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Leonard souwandi 9e More Images @ MyNiceProfile.com
Jumat, 30 November 2012
Teori Terbentuknya Tata Surya
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TEORI TERBENTUKNYA TATA SURYA Ada beberapa teori yang saya ketahui tentang terbentuknya tata surya. saat saya mencari hal itu saya menemukan setidaknya ada 5 hal atau 5 teori tentang terbentuknya tata surya. antara lain : TEORI KABUT, TEORY PLANETESIMAL, TEORY BINTANG KEMBAR, TEORY PASANG SURUT, TEORY AWAN DEBU(PROTO PLANET)
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TEORI KABUT Teori Kabut disebut juga Teori Nebula.Teori tersebut dikemukakan oleh Immanuel Kart dan Simon de Laplace.Menurut teori ini mula-mula ada sebuah nebula yang baur dan hampir bulat yang berotasi dengan kecepatan sangat lambat sehingga mulai menyusut.Akibatnya terbentuklah sebuah cakram datar bagian tengahnya.penyusutan berlanjut dan terbentuk matahari di pusat cakram.Cakram berotasi lebih cepat
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sehinggabagian tepi-tepi cakram terlepas membentuk gelang-gelang bahan.Kemudian bahan dalam gelang-gelang memadat menjadi planet-planet yang berevolusi mengitari Matahari.
TEORI PLANETESIMAL Teori Planetesimal dikemukakan oleh T.C Chamberlein dan F.R Moulton.Menurut teori ini,Matahari sebelumnya telah ada sebagai salah satu dari bintang-bintang yang banyak di langit.Suatu ketika bintang berpapasan dengan Matahari dalam jarak yang dekat.Karena jarak yang dekat, tarikan gravitasi bintang yang lewat sebagian bahan dari Matahari(mirip lidah raksasa) tertarik ke arah bintaang tersebut.Saat bintang menjauh, lidah raksasa itu sebagian jatuh ke Matahari dan sebagian lagi terhambur menjadi gumpalan kecil atau planetesimal.Planetesimal-planetesimal melayang di angkasa dalam orbit mengitari Matahari.Dengan tumbukan dan tarikan gravitasi, planetesimal besar menyapu yang lebih kecil dan akhirnya menjadi planet.
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leonard souwandi
TEORI BINTANG KEMBAR Menurut Teori Bintang Kembar,dahulu Matahari merupakan bintang kembar kemudian bintang kembarannya meledak menjadi kepingan-kepingan.Karena pengaruh gaya gravitasi bintang yang tidak meledak(Matahari),maka kepingan-kepingan itu bergerak mengitari bintang tersebut dan menjadi planet-planet.
TEORI PASANG SURUT Teori Pasang Surut pertama kali disampaikan oleh Buffon.Buffon menyatakan bahwa tata surya berasal dari materi Matahari yang terlempar akibat bertumbukan dengan sebuah komet. Teori pasang surut yang disampaikan Buffon kemudian diperbaiki oleh Sir James Jeans dan Harold Jeffreys.Mereka berpendapat bahwa tata surya terbentuk oleh efek pasang gasgas Matahari akibat gaya gravitasi bintang besar yang melintasi Matahari.Gas-gas tersebut terlepas dan kemudian mengelilingi Matahari.Gas-gas panas tersebut kemudian berubah menjadi bola-bola cair dan secara berlahan mendingin serta membentuk lapisan keras menjadi planet-planet dan satelit.
Arsip Blog t 2012 (11) t November (7) Teori Terbentuknya Tata Surya Fakta Dari Segitiga Bermuda Sejarah Pembentukan Bumi
TEORI AWAN DEBU(PROTO PLANET)
Michael Jordan
Teori ini dikemukakan oleh Carl von Weizsaecker kemudian disempurnakan oleh Gerard P.Kuiper pada tahun 1950.Teori proto planet menyatakan bahwa tata surya terbentuk oleh gumpalan awan gas dan yang jumlahnya sangat banyak.Suatu gumpalan mengalami pemampatan dan menarik partikel-partikel debu membentuk gumpalan bola.Pada saat itulah terjadi pilinan yang membuat gumpalan bola menjadi pipih menyerupai cakram (tebal bagian tengah dan pipih di bagian tepi).Karena bagian tengah berpilin lambat mengakibatkan terjadi tekanan yang menimbulkan panas dan cahaya(Matahari).Bagian tepi cakram berpilin lebih cepat sehingga terpecah menjadi gumpalan yang lebih kecil.Gumpalan itu kemudian membeku menjadi planet dan satelit.
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Mengenai Saya leonard9e Lihat profil lengkapku Diposting oleh leonard9e di 05.13
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Kamis, 29 November 2012
Fakta Dari Segitiga Bermuda
Fakta Nyata Dari Misteri Segitiga Bermuda Wilayah laut di selatan Amerika Serikat dengan titik sudut Miami (di Florida), Puerto Rico (Jamaica), dan Bermuda ini, telah berabad-abad menyimpan kisah yang tak terpecahkan. Misteri demi misteri bahkan telah dicatat oleh pengelana samudera macam Christopher Columbus. Sekitar 1492, ketika dirinya akan mengakhiri perjalanan jauhnya menuju dunia barunya, Amerika, Columbus sempat menyaksikan fenomena aneh di wilayah ini. Di tengah suasana laut yang terasa aneh, jarum kompas di kapalnya beberapa kali berubah-ubah. Padahal cuaca saat itu begitu baik. Lebih dari itu, tak jauh dari kapal, pada suatu malam tiba-tiba para awaknya dikejutkan dengan munculnya bola-bola api yang terjun begitu saja ke dalam laut. Mereka juga menyaksikan lintasan cahaya dari arah ufuk yang kemudian menghilang begitu saja.
Segitiga Bermuda: Miami (di Florida), Puerto Rico (Jamaica), dan pulau Bermuda Begitulah Segitiga Bermuda. Di wilayah ini, indera keenam memang seperti dihantui ‘suasana’ yang tak biasa. Namun begitu rombongan Columbus masih terbilang beruntung, karena hanya disuguhi ‘pertunjukkan’. Beda dengan para pelintas yang lain. Menurut catatan kebaharian, peristiwa terbesar yang pernah terjadi di wilayah ini adalah lenyapnya sebuah kapal berbendera Inggris, Atalanta, pada 1880. Tanpa jejak secuilpun, kapal yang ditumpangi tiga ratus kadet dan perwira AL Inggris itu raib di sana. Selain Atalanta, Segitiga Bermuda juga telah menelan ratusan kapal lainnya.
Lima Grumman TBF Avenger AL AS yang lebih dikenal dengan “Flight 19² hilang di segitiga Bermuda Di lain kisah, Segitiga Bermuda juga telah membungkam puluhan pesawat yang melintasinya. Peristiwa terbesar yang kemudian terkuak sekitar 1990 lalu adalah raibnya iring-iringan lima Grumman TBF Avenger AL AS yang lebih dikenal dengan “Flight 19² tengah berpatroli melintas wilayah laut ini pada siang hari 5 Desember 1945. Setelah sekitar dua jam penerbangan komandan penerbangan melapor, bahwa dirinya dan anak buahnya seperti mengalami disorientasi. Beberapa menit kemudian kelima TBF Avenger ini pun raib tanpa sempat memberi sinyal SOS. Anehnya, misteri Avenger tak berujung di situ saja. Ketika sebuah pesawat SAR jenis Martin PBM-3 Mariner dikirim mencarinya, pesawat amfibi gembrot dengan tigabelas awak ini pun ikut-ikutan lenyap. Hilang bak ditelan udara.
Martin PBM-3 Mariner, yang ditugaskan mencari “Flight 19² juga hilang di segitiga Bermuda Keesokan harinya ketika wilayah-wilayah laut yang diduga menjadi tempat kecelakaan keenam pesawat disapu enam pesawat penyelamat pantai dengan 27 awak, tak satu pun serpihan pesawat ditemukan. Ajaib… Tahun demi tahun berlalu. Sekitar 1990, tanpa dinyana seorang peneliti berhasil menemukan onggokan kerangka pesawat di lepas pantai Fort Launderdale, Florida. Betapa terkejutnya orang-orang yang menyaksikan. Karena, ketika dicocok kan, onggokan metal itu ternyata bagian dari kelima TBF Avenger!
C-119 Flying Boxcar, hilang di segitiga Bermuda Kisah ajaib lainnya adalah hilangnya pesawat transpor C-119 Flying Boxcar pada 7 Juni 1965. Pesawat tambun mesin ganda milik AU AS bermuatan kargo ini, hari itu pukul 7.47 lepas landas dari Lanud Homestead. Pesawat dengan 10 awak ini terbang menuju Lapangan Terbang Grand Turk, Bahama, dan diharapkan mendarat pukul 11.23. Pesawat ini sebenarnya hampir menuntaskan perjalanannya. Hal ini diketahui dari kontak radio yang masih terdengar hingga pukul 11. Sesungguhnya memang tak ada yang mencurigakan. Kerusakan teknis juga tak pernah dilaporkan. Tetapi Boxcar tak pernah sampai tujuan. “Dalam kontak radio terakhir tak ada indikasi apa-apa bahwa pesawat tengah mengalami masalah. Namun setelah itu kami kehilangan jejaknya,” begitu ungkap juru bicara Penyelamat Pantai Miami. “Besar kemungkinan pesawat mengalami masalah kendali arah (steering trouble) hingga nyasar ke lain arah,” tambahnya.
Beberapa pesawat yang pernah hilang di segitiga bermuda Seketika itu pula tim SAR terbang menyapu wilayah seluas 100.000 mil persegi yang diduga menjadi tempat kandasnya C-119. Namun hasilnya benar-benar nihil. Sama seperti hilangnya pesawat-pesawat lainnya di wilayah ini, tak satu pun serpihan pesawat atau tubuh manusia ditemukan. “Benar-benar aneh. Sebuah pesawat terbang ke arah selatan Bahama dan hilang begitu saja tanpa jejak,” demikian komentar seorang veteran penerbang Perang Dunia II. Seseorang dari Tim SAR mengatakan, kemungkinan pesawat jatuh di antara Pulau Crooked dan Grand Turk. Bisa karena masalah struktur, ledakan, atau kerusakan mesin. Kalau memang pesawat meledak, kontak radio memang pasti tak akan pernah terjadi, tetapi seharusnya kami bisa menemukan serpihan pecahannya. Begitu pula jika pesawat mengalami kerusakan, mestinya sang pilot bisa melakukan ditching (pendaratan darurat di atas air). Pasalnya, cuaca saat itu dalam keadaan baik. Dalam arti langit cerah, ombak hanya sekitar satu meter, dan angin hanya 15 knot. Analisis selanjutnya memang mengembang kemana-mana. Namun tetap tidak menghasilkan apa-apa. Kasus C-119 Flying Boxcar pun terpendam begitu saja, sampai akhirnya pada tahun 1973 terbit artikel dari International UFO Bureau yang mengingatkan kembali sejumlah orang pada kasus ajaib tersebut. Dalam artikel ini dimuat kesaksian astronot Gemini IV, James McDivitt dan Edward H. White II, yang justru membuat runyam masalah. Rupanya pada saat-saat di sekitar raibnya C-119, dia kebetulan tengah mengamati wilayah di sekitar Karibia. Gemini kebetulan memang sedang mengawang-awang di sana. Menurut catatan NASA, pada 3 sampai 7 Juni 1965 keduanya tengah melakukan eksperimen jalanjalan ke luar kapsul Gemini dengan perlengkapan yang dirahasiakan. Menurut Divitt, dia melihat sebuah pesawat tak dikenal (UFO) dengan semacam lengan mekanik kedapatan sedang meluncur di atas Karibia. Beberapa menit kemudian Ed White pun menyaksikan obyek lainnya yang serupa. Sejak itulah lalu merebak isu, C-119 diculik UFO. Para ilmuwan pun segera tertarik menguji kesaksian ini. Tak mau percaya begitu saja, mereka mengkonfirmasi obyek yang dilihat kedua astronot dengan satelit-satelit yang ada disekitar Gemini IV. Boleh jadi ‘kan yang mereka salah lihat ? Maklum saat itu (hingga kini pun), banyak pihak masih menilai sektis terhadap kehadiran UFO. Ketika itu kepada kedua astronot disodori gambar Pegasus 2, satelit raksasa yang memang memiliki antene mirip lengan sepanjang 32 meter dan sejumlah sampah satelit yang ada di sekitar itu. Namun baik dari bentuk dan jarak, mereka menyanggah jika telah salah lihat. “Sekali lagi saya tegaskan, dengan menyebut UFO ‘kan tak berarti saya menunjuk pesawat ruang angkasa dari planet lain. Pengertian UFO sangat universal. Bahwa jika saya melihat pesawat yang menurut penilaian saya tak saya kenal, tidakkah layak jika saya menyebutnya sebagai UFO?” sergah Divitt.
This diagram shows the current variation of the Earth magnetic field. Begitulah kasus C-119 Flying Boxcar yang tak pernah terpecahkan hingga kini. Diantara kapal atau pesawat yang raib di wilayah Segitiga Bermuda kisahnya memang senantiasa sama. Terjadi ketika cuaca baik, tak ada masalah teknis, kontak radio berjalan biasa, tetapi si pelintas tiba-tiba menghilang begitu saja. Tanpa jejak sama sekali. Banyak teori kemudian dihubung-hubungkan dengan segala kejadian di sana. Ada yang menyebut teori pelengkungan waktu, medan gravitasi terbalik, abrasi atmosfer, dan ada juga teori anomali magnetik-gravitasi. Selain itu ada juga yang mengaitkannya dengan fenomena gampa laut, serangan gelombang tidal, hingga lubang hitam (black-hole) yang hanya terjadi di angkasa luar sana. Aneh-aneh memang analisanya, namun tetap saja tak ada satu pun yang bisa menjelaskannya.
Penyelidikan terakhir Segitiga Bermuda di program TV Discovery & National Geographic tahun 2011 telah menyelidiki bahwa terjadinya gangguan mesin, kompas & alat navigasi lain karena adanya daya magnet lokal (bukan magnet kutub) yang dihasilkan dari bawah kulit bumi pada daerah tersebut. Bukti baru ini telah diselidiki oleh para ahli dengan citra satelit di daerah tersebut. Lalu para ahli beserta para pilot berpengalaman menyusuri daerah sekitarnya dan terbukti pula bahwa alat-alat navigasi dalam kokpit berubah dan terganggu. Karena teknologi masa kini semakin canggih, maka dapat di pantau pula melalui satelit.
Lithosphere magnetic field Dari citra satelit dengan infra red, ultra violet & lainnya yang memantau daerah itu telah terbukti bahwa di dalam kerak bumi pada daerah tersebut terdapat pusaran-pusaran lava panas yg menghasilkan gelombang-gelombang elektromagnet sampai menembus ke luar permukaan bumi. Pusaran-pusaran panas yang berupa lava cair di dalam kerak bumi berputar seperti layaknya hurricane atau thypoon yang diameternya sangat besar dan terjadi di bawah kerak bumi.
Earth Magnetic Field Jadi jika bumi diibaratkan balon yang diisi air, karet balon adalah kerak bumi sedangkan air dalam balon adalah magma/lava cair yang berada di dalam inti bumi. Cairan lava dibawah mantel Bumi tersebut memiliki tekanan dan panas yang berbedabeda. Cairan tersebut juga memiliki “arus” dan dapat berputar-putar seperti jika kita baru merebus air. Gerak arus lava yang berputar-putar tersebut ternyata juga menimbulkan medan magnetik. Medan magnet yang dihasilkan dapat menimbulkan gelombang elektromagnet dan dapat mempengaruhi alam sekitarnya hingga ke atas kerak bumi / permukaan bumi dan membuat alat navigasi menjadi berantakan dan tak berfungsi sempurna. Akibat peralatan navigasi yang terpengaruhi oleh medan magnet dari putaran-putaran lava di dalam mantel Bumi inilah yang akhirnya membuat peralatan navigasi terganggu dan membuat tujuan atau rute yang direncanakan akan dituju mengubah halauan sang kapten dan pilot.
Bermuda triangle magnetic field area Hingga kini, tiada satupun ada orang yang selamat (survivor) yang berhasil ditemukan. Pada masa lalu teknologi tak secanggih sekarang, bangkai pesawatpun tak berbekas sama sekali. Oleh sebab itulah, pada masa lalu, teori mengenai medan magnet lokal akibat adanya putaran-putaran lava di dalam kerak Bumi bukan hanya satu-satunya teori. Teori tentang akibat adanya campur tangan UFO atau pengaruh Geografi dan iklim (alamiah) serta pengaruh medan magnet, masih merupakan beberapa teori dari adanya teori-teori lainnya tentang Segitiga Bermuda ini. Selama itu belum mutlak pasti, misteri masih terbuka lebar. Namun yang jelas dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, kecelakaan sangat jarang sekali terjadi bahkan bisa dibilang tak ada. Jika ini karena adanya konspirasi lain apalagi diluar domain sains, misalnya karena menyangkut alien, UFO, makhluk laut jahat, bahkan makhluk gaib, dajjal ataupun setan alas, atau bahkan gas methane, pasti kecelakaan akan terus terjadi hingga saat ini. Kenapa dalam beberapa dekade ini tak ada lagi kecelakaan yang berarti di segitiga bermuda? Sebabnya adalah karena pada masa kini pesawat dan kapal laut tak lagi hanya menggunakan penunjuk arah yaitu Kompas saja. Namun pada masa kini semua transportasi tersebut sudah menggunakan sistim navigasi GPS (Global Positioning System) yang dipandu oleh minimal 3 buah satelit. Itu sebabnya karena telah dipandu oleh satelit, dan tak lagi dipandu oleh magnet di kedua kutub Bumi, maka arah mata angin Utara, Selatan, Timur dan Barat akan lebih akurat dan takkan berpengaruh oleh medan magnet atau apapun itu. Tapi, bagaimana dengan bangkai-bangkai kapal dan pesawat yang tak ditemukan? Bangkai-bangkai kapal apalagi pesawat tak semuanya dapat ditemukan karena dalamnya lautan di wilayah segitiga Bermuda. Belum lagi masalah “impact” saat pesawat jatuh dan tekanan air yang kuat saat tenggelam.
Apparently most of the ships met their fate as a result of the 200 square miles of coral reef surrounding the island rather than the infamous Bermuda Triangle’s influence. Walau tak semuanya, namun nyaris semua posisi kapal-kapal karam itu telah diketahui keberadaannya, baik secara pencarian ataupun secara tak sengaja terdeteksi oleh sonar kapal yang sedang lewat. Untuk sebuah pencarian janganlah sepelekan kawasan ini, kawasan segitiga bermuda sangat luas, bahkan lebih besar dan lebih luas dari pulau Kalimantan, namun ini lautan bebas, yang sangat sering dilalui puluhan badai (hurricane) ditiap tahunnya dan kadang juga lautannya berarus kuat. Tapi dari sisi apapun, tak ada keuntungannya untuk mencari semua kapal-kapal dan pesawat tersebut. Secara biaya juga sangat besar, karena harus memakai robot yang dikendalikan dari jauh atau kapal selam khusus yang dapat menyelam di lautan yang dalamnya lebih dari 200 meter hingga ribuan meter. Bangkai kapal karam yang sangat dekat dengan permukaan laut saja tidak digubris apalagi yang ada dilaut yang sangat dalam? Apa keuntungan yang dapat diperoleh dengan mencari bangkai-bangkai kapal tersebut? Secara nilai historikal juga tak sebanding dengan biaya yang akan dikeluarkan. Cobalah pencarian di google tentang penemuan-penemuan bangkai-bangkai kapal tersebut. Kebanyakan dapat terdeteksi oleh sonar, namun tak ada tindak lanjut, apalagi untuk ditelusuri, diselidiki atau diambil. Kini, semua misteri telah usai, sudah tak ada lagi kecelakaan atau hilangnya pesawat dan kapal laut akibat salah navigasi di segitiga Bermuda hingga saat ini. Dan kini pula, saatnya si Dajjal pensiun, atau ngungsi ke planet lain. (sumber: icc.wp.com, Bermuda Triangle on National Geographic TV Channel) Beberapa kapal yang hilang di Segitiga Bermuda:
USS Cyclops (AC-4) lost in 4 March 1918 en route from barbados to Baltimore. No traces are left behind. The ship and its crew and passengers are numbered 306 people vanished. This is the greatest loss of life in the history of the U.S. Navy–was not the outcome of the battle.
USS Nereus (AC-10) was a U.S. Navy ship during World War i. his name is taken from the Sea-God in the mythology of Greece 00 Nereus. Missing about 10 December 1941, en route to Portland, Maine from St. Thimas in the Virgin Island. As many as 61 crews participated were lost. Interestingly, Nereus was lost on the same route with USS Proteus that disappeared earlier.
USS Proteus (AC-9) is a Navy ships into merchant ships. No clear News newspaper since 23 November 1941. Diposting oleh leonard9e di 01.18
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Sejarah Pembentukan Bumi
Sebelum itu, mari kita pahami pengertian Bumi: Bumi adalah planet tempat tinggal seluruh makhluk hidup beserta isinya. Sebagai tempat tinggal makhluk hidup, bumi tersusun atas beberapa lapisan bumi, bahan-bahan material pembentuk bumi, dan seluruh kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalamnya. Bentuk permukaan bumi berbeda-beda, mulai dari daratan, lautan, pegunungan, perbukitan, danau, lembah, dan sebagainya. Bumi sebagai salah satu planet yang termasuk dalam sistem tata surya di alam semesta ini tidak diam seperti apa yang kita perkirakan selama ini, melainkan bumi melakukan perputaran pada porosnya (rotasi) dan bergerak mengelilingi matahari (revolusi) sebagai pusat sistem tata surya. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan terjadinya siang malam dan pasang surut air laut. Oleh karena itu, proses terbentuknya bumi tidak terlepas dari proses terbentuknya tata surya kita. Setelah memahaminya, inilah proses pembentukan bumi dari beberapa teori: 1.Theory Big bang
Teori ini adalh yang paling terkenal gan. Berdasarkan Theory Big Bang, proses terbentuknya bumi berawal dari puluhan milyar tahun yang lalu. Pada awalnya terdapat gumpalan kabut raksasa yang berputar pada porosnya. Putaran yang dilakukannya tersebut memungkinkan bagian-bagian kecil dan ringan terlempar ke luar dan bagian besar berkumpul di pusat, membentuk cakram raksasa. Suatu saat, gumpalan kabut raksasa itu meledak dengan dahsyat di luar angkasa yang kemudian membentuk galaksi dan nebula-nebula. Selama jangka waktu lebih kurang 4,6 milyar tahun, nebula-nebula tersebut membeku dan membentuk suatu galaksi yang disebut dengan nama Galaksi Bima Sakti, kemudian membentuk sistem tata surya. Sementara itu, bagian ringan yang terlempar ke luar tadi mengalami kondensasi sehingga membentuk gumpalan-gumpalan yang mendingin dan memadat. Kemudian, gumpalangumpalan itu membentuk planet-planet, termasuk planet bumi. Dalam perkembangannya, planet bumi terus mengalami proses secara bertahap hingga terbentuk seperti sekarang ini. Ada tiga tahap dalam proses pembentukan bumi, yaitu: 1. Awalnya, bumi masih merupakan planet homogen dan belum mengalami perlapisan atau perbedaan unsur. 2. Pembentukan perlapisan struktur bumi yang diawali dengan terjadinya diferensiasi. Material besi yang berat jenisnya lebih besar akan tenggelam, sedangkan yang berat jenisnya lebih ringan akan bergerak ke permukaan. 3. Bumi terbagi menjadi lima lapisan, yaitu inti dalam, inti luar, mantel dalam, mantel luar, dan kerak bumi. Perubahan di bumi disebabkan oleh perubahan iklim dan cuaca. 2. Teori Kabut Kant-Laplace
Sejak jaman sebelum Masehi, para ahli telah banyak berfikir dan melakukan analisis terhadap gejala-gejala alam. Mulai abad ke 18 para ahli telah memikirkan proses terjadinya Bumi. Ingatkah kamu tentang teori kabut (nebula) yang dikemukakan oleh Immanuel Kant (1755) dan Piere de Laplace (1796)? Mereka terkenal dengan Teori Kabut Kant-Laplace. Dalam teori ini dikemukakan bahwa di jagat raya terdapat gas yang kemudian berkumpul menjadi kabut (nebula). Gaya tarik-menarik antar gas ini membentuk kumpulan kabut yang sangat besar dan berputar semakin cepat. Dalam proses perputaran yang sangat cepat ini, materi kabut bagian khatulistiwa terlempar memisah dan memadat (karena pendinginan). Bagian yang terlempar inilah yang kemudian menjadi planet-planet dalam tata surya. 3. Teori Planetesimal
Seabad sesudah teori kabut tersebut, muncul teori Planetesimal yang dikemukakan oleh Chamberlin dan Moulton. Teori ini mengungkapkan bahwa pada mulanya telah terdapat matahari asal. Pada suatu ketika, matahari asal ini didekati oleh sebuah bintang besar, yang menyebabkan terjadinya penarikan pada bagian matahari. Akibat tenaga penarikan matahari asal tadi, terjadilah ledakan-ledakan yang hebat. Gas yang meledak ini keluar dari atmosfer matahari, kemudian mengembun dan membeku sebagai benda-benda yang padat, dan disebut planetesimal. Planetesimal ini dalam perkembangannya menjadi planet-planet, dan salah satunya adalah planet Bumi kita.
Pada dasarnya, proses-proses teoritis terjadinya planet-planet dan bumi, dimulai daribenda berbentuk gas yang bersuhu sangat panas. Kemudian karena proses waktu dan perputaran (pusingan) cepat, maka terjadi pendinginan yang menyebabkan pemadatan (pada bagian luar). Adapaun tubuh Bumi bagian dalam masih bersuhu tinggi. 4. Teori Pasang Surut Gas
Teori ini dikemukakan leh jeans dan Jeffreys, yakni bahwa sebuah bintang besar mendekati matahari dalam jarak pendek, sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya pasang surut pada tubuh matahari, saat matahari itu masih berada dalam keadaan gas. Terjadinya pasang surut air laut yang kita kenal di Bumi, ukuranya sangat kecil. Penyebabnya adalah kecilnya massa bulan dan jauhnya jarak bulan ke Bumi (60 kali radius orbit Bumi). Tetapi, jika sebuah bintang yang bermassa hampir sama besar dengan matahari mendekati matahari, maka akan terbentuk semacam gunung-gunung gelombang raksasa pada tubuh matahari, yang disebabkan oleh gaya tarik bintang tadi. Gunung-guung tersebut akan mencapai tinggi yang luar biasa dan membentuk semacam lidah pijar yang besar sekali, menjulur dari massa matahari tadi dan merentang kea rah bintang besar itu.
Dalam lidah yang panas ini terjadi perapatan gas-gas dan akhirnya kolom-kolom ini akan pecah, lalu berpisah menjadi benda-benda tersendiri, yaitu planet-planet. Bintang besar yang menyebabkan penarikan pada bagian-bagian tubuh matahari tadi, melanjutkan perjalanan di jagat raya, sehingga lambat laun akan hilang pengaruhnya terhadap-planet yang berbentuk tadi. Planet-planet itu akan berputar mengelilingi matahari dan mengalami proses pendinginan. Proses pendinginan ini berjalan dengan lambat pada planet-planet besar, seperti Yupiter dan Saturnus, sedangkan pada planet-planet kecil seperti Bumi kita, pendinginan berjalan relatif lebih cepat.
Sementara pendinginan berlangsung, planet-planet itu masih mengelilingi matahari pada orbit berbentuk elips, sehingga besar kemungkinan pada suatu ketika meraka akan mendekati matahari dalam jarak yang pendek. Akibat kekuatan penarikan matahari, maka akan terjadi pasang surut pada tubuh-tubuh planet yang baru lahir itu. Matahari akan menarik kolom-kolom materi dari planet-planet, sehingga lahirlah bulan-bulan (satelitsatelit) yang berputar mengelilingi planet-planet. peranan yang dipegang matahari dalam membentuk bulan-bulan ini pada prinsipnya sama dengan peranan bintang besar dalam membentuk planet-planet, seperti telah dibicarakan di atas. 5. Teori Bintang Kembar
Teori ini dikemukakan oleh seorang ahli Astronomi R.A Lyttleton. Menurut teori ini, galaksi berasal dari kombinasi bintang kembar. Salah satu bintang meledak sehingga banyak material yang terlempar. Karena bintang yang tidak meledak mempunyai gaya gravitasi yang masih kuat, maka sebaran pecahan ledakan bintang tersebut mengelilingi bintang yang tidak meledak. Bintang yang tidak meledak itu adalah matahari, sedangkan pecahan bintang yang lain adalah planet-planet yang mengelilinginya Kesimpulan Ada dua kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penjelasan mengenai proses terbentuknya bumi, yaitu: 1. Bumi berasal dari suatu gumpalan kabut raksasa yang meledak dahsyat, kemudian membentuk galaksi dan nebula. Setelah itu, nebula membeku membentuk galaksi Bima Sakti, lalu sistem tata surya.Bumi terbentuk dari bagian kecil ringan yang terlempar ke luar saat gumpalan kabut raksasa meledak yang mendingin dan memadat sehingga terbentuklah bumi. 2. Tiga tahap proses pembentukan bumi, yaitu mulai dari awal bumi terbentuk, diferensiasi sampai bumi mulai terbagi ke dalam beberapa zona atau lapisan, yaitu inti dalam, inti luar, mantel dalam, mantel luar, dan kerak bumi
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Selasa, 27 November 2012
Michael Jordan
Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born February 17, 1963), also known by his initials, MJ,[1] is an American former professional basketball player, entrepreneur, and majority owner and chairman of the Charlotte Bobcats. His biography on the National Basketball Association (NBA) website states, "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time."[2] Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s.[3] After a three-season career at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was a member of the Tar Heels' national championship team in 1982, Jordan joined the NBA's Chicago Bulls in 1984. He quickly emerged as a league star, entertaining crowds with his prolific scoring. His leaping ability, illustrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in slam dunk contests, earned him the nicknames "Air Jordan" and "His Airness". He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball.[4] In 1991, he won his first NBA championship with the Bulls, and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993, securing a "three-peat". Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball at the beginning of the 1993–94 NBA season to pursue a career in baseball, he rejoined the Bulls in 1995 and led them to three additional championships (1996, 1997, and 1998) as well as an NBA-record 72 regular-season wins in the 1995–96 NBA season. Jordan retired for a second time in 1999, but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Washington Wizards. Jordan's individual accolades and accomplishments include five MVP awards, ten All-NBA First Team designations, nine All-Defensive First Team honors, fourteen NBA All-Star Game appearances, three All-Star Game MVP awards, ten scoring titles, three steals titles, six NBA Finals MVP awards, and the 1988 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award. He holds the NBA records for highest career regular season scoring average (30.12 points per game) and highest career playoff scoring average (33.45 points per game). In 1999, he was named the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN, and was second to Babe Ruth on the Associated Press's list of athletes of the century. He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2009. Jordan is also noted for his product endorsements. He fueled the success of Nike's Air Jordan sneakers, which were introduced in 1985 and remain popular today.[5] Jordan also starred in the 1996 feature film Space Jam as himself. He is the majority owner and head of basketball operations for the NBA's Charlotte Bobcats, having won a bidding war to buy controlling interest in the team from founding owner Robert L. Johnson.
Michael Jordan's jersey in the rafters of The Dean Smith Center Jordan was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Deloris (née Peoples), who worked in banking, and James R. Jordan, Sr., an equipment supervisor. His family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, when he was a toddler.[6] Jordan attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington, where he anchored his athletic career by playing baseball, football, and basketball. He tried out for the varsity basketball team during his sophomore year, but at 5'11" (1.80 m), he was deemed too short to play at that level. His taller friend, Harvest Leroy Smith, was the only sophomore to make the team.[7] Motivated to prove his worth, Jordan became the star of Laney's junior varsity squad, and tallied several 40-point games.[7] The following summer, he grew four inches (10 cm)[2] and trained rigorously. Upon earning a spot on the varsity roster, Jordan averaged about 20 points per game over his final two seasons of high school play.[8][9] As a senior, he was selected to the McDonald's All-American Team[10] after averaging a triple-double: 29.2 points, 11.6 rebounds, and 10.1 assists.[11] In 1981, Jordan earned a basketball scholarship to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he majored in cultural geography. As a freshman in coach Dean Smith's team-oriented system, he was named ACC Freshman of the Year after he averaged 13.4 points per game (ppg) on 53.4% shooting (field goal percentage).[12] He made the game-winning jump shot in the 1982 NCAA Championship game against Georgetown, which was led by future NBA rival Patrick Ewing.[2] Jordan later described this shot as the major turning point in his basketball career.[13] During his three seasons at North Carolina, he averaged 17.7 ppg on 54.0% shooting, and added 5.0 rebounds per game (rpg).[8] He was selected by consensus to the NCAA All-American First Team in both his sophomore (1983) and junior (1984) seasons. After winning the Naismith and the Wooden College Player of the Year awards in 1984, Jordan left North Carolina one year before his scheduled graduation to enter the 1984 NBA Draft. The Chicago Bulls selected Jordan with the third overall pick, after Hakeem Olajuwon (Houston Rockets) and Sam Bowie (Portland Trail Blazers). Jordan returned to North Carolina to complete his degree in 1986.[14]
Professional career During his first season in the NBA, Jordan averaged 28.2 ppg on 51.5% shooting.[12] He quickly became a fan favorite even in opposing arenas,[15][16][17] and appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with the heading "A Star is Born" just over a month into his professional career.[18][19] Jordan was also voted in as an All-Star starter by the fans in his rookie season.[2] Controversy arose before the All-Star game when word surfaced that several veteran players, led by Isiah Thomas, were upset by the amount of attention Jordan was receiving.[2] This led to a so-called "freeze-out" on Jordan, where players refused to pass him the ball throughout the game.[2] The controversy left Jordan relatively unaffected when he returned to regular season play, and he would go on to be voted Rookie of the Year.[20] The Bulls finished the season 38–44,[21] and lost in the first round of the playoffs in four games to the Milwaukee Bucks.[20] Jordan's second season was cut short by a broken foot which caused him to miss 64 games. [2] Despite Jordan's injury and a 30–52 record,[21] the Bulls made the playoffs. Jordan
recovered in time to participate in the playoffs and performed well upon his return. Against a 1985–86 Boston Celtics team that is often considered one of the greatest in NBA history,[22] Jordan set the still-unbroken record for points in a playoff game with 63 in Game 2.[23] The Celtics, however, managed to sweep the series.[20] Jordan had recovered completely by the 1986–87 season, and had one of the most prolific scoring seasons in NBA history. He became the only player other than Wilt Chamberlain to score 3,000 points in a season, averaging a league high 37.1 points on 48.2% shooting.[12] In addition, Jordan demonstrated his defensive prowess, as he became the first player in NBA history to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in a season. Despite Jordan's success, Magic Johnson won the league's Most Valuable Player Award. The Bulls reached 40 wins,[21] and advanced to the playoffs for the third consecutive year. However, they were again swept by the Celtics.[20]
Mid-career: Pistons roadblock Jordan led the league in scoring again in the 1987–88 season, averaging 35.0 ppg on 53.5% shooting[12] and won his first league MVP award. He was also named the Defensive Player of the Year, as he had averaged 1.6 blocks and a league high 3.16 steals per game.[24] The Bulls finished 50–32,[21] and made it out of the first round of the playoffs for the first time in Jordan's career, as they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games.[25] However, the Bulls then lost in five games to the more experienced Detroit Pistons,[20] who were led by Isiah Thomas and a group of physical players known as the "Bad Boys". In the 1988–89 season, Jordan again led the league in scoring, averaging 32.5 ppg on 53.8% shooting from the field, along with 8 rpg and 8 assists per game (apg).[12] The Bulls finished with a 47–35 record,[21] and advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals, defeating the Cavaliers and New York Knicks along the way. The Cavaliers series included a career highlight for Jordan when he hit The Shot over Craig Ehlo at the buzzer in the fifth and final game of the series.[26] However, the Pistons again defeated the Bulls, this time in six games,[20] by utilizing their "Jordan Rules" method of guarding Jordan, which consisted of double and triple teaming him every time he touched the ball.[2] The Bulls entered the 1989–90 season as a team on the rise, with their core group of Jordan and young improving players like Scottie Pippen and Horace Grant, and under the guidance of new coach Phil Jackson. Jordan averaged a league leading 33.6 ppg on 52.6% shooting, to go with 6.9 rpg and 6.3 apg[12] in leading the Bulls to a 55–27 record.[21] They again advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals beating the Bucks and Philadelphia 76ers en route. However, despite pushing the series to seven games, the Bulls lost to the Pistons for the third consecutive season.[20]
First three-peat In the 1990–91 season, Jordan won his second MVP award after averaging 31.5 ppg on 53.9% shooting, 6.0 rpg, and 5.5 apg for the regular season.[12] The Bulls finished in first place in their division for the first time in 16 years and set a franchise record with 61 wins in the regular season.[21] With Scottie Pippen developing into an All-Star, the Bulls had elevated their play. The Bulls defeated the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers in the opening two rounds of the playoffs. They advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals where their rival, the Detroit Pistons, awaited them. However, this time the Bulls beat the Pistons in a surprising sweep.[27][28] In an unusual ending to the fourth and final game, Isiah Thomas led his team off the court before the final seconds had concluded. Most of the Pistons went directly to their locker room instead of shaking hands with the Bulls.[29] [30]
The Bulls compiled an outstanding 15–2 record during the playoffs,[27] and advanced to the NBA Finals for the first time in franchise history, where they beat the Los Angeles Lakers four games to one. Perhaps the best known moment of the series came in Game 2 when, attempting a dunk, Jordan avoided a potential Sam Perkins block by switching the ball from his right hand to his left in mid-air to lay the shot in.[31] In his first Finals appearance, Jordan posted per game averages of 31.2 points on 56% shooting from the field, 11.4 assists, 6.6 rebounds, 2.8 steals and 1.4 blocks.[32] Jordan won his first NBA Finals MVP award,[33] and he cried while holding the NBA Finals trophy.[34] Jordan and the Bulls continued their dominance in the 1991–92 season, establishing a 67– 15 record, topping their franchise record from 1990 to 91.[21] Jordan won his second consecutive MVP award with averages of 30.1 points, 6.4 rebounds and 6.1 assists per game on 52% shooting.[24] After winning a physical 7-game series over the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs and finishing off the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Conference Finals in 6 games, the Bulls met Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers in the Finals. The media, hoping to recreate a Magic-Bird rivalry, highlighted the similarities between "Air" Jordan and Clyde "The Glide" during the pre-Finals hype.[35] In the first game, Jordan scored a Finals-record 35 points in the first half, including a record-setting six three-point field goals.[36] After the sixth three-pointer, he jogged down the court shrugging as he looked courtside. Marv Albert, who broadcast the game, later stated that it was as if Jordan was saying, "I can't believe I'm doing this."[37] The Bulls went on to win Game 1, and defeat the Blazers in six games. Jordan was named Finals MVP for the second year in a row[33] and finished the series averaging 35.8 ppg, 4.8 rpg, and 6.5 apg, while shooting 53% from the floor.[33] In 1992–93, despite a 32.6 ppg, 6.7 rpg and 5.5 apg campaign,[24] Jordan's streak of consecutive MVP seasons ended as he lost the award to his friend Charles Barkley. Coincidentally, Jordan and the Bulls met Barkley and his Phoenix Suns in the 1993 NBA Finals. The Bulls captured their third consecutive NBA championship on a game-winning shot by John Paxson and a last-second block by Horace Grant, but Jordan was once again Chicago's catalyst. He averaged a Finals-record 41.0 ppg during the six-game series,[38] and became the first player in NBA history to win three straight Finals MVP awards.[33] He scored more than 30 points in every game of the series, including 40 or more points in 4 consecutive games. With his third Finals triumph, Jordan capped off a seven-year run where he attained seven scoring titles and three championships, but there were signs that Jordan was tiring of his massive celebrity and all of the non-basketball hassles in his life.[39]
Gambling controversy During the Bulls' playoff run in 1993, controversy arose when Jordan was seen gambling in Atlantic City, New Jersey the night before a game against the New York Knicks.[40] In that same year, he admitted to having to cover $57,000 in gambling losses,[41] and author Richard Esquinas wrote a book claiming he had won $1.25 million from Jordan on the golf course.[41] In 2005, Jordan talked to Ed Bradley of the CBS evening show 60 Minutes about his gambling and admitted that he made some reckless decisions. Jordan stated, "Yeah, I've gotten myself into situations where I would not walk away and I've pushed the envelope. Is that compulsive? Yeah, it depends on how you look at it. If you're willing to jeopardize your livelihood and your family, then yeah."[42] When Bradley asked him if his gambling ever got to the level where it jeopardized his livelihood or family, Jordan replied, "No."[42]
Michael Jordan while playing with the Scottsdale Scorpions On October 6, 1993, Jordan announced his retirement, citing a loss of desire to play the game. Jordan later stated that the murder of his father earlier in the year shaped his decision.[43] James R. Jordan, Sr. was murdered on July 23, 1993, at a highway rest area in Lumberton, North Carolina, by two teenagers, Daniel Green and Larry Martin Demery. The assailants were traced from calls they made on James Jordan's cellular phone,[44] caught, convicted, and sentenced to life in prison. Jordan was close to his father; as a child he had imitated his father's proclivity to stick out his tongue while absorbed in work. He later adopted it as his own signature, displaying it each time he drove to the basket.[2] In 1996, he founded a Chicago area Boys & Girls Club and dedicated it to his father.[45][46] In his 1998 autobiography For the Love of the Game, Jordan wrote that he had been preparing for retirement as early as the summer of 1992.[47] The added exhaustion due to the Dream Team run in the 1992 Olympics solidified Jordan's feelings about the game and his ever-growing celebrity status. Jordan's announcement sent shock waves throughout the NBA and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world.[48] Jordan then further surprised the sports world by signing a minor league baseball contract with the Chicago White Sox. He reported to spring training and was assigned to the team's minor league system on March 31, 1994.[49] Jordan has stated this decision was made to pursue the dream of his late father, who had always envisioned his son as a Major League Baseball player.[50] The White Sox were another team owned by Bulls owner Jerry Reinsdorf, who continued to honor Jordan's basketball contract during the years he played baseball.[51] In 1994, Jordan played for the Birmingham Barons, a Double-A minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox, batting .202 with three home runs, 51 runs batted in, 30 stolen bases, and 11 errors.[9] He also appeared for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the 1994 Arizona Fall League, batting .252 against the top prospects in baseball.[52] On November 1, 1994, his number 23 was retired by the Bulls in a ceremony that included the erection of a permanent sculpture known as The Spirit outside the new United Center.[53][54][55]
"I'm back": Return to the NBA In the 1993–94 season, the Bulls, without Jordan, achieved a 55–27 record,[21] and lost to the New York Knicks in the second round of the playoffs. But the 1994–95 version of the Bulls was a shell of the championship squad of just two years earlier. Struggling at midseason to ensure a spot in the playoffs, Chicago was 31–31 at one point in mid-March.[56] The team received a lift, however, when Jordan decided to return to the NBA for the Bulls. On March 18, 1995, Jordan announced his return to the NBA through a 2-word press release: "I'm back."[2] The next day, Jordan donned jersey number 45 (his number with the Barons), as his familiar 23 had been retired in his honor following his first retirement. He took to the court with the Bulls to face the Indiana Pacers in Indianapolis, scoring 19 points.[57] The game had the highest Nielsen rating of a regular season NBA game since 1975.[58] Although he hadn't played an NBA game in a year and a half, Jordan played well upon his return, making a game-winning jump shot against Atlanta in his fourth game back. He then scored 55 points in the next game against the Knicks at Madison Square Garden on March 28, 1995 (his first appearance at Madison Square Garden since retiring).[20] Boosted by Jordan's comeback, the Bulls went 13–4 to make the playoffs and advanced to the Eastern Conference Semifinals against the Orlando Magic. Though at the end of Game 1, Orlando's Nick Anderson stripped Jordan from behind, leading to the game-winning basket for the Magic; he would later comment that Jordan "didn't look like the old Michael Jordan",[59] after which Jordan returned to wearing his old number. Jordan averaged 31 points per game in the series, but Orlando prevailed in 6 games.[8]
Second three-peat
Jordan going in for a slam dunk with his signature exposed tongue. Freshly motivated by the playoff defeat, Jordan trained aggressively for the 1995–96 season. [60] Strengthened by the addition of rebound specialist Dennis Rodman, the Bulls
dominated the league, starting the season 41–3,[61] and eventually finishing with the best regular season record in NBA history: 72–10.[22] Jordan led the league in scoring with 30.4 ppg,[62] and won the league's regular season and All-Star Game MVP awards.[2] In the playoffs, the Bulls lost only three games in four series, defeating the Seattle SuperSonics in the NBA Finals to win the championship. Jordan was named Finals MVP for a record fourth time,[33] surpassing Magic Johnson's three Finals MVP awards. He also achieved only the second sweep of the MVP Awards in the All-Star Game, regular season and NBA Finals, Willis Reed having achieved the first, during the 1969–70 season.[20] Because this was Jordan's first championship since his father's murder, and it was won on Father's Day, Jordan reacted very emotionally upon winning the title, including a memorable scene of him sobbing on the locker room floor with the game ball.[2][34] In the 1996–97 season, the Bulls started out 69–11, but narrowly missed out on a second consecutive 70-win season by losing their final two games to finish 69–13.[63] However, this year Jordan was beaten for the NBA MVP Award by Karl Malone. The Bulls again advanced to the Finals, where they faced Malone and the Utah Jazz. The series against the Jazz featured two of the more memorable clutch moments of Jordan's career. He won Game 1 for the Bulls with a buzzer-beating jump shot. In Game 5, with the series tied at 2, Jordan played despite being feverish and dehydrated from a stomach virus. In what is known as the "Flu Game", Jordan scored 38 points, including the game-deciding 3-pointer with 25 seconds remaining.[64] The Bulls won 90–88 and went on to win the series in six games.[63] For the fifth time in as many Finals appearances, Jordan received the Finals MVP award.[33] During the 1997 NBA All-Star Game, Jordan posted the first triple double in All-Star Game history in a victorious effort; however, he did not receive the MVP award.
Jordan with coach Phil Jackson in 1997 Jordan and the Bulls compiled a 62–20 record in the 1997–98 season.[21] Jordan led the league with 28.7 points per game,[24] securing his fifth regular-season MVP award, plus honors for All-NBA First Team, First Defensive Team and the All-Star Game MVP.[2] The Bulls captured the Eastern Conference Championship for a third straight season, including surviving a grueling seven-game series with Reggie Miller's Indiana Pacers in the Eastern Conference Finals; it was the first time Jordan had played in a Game 7 since the 1992 series with the Knicks. After prevailing, they moved on for a rematch with the Jazz in the Finals. The Bulls returned to Utah for Game 6 on June 14, 1998 leading the series 3–2. Jordan executed a series of plays, considered to be one of the greatest clutch performances in NBA Finals history.[65] With the Bulls trailing 86–83 with 41.9 seconds remaining, Phil Jackson called a timeout. When play resumed, Jordan received the inbound pass, drove to the basket, and hit a layup over several Jazz defenders.[65] The Jazz brought the ball upcourt and passed the ball to forward Karl Malone, who was set up in the low post and was being guarded by Rodman. Malone jostled with Rodman and caught the pass, but Jordan cut behind him and swatted the ball out of his hands for a steal.[65] Jordan then slowly dribbled upcourt and paused at the top of the key, eyeing his defender, Jazz guard Bryon Russell. With fewer than 10 seconds remaining, Jordan started to dribble right, then crossed over to his left, possibly pushing off Russell,[66][67][68] although the officials did not call a foul. Jordan then made the climactic jump shot of his career. After John Stockton missed a desperation 3-pointer, Jordan and the Bulls claimed their sixth NBA championship, and secured a second three-peat. Once again, Jordan was voted the Finals MVP,[33] having led all scorers by averaging 33.5 points per game, including 45 in the deciding Game 6.[69] Jordan's six Finals MVPs is a record; Shaquille O'Neal, Magic Johnson, and Tim Duncan are tied for second place with three apiece.[33] The 1998 Finals holds the highest television rating of any Finals series in history, and Game 6 holds the highest television rating of any game in NBA history.[70][71]
Second retirement
Plaque at the United Center chronicling Jordan's career achievements. With Phil Jackson's contract expiring, the pending departures of Scottie Pippen (who stated his desire to be traded during the season) and Dennis Rodman (who would sign with the Los Angeles Lakers as a free agent) looming, and being in the latter stages of an ownerinduced lockout of NBA players, Jordan retired for the second time on January 13, 1999. On January 19, 2000, Jordan returned to the NBA not as a player, but as part owner and President of Basketball Operations for the Washington Wizards.[72] Jordan's responsibilities with the Wizards were comprehensive. He controlled all aspects of the Wizards' basketball operations, and had the final say in all personnel matters. Opinions of Jordan as a basketball executive were mixed.[73][74] He managed to purge the team of several highly paid, unpopular players (such as forward Juwan Howard and point guard Rod Strickland),[75][76] but used the first pick in the 2001 NBA Draft to select high schooler Kwame Brown, who did not live up to expectations and was traded away after four seasons. [73][77]
Despite his January 1999 claim that he was "99.9% certain" that he would never play another NBA game,[34] in the summer of 2001 Jordan expressed interest in making another comeback,[78][79] this time with his new team. Inspired by the NHL comeback of his friend Mario Lemieux the previous winter,[80] Jordan spent much of the spring and summer of 2001 in training, holding several invitation-only camps for NBA players in Chicago.[81] In addition, Jordan hired his old Chicago Bulls head coach, Doug Collins, as Washington's coach for the upcoming season, a decision that many saw as foreshadowing another Jordan return.[78][79]
Washington Wizards comeback
Jordan as a member of the Washington Wizards on April 14, 2003 On September 25, 2001 Jordan announced his return to professional play with the Wizards, indicating his intention to donate his salary as a player to a relief effort for the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks.[82][83] In an injury-plagued 2001–02 season, he led the team in scoring (22.9 ppg), assists (5.2 apg), and steals (1.42 spg).[2] However, torn cartilage in his right knee ended Jordan's season after only 60 games, the fewest he had played in a regular season since playing 17 games after returning from his first retirement during the 1994–95 season.[12] Playing in his 14th and final NBA All-Star Game in 2003, Jordan passed Kareem AbdulJabbar as the all-time leading scorer in All-Star game history (a record since broken by Kobe Bryant).[84] That year, Jordan was the only Washington player to play in all 82 games, starting in 67 of them. He averaged 20.0 points, 6.1 rebounds, 3.8 assists, and 1.5 steals per game.[2] He also shot 45% from the field, and 82% from the free throw line.[2] Even though he turned 40 during the season, he scored 20 or more points 42 times, 30 or more points nine times, and 40 or more points three times.[20] On February 21, 2003, Jordan became the first 40-year-old to tally 43 points in an NBA game.[85] During his stint with the Wizards, all of Jordan's home games at the MCI Center were sold out, and the Wizards were the second most-watched team in the NBA, averaging 20,172 fans a game at home and 19,311 on the road.[86] However, neither of Jordan's final two seasons resulted in a playoff appearance for the Wizards, and Jordan was often unsatisfied with the play of those around him.[87][88] At several points he openly criticized his teammates to the media, citing their lack of focus and intensity, notably that of the number one draft pick in the 2001 NBA Draft, Kwame Brown.[87][88] With the recognition that 2002–03 would be Jordan's final season, tributes were paid to him throughout the NBA. In his final game at his old home court, the United Center in Chicago, Jordan received a four-minute standing ovation.[89] The Miami Heat retired the number 23 jersey on April 11, 2003, even though Jordan had never played for the team.[90] At the 2003 All-Star Game, Jordan was offered a starting spot from Tracy McGrady and Allen Iverson,[91] but refused both. In the end he accepted the spot of Vince Carter, who decided to give it up under great public pressure.[92] Jordan's final NBA game was on April 16, 2003 in Philadelphia. After scoring only 13 points in the game, Jordan went to the bench with 4 minutes and 13 seconds remaining in the third quarter and with his team trailing the Philadelphia 76ers, 75–56. Just after the start of the fourth quarter, the First Union Center crowd began chanting "We want Mike!". After much encouragement from coach Doug Collins, Jordan finally rose from the bench and reentered the game for Larry Hughes with 2:35 remaining. At 1:45, Jordan was intentionally fouled by the 76ers' Eric Snow, and stepped to the line to make both free throws. After the second foul shot, the 76ers in-bounded the ball to rookie John Salmons, who in turn was intentionally fouled by Bobby Simmons one second later, stopping time so that Jordan could return to the bench. Jordan received a three-minute standing ovation from his teammates, his opponents, the officials and a crowd of 21,257 fans.[93]
Olympic career Jordan played on two Olympic gold medal-winning American basketball teams. As a college player he participated, and won the gold, in the 1984 Summer Olympics. The team was coached by Bob Knight and featured players such as Patrick Ewing, Sam Perkins, Chris Mullin, Steve Alford, and Wayman Tisdale. Jordan led the team in scoring, averaging 17.1 ppg for the tournament.[94] In the 1992 Summer Olympics he was a member of the star-studded squad that included Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, and David Robinson and was dubbed the "Dream Team". Jordan was the only player to start all 8 games in the Olympics. Playing limited minutes due to the frequent blowouts, Jordan averaged 14.9 ppg,[95] finishing second on the team in scoring.[96] Jordan, Patrick Ewing, and fellow Dream Team member Chris Mullin are the only American men's basketball players to win Olympic gold as amateurs and professionals.[94][95]
Post-retirement
Jordan on a golf course in 2007 After his third retirement, Jordan assumed that he would be able to return to his front office position of Director of Basketball Operations with the Wizards.[97] However, his previous tenure in the Wizards' front office had produced the aforementioned mixed results and may have also influenced the trade of Richard "Rip" Hamilton for Jerry Stackhouse (although Jordan was not technically Director of Basketball Operations in 2002).[73] On May 7, 2003, Wizards owner Abe Pollin fired Jordan as Washington's President of Basketball Operations.[73] Jordan later stated that he felt betrayed, and that if he knew he would be fired upon retiring he never would have come back to play for the Wizards.[42] Jordan kept busy over the next few years by staying in shape, playing golf in celebrity charity tournaments, spending time with his family in Chicago, promoting his Jordan Brand clothing line, and riding motorcycles.[98] Since 2004, Jordan has owned Michael Jordan Motorsports, a professional closed-course motorcycle road racing team that competes with two Suzukis in the premier Superbike class sanctioned by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA).[99][100] Jordan and his then-wife Juanita pledged $5 million to Chicago's Hales Franciscan High School in 2006,[101] and the Jordan Brand has made donations to Habitat for Humanity and a Louisiana branch of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America.[102] On June 15, 2006, Jordan bought a minority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats, becoming the team's second-largest shareholder behind majority owner Robert L. Johnson. As part of the deal, Jordan was named "Managing Member of Basketball Operations," with full control over the basketball side of the operation.[103] Despite Jordan's previous success as an endorser, he has made an effort not to be included in Charlotte's marketing campaigns.[104] In February 2010, it was reported that Jordan was seeking majority ownership of the Bobcats.[105] As February wore on, it emerged that the leading contenders for the team were Jordan and former Houston Rockets president George Postolos. On February 27, the Bobcats announced that Johnson had reached an agreement with Jordan and his group, MJ Basketball Holdings, to buy the team pending NBA approval.[106] On March 17, the NBA Board of Governors unanimously approved Jordan's purchase, making him the first former NBA player ever to become the majority owner of a league franchise.[107] During the 2011 NBA lockout, The New York Times wrote that Jordan led a group of 10 to 14 hardline owners wanting to cap the players' share of basketball-related income at 50 percent and as low as 47. Journalists observed that, during the labor dispute in 1998, Jordan had told Washington Wizards then-owner Abe Pollin, "If you can’t make a profit, you should sell your team."[108] Jason Whitlock of FoxSports.com called Jordan a "sellout" wanting "current players to pay for his incompetence."[109] He cited Jordan's executive decisions to draft disappointing players Kwame Brown and Adam Morrison.[109] During the 2011–12 NBA season, which was shortened to 66 games, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. Their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.[110] "I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating," Jordan said later that year.[111]
Player profile Jordan was a shooting guard who was also capable of playing small forward (the position he would primarily play during his second return to professional basketball with the Washington Wizards). Jordan was known throughout his career for being a strong clutch performer. He decided numerous games with last-second plays (e.g., The Shot) and performed at a high level even under adverse circumstances (e.g., Flu Game). His competitiveness was visible in his prolific trash-talk[112] and well-known work ethic.[113] [114]
Jordan had a versatile offensive game. He was capable of aggressively driving to the basket, as well as drawing fouls from his opponents at a high rate; his 8,772 free throw attempts are the ninth highest total of all time.[115] As his career progressed, Jordan also developed the ability to post up his opponents and score with his trademark fadeaway jump shot, using his leaping ability to "fade away" from block attempts. According to Hubie Brown, this move alone made him nearly unstoppable.[116] Despite media criticism as a "selfish" player early in his career, Jordan's 5.3 assists per game[12] also indicate his willingness to defer to his teammates. In later years, the NBA shortened its three-point line to 22 feet (from 23 feet, 9 inches), which coupled with Jordan's extended shooting range to make him a long-range threat as well—his 3-point stroke developed from a low 9/52 rate (.173) in his rookie year into a stellar 111/260 (.427) shooter in the 1995–96 season.[12] For a guard, Jordan was also a good rebounder (6.2 per game).[12] In 1988, Jordan was honored with the NBA's Defensive Player of the Year Award and became the first NBA player to win both the Defensive Player of the Year and MVP awards in a career (since equaled by Hakeem Olajuwon, David Robinson, and Kevin Garnett; Olajuwon is the only player other than Jordan to win both during the same season). In addition he set both seasonal and career records for blocked shots by a guard,[117] and combined this with his ball-thieving ability to become a standout defensive player. His 2,514 steals are second highest all-time behind John Stockton, while his steals per game average is third all-time.[118] Jerry West often stated that he was more impressed with Jordan's defensive contributions than his offensive ones.[119]
Legacy Jordan's basketball talent was clear from his rookie season.[15][17] In his first game in Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks, Jordan received a prolonged standing ovation,[17] a rarity for an opposing player. After Jordan scored a playoff record 63 points against the Boston Celtics in 1986, Celtics star Larry Bird described him as "God disguised as Michael Jordan."[23] Jordan led the NBA in scoring in 10 seasons (NBA record) and tied Wilt Chamberlain's record of seven consecutive scoring titles. He was also a fixture on the NBA All-Defensive First Team, making the roster nine times (NBA record shared with Gary Payton). Jordan also holds the top career regular season and playoff scoring averages of 30.1 and 33.4 points per game,[2] respectively. By 1998, the season of his Finals-winning shot against the Jazz, he was well known throughout the league as a clutch performer. In the regular season, Jordan was the Bulls' primary threat in the final seconds of a close game and in the playoffs, Jordan would always demand the ball at crunch time.[120] Jordan's total of 5,987 points in the playoffs is the highest in NBA history.[121] He retired with 32,292 points in regular season play,[122] placing him third on the NBA's all-time scoring list behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Karl Malone.[122] With five regular-season MVPs (tied for second place with Bill Russell; only Kareem AbdulJabbar has won more, six), six Finals MVPs (NBA record), and three All-Star MVPs, Jordan is the most decorated player ever to play in the NBA. Jordan finished among the top three in regular-season MVP voting a record 10 times, and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996. Many of Jordan's contemporaries "There's Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of label Jordan as the greatest basketball player of all time.[119]
us."
—Magic Johnson[2]
An ESPN survey of journalists, athletes and other sports figures ranked Jordan the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century, above icons such as Babe Ruth and Muhammad Ali.[123] Jordan placed second to Babe Ruth in the Associated Press's list of 20th century athletes.[124] In addition, the Associated Press voted him as the basketball player of the 20th century.[125] Jordan has also appeared on the front cover of Sports Illustrated a record 49 times.[126] In the September 1996 issue of Sport, which was the publication's 50th anniversary issue, Jordan was named the greatest athlete of the past 50 years.[127] Jordan's athletic leaping ability, highlighted in his back-to-back slam dunk contest championships in 1987 and 1988, is credited by many with having influenced a generation of young players.[128][129] Several current NBA All-Stars have stated that they considered Jordan their role model while growing up, including LeBron James[130] and Dwyane Wade. [131] In addition, commentators have dubbed a number of next-generation players "the
next Michael Jordan" upon their entry to the NBA, including Anfernee "Penny" Hardaway, Grant Hill, Allen Iverson, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, Vince Carter, and Dwyane Wade. [132][133][134] Although Jordan was a well-rounded player, his "Air Jordan" image is also
often credited with inadvertently decreasing the jump shooting skills, defense, and fundamentals of young players,[128] a fact Jordan himself has lamented. I think it was the exposure of Michael Jordan; the marketing of Michael Jordan. Everything was marketed towards the things that people wanted to see, which was scoring and dunking. That Michael Jordan still played defense and an all-around game, but it was never really publicized.[128] Although Jordan has done much to increase the status of the game, some of his impact on the game's popularity in America appears to be fleeting.[135][136] Television ratings in particular increased only during his time in the league and have subsequently lowered each time he left the game.[135][136] In August 2009, the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, opened a Michael Jordan exhibit containing items from his college and NBA careers, as well as from the 1992 "Dream Team". The exhibit also has a batting glove to signify Jordan's short career in baseball.[137] After Jordan received word of his being accepted into the Hall of Fame, he selected Class of 1996 member David Thompson to present him.[138] As Jordan would later explain during his induction speech in September 2009, growing up in North Carolina, he was not a fan of the Tar Heels, and greatly admired Thompson, who played at rival North Carolina State. He was inducted into the Hall in September, with several former Bulls teammates in attendance, including Scottie Pippen, Dennis Rodman, Charles Oakley, Ron Harper, Steve Kerr, and Toni Kukoc.[139] Former coaches of Jordan's, Dean Smith and Doug Collins, were also among those present.
Personal life
Michael Jordan, 2006 Jordan is the fourth of five children. He has two older brothers, Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan, Jr., one older sister, Deloris, and a younger sister, Roslyn. Jordan's brother James retired in 2006 as the Command Sergeant Major of the 35th Signal Brigade of the XVIII Airborne Corps in the U.S. Army.[140] He married Juanita Vanoy in September 1989, and they have two sons, Jeffrey Michael and Marcus James, and a daughter, Jasmine. Jordan and Vanoy filed for divorce on January 4, 2002, citing irreconcilable differences, but reconciled shortly thereafter. They again filed for divorce and were granted a final decree of dissolution of marriage on December 29, 2006, commenting that the decision was made "mutually and amicably".[141][142] It is reported that Juanita received a $168 million settlement, making it the largest celebrity divorce settlement in history at the time on public record.[143] In 1991, Jordan purchased a lot in Highland Park, Illinois, to build a 56,000 square foot mansion, which was completed four years later.[144] Both of his sons attended Loyola Academy, a private Roman Catholic high school located in Wilmette, Illinois.[145] Jeffrey graduated as a member of the 2007 graduating class and played his first collegiate basketball game on November 11, 2007, for the University of Illinois. After two seasons, Jeffrey left the Illinois basketball team in 2009. He later rejoined the team for a third season,[146][147] then received a release to transfer to the University of Central Florida, where Marcus was attending.[148][149] Marcus transferred to Whitney Young High School after his sophomore year at Loyola Academy and graduated in 2009. He began attending UCF in the fall of 2009, [150] and played three seasons of basketball for the school.[151]
On July 21, 2006, a Cook County, Illinois judge determined that Jordan did not owe his alleged former lover Karla Knafel $5 million.[152] Jordan had allegedly paid Knafel $250,000 to keep their relationship a secret.[153][154][155] Knafel claimed Jordan promised her $5 million for remaining silent and agreeing not to file a paternity suit after Knafel learned she was pregnant in 1991. A DNA test showed Jordan was not the father of the child.[152] He proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Cuban-American model Yvette Prieto, on Christmas Eve, 2011, and is engaged.[156] Jordan listed his Highland Park mansion for sale in 2012.[144] Jordan's private jet features a stripe in North Carolina blue, the "Air Jordan" logo on the tail, and references to his career in the identification number.[157]
Media figure and business interests
Michael Jordan in 2008 Jordan is one of the most marketed sports figures in history. He has been a major spokesman for such brands as Nike, Coca-Cola, Chevrolet, Gatorade, McDonald's, Ball Park Franks, Rayovac, Wheaties, Hanes, and MCI.[158] Jordan has had a long relationship with Gatorade, appearing in over 20 commercials for the company since 1991, including the "Like Mike" commercials in which a song was sung by children wishing to be like Jordan.[158][159] Nike created a signature shoe for him, called the Air Jordan. One of Jordan's more popular commercials for the shoe involved Spike Lee playing the part of Mars Blackmon. In the commercials Lee, as Blackmon, attempted to find the source of Jordan's abilities and became convinced that "it's gotta be the shoes".[158] The hype and demand for the shoes even brought on a spate of "shoe-jackings" where people were robbed of their sneakers at gunpoint. Subsequently Nike spun off the Jordan line into its own division named the "Jordan Brand". The company features an impressive list of athletes and celebrities as endorsers.[160][161] The brand has also sponsored college sports programs such as those of North Carolina, Cincinnati, Cal, St. John's, Georgetown, and North Carolina A&T. Jordan also has been associated with the Looney Tunes cartoon characters. A Nike commercial shown during the 1993 Super Bowl XXVII featured Jordan and Bugs Bunny playing basketball against a group of Martian characters.[162] The Super Bowl commercial inspired the 1996 live action/animated movie Space Jam, which starred Jordan and Bugs in a fictional story set during his first retirement.[163] They have subsequently appeared together in several commercials for MCI.[163] Jordan's yearly income from the endorsements is estimated to be over forty million dollars. [164][165] In addition, when Jordan's power at the ticket gates was at its highest point the
Bulls regularly sold out every game they played in, whether home or away.[166] Due to this, Jordan set records in player salary by signing annual contracts worth in excess of US $30 million per season.[167] An academic study found that Jordan’s first NBA comeback resulted in an increase in the market capitalization of his client firms of more than $1 billion.[168] Most of Jordan's endorsement deals, including the first deal with Nike, were engineered by his agent, David Falk.[169] Jordan has said of Falk that "he's the best at what he does", and that "marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan.'"[170] In June 2010, Jordan was ranked by Forbes Magazine as the 20th most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According to the Forbes article, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike.[171]
Honors and awards Main article: List of career achievements by Michael Jordan
Michael Jordan and Dean Smith at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill game honoring the 1957 and 1982 men's basketball teams. Jordan won numerous awards and set many records during his career. The following are some of his achievements:[2][172][173]
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