drinking described previously.
This is,
of course,-to be expected because of the substantial correlation between heavy drinking and alcohol dependency.
251
Consequences of Alcohol Use The respondents were asked to indicate whether certain consequences had occurred because of their use of alcohol during the preceding 12 months.
These are the same conse-
quences as were considered earlier for drug use.
Table
IV-77 depicts the percentage of respondents who reported that each of two general consequences of alcohol use had occurred during the preceding 12 months.
Twenty percent of
all respondents reported having been "drunk without planning to" and 11 percent indicated they were "drunk more than one day at a time" at least once during the preceding 12 months. Twenty-three percent indicated they had suffered at least one of these consequences during that period. Turning now to more specific consequences of alcohol use, Tables IV-78 through IV-83 depict the percentages of respondents who reported that each of 15 physical, social, _r work consequences of alcohol use had occurred during the preceding 12 months.
It is believed that this set of con-
sequences constitute a superior indication of hard core alcohol problems than the more general set described previously.
There was considerable overlap in responses among
the 15 specific consequences.
This implies, for example,
that a person who received judicial or Article 15 punishment because of alcohol use might also have failed to get promoted.
2 -
The total figures in Table IV-78, reflecting unduplicated counts, show that 11 percent of all respondents reported suffering at least one consequence during the preceding 12 months.
252
TABLE IV-77 GENERAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL USE DURING PAST 12 MONTHS (PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION) SERVICE PAY GRADE/ CONSEQUENCE
MARINE CORPS
AR FORCE
TOTAL DOD
ARMY
NAVY
20 11 23
16 10 19
25 16 31
23 16 29
18 6 20
22 15 27
18 13 22
27 22 35
24 20 32
20 9 23
17 4 17
12 4 13
23 7 24
20 4 21
14 2 15
9 + 9
3
18
-
1
-
18
-
*
3
16 2 16
13 3 15
24 1 23
15 4 16
12 + 12
12 + 12
7 0 7
12 + 12
21 1 21
14 1 15
TOTAL BECAME DRUNK WITHOUT PLANNING TO DRUNK MORE THAN ONE DAY AT A TIME TOTAL WITH EITHER CONSEQUENCE El-E5 BECAME DRUNK WITHOUT PLANNING TO DRUNK MORE THAN ONE DAY AT A TIME TOTAL WITH EITHER CONSEQUENCE E6-E9 BECAME DRUNK WITHOUT PLANNING TO DRUNK MORE THAN ONE DAY AT A TIME TOTAL WITH EITHER CONSEQUENCE Wl-W4 BECAME DRUNK WITHOUT PLANNING TO DRUNK MORE THAN ONE DAY AT A TIME TOTAL WITH EITHER CONSEQUENCE
0
01-03 BECAME DRUNK WITHOUT PLANNING TO DRUNK MORE THAN ONE DAY AT A TIME TOTAL WITH EITHER CONSEQUENCE 04-06 BECAME DRUNK WITHOUT PLANNING TO DRUNK MORE THAN ONE DAY AT A TIME TOTAL WITH EITHER CONSEQUENCE
NOT APP I'ABLE. LESS THAN 30 RESPONDENTS. + LESS THAN HALF OF ONE PERCENT. *
-
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259
Another analysis in,esti.jated the extent to which respondents reported the occurrence of at least one of the 17 consequences (i.e., combing the two general consequences and the 15 specific consequences).
Table IV-84 shows that 27
percent of the respondents indicated that at least one of the 17 consequences had occurred at least once during the past 12 months. The patterns for all pay grade groups are similar to those just described for the composite total, but the proportions of respondents suffering the consequences vary considerably by pay grade group.
The rank order by percentage
of respondents suffering consequences is: El-E5's, E6-E9's, 01-03's, 04-06's, Wl-W4's.
An exception to this general
pattern is that 7 percent of Navy senior officers reported that they did not get promoted because of their alcohol use. However, this finding should be viewed with considerable caution because of the small number of Navy senior officer respondents (n= 137).
This consequence was reported infre-
quently (by 1 percent or less of respondents) in other Service/pay grade groups except for junior enlisted personnel. For all pay grade groups, the consequence most frequently reported was "became drunk without planning to" and the next most frequently reported was "drunk more than one day at a time."
The latter consequence was rarely reported by officers
(01-03's, 2 percent; 04-06's, <0.5 percent), but frequently reported by El-E5's (15 percent) and occasionally by E6-E9's (4 percent).
260 TABLE IV-84 POPULATION WITH ANY OF 17 CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL USE DURING PAST 12 MONTHS
PAY GRADE
TOTAL I - E5
SERVICE MARINE CORPS NAVY
AIR FORCE
TOTAL DOD
ARMY
27
24
35
35
22
33
30
40
40
27
25
17
E6 - E9
19
15
26
W1 - W4
9
3
18
-
*
01 - 03
16
16
24
16
12
14
7
19
22
15
04 - 06 • NOT APPLICABLE. LESS THAN 30 RESPONDENTS.
261
Tables IV-85 and IV-86 depict the number of times any of the 17 general and specific consequences of alcohol use reportedly occurred during the past 12 months.
Consequences
had occurred for the total sample a median of three times. Work Impairment Because of Alcohol Use Tables IV-87 through IV-92 show percentages of all military personnel who indicated they had suffered work impairment because of alcohol use during the preceding 12 months. "Lowered performance" was the type of work impairment reported most commonly (22 percent) followed by "late for work or left early" (13 percent),
"drunk/high while working" (11
percent) and "did not come to work" (5 percent). considerable overlap among the four categories.
There is The total
reflects an unduplicated count if the proportion of respondents suffering at least one consequence; 27 percent fall in this category. The patterns of work impairment by pay grade group are in the following rank order by percentage of respondents suffering impairment: El-ES's, E6-E9's, 01-03's, 04-06's, and Wl-W4's.
The type of work impairment most frequently reported
by all pay grade groups was "lowered performance" and the median number of days this ocurred was 2-3.
These patterns
are similar to those discussed previously for the 17 consequences of alcohol use.
(
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V.
COMPARISON OF NONMEDICAL DRUG USE AND ALCOHOL USE BETWEEN MILITARY PERSONNEL AND CIVILIANS
This analysis highest risk
is restricted to the subpopulations at
for nonmedical drug use in both military and
civilian populations:
persons
18 through 25 years old.
The
data have been standardized with respect to the variables that are most closely correlated with nonmedical drug use: sex, age, marital status, and education.
Standardization
with respect to these variables serves to provide prevalence rates that are not biased by the differences in occurrence of these characteristics in the two populations.
The specific
procedures employed to standardize the data are described in
Appendix I. The comparison is limited by the fact that the National Survey on Drug Abuse was conducted about a year earlier than the survey of military personnel; therefore the time periods are not wholly comparable.
Further, the civilian survey, like
all household surveys, excluded persons living in dormitories, some other group quarters, and persons with no fixed address. Persons such as students living in college dormitories and persons with no fixed address may be characterized by higher prevalence rates than persons living in households, particu1 larly for some stronger substances such as heroin.
1 Fishburne,
P. M., Abelson, H. I., and Cisin, I. National Survey on Drug Use: Main Findings 1979. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1980, p. 2. 272
273
Table V-i depicts the prevalence of nonmedical drug use and alcohol use among military personnel and comparable civilians ages 18 through 25.
With respect to current use, the civilian
prevalence is slightly higher for two drugs: (military, 40 percent; (military, 7 percent;
civiliai,,
42 percent) and cocaine
civilian, 10 percent).
rate for amphetamines and other uppers personnel than for civilian
marijuana/hasish
The current use
is higher for military
(10 percent versus 4 percent,
respectively). With respect to annual use, the civilian prevalence rate is higher than the military prevalence rate
drugs:
for the following
marijuana/hashish (military, 52 percent; civilian,
54 percent); cocaine (military, 18 percent, civilain, 23 percent); barbiturates or other downers (military, 9 percent; civilian, 10 percent); and tranquilizers civilian, 12 percent).
(military, 9 percent;
The military annual prevalence rate
is higher than the civilian prevalence rate for the following drugs:
amphetamines or other uppers (military, 21 percent;
civilian, 12 percent); hallucinogens (military, 13 percent; civilian, 12 percent); and heroin (military, 3 percent; civilian, 1 percent). In summary, prevalence of current nonmedical drug use for military personnel is slightly lower or equal to civilian use for all drug types analyzed, with the exception of amphetamines or other uppers.
Prevalence of annual use is lower f,:
military personnel than civilians with respect to four dr. types and higher than civilians for three druq types.
r
F/4 6/5 WOALOWIDE GETHESA 14OUS USE AHDALCOHOL. SURVEY OF NONNEDICAL INC UNE ~NN N--TC 1W 'V0AT ASSOCIATES A7DA03O WA90-79-C-0667 UNLSUE NOV80 N R StMTP N N 8I10M. T CAWES 4-4ASIIE
11111 ME
274 TABLE V-1 PREVALENCE OF NONMEDICAL DRUG USE AND ALCOHOL USE AMONG MILITARY PERSONNEL AND COMPARABLE CIVILIANS--AGES 18-25 (PERCENTAGE OF 18-25 YEAR OLD POPULATION)
MILITARY
COMPARABLEI
(n= 8224)
CIVILIANS (n= 2022)
40
42
52
54
PAST 30 DAYS
10
4
PAST 12 MONTHS
21
12
TYPE MARIJUANA/HASHISH PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS AMPHETAMINES OR OTHER UPPERS
COCAINE PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS
7
10
18
23
HALLUCINOGENS PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS
5 13
5 12
BARBITURATES OR OTHER DOWNERS 4
4
9
10
PAST 30 DAYS
3
3
PAST 12 MONTHS
9
12
PAST 30 DAYS
1
1
PAST 12 MONTHS
3
1
84
82
93
90
PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS TRANQUILIZERS
HEROIN
ALCOHOL PAST 30 DAYS PAST 12 MONTHS
DATA STANDARDIZED WITH RESPECT TO SEX, AGE, MARITAL STATUS, AND EDUCATION. BASED ON SPECIAL TABULATIONS FROM THE 1979 NATIONAL SURVEY ON DRUG ABUSE. 1
--
275
is thus no general pattern of nonmedical drug use being more prevalent for military personnel than civilians. Regarding alcohol use, slightly higher proportions of military personnel than civilians drank at all during the past 30 days and the past year.
It would be of interest
to compare rates of heavy drinking and occurrences of alcohol problems among military and civilian personnel.
Unfortunately,
the National Survey of Drug Abuse did not include such data; 1 and data from the recent survey of American drinking practices
that'are comparable with our data on the military population are not yet available.
Therefore, such comparisons could not be
made.
1
[
r aS Sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
276
VI. FURTHER RESEARCH REQUIRED In a very real sense, this report only scratches the surface of the subject of nonmedical drug use and alcohol use in the Military Services.
There was insufficient time
available to analyze all the interesting and important data that were obtained in the course of the survey.
Further, the
data analysis raised a number of issues that could not be explored or could only be explored partially because of the limited time available to analyze the data.
This section
contains some suggestions as to the future directions that should be taken to conduct further analyses of the data obtained in the survey. Determine The Proportion of Servicemembers With Impaired Military Effectiveness A number of indicators that could suggest impaired military effectiveness have been presented in Chapters II, III, and IV of this report.
These include notably: drug and alcohol
dependency, adverse physiological effects of alcohol use, many of the consequences of drug or alcohol use and work impairment because of drug or alcohol use.
However, no attempt has been
made, in the limited time available to analyze the data and prepare this report, to develop one or more compLsite typologies.
Such a typology would permit assigning each servicemember
to a category based on the extent to which his or her military effectiveness is impaired because of the individual's: drug use,
(2) alcohol use or (3) drug and alcohol use.
(1)
I
I
I
277
As an illustrative example, consider the following typology ranked from highest to lowest impact. 1. An individual is drug dependent, alcohol dependent, suffers adverse physiological effects of alcohol use, and/or scores "high"l on work impairment. 2. An individual is not high on above, but scores moderately highl on work impairment. 3. An individual is neither of the above, but scores high I on items relating to social disruption. 4. An individual is none of the above. Separate typologies could be developed for alcohol and drugs; this would provide a better basis for planning remedial actions. There are a number of other possible typologies that could help to focus more specifically on the impact of drug and alcohol abuse on military performance.
The task would
be to develop and test a number of different typologies and to select the one(s) that is (are) most useful and sensitive. Characteristics of Drug and Alcohol Abusers No analysis has been conducted to date of the characteristics of military personnel who are engaged in nonmedical drug use and in heavy alcohol use.
It is of considerable interest
to identify those characteristics that are correlated with this behavior.
Some sophisticated
mathematical and satistical tools,
such as multiple discriminant analysis, may be used to identify clearly those characteristics that distinguish between drug abusers, alcohol abusers, combined drug and alcohol abusers, and non-abusers. iThe "cutting score" will need to be defined after inspecting data distributions and conferring with DOD personnel.
I
I
278
Effect of the Military Environment on Drug and Alcohol Use A number of questions were included in the questionnaire concerning the respondent's perception of the availability of drugs, where they could be obtained, reasons why he or she drank alcohol, and the effect of the environment on their drug and alcohol use.
This information would be of substantial
use to the Military Services in examining the environmental factors that influence nonmedical drug use and alcohol use. Special Regional Analyses The survey has uncovered several regional patterns that are particularly notable and should be analyzed further. For example, the Army in Europe exhibited unusually high patterns of use of certain drugs and the prevalence of nonmedical drug use among servicemembers there was generally higher than for Army personnel in other regions.
Similarly,
cocaine use was highest in the CONUS West and Hawaii subregions.
It would be of substantial interest to conduct
special analyses of these drug abuse patterns and the servicemembers' perceptions of the environment surrounding use of these drugs in these regions. Career Intentions Related to Drug and Alcohol Use The questionnaire included items concerning the career intentions of the respondents.
It would be of considerable
interest to relate career intentions to nonmedical drug and alcohol use.
279 Type of Duty Related to Drug and Alcohol Use This analysis would investigate drug and alcohol use patterns as a function of the respondent's type of duty. Included would be analyses of whether he or she is overseas or otherwise away from his or her family. Reasons for Drug and Alcohol Use A number of questions were asked as to why an individual uses drugs and alcohol and, if they do not use them, why not. The servicemembers' personal reasons for using and not using drugs and alcohol could provide considerable insights that should be beneficial in designing prevention programs and developing policies concerning nonmedical drug use and alcohol use. Comparison of Drug and Alcohol Use Before and After Arrivnga an Installation This analysis could provide some insights into whether the drug and alcohol use is influenced by the environment at an installation.
For example, it may be emphasized that
drug use is very much related to the availability of drugs and that this availability would vary at different installations.
Further, it would be expected that heavy alcohol use
would be influenced by the geographical isolation of a post, whether the individual is accompanied by his or her spouse, etc. Comparison of Drug and Alcohol Use Before and After Entering the Service The respondents were asked questions concerning whether
DI
!I
280 their alcohol use had changed since entering the Service. This may be of use in trying to assess the extent to which Service entry may be associated with drug and alcohol use. Military Occupational Specialty Related to Drug and Alcohol Use The abuse of drugs and alcohol may be of special concern in certain classes of military occupational specialities.
It
would be of interest to isolate groups of specialities and determine the prevalence of nonmedical drug use and alcohol use, of consequences, and work impairment for these groups. Availability of Drugs On and Off the Installations Questions were asked concerning the extent to which drugs are available on and off installations.
This informa-
tion would be of considerable use in law enforcement efforts. Social Climate and Pressures on Drug and Alcohol Use A great deal of drug and alcohol use is influenced by the social climate and social pressures that might exist concerning their use.
It would be of interest to analyze to what
extent the respondents felt that such a situation was present in their social relationships or social environment. Other Studies In addition to the above studies, there are other special analyses that we believe would be extremely interestirg and useful to policy makers in the Department of Defense and the Military Services:
281
Relationships with supervisors and their workers related to drug and alcohol use * Medical treatment required related to drug and alcohol use
Problems and extent of cigarette smoking Reasons for not using drugs and alcohol Personal needs for help for a drug or drinking problem Dependen problem
s need for help with a drug and drinking
* Job satisfaction related to drug 'and alcohol abuse Positive effects of drug and alcohol use
(
9,
•
I
I
I
I
APPENDICES A. SAMPLE WEIGHTING B. POPULATION REPRESENTED BY THE SAMPLE C. CONFIDENCE LIMITS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES D. NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS E. VALIDITY F. RESPONSE RATES G. COMPUTATION OF MEAN DAILY CONSUMPTION OF ETHANOL H. QUESTIONNAIRE I. STANDARDIZATION OF CIVILIAN AND MILITARY POPULATIONS
282
APPENDIX A SAMPLE WEIGHTING
283
SAMPLE WEIGHTING A sample weighting procedures was instituted in order to put the computed survey sample into balance with the actual DOD population (certain groups were excluded from the population base, e.g., recruits, transients).
The design was
disproportionate by Service, geographical region and pay grade.
The weighting compensates by providing each service-
member the same chance of being selected to participate in the survey and, in the actual process, a weight was given each respondent.
Weights were developed for each geographical
region, referred to as a primary sampling unit (PSU).
Within
each PSU, weights were developed for each of five pay grades: El-E5, E6-E9, Wl-W4, 01-03, 04-06. The weights were obtained by multiplying the number of Service personnel in each PSU and each of the five pay grades by1 by - , where Pi is the probability of selection of the PSU. This projection then was adjusted by a factor, using ratio estimating procedures, to force the Service pay grade total to equal known totals.
The adjustment factor is the
ratio of the known Service pay grade total divided by the survey estimate of Service pay grade.
This adjustment was
then multipiled by the previous estimated PSU pay grade projection.
This total is then divided by the number of
respondents within the PSU pay grade cell and the results is
284
285
the weight that was applied to the PSU pay grade cell, Dr the respondents in that cell. We have then: A A A A DOD = A + M + N + F
WHE RL DOD = A Department of Defense total A = An Army estimated total A A
M
= A Marine Corps estimated total
A N
= A Navy estimated total
F
= An Air Force estimated total
W..
=
13
Weight used for PSU pay grade cell
1
x Aij
x
A.I
Pi
A) aij
m ij,
ij,
fij
Probability of selection of PSU
Pi A..
=
Total Service personnel within PSU pay grade
A.
=
Total Service personnel within pay grade
3 WHERE a..
=
13
m
. '3
Number of Army personnel interviewed within a PSU pay grade
= Number of Marine Corps personnel interviewed within a PSU pay grade
n.. = Number of Navy personnel interviewed within 13 a PSU pay grade f.. = Number of Air Force personnel interviewed within a PSU pay grade ' 3 fV
286
THEN
A A
=
Wij
aij
M =
Wij
mij
ZWij
N
=
F
=zWij
ni fij
The weighted number of respondents determined from the application of this procedure equals the population from which the sample was drawn, or the actual population for each Service depicted in Appendix B.
APPENDIX B POPULATION REPRESENTED BY THE SAMPLE
fl-
287
288
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APPENDIX C CONFIDENCE LIMITS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES
290
I
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CONFIDENCE LIMITS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES An important issue in all prevalence surveys based on data cbtained from samples of a population is the extent to which one can be confident that the prevalence estimates obtained accurately reflect the true prevalence for the entire population.
That is, if every servicemember responded
to the questionnaire, would the prevalence rate be substantially different from that obtained from the sample of personnel surveyed? For any particular percentage given in the prevalence Jata tables, we cannot know exactly how much error has resulted from sampling.
However, reasonably good estimates
can be made of the range within which the responses of the total population would fall.
The estimation of confidence
limits for the results of the survey is a complex statistical procedure .
The following formula has been used to determine
asymmetric confidence limits at the 95% level of confidence for
sample percentage estimates: = p'
-
1.96 [PL(I-pL)/n]
(1.3)
PU= p'
+
1.96 [Pu (-P u)/n1
(1.3)
Where: PL
=
the lower limit of the confidence interval
p' = the estimate based on the sample n
= the sample size
PU= the upper limit of the confidence interval 291 b
292
Table C-i depicts the upper and lower confidence limits for sample estimates. In comparing two sample estimates, it is important to detarmine whether the difference between the two estimates is statistically significant.
That is, can the difference
reasonably be attributable to sampling variations or is it "real".
Table C-2 displays, for various sample sizes, the
minimum difference between two percentage estimates that would be required for the difference to be statistically significant at the .05 level of confidence.
For example,
if a percentage result is 20 percent for El-E5's and 15 percent for E6-E9's and the respective sample sizes were 1,000 and 500, there would have to be a difference of at least 5.6 percent for it to be considered a real difference and not attributable to chance.
Thus, for this example,
the difference would not be statistically significant at the .05 level.
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APPENDIX D NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
296
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APPENDIX E VALIDITY
299
VALIDITY
An issue of concern in any survey in which respondents are asked questions that are sensitive or possibly threatening is the validity of the responses.
That is, to what
extent have the respondents answered truthfully or, even if they consciously attempted to answer truthfully, to what extent have the. unconsciously suppressed from their memories sensitive or potentially threatening information?
In this
survey, a number ot steps were taken to minimize the validity problem in designing the questionnaire and administration procedures and in conducting the survey.
Several special
analyses were conducted following the Pilot Test and after completion of the survey to determine the extent to which the responses were valid. Face Validity Face validity is concerned with the issue of whether the instrument and administration procedures used provide bases for an informed judgment that they are conducive to valid responses.
The first indication of this is in the
questionnaire itself. The questionnaire was constructed by using, to a considerable extent, questions that had been used and found adequate in previous surveys of military and/or civilian populations.
All questions required only a low level of
reading comprehension, contained no abstract concepts, were simply formatted for recording responses, and were not 300
301
interdependent.
The questionnaire was pretested on a
representative group of military personnel atone installation. Each respondent was interviewed individually by a BAI senior staff person following his/her completion of the questionnaire. In these sessions, the respondent was asked to comment on the questionnaire page-by-page in terms of ambiguities, adequacy of format, sufficiency of response categories, the extent to which he/she felt threatened by any items and wnether he/she answered truthfully.
The instru-
ment was revised in light of the information obtained from the pretest. A Pilot Test was then conducted with random samples of 1,284 military personnel at four installations (one for each Military Service).
This was principally for the purpose of
testing the sampling and administrative procedures, but served as a further pretest of the instrument.
Ten percent of the
respondents were randomly selected to participate in group interviews. were:
The purposes of these group interview sessions
(1) to determine whether any remaining difficulties
existed with the instrument in terms of ambiguities, adequacy of format and sufficiency of response categories; and (2) orincipally to probe for any feelings by the respondents of being threatened and obtain feedback on whether they answered truthfully.
Discussions included advice from the re-
spondents on how the promises of confidentiality could be made as reassuring as possible.
Based on the Pilot Test, some
revisions were made in the procedures in order to enhance
302
the credibility of the confidentiality assurances.
Analysis
of the Pilot Test data revealed problems with some questionnaire items in terms of clarity and formatting.
The instru-
ment and procedures were revised, on the basis of the Pilot Test results, in an effort to eliminate the problems identified. The instrument was then reviewed by four leading experts in the drug and alcohol use survey field and the DOD Technical Representative; they agreed that the questions and formatting were appropriate. The procedures implemented provided further reassurance of response validity.
These included assurances, in accord-
ance with the Privacy Act, of anonymity of the respondents and confidentiality of responses.
The procedures used
were designed to reassure the respondents.
For example, the
respondents were informed of the random process of selection; officers and enlisted personnel of all pay grades were assembled together in large questionnaire administration sessions; no military proctors or observers were permitted in the room; the respondents placed completed questionnaires in a single box; no personal identifying information was placed on the questionnaire; etc. In view of the above it can be concluded that face validity has been demonstrated, and that the questionnaire and procedures should be expected to yield valid responses. 4#~
303
Construct Validity The results of both the Pilot Test and
the worldwide
survey provide substantial evidence of construct validity in that:
(1) substantial numbers and proportions of
respondents gave positive answers to sensitive questions; (2) distributions of responses are in the expected direction; (3) prevalence of drug use is negatively correlated with pay grade;
(4) the frequency of heavy drug and alcohol use
is correlated with consequences of drug and alcohol use; (5) prevalence estimates correspond closely to those from a recent survey of Air Force personnel.
Each of these
indicators of construct validity are discussed in the following paragraphs. Thirty-six percent of the total sample and 50 percent of El-E5's admitted to using one or more drugs nonmedically during the past 12 months.
Similarly, 83 percent of the
respondents indicated alcohol use during the past 30 days. Substantial proportions of these respondents also admitted having experienced adverse consequences because of their drug and alcohol use. The distributions of responses are in the expected directions in that the patterns of prevalence by drug type are roughly
as expected, with the highest prevalence
being for marijuana use and the lowest for heroin use.
304
Prevalence of nonmedical drug use
is clearly correlated
with pay grade in that junior enlisted respondents reported substantially higher rates of use than other respondents. This is to be expected because of their younger age and the pattern is consistent with findings of other surveys. Another indication of construct validity is shown by Pilot Test data comparing the responses to questions on frequency of drug and alcohol use with those for consequences of use.
For example, Figure E-1 depicts the obvious con-
nection between use of drugs and consequences of drug use. Among those who indicated that they been high on drugs for more than one day at a time in the past 12 months, 62 percent had used drugs "frequently" but only 16 percent had used drugs "sometimes."
Similarly, other consequences reported
are consistent with respondents' drug use.
This type of
relationship also holds true for alcohol use. Estimates of prevalence and consequences derived from the full-scale survey were compared to the results of a survey of Air Force personnel conducted by RAND in 1977. The findings of the two studies of alcohol use among Air Force personnel are remarkably similar, when one considers that they were conducted three years apart and that the present study could have been viewed by respondents with a somewhat different mind-set.
While it asked virtually the
same drinking questions as the RAND study, the BAI study also included nonmedical use of illicit drugs.
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306
The only material difference appearing in Table E-1 is
the 5 percent difference in those reporting they had drunk no beer in the past 30 days.
Since there was no such
difference found for wine or liquor, one might infer that this 5 percent difference in beer drinking might have been caused by a seasonal difference.
The BAI survey was con-
ducted in February through April and the RAND survey was conducted in the heavier beer consuming month of June.
In
any event, the fact that the findings are so similar, lends additonal reassurance as to the validity of responses to questions on drinking behavior in the present survey, even despite the three year hiatus and the fact that one survey included questions on consumption of illicit drugs as well as legal alcohol. Another, similar comparison can be made between the two surveys with regard to consequences of alcohol use. Table E-2 shows the percentage reporting any of ten consequences suffered during the past 12 months because of use of alcohol.
The differences are almost negligible. Concurrent Validity
The strongest indication of response validity is concurrent validity.
BAI had planned to utilize this type of
validity measure by obtaining urine specimens anonymously from Pilot Test respondents immediately following completion of the questionnaire.
Results of the urinalysis tests could
then be compared for the total sample to answers of questions If
307
TABLE E-1 FREQUENCY OF DRINKING IN PAST 30 DAYS AMONG AIR FORCE PERSONNEL (PERCENTAGE) FREQUENCY OF DRINKING BEER NONE 1-3 DAYS PER MONTH 1-2 DAYS PER WEEK 3-4 DAYS PER WEEK 5 OR MORE DAYS PER WEEK WINE NONE 1-3 DAYS PER MONTH 1-2 DAYS PER WEEK 3-4 DAYS PER WEEK 5 OR MORE DAYS PER WEEK
1-3 DAYS PER MONTH 1-2 DAYS PER WEEK 3-4 DAYS PER WEEK 5 OR MORE DAYS PER WEEK
BAI 1980 SURVEY
RAND 1 1977 SURVEY
31 30 20 12
26 29 23 12
7
10
60 28 8 2
58 30 8 2
1
2
50
52
33 11 4
31 11 4
2
3
SOURCE: POLICH, J. MICHAEL AND ORVIS, BRUCE, ALCOHOL PROBLEMS: PATTERNS AND PREVALENCE IN THE U.S. AIR FORCE (SANTA, MONICA: RAND), 1979.
4 F. m
n
iI
308
TABLE E-2 CONSEQUENCES
OF ALCOHOL USE DURING PAST 12 MONTHS
(PERCENTAGE OF AIR FORCE PERSONNEL)
CONSEQUENCES
BAI 1980 SURVEY
RAND 2 1977 SURVEY
ILLNESS KEPT FROM DUTY 1 1
1.2
GOT LOWER SCORE ON EFFICIENCY OR PERFOPMANCE REPORT
1
1 .5
RECEIVED JUDICIAL OR ARTICLE 15 PUNISHMENT
1
1.2
ARRESTED FOR DRIVING AFTER DRINKING
2
1.8
ARRESTED FOR NON-DRIVING DRINKING INCIDENT
1
1 .3
INCARCERATED DUE TO DRINKING
1
1.1
2
1.5
1
1 .9
WEEK OR LONGER
HURT IN ACCIDENT CONNECTED WITH DRINKING DRINKING CAUSED ACCIDENT WHERE OTHERS HURT OR PROPERTY DAMAGED SPOUSE THREATENED TO LEAVE
1
.7
SPOUSE LEFT
+
.6
1
ONE OR MORE OCCURRENCES IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS
2
SOURCE: POLICH, J MICHAEL AND ORVIS, BRUCE, ALCOHOL PROBLEMS: PATTERNS AND PREVALENCE IN THE U.S. AIR FORCE (SANTA, MONICA: RAND), 1979. + LESS THAN 0.5 PERCENT.
VP
309
concerning recent use of drugs.
However, a decision was
made by the DOD not to implement the urinalysis phase because of concern that the news of this procedure would spread to personnel at other survey sites and jeopardize the later administration of the questionnaire.
II
I
APPENDIX F RESPONSE RATES
310c#
311
TABLE F-1 RESPONSE RATES
SERVICE TOTAL DOD
ARMY
NAVY
MARINE CORPS
AIR FORCE
PROJECTED
19,582
6,239
5,202
2,861
5,280
EXCLUSIONS
3,227
1,157
286
855
929
AVAILABLE
16,355
5,082
4,916
2,006
4,351
RESPONDENTS
15,268
4,623
4,671
1,818
4,156
NO SHOWS
1,054
457
243
181
173
REFUSALS
33
2
2
7
SAMPLES
RESPONSE RATE
1
I
(%)
COMPUTED AS # RESPONDENTS
93
-
91
95
91
22 96
# AVAILABLE
€
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APPENDIX G COMPUTATION OF MEAN DAILY CONSUMPTION OF ETHANOL
312
COMPUTATION OF MEAN DAILY CONSUMPTION OF ETHANOL
The algorithm used to compute the mean daily comsumption of ethanol for each respondent is a modified version of the
.1 procedure employed by Polich and Orvis
in the 1977 survey
of alcohol use in the Air Force conducted by RAND.
The
essential difference is that this algorithm enploys each individual's estimate of the ounces of hard liquor in their average drink, while the RAND procedure used onE each individual.
ounce for
Because most respondents in this DOD-wide
survey indicated that their average drink contained more warranted. than one ounce, we believe this revision was
2
The detailed algorithm is presented on the next page followed by a narrative explanation.
lop. cit. 2 The range of responses was one to five ounces; the mean response was 1.7 ounces.
313
314
Ethanol Consumption Algorithm By Individual Typical Drinking 1.
Determine frequency of consuming each beverage during the past 30 days (Q.23, 25, 28). Note: if range use midpoint (e.g., 5-6=5.5)
2.
Determine typical quantity of each beverage consumee during past 30 days. (Q. 24, 26, 29) Note: if a range use midpoint (e.g., 8-11=9.5)
3.
Compute number of ounces of each beverage consumed on an average day: Ounces of Beer (0) B = Frequency (Q.23) x # Drinks (Q.24) x 12 Use These Frequency Codes Frequency Code Response 1.000 0.786 0.500 0.214 0.067 0.000
Every day 5-6 days a week 3-4 days a week 1-2 days a week
Ounces of wine (0W ) = Frequency (Q.25) x # Glasses (Q.26) x 4 Ounces of hard liquor (0) = Frequency (Q.28) x # Drinks (Q.29)x # Ounces (Q.30) Use These Ounces Codes For 0. 30 1 14 1 2
4.
ounce ounce ounce ounces
= = = =
3 ounces = 3.00 4 ounces = 4.00 5 ounces = 5.00 Didn't drink = 0.00 No response = 1.00
1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
Create two wine variable: 1 if a "regular" wine; 0 otherwise 01 W 2=
1 it a "tortitiea" wine; 0 otherwise
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315
5.
Compute daily ounces of ethanol consumed (OE): OE 2= 0 (.18). o 2 OEB = 0B (04) 01
OEw = Ow (.12). W
14
OE
L
=0
L
(.43)
Atypical Drinking 6.
Determine frequency of consuming 8 or more drinks (Q.32, 33,34). Define beer as ADBP wine as ADw, and hard liquor as AD L Use These Frequency Codes (AD) Response
Frequency Code
Every day 5-6 days a 3-4 days a 1-2 days a 1-3 days a 1ior more, Never
week week week month not monthly
365 286 182 78 24 5.5 0
7.
Define/compute ounces of ethanol on atypical drinking day: Beer = 3.8 (i.e., 8 x 12 x .04) Wine = 3.8 (i.e., 8 x 4 x .12) Liquor (OE = 8 x # ounces (Q.30*) x .43 L *Use ounces codes
8.
Compute mean daily consumption of ethanol (MDCE) Define The Variables:
MDCE = Mean daily consumption of ethanol AD ADW
=
Number of atypical drinking days--beer Number of atypical drinking days--wine
AD
=
Number of atypical drinking days--hard liquor
w
I
I
I
I
I
I
316
OEB
= Daily ounces of ethanol--beer
OE1
= Dai~y ounces of ethanol--fortified wine
2 OE W
= Daily ounces of ethanol--wine
OEL
= Daily ounces of ethanol--hard liquor
w
OE A D = Daily ounces of ethanol consumed on atypical drinking day--hard liquor MDCE =
3.8ADB + OEB (365 - ADB] 365
+
3.BADW
+ OE 1 (365
-
ADw) + OE 2 (363 - ADW)~
365
+
OEAD (AD ) + OE L (365 - ADL] L _L 365
First, average daily ounces of ethanol consumed by an individual on a typical drinking day during the past 30 days was computed based upon the responses to the frequency of use of each type of beverage (Q. 23, 25 and 28) and the number of drinks (Q24, 26 and 29).
If a respondent consumed a given type of beverage
"every day," the probability of this respondent drinking on a given day will be 1.000.
By the same token, if a person
responded "1-2 days a week" to the frequency questions, the probability of the person drinking on a given day will be 0.214 (i.e., 1.5/7).
In this manner, the ounces of beer, wine and
hard liquor consumed by a respondent was computed by multiplying the probability of drinking on a given day of each type of alcoholic beverage by the number of drinks.
"One drink"
is defined as 12 ounces for beer, 4 ounces for wine, and for
317
hard liquor, respondents were asked to specify the ounces for "one drink" (Q. 30).
The daily ounces of beer consumed, for
example, will be given by the probability of drinking beer x number of drinks x 12.
Because some respondents might not
have known the typical quantity they consumed and therefore left the question unanswered, missing values for the quantity variables were given the minimum quantity (i.e.,
"one drink"
for beer and wine and "one ounce" for hard liquor) in the computation. The daily ounces of beer, wine and hard liquor consumed are then converted to the daily ounces of ethanol consumption by multiplying each by the amount of ethanol contained per ounce of each type of the beverage (i.e., .04 for beer, .12 for regular wine, .18 for fortified wine* and .43 for hard liquor). In addition to measuring the pattern of drinking behavior over a 30-day period, the mean daily consumption of ethanol computation as formulated for this study takes episodic or atypical drinking patterns into account.
That is, some
respondents might not have consumed any alcoholic beverages at all during the past 30 days but might have consumed eight or more drinks of alcoholic beverages over a 12-month period, or some might have consumed more than usual amount of alcohol during the past 12 months but not during the past 30 days, or *Respondents were asked if they usually drink regular wine or fortified wine (Q. 27). If no response is given to this question, it was assumed to be regular wine.
heavy drinking
(that is, drinking more than eight drinks or
more) might have been the usual possible drinking patterns
practice, etc.
Taking these
into consideration, the ounces of
alcoholic beverages consumed on an atypical drinking cay were calculated in a similar manner as for the
typical drinking
day except that the frequency of consuming eight or more drinks (Q. 32,
33
and 34)
is based on the number of days during the
past 12 months so that the results of computations represent the number of ounces consumed during the year rather than a given day. The mean daily consumption of the total volume of ethanol per each respondent, therefore, is the sum of the total volume of ethanol consumed
in episodic drinking days and the
total volume of ethanol consumed in other than atypical drinking days during the past
12 months divided by 365.
APPENDIX H QUESTIONNAIRE
;3r1
~jJ
320
RCS
OOHA OTI 7M20
PERSONNEL SURVEY
IThe
Department of Defense is sponsoring a survey of military personnel concerning drug and alcohol use. This survey is being conducted for the Department of Defense by Burt Associates. Inc., a private research organization. You are requested to complete this self-administered anonymous questionnaire. Do not write your name or Social Security Number anywhere on the questionnaire. No Department of Defense personnel will see your personal responses to the questionnaire once it is completed,
The information is required to provide a basis for research and analysis by Burt Associates, Inc. concerning drug and alcohol use among military personnel. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) has the primary responsibility for utilization of the survey results to manage Department of Defense drug and alcohol abuse programs. -*lParticipation in this -urvey is voluntary, No penalty will be imposed for failure to respond to any particular questions.
DIRECTIONS: Your responses will be read by an optical mark reader. Your careful observance of these few simple rules will be most appreciated.
I
* Use only the black lead pencil provided. e Make heavy black marks that fill the circle for your answers. * Erase cleanly any answer you wish to change. *Make no stray markings of any kind on this booklet, EXAMPLES:
Proper Marks
Improper Marks
Burt Associates, Incorporated *
IIIuIIIIIIIIII
III IIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIuIIIIIII
321
00
IA'
NOT PI.ACI YOUR NANIF OR SOCIAL SECURSNTY NIER ANYWHERE ON THIS OUESTION"ARE.
1 What is your Service'
4. What do you consider to be your
Marine Corps
A-,n %av
main racial or ethinic qroup
Wh Sr CairCaS-ar Nol of Hispanic Afro American Biack (Not of Hispanic Orgoin HispancChCtcano Mexican Puerto Rican'Cuban Latir
A, Force
2 Are you mate or female? Male Female 3. How oldwere you on your last birthday? 17 or under 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
5&What is your marital sttus'7
7
25
Seuararer, D>' o,rcee, A dowed Never married 6, What is your pay grade? Enhitte ElI E2 E3 E4
Oriental /Asian/Pacific Islander American Indian,' Alaskan Native Other
26 27 28 29 30-34 35-39 40 or over
7. What isyour current primary MOS/RATING/DESIGNATOR/AFSC?
ENLISTED AND COMMISSIONED OFFICERS: Record your current Primary MOS using the first two (2) numbers and the letter. (For example, MOS 63A would be marked as 63Al 1
SECOND MIliflR
THIIRO LETTER/ NUI
r*Primary
WARRANT OFFICERS: Record the first three (3) numbers of your Primary MOS. (For example, 100, 711, 630.)
E5
03
E6 E7 or higher
04 or higher
Use Usebox usatIpfIm to yourt levils..
ARMY FIRST NLUER
in
U0i
2
2
C
3
3
4
Is
P
08a3
AIR FORCE Record the first FIRST SECOND two (2) numbers NINSER NUIER of your current AFSC. D(F ot e leters AFSC A431--would be marked 43)3
Write the Number
'S, 6
QOT
6
in eech box.
7
Hi
U
7
THEN, mark the
i
V ad w 9
z
mo atch elow
]
4 7
borlex.
eahbx
iK X
I do not know my current Primary MOS.
I do tiot know my current Prtmary AFSC
L V M
MARINE CORPSI
FIRST LETTER/ XNIER
SECONDO THIRD L.ETTER/ LET1R/ NNIER NUI.UR
A M 0
A "4 0
aR
marked at 8518.(
or a 5
1 4
SIC6.
P
acigcrl
blwec
Pitu
A "i 0
0C
Co
OFFICER: Record the four (4) numbers of your current Primary Designator. (For example, Desigrnaton8518would be
Write the Numberk/ettier in mcincbeoeach box.iva
7
i
I do notknow my current Primar,' Rating/Designator,
wC
A
ao0 1Ixmle
83
a83
C r
11 5 GT 4
P
Ni.U
7
01 a
5 Q~ 8T.
a u
w C
U, I
7.
wWes
C
a
i J iw
KX
K X
PtX
L
L
L. v
L V
V
a
Record the first two (2) numbers
V
sz2
Z
~-2-
FIRST NNLR
SECOND
NUNIR
Of Your Primary MO&. (Fon
O
301 would be marked as83.)
2
5
Writethe Number neach box. macigcrl below each box.
a
3 4
Re
aN
J
M 0
KRX
I
111111
FOURTH LETTER/ NWEKR
0o
P 2
0
THEN,mmarkthe i a iva o.
I
z
NAVY ENLISTED: Record the first two (2) letters of your rating or striker designation. (For example, AT, ET, YN.) If non-designated, give apprenticeship group. (For example, FA, SN, HN.)
I
a4
5
Write the Number/Letter in each box. THEN,. mark the matichring circle below each box.
Officer Officer Trainee Wl-W4 01 02
4
S 6 7 C
I do not know my current Primary MOS.
1111111111
I
I
322
1
16. During the past 30 days, how many days were you
:1 3
8. What is your histest level of education now? Did not graduate from high school GED hi school graduate enu,valent High school graduate Some college but not a 4-year degree 4 year college degree IBA. BS. or equivalent) Graduate study but no graduate degree Graduate degree
SI
3 3
-
-"
3 3I
-
1
•
9. How longhaveyou been on activedut? 6 months or less ' , 25-48 months 7- 12 months 49 months- 20 years 13-24 months More than 20 years
lOlbs or less
3
101 121 141 161
~I I ° JMost
to to to to
120 lbs 140 lbs 160 lbs 180 1bs
201 to 220 lbs 221 to 240 lbs Over 240 lbs
-
3 3
-
12. Is your wife/husband Ispouse) with you at your present
duty location? Yes, my spouse is with me. No, my spouse is not with me. I am not presently married.
I
*
I
3 3 3 :3 -
13. Do you plan to remain in the Service when your present term, enlistment, or commitment is up? Doesn't apply, indefinite obligation Yes
• -
IThe
I "I "3
*I -
!
~I "
9 3
U!
18. During the past 30 days, how much of the time did you work in lobs outside your current primary rating/ designatorlMOS/AFSC? All of the time Some of the time of the time None or the time About half of the time 19. How much of the time do you feel satisfied with your current job? All of the time Somewhat less than Most of the time half the time About half of the time N(ne of the time 20. How many people do you supervise most of the time?
None
11-15
1-5 6-10
16-20 Over 20
21. What type of duty have you performed most in the last 30 days7 Basic/Recruit training staff Advanced training staff Operational unit
Probably yes
Student/trainee
Probably no No Don't know/not sure
Other
This word I
-
15-30 days ago 31-59 days ago 2-3 morths ago 4-6 months ago More than one year ago
-I -
17. When was the last time you were deployed at seaor in the field for 24 hours or morel Never detlOved at sea o, , rho f i 1-7 davi ago
181 to 200 lbs
3 * 3 11. In what type of housing do you currently live? 3lCivilian housing *3 Military housing: I On board ship *3Barracksor bachelor quarters On-base military family housing 3 Off base military family housing .1
15-29 days 30 days
7-12 months ago 10. How iuch do you weigh?
I -
7 14 rays
1-2 days 3-6 days
8-14 days ago
"I
I
None
Trade or recnnical school graduate
" -
deployed at sa or inthe field for 24 hours or more'
n used ius questionnai easm t or other duty locon ship,quolitiortneir. stato, this bae, camp, post, your at 11he im you we comlethin a22.
14. How long have you been at your present installation? I month or less 2-3 months 4-6 months
7-12 months 13-24 months 25 or more months
15. During the gglst 2 dew , how mrany days were you present for duty at this installation? None 7-14 days 1-2 days 15-29 days 3-6 days
30 days
ffl.
HERE ARE SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR DRINKING following questions ask about your put and current use of boar. wine. or hard liquor. Plea take your tivme on thee questions and answer as accurately as possible. How long has it been since your last drink of beer, wine, or hard liquor? Today 1-7 days ago 8-14 days ago 15-30 days ago
31-59 days ago 2-3 months ago 4-6 months ago 7-12 months ago More than one year ago Never drank any beer, wine, or hard liquor
323 23, During the past 30 days on how mastiy days did you drink beer"
27 During the parst 30 days, did You usually drink a regular win, or a fortified wine such as sherry, vermouth, port. or Dubonnart
Eiero day 5-6 days a week
Didr't drnk wine A reqiva wine
3 4 Iays a ovepk
A fortified wine (like sherry, vrmouth, ooit or D...bownev
Less ofle'- than weeklyv O,drr
dk
any beer in the past 30 days
28. During the pest 30 days, on how many days did you drink hard liquor) Every day
1-2 day s a weok
3-4 days a week ek
Oidn I drinkisrwel L-;.t ar'y hard liquor in the past 30 la.-das
24. Think about those days on which you drank beer during the past 30 days. How much beer did you usuall
drink on one of those days?
29. Think about those days on which you drank hard liquor during the pos How much hard liquor did you usuall drink on one of tose days' 1 dr-k
2rlroks
8dinks
Dink -12-ounescans.12-ounee
bottle, or 12-oswc Ilem.
3 !,nks
12-14 drinks
4 dronkS
5 dr-irks 6 drinks
15-17 du-nksI 18-24 drinks 25 dr oks or more
7 drinks
Didn't drink any hard Iduor -n the past 30 days
1 dr nk 2 drinks drinks lone quart)
5 dr-nks (two ouartsl 6 drinks 7 drinks 8-11 di oks (three or four qluarts) 12- 17 dr nks (five or six quarts) 18 or more or riks iseven or eqght qluartoF
D dn't drink any beer .n the riast 30 days
25. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you drink wine? Every day 5-6 days a veek
9-11 rinnks
30. About how many ounces of hard liquor svre there in your average drink? One ounce I ounces
3 ounces
1' ounces
5 ou,-ces
2 Ounces
Didn't drink any hard l iquor in the past 30 days
4 ounces
I
31. During the past 30 days, on about how many days did or hard liquor at EACH of the times indicated below? each tI me perod beh jvl Answer A thru E 5-6 3-4 Days/ Days/ Erery Week Week Day A Two hours or less
3-4 days a week
before going to work. 9. At lunch .. C, During a work break
1-2 days aweek Lest often th?.r weekly,
D. While working . E. After workI
...
...
you drink beer, wine, IMark one c idle for Low 1-2 Often Nio Than Daysl DaysI Wee Weekly ...
..
...
Didn't drink any wine n tl-.e past 30 days
PMW THINK ABOUT THE PERIOD OF THE PAST 12 MONTHS FROM TODAY BACK TO 12 MONTHS AGO.3 26. Think about those days on which you drank3 wine during the post 30 days. How much wine did you usal drink on one of those do"? 1 wine glass (4 oz. l 2 wine glasses 3 wine glasses 112 oz. - about halt a fifth or bottle)I 4 wine glasses 5 wine glasses 6 wi ne glasses (24 oz. - abou t one fif th or bottle) 7 wine glasses 8-11 wine glasses 12 wine glasses (48 oz. - about two fifths)I More than 12 wine glasses or more than two fifths Didn't drink any wvine in the past 30 days
32. During the post 12 months, on how many days did you drink 8 or more cans, bottles, or glasses of beer (3 quarts or mor eI in a single day? Every day 1-3 days amonith3 5-6 days a week 1 or more days in the past 12 months but 3-4 days a week not monthly3 1-2 days a week Never in the past 12 months3
33. During the past 12 months, on how many days did you drink 8 or more glasses3 of wine (more than a fifth) in a single day?3 Every day 5-6 days a week 3-4 days a week 1-2 days a week
1-3 days a month3 1 or more days in the past 12 months but not monthly3 Never in the past 12 months3
34. During the past 12 months, on how many days did you drink 8 or more drinks3 of herd liquor (s half pint of more) in a single day? Every day 5-6 dayt a week 3-4 days a week 1-2 days a week
-4-f
Bat,
I
1-3 days a month 1 or more days in the past 12 months but not monthly Never in the past 12 months3U
3
324 36. Since you arrived at your present Installation, aweyou drinking more. thessame amount, or leswthan you did at your lst Installation? * Did not drink before or after More at present installation Less at p'ese-t ,stallat oi' *arrivong a- th,$ installation The same amount Tt 5 snrvm4is stlaor'r the Ser,.ce * 36. It you don't now drink beer, wine, or hard liquor, how Importaint are each i'd the following reasons for your decision' * A I di' rk beer. wine, or hard liquor (Skip to question 37) *-I don't d(,nk beer, wine. or hard liquor, (Answer questions 8-K below) so-ie very Mark one circle for each reasconl
-
* -
*
B Parents or relatives disapprove C. Friends disapprove.................... D Against my religioni.. E Afraid of what it might do to my health............ F Had a bad experience with it . G Too costly......... H. No des 'e to experience effects . . . I , Might interfere with my work or other activity .... JJ. Tried it, but was not interested. ....... K. Medically restricted ........ . .............
No
..
3.People drink beer, Wine. or har d liquor for differevit personal reasons. How important are oach of the following reasons f or your drinking? (Mark one circle for each reason) ver Fai Not at All Don't Drink Important
* * -
important
A. I drink to be friendly or social . . . .. . . . 8 1 drink to forget my worries. .......... C. I drink to relax .... D. A drink helps cheer me up when I am in a bad mood ............. E A drink helps me when I am depressed or nervous ................ F. I drink when I am bored and have nothing to do............... I........ G. I drink to increase my self-confidence.................... ... ...
I mpoitant
.....
..
* 39. For each exPerienice listed below, ploaae indicate on how many * *
days you have had tin experiefce in the pat 12 months Mark one circle for each experience)
Every
ght where I h it someone when I A I got i nto a fiP was drinking -
.
Day .
..
.
..
....
.
* 36, How important are the following reasons foir your drinking while VeyFairly * asigned to this installation? (Mark one circle for each reason) important Importaint A. Because we have frequent "happy hours" here ......... ... .................... 8,BBecause the price of liquor, beer, wvine, is so low here............... * C, Because we have lots (if parties.. ........... ..... ...... D,0Because drinking is lust about the only recreation available here . E. Because I an, very lonesome here ...................... ......... F. Because my lob gets me so tense or nervous that ( need to -drink to unwind . . . ............ . .............. ... .. G Because my living quarters are so depressing........ ....... H Because other people expect you to drink when they are *drinking.
At All
...
Not at All Important
Don't Drn~k At All
..
. .
..
..
. .
DAYS EXPERIENCED IN FAST 12 MONTHS 56 3-4 1-2 1-3 Lwu Times Frequently Times Times Times a a a a Than Month Monthly Week Week week
.....
1 got into a fight Where I hit someone when I *was not drinking. - 1 1.. . . C I awakened the next day unable to remember what *I had done while elrinke'tg the day before ....... .. D I took &drinik the first thing when I got up in the morntng .................. f IVA hands shook aclot in the morning after drinking -the day before . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, I could not stop drinintg before becoming drunk ........................ G I was sock because of drinking (nausea, vomiting, sewvere headache, ets.) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ti I had thes"sheistes" bwcaus of drinking. ......
..
. .
. .. .
.. ..
.. ......
. . ...
. . ..
. . .....
. .
Never Happened In Paos
12 Mrnshs
325
o- de som
n- Wdlldw of
-M plmil
goe
o m
DRUG
EXAMPLESI
Mar',uara
"Pot.
Hash,sl
"Hash"I
PCP...
-Angei Duist-
Other Hallucinogens
LSD. Mescairie, Peyote, STP. DOM. OMT Psilocybn
-
1p
sweleas -llwe
-Gass
Snow"
Cocaine..........Coke,"'
Amphetamines......Benzedrrne. 'Bennies."
Methadrine. Dexedrine, "Speed"I
Other Uppers.......Preludin, Ritalin, Sandrex ..... Valium, Librium, M~towr,
Tranquilizers....
Barbiturates............ Seconal iredsl, Nerni uat ivellowsi, Amyal (blues)3 Other Downers..........QOuaalude (Soporsi, Optimil. Doriden. Placirtyl. MetiraoualoneU Heroin
...
Other Opiates
....
'Smack".. .Scag," "Horse" Morphine, Opiurn.Vemerol, Codeine. MethadoneI
lle fer refer tD o nof MkIIIIIII soft of IM *up lNOe *umtivme be Preuearilsed for medicall reernsa the queston giom tri It, for highss, for thrills, to relax, to give iegtor fair pleasue.I Owm dump for r4m*
40. When was the first time you used each drug listed below for flon-moldical purposes?
41. When was the last time you used each drug listed below for non-medical purposes ?
(Mark one circle for each drug)
(Mark one circle for each drug) Than
1-30
31-180 181-365
Days Today Ago A. Marijuana or hash~sh .. . . .
B. PCP
.
.
. ..
.
365
1-3 4-30
Days Days Days Ago Ago Ago .. .. .. .
...
. ..
..
Noves, Used
366
Days Days Nov,I Ago Ago Uses
. ....
C. OtherI Hallucinogens
D. Cocaine .. . .
.
E. Amphetamines or other uppers ......
.. .
..... ..
. .
. ..
D. Cocaine .. .. .
. .
E. Amphetamines orI other uppers ................
.................
....
....
F. Tranquilizers.................
....
G. Barbiturates or5
G. Bar'biturates or other dlowners .
..
H. Heroin . . . .
.
1. Other opiates ..
Days Ago
I
The.
B. PCIP ....
.
C. Other Hallucinogens
F. Tranquilizers ..
A. Marijuana
or hashish
...
Days Days Today Ago Ago
o
31- 181160 365
... . .I..
..
other dlowners .
...
H. Heroin .. . . .
. ..
1 Other opiates....
..
6
3
326
Up ede-k apeolo
we allo
DRUG
nillw mol Bf doslon4
v. on'
EXAMPLES
Ma
ana
Po
Grass
"Hash-
Hash~ sh
'Anqe
PCP
D s
LSD, Mpscal-.n
Halit~jcroqens
Othe
odAugs Fujirn
olall
gohon ji
Pe-' itp S1'P. DOW. £MT Ps.I,ocytr,
Snow
Cocaine
-Coke,-
Arnphetamines
Benzedrine. -13ennes.
Other Uppers
,elud,
TranQU,lizers
'Speed"
Ptlalr, Sandrpx
Valiu,
Barbiturates
Methadr~ne, Denedrne.
LibrIUM, M~ltown,
Seconal Ireds). Nermbutal lIvellows), An'yta! ItA,,esj
..
Other Downers
Quaalude (Sopors), Optimil, Dorden. Plactrtvi. Methaqualone
Heroin
"Smack." "Scag,"
Other Opiates
Morphine, Opium, Demerol. Codeine, Methadone
"Horse'
MI~so ss of oh bus Knl des mW be, v&uhI for - , - venom de *Meum OMt felbw raf toie. Ohesen draw fel ne"a sIsm O , feir blow, for *01kh 10 "ba, tofW III Plu, or for onio.
42. During the post 30 days. on how many days did you use each of the following drugs for non-medical purposes
43. How often do you use each of the following drugs with alcohol (beer, wine, or hard liqluor) at the same time?
(Mark one circle for each drug)
(Mark one circle for each drug below)
5-6
3-4
1-2
Less
Day' Days Days Every a a a A Marijuana
Day
Weak Week Week
or hashish........................... B, PCP. ... .
..
.
. ..
Of ten Then
Naer
Weekly
Used
Very Some-
A- Marijuana AlwayrsOften simme Once N~se ... or hashish............. .
I.... . . . .
B' PCP..L.................
..
C Other Hallucinogens ..... 0. Cocaine
.
.
.
. .. .
C. Other Hallucinogens...... .
..
.
. .
.
E Am phe tam ines or other uppers ...................
...
D. Cocaine.. ...........
..
E. Amphetamines or other uppers .........
F. Tranq~uilizers .............................
F. Tranqluilizers...........
G. Barbiturates or other dlowners .........................
G. Barbiturates or ..... other dlowners....
H. Heroin................. 1. Other opiates.............
..............
......
..............
.H. Heroin.......
..... 1. Other opiates. ...... -7-
..
.
..
.
The644M
WiS tlag
e alse ar~m
OWwi
EXAMPLES
DRUG
-s
LSDJ Mevcai -
P- !ai'
,yo
STP
A.'
~
P.
Sanorrn
i reds). Nemhitai lypilowsi. Ar- ,a
Ba 1,;Secotial a, t, t,, 0" -
FwskIIII.Ml p"W 11011111examleo he wira drugs,
of hap assiashbUls116
Ouaalwrie iSouors, Orit:-.
Downes
mac.''Sc ag,'
He~<-
Do' i,.
bloi
PiaL oji Melhaquaione
H orse"
Morph-ne, Opium. Demerol. Coleire_ Methadone'
0s-.' Oo'atps
A1110,1111 Sans of the drugs led ebon I ma11be Presid for medicW reaison, she questons that follow resr Use drugs for non-nuedwcl puffloese Ilsst is,for h4"h. for dwilli, to relail, to gOwe "ighi~t, or for Pliseu-e.
44. Durving the pas* 30 days, on how many days did you use each of the following drugs for non-medical purposes 2 hours or less before going to work, at lunch, or during a work break? (Mark one circle for each drug belowi 5-6 3-4 1-2 Days Days Days Every a a a Day Wes* Week Week
A. Marijuana
Leis Often Than Weekly
None
or hashish
45. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use each of the following drugs for non-medical purposes whie ou were working (on-the-job)? (Mark one circle for eachdrug belowi
A
Marijuana or hashish
5-6 3-4 1-2 Days Days Days Every a a a Day Week Week Week
Leou Oftens Than WeeklyV None
.
.
.-
8, PCP.
a.PCP
C. Other Hallucinogens
C. Other .
0. Cocaine
.Hallucinogens
..
.0.
F. Tranquilizers.
D Cocaine.........
..
E. Amphetamines or other uppers
...
....
G, Barbiturates or other dlowners H. Heroin ..........
......
1. Other opiates ..
E. Amphetamines or other uppers . ... F. Tranquilizers...
.
G. Barbiturates or other dlowners H. Heroin
to wie of
.
..
.
..
..
1. Other opiates .
.
..
.
..
49 People use drugs for different reasons How important are the, following reasons for your using drugs here at this installation '
46 Which drugs can be obstained in the community around this installation' (M r l,
A Va, B
PCPue
C
),t-
1)
C IP')
n.3n,,
at.1 rl--
Avaiable
V.'e Do.n Kno
No0t v.atiable
3et dl.Sr- 't-e ;) Ce
l1xi.
importaint I
F -IV
No, at Ao
Iiportaint
1monr-anr
0-~.
'J
D-.% at At]
'~
s inahe-r
,
-C -d
t-ns r*
)w,. i
..r'sofle iir"D 'Jes me ;., tprse ros"a 11,a I~,need to Cet i ... s to ,nl -n F 8 eCauSe MV t V 19 Ot rteFSare so depressing G BeCause o'he, people .eoerct ycouTo sed-cis w~hen theV are nsinq them
Hit.C 'roq ris5'i Cocaine
.
in, ne,,
F Berid,
E A ulietam Othel on"t's F Tr.anqi. lizes
G
A
aOi.rates or
uther downers H Her oin 10the, ooiates
HERE ARE SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THINGS THAT HAPPEN TO PEOPLE How many times in the past 12 months did each of dhefollowinng happen to you? 47. Which drugs can be obtained at this Mark one ci c for each druti) Niot
IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Donit Know
Mark one circle for each statement
Thre.
Nan-,
A Mrriutana Available Available %or. I "Ppon .j, hashish 50. 1 had an illnessiconnected with my drinking on"e Twice T-nws 12 Mont, 8 Pcp. which keptme from duty for aweek or longer............ C Other 5t1. had an illness connected with my use of drugs Hallucinogenis which kept me from duty for aweek or longer .. .. .. 0. Cocaine............ ...... .. 52. 1 had at illness which kept me from duty for E Amphetamines or a week of loesger for reasons other tha, other uppers drinking or use of drugs................ .... ... F Traniquili'ers....... ...... ..... .53. 1didn't get promoted because of mydrinking . G. Barbiturates or 54. 1didn't get promoted because of my use of other downers.............drugs ........................... .... .... .... H. Heroin........ ........ ..... .55. 1 didn't get promoted for a reason -ither than I Other opiates. ... drinksing or use of drugs.................... .... .... .... 56. 1 got a lower score in my efficiency report or performance rating because of my drinking............... 57. 1got a lower score in my efficiency report or 48. During the past 30 days, with whom did performance rating because of my use of drugs ..... .... ...... you use drugs for non-medical purposes? 58. 1 got a lower score in my efficiency report or performance rating for a reason other than Did not use drugs in past 30 days drinking or drug use......................... .... .... I Go to question 49) 59. 1 received judicial or Article 15 punishment because of my drinking..................... .... .... .... Used drugs in past 30 days 60. 1 received judicial or Article 15 punishment (Answer A-0 below) because of my use of drugs.................. .... .... .... 61. 1 received judicial or Article 15 punishment Somse Frequently times Never for a reason other than drinking or drug use ..................... A. By myself ..... .......... 62. 1 was arrested for driving after drinking ..... .... .... ....... B. People 1 63. 1 was arrested for driving after using drugs .... .... .... ...... work with. . ... .... 64. 1 was arrested for driving for a reason other C. People I than drinking or drug use.................... .... .... .... live with . ... 65. 1 was arrested for a drinking incident not 0. Other friends related to driving......................... .... .... .... or associates.. . .... 66. 1 was arrested for a drug incident not related to driving............................... .... .... .... 67. 1 was arreised for an incident, not related to driving. for a rasont wt then drinking
or drug use .............. -9g-
.
...
.. Continued on next pags
IIIIIIUIIU~uUI~I~uu~uhuuhuhh~ui
all"1
329 IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS Or
Mark 0o- c..rc. 'or Pach satelmrt
M-,9P-Je I1 P 1 12 Mon.h.,
MO One
T,..
T ,e
68- 1 spent time in lail. stockade, or brig because of my drinking 69 1 spent time in jail, stockade, or brig because of my use of drugs 70 1 spent time in jail, stockade, or brig for a reason other than drinking or drug use 71
1 was hurt in an accident connected with my drinking.
72 1 was hurt in an accident connected with my use of drugs 73. 1 was hurt in an accident not connected with drinking or u;e of drugs 74
My drinking caused an accident where others were hurt or property was damaged
75, My use of drugs caused an accident where others were hurt or property was damaged ... 76. I was in a accident not related to my drinking or use of drugs where others were hurt or property . . ... .. was damaged ...... 77. My spouse threatened to leave me because of my drinking ................
...
78. My spouse threatened to leave me because of my use of drugs ........ 79. My spouse threatened to leave me but not because of my drinking or use of drugs ...... ........ . 00. I hit my spouse or children because of my drinking 81. I hit my spouse or children because of my use of drugs .................
............ ....
82. I hit my spouse or children but not because of drinking or drug use.......... 83. My spouse left me because of my drinking ............................ 84. My spouse left me because of my use of drugs ..........................
.
..
.
. .
... ...
.
85. My spouse left me for a reason other than drinking or drug use ........................ 86. I entered a rehabilitation or treatment program because of my drinking ................. 87. I entered a rehabilitation or treatment program because of my use of drugs ..................... 88. I attended a special training or education program because of a problem related to my drinking
92. I becam e drunk without planning to ................................. 93. 1 used more drugs than I planned to ..............
..
.............
.....
..... .......
...........................
94. 1 was drunk for more than one day at a time .. ............. .. 95. 1 was "high" on drugs for more than one day at a time .............................
. ..............
.... ....
.
...
.... ...
.
...
.
...
. .
... ...
.
...
.
...
.
.... .
...
.
...
.. ...
96. Where do you most often drink or use drugs? (Mark one circle for eachl A. Drink most often ...............................
...
....
89. 1 attended a special training or education program because of a problem related to my use of drugs 90. 1 had to be detoxified because of my drinking ................................... 91. 1 had to be detoxified because of my drug use ...
.
On
Off
Don't
Post
Post
Drink
.................
Don't Use Drigs
B. Drug use most often ..........................................
97. The following questions describe a number of things connected with drinking or using drugs that sometimes affect people on their working days. Please indicate how often in the past 12 months, if at all, these things ever happened to you on a working day. (Mark one circle for eachl
NUMBER OF DAYS HAPPENED IN PAST 12 MONTHS ON WORKING DAY 1221-
Because of Drinking: A. I did not work at my normal level of performance because of drinking, a hangover, or an illness caused by drinking ....................
Nore
1
2
3
4-6
7-11
20
39
40o, More
B. I was late for work or left work early because of drinking, hangover, or an illness caused by drinking ................................ C. I did not come to work because of drinking, a hangover, or an illness
caused by drinking ................................. 0. 1 was drunk or high while working because of drinking.
.............................................
Because of Drug Use E. I did not work at my normal level of performance because of my use of drugs ............................................... F. I was late for work or left work early because of my use of drugs ...... G. I did not come to work because of my use of drugs ................
ei:, , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , H. I was high while working because of my use of drugs ...............
-10-
IIIIIIIIu
IuIu
uuuh
I ImhIuI
iu
i<
i
330 lns that some People Say happen to them when they use alcohol. Did any of these things every happen to you because of your use of alcohol in the pest 12 months" (Mark o'e circle for eac(h question) Dori't
96. Here are th
A
In the past 12 months Did t -ve, r
8 Did ., eve',
ty
O
f
Y"
Drink
No
IA,' 0r5
' t "r iuai t,, -,# ic., w ;Iii
C D d, T. i -' 'D D,,BI ., ,ye
'-
E D (! ,y 'v'live F Cjti t ever daragf
.,-Sr'
u 'riat
.T.t ,v
cx,,vg -i.'ai idt
o,
4
wrsl T
Y C,1
L,5i.
,-, "Pid.tonsrpt
'
r.,or
so,'
(Au.,surw
th othe, Norkirs?
w it, Vfe workerS'
99. Here are things that some people say happen to them when they use drugs. Did any of these things ever happen to you because of your use of dru in the past 12 months? (Mark one circle for each nuestvoni Dont In the past 12 r'noths, Yes No Use Drugs A Dd itever rmrrrovp the quality of your work' B Dd it ever hurt the quality of your workO C 0,a t ever mpro,e youf reiat onshp with your supervsor? D Dd it ever damage your relato shp with your supervisor? E Did ,tever m move your relationship with other workers?. F Did t ever damage your relationship with other workers? 100. In the past 12 months, how many days did you receive medical treatment as a bed patient in a hospital for an accident or illness? DAYS IN HOSPITAL PAST 12 MONTHS
IMark one crcle for each)
None
A, Hospitalized in connection with drinking ... B. Hospitalized in connection with use of drugs C Hospitalized but not ,nconnection with drinking or use of drugs ...
.....
.....
1
2
3
4-6
7-13
14-76
27 or More
11-15
IS o, More
...
.......... .....
....
..
101. In the past 12 months, how often did you visit a doctor (as an outpatient) for an accident or illness? DOCTORS VISITS IN PAST 12 MONTHS
(Mark one circle for each)
1
Nore
A. Visited doctor in connector with drinking problem B. Visited doctor in connection with drug problem ....
2
3
....
....
....
. ...
....
....
4-5
6-10
C. Visited doctor but not in connection with drinking or drug problem ................... .....
....
....
....
....
102. Which term best describes your use of marijuana or hashish during the last 6 months? Never
Sometimes
, Frequently
103. Which term best describes your use of other drugs for non-medical purposes during the last 6 months? Never
Sometimes
Frequently
104. During the post 30 days, how many packs of cigarettes did you usually smoke in one day? 3 or more packs
.
2 or more, but less than 3 packs
Less than 1 pack, but smoked None
I or more, but less than 2 packs 105. For each experience listed below, please indicate on how many days you have had this experience during the past 12 months?
(Mark one circle for each)
A. I got into a figt where I hit
someone when I was using drugs .
..
Every Day ......
DAYS EXPERIENCED IN PAST 12 MONTHS 3-4 1-2 1-3 Lm Times Times T Preutitly aa I=as Never We We we Month Monthly Haope d . ............. ...... ...... 5-4 Tims
B. I awakened the next day unable to remember things I had done while using drugs the day before . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. C. I took a drug the first thing when I got up
in th e m o rn ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. .. . .
.
. . .. .
. ....
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~IIIIIIIIIIii
.. . .. .
.. . .. .
.
.
.. . . ..
.
. .. . ..
.
4
331 106. For each experience listed below, please indicate on how many days you were sick during the past 12 months because of the use or stoppin thi use of drugs. (S-ck means that vou had svrntoms suCC as noser'v OS Or 'es, flushed or sweatv, ch Its -ai.sea oii l Mark
rq stoiracr cramos. darrhea. muscle Ia, irp c 'cre 'or ac j
NUMBER OF SICK DAYS IN PAST 12 MONTHS 15o,
tc
None
1
2-7
MOe
8-14
A i .vas sick irecause of ,sn.s drugs B I ivas sck ,necauLse I stopped using drugs ike othe" downers or trarouilhzers
Hero"n. othe
opiates. barbiturates.
C I vas sck recause I stopped using drugs ike mar luana, hashish. PCP. ol'er hallucinciqers amphetamines, cocaine, ott er uppers, Or glue inhalants
107. Do you need help for a drinking problem?
113. If you don't NOW use drugs at all for non-medical purpoises, how important are each of the following reasons for your decision'
Yes
A
I stHill se drugs (Do not answer questions B-L below)
No
I do
Don't know
(Mark one circle for each reason below)
108. Do you need help with a drug problem ?
oT use drugs at the
resent time
B. Parents or relatives disapprove C. Friends disapprove ... .....
Yes No
. ...
(Answer questions B-L belowi
109. Do any of your dependents need help for a drinking or drug problem? I don't have any dependents. Yes, for a drinking problem Yes. for a drug problem No help needed Don't know
K. Too costly to use drugs .. ... L. Tried it but was not interested
Sonse
No
Importaunce
Importance
........
.....
D. Against my religion ......... E. Afraid of what it might do to my health . F. Non-medical use of some drugs is illegal . G. Had a bad experience with it........ H. Might interfere with my work or other activity. I. No desire to eyperience effects ........................ J. Difficult to get drugs ......................
Don't know
Very Important
..........
.......
. ... ...
....
... ... ......
...... ........... ......
110. Do any of your friends in the military need help for a drinking or drug problem? Yes, for a drinking problem Yes, for a drug problem
No help needed Don't know 111. How would you and compete your drinkin before after you
entered the Service? More before entering
WE THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME. EFFORT, AND COOPERATION IN COMPLETING THIS QUESTIONNAIRE. PLEASE PLACE QUESTIONNAIRE
theService
About the same Less before entering the Service Did not drink before entering Service and do not drink now
AND PENCIL IN THE BOX
AS YOU LEAVE THE ROOM.
112. How would you compete your
and after ue of druEm f you entesed the Service? More before entering the Service About the same Less before entering the Service
,
J
, Did not use drugs before entering Service and do not
-"0•
use drugs nOw .. IIIIIII,,
i
IIII
IIIII
IIIII-
12 -
IIIIIIIIIIII11 I
S'23/2661-Intran-54321 111 III
I
I.
APPENDIX I STANDARDIZATION OF CIVILIAN~ AND MILITARY POPULATIONS
332
STANDARDIZATION OF CIVILIAN AND MILITARY POPULATIONS For the purpose of comparing the drug and alcohol prevalence among young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 in the military population with the drug and alcohol prevalence among the civilian young adults ages 18-25, appropriate weight factors were computed to standardize (i.e., neutralize compositional differences in) age, sex, marital status and level of education for the civilian sample.
That is, weights
were introduced in the civilian sample so as to make that sample correspond to the military sample with respect to the specified demographic characteristics.
The computation of
weight factors for the civilian data was done in the manner described below. A multivariate matrix of marital status by level of education by sex and by age was prepared for each of the military and civilian subsample populations; each cell represented the proportion of the subsample population with a particular combination of characteristics.
Marital status and level of
education variables were both dichotomized.
That is, "marital
status," was defined as "married" and "not married" (including widowed, divorced, separated and never married categories) and "high school graduate or less" and "more than high school training or education" were defined for level of education.
In
general, age was in one-year units for males and two-year units for females.
Categories were combined for cells in which the
percentages were very small (e.g., less than .05 percent).
~333
33
334
Based on these two matrices, the weight factors to be applied to the civilian subsample were computed using the following tormula: w i = Mi/C i
where W i = Weight factor to be applied to civilians with the ith combination of characteristics Mi = Military proportion with ith combination of characteristics C i = Civilian proportion with ith combination of characteristics The weight factor for each civilian was entered into the respondent's record on the civilian data tape.
The
adjusted weight was then computed by multiplying the existing weight by the weight factor for each civilian respondent and, thus, the civilian data were made comparable to the military data for this subsample population.
;
DAT' FILM sow @mum 0!mw 4*00
