Thalassas, 29(1) · January 2013: 17-23
An International Journal of Marine Sciences
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP, AGE AND GROWTH OF WILD CATFISH Arius arius (HAMILTON, 1822) IN PARANGIPETTAI EAST COAST OF TAMIL NADU
S. BALAMURUGAN, B. DEIVASIGAMANI*, S. KUMARAN, M. SAKTHIVEL, G. EDWARD & M. ASHIQ UR RAHMAN CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608502 * Email:
[email protected]* (corresponding author), Fax: +914144 243641, Ph: 914144237606
ABSTRACT The catfishes constitute a momentous in terms of fisheries production in asian countries. The over fishing of marine fishes and lose stocks demands extend the studies towards understanding the identity and distribution of the stocks in space and time. The mathematical relationship between length and weight of fishes is a practical index suitable for understanding their survival, growth, maturity, reproduction and general well being. The length weight relationship, age and growth of Arius arius in parangipettai coast of Tamil Nadu were assessed. The study show the length and weight relationship of length groups shows the significant at p < 0.001 except the length groups 6-9 and 21-24 cm. The values of the exponent b in the length-weight relationships W= aLb ranged from 3.1031 to 5.0423 and R2 = 0.9335 to 0.9818. The powell -Wetherall plots analysis shows that the L value was 215.00 mm and K value of 4.684. r = -0.870. The optimized values for K and L were estimated by the ELEFAN I shows 1.30 year-1 and 430.50 mm. The estimated growth performance index (Ø) for. Arius arius were 10.5 and 11 and t0 value of 1.29335. The total blood cell count shows increasing pattern in increasing in length groups. The lowest Blood Cells counts were examined in the 6-9 cm size and maximum counts were occurred in 30-33 cm size fishes. Key words: Arius arius, length weight, Age and growth, WBC count, parangipettai, Fisat II 1.2.2
RESUMEN (Relaciones longitud-peso, edad y crecimiento del bagre Arius arius (Hamilton, 1822) en la costa Este de Parangipettai en Tamil Nadu) El bagre es una especie fundamental en cuanto a pesquerías en los países asiáticos. La sobrepesca de peces marinos y la pérdida de poblaciones exige ampliar los estudios dirigidos a la comprensión de la dinámica de los bancos pesqueros en el tiempo y el espacio. La relación matemática entre la longitud y el peso de los peces es un índice práctico adecuado para la comprensión de la supervivencia, el crecimiento, la madurez, la reproducción y el bienestar general de las poblaciones de peces. Se evaluaron el peso, la talla, la edad y crecimiento de ejemplares de Arius arius capturados en Parangipettai (costa de Tamil Nadu). El estudio demuestra una relación estadísticamente significativa (p< 0,001) entre la longitud y el peso excepto en el grupo de tallas de 6-9 cm y 21-24 cm de longitud. Los valores del exponente b en las relaciones talla-peso W= aLb variaron desde 3,1031 hasta 5,0423 con R2 = 0,9335 - 0,9818. El análisis de Powell-Wetherall encontró valores de L= 215,00 mm y K= 4,684, con r = -0,870. Los valores optimizados para K y L se calcularon mediante ELEFAN I alcanzando valores de 1,30 el primer año y 430,50 mm. Los valores estimados del índice de crecimiento global (Ø) para Arius arius fueron 10,5 y 11 con valor de t0= 1,29335. El recuento de glóbulos rojo total muestra un patrón creciente con el aumento de la talla. Los valores más bajos de conteos de células sanguíneas aparecieron en los peces de la categoría de tallas de 6 a 9 cm, mientras que los más altos fueron en peces de 30 a 33 cm. Palabras clave: Ariusarius, longitud y peso, edad y crecimiento, conteo de células sanguíneas, FISAT II 1.2.2 Thalassas, 29(1) · January 2013
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S. BALAMURUGAN, B. DEIVASIGAMANI*, S. KUMARAN, M. SAKTHIVEL, G. EDWARD & M. ASHIQ UR RAHMAN
2.0
Kn Value
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
6-9
9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 21-24 24-27 27-30 30-33 33-37 37-40
Length group (cm)
Figure 1: Study area
INTRODUCTION The catfishes constitute a significant group in terms of fisheries production as evident from the total world fish catch of 96.93 million during 1991, where their contribution was just 0.63%, of which 0.44% was from the freshwater and 0.19% from the marine sector. (BBS 1989) However, according to the Statistical Bulletin published by the Government of India (1993) (Sparre P, Venema S C 1992) catfishes constitute 15% of the total fish production in India. Catfishes contribute about 14% of the total fish production in Bangladesh as well (Tandon KK 1964). The over fishing of marine fishes and lose stocks demands extend the studies towards understanding the identity and distribution of the stocks in space and time. A stock is a division of a species showing distinct morphometric characters, inhabiting a particular geographical area in which, its vital stock parameters of growth and mortality are homogeneous (Kothare PV, Bal DV 1976). The exploitation arise when a stock of single species in different geographical site. (Kothare PV, Bal DV 1976; Rao K, Venkata Subba 1982; Paramita BN, Sadashiv gopal raje 2009). Morphometic studies need to be supplemented by studies at the genetic level so as to (Paramita BN, Sadashiv gopal raje 2009) confirm whether the populations belong to different races or demes. The mathematical relationship between length and weight of fishes is a practical index suitable for understanding their survival, growth, maturity, reproduction 18
Thalassas, 29(1) · January 2013
and general well being. Among marine catfishes, the engraved catfish (Arius arius, Ariidae) major species from the east coasts of India. (Rao K, Venkata Subba 1982) Length-weight relationships are useful in fishery management for both applied and basic use (Pitcher TJ, Hart PJ 1982; Moutopoulos DK, Stergiou KI 2002) 8] to (i) estimate weight from length observations; (ii) calculate production and biomass of fish population; and/or (iii) provide information on stock or organism condition at the corporal level and management for comparative growth studies. METHODOLOGY Study area and sample collection The samples were collected in Parangipettai (Lat. 11º 29’N and Long. 79º 46’E) throughout the period of August 2010 to July 2011. A total of 650 adult fishes of both sexes, were collected and brought in the lab, length and weight were measured. The species were identified based on the FAO sheet, (FAO /SIDP 2000.) according to the morphometric and Meristic characters. Morphometric Studies Fresh specimens were used for the measurement, using divider and a measuring board the fish were measured. Three major morphometric characters were studied following. (Appa Rao T 1966; Dwivedi SN,
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP, AGE AND GROWTH OF WILD CATFISH Arius arius (HAMILTON, 1822) IN PARANGIPETTAI EAST COAST OF TAMIL NADU
3.0
0
2.5
5
Condition factor
2.0
0
5
1.5
1.0
0.5
0 0.0
6-9
9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 21-24 24-27 27-30 30-33 33-37 37-40
6-9 9-12 12-1515-1818-21 21-2424-2727-30 30-33 33-37 37-40
Length group
Length group (cm)
Figure 2: Kn Value for Arius airus both sex in different length groups.
Figure 3: Condition factor K for Arius airus both sex in different length groups.
Menezes MR 1974). The significance of the difference between the characters, regressions of each morphometric character on fork length was considered at 5% and 1% probability level:
lobe and then weighed to the nearest gram. The allometric relationship between length (L) and weight (W) was calculated by the formula: W = a L b where, W = weight of an individual fish in gram; L = Length of an individual fish in millimeter ; a and b are constants. The data of total length and weight were analyzed by the least square method (Le Cren ED 1951) using the equation given as: Log W = Log a + b Log L where a and b are constants estimated by linear regression of the log transformed variates. Length weight relationship was determined separately, for both sexes of Arius arius from their respective locations and pooled.
1. Total length (TL): Distance from the tip of the snout to the tip of longest caudal ray of the upper lobe when the upper lobe is laid back parallel to the scale. 2. Standard length (SL): Distance from the tip of the snout to the end of the vertebral column (structural base of caudal rays). 3. Fork length (FL): Distance from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle ray of the caudal fork. Length-Weight Relationship For length-weight relationship, the total length was measured to the nearest millimeter from the tip of the snout to the tip of the longest caudal fin ray of the lower
To compare length and weight for a particular sample or individual, condition factors are used (Safran P 1992). One is the Fulton’s condition factor (K), equal to W/L3 (Fulton TW 1911) while other one is relative condition factor (Kn), Kn = W/aLb. In our study we used more homogenous formula of condition factor K=1000W/L3, to know the growth condition of fish (Bauchot R, Bauchot ML 1978). For length frequency data were the fishes were grouped 3cm class intervals. Powell-wetherall method (Beverton RJH, Holt SJ 1966) was used to calculate the ratio of total mortality and growth coefficient (Z/K) as initial estimate of asymptotic length (L). Length frequency data were then analysed by Electronic L Ength Frequency Analysis (ELEFAN I) (Pauly D 1980; Pauly D 1983) using the appropriate routines in FiSAT II package [19]. In this method the growth parameters, asymptotic length (L) and growth coefficient (K) were estimated following the von Bertalanffy growth equation (VBGE)9: Lt = L (1-exp –-K (t t0))
Figure 4: Powell-Wetherall plots of Arius airus both sex.
(1)
where Lt is the length at age t, L the asymptotic length, K the growth coefficient and ‘t0’ age at which fish would have had zero length if they had always grown according to Thalassas, 29(1) · January 2013
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S. BALAMURUGAN, B. DEIVASIGAMANI*, S. KUMARAN, M. SAKTHIVEL, G. EDWARD & M. ASHIQ UR RAHMAN
Figure 5: Growth curves of Arius airus both sex.
the above equation. Parameters of L and K were computed from the ELEFAN I. The growth performance index (Ø) for Arius arius were computed using the following equation10: Ø = log10K + 2 log10 L
(2)
The t0 value from the length-frequency data cannot be estimated by ELEFAN, t0 are estimated by substituting the L and K in the following equation11: log( t0) -0.176+0.260 logL 1.0 logK
(3)
Total White Cells Count (Wcs)
The Morphometric characters of Arius arius were given in Table 1. The length varies between 6.67-36.8 cm in fork length, 6.27-36 cm in total length and 7.45- 39 cm in standard length, the regression analysis of FL verses TL and SL shows significant different at p< 0.001 the ‘a’ value of 0.108 and ‘b’ value of 0 .8832 for FT and TL and for FL and SL the value are ‘a’’0.0282 and b is 0.9136. The length groups, the minimum, maximum and mean length (± S.E.), the minimum and maximum weight meansured, the parameters a and b, t-Test, and the coefficient of determination, R 2 are presented in Table 2. Information on the growth (isometric or allometric) of each group is provided, in Table 2 and growth conditions K and Kn were presented in figure 1. The estimated coefficients of the length-weight relationship and other details of statistical analysis and the results of the ANCOVA analysis are given in Table 2. t-Test also reviles the isometric growth. The relative condition factor (Kn) were calculated (figure 1). And the K values were plotted in figure 2 our study shows that the length ranges from minimum of 7.45±0.85 cm to 38.09±0.65 cm, weight of 11.41±1.4g to 920.5±33.75g. te length group 6-9 and 21-23
6
-3
Total White Blood cells count X 10 /ml
The blood was drawn up to the mark in WBC pipette and diluted up to the mark11 with diluting fluid for 3 minutes. The cells were then allowed to settle. The cells in the four corner blocks were counted by using the low power objective and a medium ocular. The cell counts were carried out using a Neubauer heamocytomater (Hawksley and Son, England) and were expressed as cells ml-1 (Day F 1878). Mean and standard deviation (X±SD) was calculated for each set of the sample data.
RESULT
5 4
3
2
1 0 6 --9 9--12 12--1515--1818--2121--2424--2727--3030--3333--3737--40
Lenght of Fish
Figure 6: Growth performance index (Ø) for Arius arius both sex. 20
Thalassas, 29(1) · January 2013
Figure 7: Total blood cell count for forArius arius both sex all groups.
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP, AGE AND GROWTH OF WILD CATFISH Arius arius (HAMILTON, 1822) IN PARANGIPETTAI EAST COAST OF TAMIL NADU
ͲLN(1Ͳt/lĮ)
y=0 0.336x0 0.966 4,5 4 4 3 3,5 3 2 2,5 2 1 1,5 1 0 0,5 0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
A Age
Figure 8: Age and length chat t0 of Arius arius both sex.
were not significantly different in ANOVA analysis. Other groups shows significantly different at P< 0.05with b value ranges from 3.262 to 5.5475 The Powell-Wetherall plots was plotted using Fistat II (Beverton R J H et al., 1956) gave an initial estimate of Lmax value of 215.00 mm and Z/K value of 5.231 [r = -0.870; regression equation, Y = 215.0 + (-0.870)*X]. (Figure 3) These initial estimates were fed into ELEFAN I package producing optimum growth. The best optimum value VBGF growth constant (K) was estimated 1.30 year-1 by ELEFAN I shown in Figure 4. The estimated growth performance index (Ø) for. Arius arius were 10.5 and 11 (Figure 5). The response surface (Rn) was calculated as 0.253 which is the best combination of growth parameters are L ∞ =598.09 and K=1.30 Yr-1 for Arius arius, estimated t0 value was 1.2933 figure 6 Comment sex: Lt = 215.00(1-exp–1.30 (t + 1.29335)) Total White Blood Cell Count The minimum Total White blood Cells count was observed in 6-9cm group fishes and maximum counts were occurred in 30-33 cm in March 2011. Figure 7. DISCUSSION The length - weight relationship of Arius arius shows isometric growth other than 6-9, 21-24, 27-30 and 31-33
cm, the morphometric measurements in the present study shows similarity with those of earlier workers. (Dwivedi SN, Menezes MR 1974; FAO /SIDP. 2000) The group shows difference in length -weight relationship as well as body depth was observed, probably due to the variations in the degree of fullness of stomach, as comparable with the inference (Jaiswar AK, Devaraj M 1989) in Megalaspis cordyla. The correlation analysis shows ‘b’ value of b<3 other than 6-9, 21-23,27-30 and 30-33 groups. Depending upon the deviation of ‘b’ values fishes can be classified into three group according (Anibeze CIP 1995) (i) b=3 where the body form of fish remains constant at different lengths (isometric) (Allen KR 1938). (ii) b<3 when fish becomes more slender as the length increases and (iii) b>3 (allometric) when fish grows stouter with increase of length. (Growner HJ, Rogelio OJ 1976). This may due to change in factors which effect the growth of the fish; those may be including season, habitat, gonadal maturity, sex, stomach fullness, and health and reservation techniques. (Pica A, Corte FD 1987; Pitchappan RM 1980) Hence the change in weight is due to changes in form but not in specific gravity. Cube law is not confirmed for all fishes because growth causes for the change of their shape. (Pitcher. Pitcher TJ, Hart PJ 1982) also described that a value less than 3.0 indicated that fish becomes lighter (negative allometric) and greater than 3.0 as heavier (positive allometric) for a particular length as it increase in size. (Rao K, Venkata Subba 1982). The regression analysis on the log transformed data showed a stronger relationship of both the sexes. R2 and t-Test also reviles the isometric growth. This means they tend to become thinner as they grow larger. Kn values were above 1.0 in all group showing that the fish were in better condition in this geographical region. It may due to food availability and gonadal development. They were similar reported by number of authors in different fish species (Romano N et al., 2002) in Trematomus bernacchii, (Sailendri K, Muthukkaruppan VR 1975b) Tilapia mossambica, (Shafi M, Quddus MMA 1974b) .in Cirrhinus mrigala, (Pica A, Corte FD 1987) snake eel Pisodonophis boro, (Shafi M, Quddus MMA 1974b) Hilsa ilisha. (Smith M, Potter M, Merchant B
Table 1: Morphometric Character of Arius arius.
Morphometric characters Measurements (cm)
Min (cm)
Max (cm)
Total length (TL)
6.5
39
Fork length (FL)
5.9
36.8
Standard length (SL)
5.4
33.90
Thalassas, 29(1) · January 2013
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S. BALAMURUGAN, B. DEIVASIGAMANI*, S. KUMARAN, M. SAKTHIVEL, G. EDWARD & M. ASHIQ UR RAHMAN
Table 2: Explanatory statistics and estimated parameters of length-weight relationship of Arius airus of parangipettai coast south India.
Length group (cm)
Mean Length ± SD (cm) 7.45±0.85
6-9
10.55±1.01
9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 21-24 24-27 27-30 30-33 33-37 37-40 s
13.7±0.79
Mean weight± SD (g)
A
11.41±1.4 28.9±2.05
1.4267 0.0627
R2
b 0.4787 ns
0.0163
3.262
s
0.4291
98.85±14.8
5.0423
19.3±0.92
120.11±29. 6
1.4569
22.57±1.09
171.9±6.97
0.5086
198.5±8.76
3.9729
218.8±15.4 6
0.2258 1.7123
346.5±19.0 7
1.4881
525.0±35.0 8
0.8956
920.5±33.7 5
3.1031
25.5±1.04 28.7±0.99 31.76±0.82 34.44±1.01 38.09±0.65
0.9818
s
CONCLUSION b<3 b>3
3.5733
53.14±2.09
15.44±0.82
Growth T-Test b<3
0.987
5.5475 s
b>3 0.9459
3.057s
b<3 b<3
s
0.9456
4.401s
0.1335
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS b>3 b<3
0.9713
2.5864 s
b<3 0.9765
3.2031 s
b<3 0.9019
3.2095 s
this study updates the length weight relationship, age and growth of Marine Catfsh Arius arius in parangipettai waters during the one year survey. The fish were healthy in all length groups.and it shows the the average of 10-11 year of age for a fish in this region.
0.1797
1.1653
s
The K values obtained for unsexed in the present study are also quite high from the recorded values 3 4.68 The t0 recorded previously for this species was 1.298 whereas the t0 values were compared to the G. setifer t0 value of males and females shows -0.0817 reported by Sivashanthini K, Ajmal Khan S 2004.
0.0636
b<3
significant at P <0.001
1970) in Lepomis macrochirus, (Sivashanthini K, Ajmal Khan S 2004) in Gerres setifer the present study showed Arius arius shows the 215.00 mm total length at the end of the first year. These values are much lower as compared to the earlier the length (Sivashanthini K, Ajmal Khan S 2004). In addition, the L ∞ (34.4 cm) is slightly larger than the maximum observed length, which also suggests that the growth estimates for spotted catfish by the length frequency analysis are reliable. In the course of progress in fishery research, different methods have been evolved for determining the age of the fish in an open system. Ford- Walford used to (i) integrated method, (ii) month mode curve and (iii) probability plot method. In this present study shows L values above the L ∞ max. The computed L is 215.00 in the present study are higher than the recorded value (215.00) for Arius arius unsexed.
TL- Total length FL- Fork Length SL-Standard Length K- condition factor Kn- Relative Condition factor R 2- Coefficient of Determination W = the weight of the fish in grams, L = the total length of the fish in centimeters a = exponent describing of the rate of change of weight with length b = weight at unit length ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We thank our Dean of Faculty of Marine Science, Annamalai University for Providing Opportunity to this work. This Work was financial Supported by MoES – OASTC, New Delhi, India. REFERENCES BBS (1989). Statistical pocketbook of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Governrnent of Bangladesh, Dhaka; 348. Sparre P, Venema SC Introduction to tropical fish stock assessment.. In: Manual. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper,
Table 3: Length and age analysis of Arius arius in Fisat II 1.2.2.
Sex
L(mm)
Z/K
K(yr-1)
Rn/Score
-
Both
598.09
5.231
-
-
ELEFAN I (i)Automatic scan
Both
430.50
-
1.30
0.253
(ii) K- Scan
Both
430.50
-
0.410
0.285
Method Powell Wetherall
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Thalassas, 29(1) · January 2013
LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP, AGE AND GROWTH OF WILD CATFISH Arius arius (HAMILTON, 1822) IN PARANGIPETTAI EAST COAST OF TAMIL NADU
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Gayanilo FC, Pauly D (1996). The FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT) User’s Guide. FAO Computerized Information Series: Rome. Day F (1878). The fishes of India. ln: Vol. 1.2, Reprinted 1958, William Dawson and Sons Ltd, London; 210-215. Jaiswar AK, Devaraj M (1989). Morphometric study of Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758) along the northwest coast of India. Journal of Indian Fisheries Association, 19; 1-6. Anibeze CIP (1995). Aspects of the ecobiology of Heterobranchus longifilis (Val. 1840) in Idodo river basin (Nigeria) and their application to aquaculture. Ph.D. thesis. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Allen KR (1938). Some observations on the biology of the trout (Salmo trutta) in Windermere. Journal of Animal Ecology, 7; 333-347. Growner HJ, Rogelio OJ (1976). Length-weight relationship of pond raised milk fish in the Philippines. Aquaculture, 7; 339-346. Pica A, Corte FD (1987). Haemopoiesis, lymphomyeloid tissues, spleen and thymus of Torpedoes in normal conditions and after treatment with cobamamide and folic acid. Archivio Italiano di Anatomia e di Embriologia, 92; .249–261. Pitchappan RM (1980). Review on the phylogeny of splenic structure and function. Developmental Comparative Immunology 4: .395–416. Romano N, Ceccariglia S, Mastrolia L, Mazzini M (2002). Cytology of lymphomyeloid head kidney of Antarctic fishes Trematomus bernacchii (Nototheniidae) and Chionodraco hamatus (Channicthyidae). Tissue and Cell. 34; 2. Sailendri K, Muthukkaruppan VR (1975b) Morphology of lymphoid organs in a cichild teleost, Tilapia mossambica (Peters). Journal of Morphology; 147; 109-122. Shafi M, Quddus MMA (1974b). The length-weight relationship in the carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton-Buchanan). Dacca University Studies, 22; 39-45. Shafi M, Quddus MMA (1974b). The length-weight and lengthgirth relationship and condition in Hilsa ilisha (Clupeidae). Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 2; 179-185. Smith M, Potter M, Merchant B (1970). Plasmacytopoiesis in the pronephros of the teleost, Lepomis macrochirus. Journal of Immunology; 99; .876-882. Sivashanthini K, Ajmal Khan S (2004). Population dynamics of silver biddy Gerres setifer (Pisces: Perciformes) in the Parangipettai waters, southeast coast of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 33; 346-354.
(Received: May 16, 2012; Accepted: August 27, 2012)
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