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Toggle navigation Topics by WorldWideScience.org Home About News Advanced Search Contact Us Site Map Help Sample records for saturated aqueous koh « 1 2 3 4 5 » 1. Treated Carbon Nanofibers for Storing Energy in Aqueous KOH Science.gov (United States) Firsich, David W. 2004-01-01 A surface treatment has been found to enhance the performances of carbon nanofibers as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors in which aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide are used as the electrolytes. In the treatment, sulfonic acid groups are attached to edge plane sites on carbon atoms. The treatment is applicable to a variety of carbon nanofibers, including fibrils and both single- and multiple-wall nanotubes. The reason for choosing nanofibers over powders and other forms of carbon is that nanofibers offer greater power features. In previous research, it was found that the surface treatment of carbon nanofibers increased energy-storage densities in the presence of acid electrolytes. Now, it has been found that the same treatment increases energy-storage densities of carbon nanofibers in the presence of alkaline electrolytes when the carbon is paired with a NiOOH electrode. This beneficial effect varies depending on the variety of carbon substrate to which it is applied. It has been conjectured that the sulfonic acid groups, which exist in a deprotonated state in aqueous KOH solutions, undergo reversible electro-chemical reactions that are responsible for the observed increases in energystorage capacities. The increases can be considerable: For example, in one case, nanofibers exhibited a specific capacitance of 34 Farads per gram before treatment and 172 Farads per gram (an increase of about 400 percent) after treatment. The most promising application of this development appears to lie in hybrid capacitors, which are devices designed primarily for storing energy. These devices are designed to be capable of (1) discharge at rates greater than those of batteries and (2) storing energy at densities approaching those of batteries. A hybrid capacitor includes one electrode like that of a battery and one electrode like that of an electrochemical capacitor. For example, a hybrid capacitor could contain a potassium hydroxide solution as the electrolyte 2. Efficient removal of tetracycline with KOH-activated graphene from aqueous solution. Science.gov (United States) Ma, Jie; Sun, Yiran; Yu, Fei 2017-11-01 Activated graphene absorbents with high specific surface area (SSA) were prepared by an easy KOH-activated method, and were applied in absorbing antibiotics, such as tetracycline (TC). After activation, many micropores were introduced to graphene oxide sheets, leading to higher SSA and many new oxygen-containing functional groups, which gave KOH-activated graphene excellent adsorption capacity (approx. 532.59 mg g -1 ) of TC. Further study on the adsorption mechanism showed that the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted with experiment data. To further understand the adsorption process, the effects of solid-liquid ratio, pH, ionic strength and coexisting ions were also investigated. The results revealed that, compared with pH and ionic strength, solid-liquid ratio and coexisting ions (Cu 2+ , CrO 4 2- ) had more significant influence over the adsorption performance. The findings provide guidance for application of KOH-activated graphene as a promising alternative adsorbent for antibiotics removal from aqueous solutions. 3. High Energy Density Aqueous Electrochemical Capacitors with a KI-KOH Electrolyte. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Xingfeng; Chandrabose, Raghu S; Chun, Sang-Eun; Zhang, Tianqi; Evanko, Brian; Jian, Zelang; Boettcher, Shannon W; Stucky, Galen D; Ji, Xiulei 2015-09-16 We report a new electrochemical capacitor with an aqueous KI-KOH electrolyte that exhibits a higher specific energy and power than the state-of-the-art nonaqueous electrochemical capacitors. In addition to electrical double layer capacitance, redox reactions in this device contribute to charge storage at both positive and negative electrodes via a catholyte of IOx/I- couple and a redox couple of H2O/Had, respectively. Here, we, for the first time, report utilizing IOx-/I- redox couple for the positive electrode, which pins the positive electrode potential to be 0.4-0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl. With the positive electrode potential pinned, we can polarize the cell to 1.6 V without breaking down the aqueous electrolyte so that the negative electrode potential could reach -1.1 V vs Ag/AgCl in the basic electrolyte, greatly enhancing energy storage. Both mass spectroscopy and Raman spectrometry confirm the formation of IO3- ions (+5) from I- (-1) after charging. Based on the total mass of electrodes and electrolyte in a practically relevant cell configuration, the device exhibits a maximum specific energy of 7.1 Wh/kg, operates between -20 and 50 °C, provides a maximum specific power of 6222 W/kg, and has a stable cycling life with 93% retention of the peak specific energy after 14,000 cycles. 4. Adsorption Studies of Coconut Shell Carbons Prepared by KOH Activation for Removal of Lead(II From Aqueous Solutions Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Chengwen Song 2013-12-01 Full Text Available Removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions using coconut shell carbons produced by KOH activation is performed in this paper. Morphology and pore structure characteristic of coconut shell carbons are analyzed by SEM and nitrogen adsorption techniques. Effects of adsorbent concentration, agitation time and initial ion concentration on the adsorption behavior are investigated, and adsorption isotherm and kinetics on coconut shell carbons are also studied. The results show that high weight ratio of KOH/sample is favorable to produce rich porous structure. The resultant coconut shell carbons with a high specific surface area of 1135 m2/g is obtained and demonstrates good adsorption potential on removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. Adsorption data fit well with Freundlich and Halsey isotherms. The kinetic studies indicate that adsorption behavior can be described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which also follows external diffusion and intra-particle diffusion in the adsorption process. 5. Electrochemically induced transformation of NiS nanoparticles into Ni(OH)2 in KOH aqueous solution toward electrochemical capacitors International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hou Linrui; Yuan Changzhou; Li Diankai; Yang Long; Shen Laifa; Zhang Fang; Zhang Xiaogang 2011-01-01 Highlights: → NiS is synthesized by means of the H 2 O/CS 2 interface under hydrothermal treatment. → NiS itself owns poor electrochemical capacitance in 2 M KOH solution. → NiS is electrochemically induced and transformed into electroactive Ni(OH) 2 . → Ni(OH) 2 is responsible for good energy storage of the NiS in the KOH solution. → The new formed Ni(OH) 2 delivers large energy density at high rates. - Abstract: Nickel sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) are first synthesized by virtue of a unique H 2 O/CS 2 interface under mild hydrothermal treatment. Electrochemical data reveals that the as-synthesized NiS NPs themselves own poor supercapacitive behavior at initial cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles in 2 M KOH solution, while a specific capacitance of 893 F g -1 can be surprisingly obtained at a current density of 5 A g -1 just after continuous 320 CV cycles. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared techniques demonstrate that what is really responsible for the good electrochemical capacitance in the KOH aqueous solution is the new electrochemically formed Ni(OH) 2 phase, rather than NiS NPs themselves. The Ni(OH) 2 is slowly formed during the continuous CV cycling process, in which the electrochemically induced phase transformation from NiS to Ni(OH) 2 phase takes place. Furthermore, the new Ni(OH) 2 phase demonstrates the great ability of delivering large specific capacitance at high rates. 6. ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM SOYBEAN OIL CAKE BY KOH ACTIVATION OpenAIRE Turgay Tay,; Murat Erdem,; Burak Ceylan,; Selhan Karagöz 2012-01-01 This study presents the adsorption behavior of the methylene blue (MB) dye onto the activated carbon produced from soybean oil cake by chemical activation with KOH at 800 °C. The adsorption isotherms, kinetic models, and thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption were studied. The Langmuir isotherm showed a better fit than the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption rate was described by pseudo-second-order kinetics. The negative values of ΔG° and the positive values of ΔH° indicate that the adso... 7. Influence of aqueous KOH and H2SO4 electrolytes ionic parameters on the performance of carbon-based supercapacitor electrodes Science.gov (United States) Mohd Hanappi, Mohamad Faizal Yusman; Deraman, Mohamad; Suleman, Mohd; Mohd Nor, Najah Syahirah; Sazali, Noor Ezniera Shafieza; Hamdan, Ellisa; Moh Tajuddin, Nurul Syazwani; Basri, Nur Hamizah; Mohd Jasni, Mohd Redwani; Othman, Mohd Amir Radhi In this paper, the suitability of aqueous KOH and H2SO4 electrolytes in terms of ionic size, mobility, conductivity and energy of electrolyte ions with the porosity of activated carbon electrodes are demonstrated. These parameters of ions (K+, OH-, H+, SO42-) are found to affect the overall performances of supercapacitor cells as observed from the results of EIS, CV and GCD studies. The cell using H2SO4 electrolyte exhibits better performance with relatively low value of charge transfer resistance (0.57Ω), overall cell resistance, 19Ω (at 10mHz) and high value of specific capacitance 547F g-1 (at 1mV s-1), specific energy 10W h kg-1 (at 0.5A g-1) and specific power, 490W kg-1. These results show that aqueous acid electrolyte is more compatible with carbon electrodes which could be due to the higher ionic energies of H+ and SO42- ions. 8. Evaluation of an aqueous KOH digestion followed by hexane extraction for analysis of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in retailed fish Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tsutsumi, Tomoaki; Amakura, Yoshiaki; Sasaki, Kumiko; Toyoda, Masatake; Maitani, Tamio [Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, 1588501, Tokyo, Setagaya-ku (Japan) 2003-03-01 Aqueous KOH digestion followed by hexane extraction has been employed in the extraction of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls) for biological samples, but there are no reports on its evaluation. Therefore, we report here the evaluation of this extraction for the analysis of dioxins in retailed fish. The effect of the alkaline digestion on dioxins was evaluated by estimation of recoveries. The recoveries of dioxins after the alkaline digestion were good (79-106%) in various kinds of retailed fish except tuna. In tuna, loss of octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) was clearly observed, however, the loss was corrected by internal-standard quantification; {sup 13}C12-labeled OCDF was added before the alkaline digestion. Comparative study showed that alkaline digestion followed by hexane extraction provides extraction efficiencies of dioxins equal to those of conventional Soxhlet extraction in fish. Additionally, in analysis of a certified reference fish sample with this extraction, the values obtained for certified isomers were almost equal to the certified values. Since the present method is very simple and inexpensive, it would be useful for analysis of dioxins in retailed fish. (orig.) 9. Characterization and Properties of Activated Carbon Prepared from Tamarind Seeds by KOH Activation for Fe(III) Adsorption from Aqueous Solution. Science.gov (United States) Mopoung, Sumrit; Moonsri, Phansiri; Palas, Wanwimon; Khumpai, Sataporn 2015-01-01 This research studies the characterization of activated carbon from tamarind seed with KOH activation. The effects of 0.5 : 1-1.5 : 1 KOH : tamarind seed charcoal ratios and 500700°C activation temperatures were studied. FTIR, SEM-EDS, XRD, and BET were used to characterize tamarind seed and the activated carbon prepared from them. Proximate analysis, percent yield, iodine number, methylene blue number, and preliminary test of Fe(III) adsorption were also studied. Fe(III) adsorption was carried out by 30 mL column with 5-20 ppm Fe(III) initial concentrations. The percent yield of activated carbon prepared from tamarind seed with KOH activation decreased with increasing activation temperature and impregnation ratios, which were in the range from 54.09 to 82.03 wt%. The surface functional groups of activated carbon are O-H, C=O, C-O, -CO3, C-H, and Si-H. The XRD result showed high crystallinity coming from a potassium compound in the activated carbon. The main elements found in the activated carbon by EDS are C, O, Si, and K. The results of iodine and methylene blue adsorption indicate that the pore size of the activated carbon is mostly in the range of mesopore and macropore. The average BET pore size and BET surface area of activated carbon are 67.9764 Ã… and 2.7167 m(2)/g, respectively. Finally, the tamarind seed based activated carbon produced with 500°C activation temperature and 1.0 : 1 KOH : tamarind seed charcoal ratio was used for Fe(III) adsorption test. It was shown that Fe(III) was adsorbed in alkaline conditions and adsorption increased with increasing Fe(III) initial concentration from 5 to 20 ppm with capacity adsorption of 0.0069-0.019 mg/g. 10. Determining the saturation vapour pressures of keto-dicarboxylic acids in aqueous solutions Science.gov (United States) Crljenica, Ivica; Yli-Juuti, Taina; Zardini, Alessandro A.; Julin, Jan; Bilde, Merete; Riipinen, Ilona 2013-05-01 A two-compartment binary mass transport model with group contribution methods parametrizations for the physical properties of the organic acids (UNIFAC Dortmund method for activity coefficients, GCVOL-OL-60 method for the pure liquid acid density, GC-MG method for the pure acid surface tension at room temperature, Fuller et al. method for the diffusion coefficients) was used to interpret the evaporation experiments of 100 nm sized ketodicarboxylic acid aqueous solutions droplets at ambient temperature. The determined values for the saturation vapour pressure of liquid 2-keto-glutaric acid are in the order of 10-5 Pa. 11. Thermodynamics of Dissolution for Crystalline Racemic Tartaric and Glutaric Acids and Isatin in KOH Aqueous Solutions at 298.15 K Science.gov (United States) Lytkin, A. I.; Chernikov, V. V.; Krutova, O. N.; Litvinenko, V. E.; Volkov, A. V.; Bychkova, S. A.; Skvortsov, I. A. 2018-01-01 Enthalpies of dissolution are found for crystalline racemic tartaric and glutaric acids and isatin in water and in potassium hydroxide solutions at 298.15 K via direct calorimetry. The protolytic equilibria in isatin aqueous solutions are studied at 298.15 K and ionic strengths of 0.5 (relative to potassium nitrate) by potentiometric means. Standard enthalpies of formation are calculated for racemic tartaric and glutaric acids, isatin, and the products of their dissociation in aqueous solutions. 12. Production of carrageenan from seaweed (Eucheuma cottoni) with KOH treatment Science.gov (United States) Ninghidayati, Suci; Arina Nurlaili, R.; Gunardi, Ignatius; Roesyadi, Achmad 2017-05-01 Eucheuma Cottoni is one type of seaweed that is widely used. This seaweed contains carrageenan in the range of 61.5-67.5 % on a dry weight basis. Carrageenan is a hydrocolloid compound that consists of ester potassium, sodium, magnesium and potassium sulphate with copolymer 3.6-anhydrogalactose. This research is aimed to study the effect of the concentration of alkaline solution (KOH), temperature, time and the concentration of salt solution (KCl) on the yield and gel strength of carrageenan generated in the extraction process. The best process conditions such as the concentration of KOH, temperature and time were found to obtain the best quality of carrageenan in terms of gel strength quality. The research procedure consisted of the preparation of raw materials, KOH treatment, and the extraction process with water. In the KOH treatment, process consists of several variables i.e. the KOH concentration in range of 4-10%, treatment temperature from 60 to 90 °C, and treatment time from 60 to 150 minutes. In the extraction process, KCl concentrations in the range of 0.2-0.5 N were used. Carrageenan yield is calculated and analyzed in terms gel strength. The results indicate that the increase of KOH concentration and treatment time caused an increase of yield and gel strength. The same result also indicate that the increase of treatment temperature caused the increase of yield. Meanwhile based on the gel strength test, the temperature in KOH treatment of 80 °C resulted in the higher value. The KCl concentration does not affect the yield and gel strength but affects the speed of penjendalan. In KOH treatment, the best process conditions to produce the best gel strength quality are 10% KOH aqueous solution, the treatment temperature of 80 °C, and the treatment time of 150 minutes. 13. On the importance of aqueous diffusion and electrostatic interactions in advection-dominated transport in saturated porous media DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rolle, Massimo 2015-01-01 to multicomponent ionic dispersion: the dispersive fluxes of the different ions are cross-coupled due to the effects of Coulombic interactions. Such effects are illustrated in flowthrough experiments in saturated porous media. Simple strong electrolytes were selected as tracers and their transport was studied...... advection-dominated flow through conditions. When the solutes are charged species, besides the magnitude of their aqueous diffusion coefficients also their electrostatic interactions play a significant role in the displacement of the different species. Under flow-through conditions this leads......-coupling of dispersive fluxes due to the Coulombic interactions between the charged species.... 14. Applications of the water--gas shift reaction. II. Catalytic exchange of deuterium for hydrogen at saturated carbon International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Laine, R.M.; Thomas, D.W.; Cary, L.W.; Buttrill, S.E. 1978-01-01 Previous studies on the homogeneous catalysis of the water-gas shift reaction by metal complexes of groups 6 and 8 had been carried out using aqueous alcoholic solutions of group 8 metal carbonyl complexes made basic with KOH. Substitution of triethylamine (Et 3 N) for KOH as base and alcohol for solvent led to the discovery that Et 3 N in the presence of D 2 O, CO, and Rh 6 (CO) 16 at 150 0 C undergoes an unusual catalytic exchange of deuterium for hydrogen. A suggested mechanism for this reaction is given and includes activation of hydrogen at a saturated carbon 15. Diclofenac Salts, VIII. Effect of the Counterions on the Permeation through Porcine Membrane from Aqueous Saturated Solutions Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Cristina Cavallari 2012-09-01 Full Text Available The following bases: monoethylamine (EtA, diethylamine (DEtA, triethylamine (TEtA, monoethanolamine (MEA, diethanolamine (DEA, triethanolamine (TEA, pyrrolidine (Py, piperidine (Pp, morpholine (M, piperazine (Pz and their N-2-hydroxyethyl (HE analogs were employed to prepare 14 diclofenac salts. The salts were re-crystallized from water in order to obtain forms that are stable in the presence of water. Vertical Franz-type cells with a diffusional surface area of 9.62 cm2 were used to study the permeation of these diclofenac salts from their saturated solutions through an internal pig ear membrane. The receptor compartments of the cells contained 100 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4; a saturated solution (5 mL of each salt was placed in the donor compartment, thermostated at 37 °C. Aliquots were withdrawn at predetermined time intervals over 8 h and then immediately analyzed by HPLC. Fluxes were determined by plotting the permeated amount, normalized for the membrane surface area versus time. Permeation coefficients were obtained dividing the flux values J by the concentration of the releasing phase—that is, water solubility of each salt. Experimental results show that fluxes could be measured when diclofenac salts with aliphatic amines are released from a saturated aqueous solution. Different chemical species (acid, anion, ion pairs contribute to permeation of the antiinflammatory agent even though ion-pairs could be hypothesized to operate to a greater extent. Permeation coefficients were found higher when the counterion contains a ring; while hydroxy groups alone do not appear to play an important role, the ring could sustain permeation, disrupting the organized domains of the membrane. 16. Interfacial behavior of perchlorate versus chloride ions in saturated aqueous salt solutions Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ghosal, S; Kuo, I W; Baer, M D; Bluhm, H 2009-04-14 In recent years combination of theoretical and experimental work have presented a novel view of the aqueous interface wherein hard and/or multiply charged ions are excluded from the interface, but large polarizable anions show interfacial enhancement relative to the bulk. The observed trend in the propensity of anions to adsorb at the air/water interface appears to be reverse of the Hofmeister series for anions. This study focuses on experimental and theoretical examination of the partitioning behavior of perchlorate (ClO{sub 4}{sup -}) and chloride (Cl{sup -}) ions at the air/water interface. We have used ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique to directly probe the interfacial concentrations of ClO{sub 4}{sup -} and Cl{sup -} ions in sodium perchlorate and sodium chloride solutions, respectively. Experimental observations are compared with first principles molecular dynamics simulations. Both experimental and simulation results show enhancement of ClO{sub 4}{sup -} ion at the interface, compared with the absence of such enhancement in the case of Cl{sup -} ion. These observations are in agreement with the expected trend in the interfacial propensity of anions based on the Hofmeister series. 17. The effects of halide ions on the radiation-induced decoloration of azo and anthraquinone dyes in N2O-saturated aqueous solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Suzuki, Nobutake; Tokunaga, Okihiro; Washino, Masamitsu 1978-01-01 The radiation-induced decoloration of azo and anthraquinone dyes was studied in N 2 O-saturated aqueous solutions containing halide ions. In the N 2 O-saturated solutions, the decoloration yield, G(-Dye), increased markedly upon the addition of Br - and I - , which are efficient scavengers of the OH radical. In the nitrogen-saturated solutions, however, the G(-Dye) decreased upon the addition of Br - and I - . Such an increase in the G(-Dye) upon the addition of Br - and I - in the N 2 O-saturated solutions is mainly attributable to the attacks of the halide radical anions, Br 2 - and I 2 - , on the ring structure of the dyes. On the other hand, the G(-Dye) was not changed upon the addition of Cl - in the N 2 Osaturated solution. This may be attributable to the very slow rate of the formation of Cl 2 - in a neutral solution. (auth.) 18. Mechanism of Enhanced Dermal Permeation of 4-Cyanophenol and Methyl Paraben from Saturated Aqueous Solutions Containing Both Solutes Science.gov (United States) Romonchuk, W.J.; Bunge, A.L. 2010-01-01 Dermal permeation through human epidermis and uptake into isolated human stratum corneum (SC) that was and was not delipidized were measured for 2 model compounds, 4cyanophenol (CP) and methyl paraben (MP), from saturated aqueous solutions containing 1 or both compounds. Because the solutions were in equilibrium with the pure CP and MP, the thermodynamic activity of the compounds was constant. Compared with compounds that are known permeation enhancers, MP and CP would not normally be expected to act as enhancers. Nevertheless, when both compounds were present, the steady-state fluxes through the epidermis increased by factors of 5.2 and 2.6 for MP and CP, respectively. Within the variability of the measurements, this increase in MP flux is consistent with the 6.4-fold increase in the SC uptake, which occurs primarily into the nonlipid regions of the SC. In contrast, the 1.6-fold increase in CP uptake when MP is present is too small to explain the increase in CP flux. These results suggest that CP enhances the skin permeation of MP by primarily increasing the solubility of MP in the SC, especially in the nonlipid regions, while MP increases the skin permeation of CP by enhancing both the solubility and diffusivity of CP in the SC. PMID:20068385 19. Electrical conductivity measurements of aqueous boric acid at 25--350{degree}C at saturation vapor pressure. Final report Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ho, P.C.; Palmer, D.A. 1995-09-01 Electrical conductance measurements of aqueous boric acid solutions (15-110 g/kg-H{sub 2}O {equivalent_to} 0.251--1.815 mol/kg-H{sub 2}O) were measured over the temperature range 25 to 75 C at saturation vapor pressures in glass cells with parallel platinum electrodes. Sixteen series of measurements were made involving three samples of boric acid from different sources. Conductance measurements were also made at 15.5 and 30.5 g/kg-H{sub 2}O over the temperature range 100 to 350 C at 50 C intervals with a metallic cell fitted with concentric platinum electrodes. The specific conductances of H{sub 3}BO{sub 3} (aq)were calculated after correction for the conductance of the solvent (water) and are tabulated in this report. At the specific conditions requested in the project description, namely a concentration of 110 g/kg-H{sub 2}O and 65 C, the specific conductance of boric acid is 293.2 {+-} 1.8 microSiemens/cm based on duplicate measurements of four independent solutions. The results from these tests will be utilized by the Tokamak Physics Experimental Project (TPX). 20. Bias-assisted KOH etching of macroporous silicon membranes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mathwig, K; Geilhufe, M; Müller, F; Gösele, U 2011-01-01 This paper presents an improved technique to fabricate porous membranes from macroporous silicon as a starting material. A crucial step in the fabrication process is the dissolution of silicon from the backside of the porous wafer by aqueous potassium hydroxide to open up the pores. We improved this step by biasing the silicon wafer electrically against the KOH. By monitoring the current–time characteristics a good control of the process is achieved and the yield is improved. Also, the etching can be stopped instantaneously and automatically by short-circuiting Si and KOH. Moreover, the bias-assisted etching allows for the controlled fabrication of silicon dioxide tube arrays when the silicon pore walls are

oxidized and inverted pores are released. « 1 2 3 4 5 » « 1 2 3 4 5 » 21. Fenomenolog Erazim Kohák Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database Urban, Petr 2013-01-01 RoÄ. 61, Ä. 3 (2013), s. 394-396 ISSN 0015-1831 Institutional support: RVO:67985955 Keywords : Erazim Kohák * phenomenology * Husserl * environmental philosophy * ethics Subject RIV: AA - Philosophy ; Religion 22. The effect of NCS- on the radiation-induced decoloration of azo and anthraquinone dyes in N2O-saturated aqueous solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Suzuki, Nobutake; Hotta, Hiroshi 1977-01-01 The radiation-induced decoloration of azo and anthraquinone dyes was studied in N 2 O-saturated aqueous solutions containing NCS - . In the N 2 O-saturated solutions, the decoloration yield, G(-Dye), increased markedly upon the addition of NCS - , which is an efficient scavenger of the OH radical-that is, from 1.46 up to 2.10 for Acid Red 265 and from 0.51 up to 1.51 for Acid Blue 40 upon the addition of 1 mM NCS - . In the nitrogen-saturated solutions, however, the G(-Dye) decreased upon the addition of NCS - . It is concluded that the increase in the G(-Dye) upon the addition of NCS - in the N 2 O-saturated solutions is mainly attributable to the attack of the radical anion (NCS) 2 - on the ring structure of the dyes. This radical anion is formed through the following path: NCS - +OH → NCS+OH - and NCS+NCS - reversible (NCS) 2 - . At low NCS - concentrations, the G(-Dye) decreased for Acid Red 265 and increased for Acid Blue 40. This may be attributable to the larger reactivity of (NCS) 2 - on Acid Blue 40 than on Acid Red 265. (auth.) 23. Galvanostatic polarization of zinc microanodes in KOH electrolytes Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Liu, M.B.; Cook, G.M.; Yao, N.P. 1980-05-01 This report includes a critical review of the current literature on the anodic passivation of zinc electrodes, a description of supplementary experimental studies to extend the data to a low-current-density region and to provide a basis for evaluating conflicting results of published work, and a new interpretation of the anodic passivation mechanism. This work provides a starting point for understanding passivation phenomena in battery electrodes. The utilization of a zinc electrode in alkaline batteries depends on the ability of the electrode to remain active during the anodic dissolution process. This dissolution period is often terminated by the onset of passivation. Experiments were conducted on the effects of current density on passivation time of a small zinc anode (6.6 x 10/sup -3/ cm/sup 2/) in KOH at concentrations of 0.784, 2.92, 4.98 and 7.24M KOH as well as 7.24M KOH saturated with zinc oxide. It was concluded that there are two mechanisms for anodic passivation, one occurring at current densities below about 150 mA/cm/sup 2/ and another at higher current densities. Accordingly, in the overall mechanism, the total time to passivation includes the times to achieve the maximum zincate concentration as well as to form porous type I ZnO and compact type II ZnO. In Ni/Zn batteries under development for vehicle propulsion, the electrolyte is usually 30% KOH (7M) saturated with zinc oxide; and the zinc electrode is formed in-situ by electrodeposition of zinc onto the grid. For a current density of 20 mA/cm/sup 2/ in a Ni/Zn battery cycled at a 2-h rate and a zinc electrode with a porosity of 0.6 at the fully charged state, a current density of 338 mA/cm/sup 2/ was calculated to be that above which the passivation limits the utilization of the zinc electrode. 7 figures, 4 tables. 24. Design of Phosphonium-Type Zwitterion as an Additive to Improve Saturated Water Content of Phase-Separated Ionic Liquid from Aqueous Phase toward Reversible Extraction of Proteins Science.gov (United States) Ito, Yoritsugu; Kohno, Yuki; Nakamura, Nobuhumi; Ohno, Hiroyuki 2013-01-01 We designed phosphonium-type zwitterion (ZI) to control the saturated water content of separated ionic liquid (IL) phase in the hydrophobic IL/water biphasic systems. The saturated water content of separated IL phase, 1-butyl-3-methyimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, was considerably improved from 0.4 wt% to 62.8 wt% by adding N,N,Ntripentyl-4-sulfonyl-1-butanephosphonium-type ZI (P555C4S). In addition, the maximum water content decreased from 62.8 wt% to 34.1 wt% by increasing KH2PO4/K2HPO4 salt content in upper aqueous phosphate buffer phase. Horse heart cytochrome c (cyt.c) was dissolved selectively in IL phase by improving the water content of IL phase, and spectroscopic analysis revealed that the dissolved cyt.c retained its higher ordered structure. Furthermore, cyt. c dissolved in IL phase was re-extracted again from IL phase to aqueous phase by increasing the concentration of inorganic salts of the buffer solution. PMID:24013379 25. Mineralogical study of zard koh and kulli koh iron ore deposits of pakistan International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Khoso, S.A.; Abro, M.I. 2017-01-01 Zard Koh and Kulli Koh are two recently discovered iron ore deposits, existing in the Chagai district, Balochistan, Pakistan. PSM (Pakistan Steel Mill Limited) is interested to utilize these ore deposits at priority. Purpose of the present study was to assess the mineralogy of the Zard Koh and Kulli Koh iron ore deposits, as it plays a vital role in the selection of an appropriate processing method. The mineralogical study of ore deposits was carried out by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) attached with EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscope) and SM (Stereomicroscope) techniques. Results indicated that the Zard Koh ore is mainly composed of 60.15% maghemite, 23.57% pyrite, 4.07% chlorite, 10.30% grossular and 1.65% admontite minerals. The chemical analysis revealed that Zard Koh iron ore contains an average of 54.27% Fe, 12.73% S, 8.70% Si, 3.07% Al, 4.07% Ca, and 2.16% Mg. Similarly, the mineralogical study of the Kulli Koh iron ore indicated that, ore is containing 51.16% hematite, 29.24% quartz, 8.89% dravite, and 8.76% kaolinite minerals. Elemental analysis of different samples indicated that Kulli Koh iron ore contains an average composition of 40.23% Fe, 20.67% Si, 3.44% Ca, 3.81% Al and 3.25% Mg. Mineralogical study of the Zard Koh and Kulli Koh iron ore deposits suggested that these ore deposits can be beneficiated costeffectively by using magnetic separation techniques. (author) 26. Mineralogical Study of Zard Koh and Kulli Koh Iron Ore Deposits of Pakistan Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) SULTAN AHMED KHOSO 2017-10-01 Full Text Available Zard Koh and Kulli Koh are two recently discovered iron ore deposits, existing in the Chagai district, Balochistan, Pakistan. PSM (Pakistan Steel Mill Limited is interested to utilize these ore deposits at priority. Purpose of the present study was to assess the mineralogy of the Zard Koh and Kulli Koh iron ore deposits, as it plays a vital role in the selection of an appropriate processing method. The mineralogical study of ore deposits was carried out by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction, XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope attached with EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscope and SM (Stereomicroscope techniques. Results indicated that the Zard Koh ore is mainly composed of 60.15% maghemite, 23.57% pyrite, 4.07% chlorite, 10.30% grossular and 1.65% admontite minerals. The chemical analysis revealed that Zard Koh iron ore contains an average of 54.27% Fe, 12.73% S, 8.70% Si, 3.07% Al, 4.07% Ca, and 2.16% Mg. Similarly, the mineralogical study of the Kulli Koh iron ore indicated that, ore is containing 51.16% hematite, 29.24% quartz, 8.89% dravite, and 8.76% kaolinite minerals. Elemental analysis of different samples indicated that Kulli Koh iron ore contains an average composition of 40.23% Fe, 20.67% Si, 3.44% Ca, 3.81% Al and 3.25% Mg. Mineralogical study of the Zard Koh and Kulli Koh iron ore deposits suggested that these ore deposits can be beneficiated costeffectively by using magnetic separation techniques. 27. The role of Stern layer in the interplay of dielectric saturation and ion steric effects for the capacitance of graphene in aqueous electrolytes Science.gov (United States) Daniels, Lindsey; Scott, Matthew; MiÅ¡ković, Z. L. 2017-03-01 Nano-scale devices continue to challenge our theoretical understanding of microscopic systems. Of particular interest is the characterization of the interface electrochemistry of graphene-based sensors. Typically operated in a regime of high ion concentration and high surface charge density, dielectric saturation and ion crowding become non-negligible at the interface, complicating continuum treatments based upon the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Using the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, modified with the Bikerman-Freise model to account for non-zero ion size and the Booth model to account for dielectric saturation at the interface, we characterize the diffuse layer capacitance of both metallic and graphene electrodes immersed in an aqueous electrolyte. We find that the diffuse layer capacitance exhibits two peaks when the surface charge density of the electrode is increased, in contrast with experimental results. We propose a self-consistent (and parameter-free) method to include the Stern layer which eliminates the spurious secondary peak in the capacitance and restores the correspondence of the model with experimental observations. This study sheds light on the interplay between the ion steric effects and the dielectric saturation in solvent, exposes the importance of quantum capacitance when graphene is used as an electrode, and demonstrates the importance of a self-consistent treatment of the Stern layer in continuum models of the electrode-electrolyte interface. Furthermore, the theoretical foundation provides a base upon which more detailed models of graphene-based sensors can be built. 28. [Dynamics of riboflavin level in aqueous humour of anterior chamber of experimental animals under standard stroma saturation by ultraviolet corneal cross-linking solutions]. Science.gov (United States) Bikbov, M M; Shevchuk, N E; Khalimov, A R; Bikbova, G M To evaluate the dynamics of riboflavin changes in the aqueous humour of the anterior chamber (AHAC) of rabbits' eyes during standard ultraviolet (UV) cross-linking with account to the area of corneal debridement. Forty two rabbits were studied sequentially. The following solutions of riboflavin were used for cornea saturation: IR - 0.1% isosmotic riboflavin, D - Dextralink (0.1% riboflavin with 20% dextran), R - 0.1% riboflavin with 1.0% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Each solution was evaluated in 3 groups that differed in the diameter of corneal debridement: group 1 - Epi-Off 3 mm (IR-3, D-3, P-3), group 2 - Epi-Off 6 mm (IR-6, D-6, R-6), and group 3 - Epi-Off 9 mm (IR-9, D-9, R-9). Aqueous humour sampling (252 samples in total) was performed in 10-minute intervals within a 60 minute period. Riboflavin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ID-Vit microbiological test system; Immundiagnostik, Germany). Stable growth rates of riboflavin level in the AHAC (with maximum values reached at 30-40 min) were observed for solutions D and R, regardless of the variant of corneal debridement. Moreover, throughout the whole follow-up period and regardless of the area of corneal debridement, the solution D provided a relatively lower concentration of riboflavin in the AHAC as compared to the two other solutions. At 30 minutes, when the cornea was considered ready for UV irradiation, the riboflavin level in the AHAC ranged from 385±26.1 μg/l (D-9) to 665±28 μg/l (R-9). In groups IR-9, IR-6, P-6, IR-3, and P-3 riboflavin levels were found to be in the same range starting at 20 minutes. However, even a sufficient concentration of riboflavin in the cornea or AHAC cannot guarantee safe and effective UV cross-linking, since the removed epithelium limits the area of the stroma that can be saturated with riboflavin, while the area of UV exposure is 8-10 mm. Safe and efficient standard UV crosslinking may be performed only under sufficient saturation of the 29. Potassium Capture by Kaolin, Part 1: KOH DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Wang, Guoliang; Jensen, Peter Arendt; Wu, Hao 2018-01-01 The reaction of gaseous KOH with kaolin and mullite powder under suspension-fired conditions was studied by entrained flow reactor (EFR) experiments. A water-based slurry containing kaolin/mullite and KOH was fed into the reactor and the reacted solid samples were analyzed to quantify the K...... 1100°C, but lower conversion was observed at 800 and 900 °C. Crystalline kaliophilite (KAlSiO4) was formed at higher temperatures (1300 and 1450 °C), whereas, amorphous K-aluminosilicate was formed at lower temperatures. Coarse kaolin (D50 = 13.48 μm) captured KOH less effectively than normal (D50 = 5.......47 μm) and fine(D50 = 3.51 μm) kaolin powder at1100 and 1300 °C. The difference was less significant at 900°C. Mullite generated from kaolin captured KOH less effectively than kaolin at temperatures below 1100 °C. However, at 1300 and1450 °C, the amount of potassium captured by mullite became comparable... 30. Competitive effect of KOH activation on the electrochemical performances of carbon nanotubes for EDLC: Balance between porosity and conductivity International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Xu Bin; Wu Feng; Su Yuefeng; Cao Gaoping; Chen Shi; Zhou Zhiming; Yang Yusheng 2008-01-01 This work is focused on the competitive effects on the performance of the electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) between porosity increase and simultaneous conductivity decrease for KOH-activated carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A series of the CNTs have been activated with KOH to enhance their surface areas for application in EDLCs. The microstructure of the activated carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) is characterized with N 2 adsorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation and electric conductivity measurement. Their electrochemical performances are evaluated in aqueous KOH electrolyte with galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and ac impedance spectroscopy. It is found that the KOH activation enhances the specific surface area of the CNTs and its specific capacitance but decreases its electric conductivity and the rate performance in EDLC. By controlling the activation of the CNTs to balance the porosity and conductivity, ACNTs with both high capacitance and good rate performance are obtained 31. Field study of using naturally occurring radon to assess the dense non-aqueous phase liquid distribution in saturated zone. Science.gov (United States) Chen, Yao-Tsung; Tung, Tien-Hsing; Wang, Lung-Chang; Lu, Chih-Jen 2014-02-01 The concept of radon deficiency such as the ratios of radon concentrations to the maximum measured value of a sample batch was employed as the survey methodology for this study to investigate contamination sources in an industrial zone that was suspected of causing subsurface dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contamination. The results showed that radon concentrations in certain wells were significantly lower than that in uncontaminated regions. Radon concentrations in groundwater are influenced by the in situ bioremediation of vegetable oil, which causes abnormal reductions of the radon in groundwater because radon partitions into vegetable oil and results in more variable for the radon deficit method to showing the impacts of remediation. Six contaminated regions were identified by integrating radon concentration ratios (divided into low (L), middle (M), and high (H) levels) and DNAPL concentrations (divided into low (L) and high (H) levels). Contaminated regions in the LH, MH, and HH categories are located in the vicinity of the contamination source, and those in the HL category are located far from the source zone. The ML and LL categories indicate the involvement of unknown factors, and that additional analyses are required to uncover the facts that affect radon and DNAPL concentrations. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 32. In-situ, high pressure and temperature experimental determination of hydrogen isotope fractionation between coexisting hydrous melt and silicate-saturated aqueous fluid Science.gov (United States) Mysen, B. O. 2012-12-01 Hydrogen isotope fractionation between water-saturated silicate melt and silicate-saturated aqueous fluid has been determined experimentally, in-situ with the samples in the 450800C and 101-1567 MPa temperature and pressure range, respectively. The temperatures are, therefore higher than those where hydrogen bonding in fluids and melts is important [1]. The experiments were conducted with a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) as the high-temperature/-pressure tool and vibrational spectroscopy to determine D/H fractionation. Compositions were along the haploandesite join, Na2Si4O9 - Na2(NaAl)4O9 [Al/(Al+Si)=0-0.1], and a 50:50 (by volume) H2O:D2O fluid mixture as starting material. Platinum metal was used to enhance equilibration rate. Isotopic equilibrium was ascertained by using variable experimental duration at given temperature and pressure. In the Al-free Na-silicate system, the enthalpy change of the (D/H) equilibrium of fluid is 3.1±0.7 kJ/mol, whereas for coexisting melt, ΔH=0 kJ/mol within error. With Al/(Al+Si)=0.1, ΔH=5.2±0.9 kJ/mol for fluid and near 0 within error for coexisting melt melt. For the exchange equilibrium between melt and fluid, H2O(melt)+D2O(fluid)=H2O(fluid)+D2O(melt), the ΔH=4.6±0.7 and 6.5±0.7 kJ/mol for the two Al-free and Al-bearing compositions, respectively, respectively. The D/H equilibration within fluids and melts and, therefore, D/H partitioning between coexisting fluid and melt reflect the influence of dissolved H2O(D2O) in melts and dissolved silicate components in H2O(D2O) fluid on their structure. The positive temperature- and pressure-dependence of silicate solubility and on silicate structure in silicate-saturated aqueous fluid governs the D/H fractionation in the fluid because increasing silicate solute concentration in fluid results in silicate polymerization [2]. These structural effects may be analogous to observed solute-dependent oxygen isotope fractionation between brine and CO2 [3]. In the temperature 33. Heterogeneous anion conducting membranes based on linear and crosslinked KOH doped polybenzimidazole for alkaline water electrolysis DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Aili, David; Hansen, Martin Kalmar; Renzaho, Richard Fulgence 2013-01-01 Polybenzimidazole is a highly hygroscopic polymer that can be doped with aqueous KOH to give a material with high ion conductivity in the 10−2Scm−1 range, which in combination with its low gas permeability makes it an interesting electrolyte material for alkaline water electrolysis. In this study...... on their linear counterpart. The technical feasibility of the membranes was evaluated by the preliminary water electrolysis tests showing performance comparable to that of commercially available cell separators with great potential of further improvement.......Polybenzimidazole is a highly hygroscopic polymer that can be doped with aqueous KOH to give a material with high ion conductivity in the 10−2Scm−1 range, which in combination with its low gas permeability makes it an interesting electrolyte material for alkaline water electrolysis. In this study...... membranes based on linear and crosslinked polybenzimidazole were evaluated for this purpose. Extensive characterization with respect to spectroscopic and physicochemical properties during aging in 6molL−1 KOH at 85°C for up to 176 days indicated structural stability of the high molecular weight specialty... 34. Particle precipitation in connection with KOH etching of silicon DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Nielsen, Christian Bergenstof; Christensen, Carsten; Pedersen, Casper 2004-01-01 This paper considers the precipitation of iron oxide particles in connection with the KOH etching of cavities in silicon wafers. The findings presented in this paper suggest that the source to the particles is the KOH pellets used for making the etching solution. Experiments show...... that the precipitation is independent of KOH etching time, but that the amount of deposited material varies with dopant type and dopant concentration. The experiments also suggest that the precipitation occurs when the silicon wafers are removed from the KOH etching solution and not during the etching procedure. When... 35. Enhanced removal of sulfonamide antibiotics by KOH-activated anthracite coal: Batch and fixed-bed studies. Science.gov (United States) Zuo, Linzi; Ai, Jing; Fu, Heyun; Chen, Wei; Zheng, Shourong; Xu, Zhaoyi; Zhu, Dongqiang 2016-04-01 The presence of sulfonamide antibiotics in aquatic environments poses potential risks to human health and ecosystems. In the present study, a highly porous activated carbon was prepared by KOH activation of an anthracite coal (Anth-KOH), and its adsorption properties toward two sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole and sulfapyridine) and three smaller-sized monoaromatics (phenol, 4-nitrophenol and 1,3-dinitrobenzene) were examined in both batch and fixed-bed adsorption experiments to probe the interplay between adsorbate molecular size and adsorbent pore structure. A commercial powder microporous activated carbon (PAC) and a commercial mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) possessing distinct pore properties were included as comparative adsorbents. Among the three adsorbents Anth-KOH exhibited the largest adsorption capacities for all test adsorbates (especially the two sulfonamides) in both batch mode and fixed-bed mode. After being normalized by the adsorbent surface area, the batch adsorption isotherms of sulfonamides on PAC and AnthKOH were displaced upward relative to the isotherms on CMK-3, likely due to the micropore-filling effect facilitated by the microporosity of adsorbents. In the fixed-bed mode, the surface area-normalized adsorption capacities of Anth-KOH for sulfonamides were close to that of CMK-3, and higher than that of PAC. The irregular, closed micropores of PAC might impede the diffusion of the relatively large-sized sulfonamide molecules and in turn led to lowered fixed-bed adsorption capacities. The overall superior adsorption of sulfonamides on Anth-KOH can be attributed to its large specific surface area (2514 m(2)/g), high pore volume (1.23 cm(3)/g) and large micropore sizes (centered at 2.0 nm). These findings imply that KOH-activated anthracite coal is a promising adsorbent for the removal of sulfonamide antibiotics from aqueous solution. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 36. Transient current distributions in porous zinc electrodes in KOH electrolyte Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Liu, M.B.; Yamazaki, Y.; Cook, G.M.; Yao, N.P. 1981-02-01 A zero-resistance ammeter circuit with a 10-channel operational amplifier was used to measure the current distribution during a discharge of 10 to 100 mA with simulated zinc porous electrodes in 7.24 M KOH saturated with ZnO. The reaction distribution was found to be highly nonuniform, with 70 to 78% of the charge transfer reaction completed in a depth of 0.01 cm. The high nonuniformity of the initial reaction profile was believed to be due to low conductivity of the electrolyte in the electrode pores. The current distribution changes during passivation of the electrode were experimentally obtained. A mathematical model based upon a macroscope averaging technique was used to predict the time dependence of charge transfer reaction profiles. With mathematical model, current distributions and overpotentials were predicted as a function of time for the segmented zinc electrode discharged at a current of 10 to 100 mA; for these predictions, assumed values of both precipitation rate constants for porous ZnO and diffusion coefficients for hydroxide and zincate ions were used. A gradual decrease in the specific conductivity of the pore electrolyte to 20% of the initial value during discharge yields predictions of current distributions and overpotentials in good agreement with the experimental data. The extent of reduction in the specific conductivity of the pore electrolyte implies a supersaturation of zincate of four times chemical saturation, which was been observed experimentally.At high discharge current (25 to 100 mA), the passivation behavior of the electrode has been simulated. The results of the experiments and mathematical model show that the effective reaction penetration depth is less than 0.02 cm. 37. Enhanced removal of sulfonamide antibiotics by KOH-activated anthracite coal: Batch and fixed-bed studies International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zuo, Linzi; Ai, Jing; Fu, Heyun; Chen, Wei; Zheng, Shourong; Xu, Zhaoyi; Zhu, Dongqiang 2016-01-01 The presence of sulfonamide antibiotics in aquatic environments poses potential risks to human health and ecosystems. In the present study, a highly porous activated carbon was prepared by KOH activation of an anthracite coal (Anth-KOH), and its adsorption properties toward two sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole and sulfapyridine) and three smaller-sized monoaromatics (phenol, 4-nitrophenol and 1,3-dinitrobenzene) were examined in both batch and fixed-bed adsorption experiments to probe the interplay between adsorbate molecular size and adsorbent pore structure. A commercial powder microporous activated carbon (PAC) and a commercial mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) possessing distinct pore properties were included as comparative adsorbents. Among the three adsorbents Anth-KOH exhibited the largest adsorption capacities for all test adsorbates (especially the two sulfonamides) in both batch mode and fixed-bed mode. After being normalized by the adsorbent surface area, the batch adsorption isotherms of sulfonamides on PAC and AnthKOH were displaced upward relative to the isotherms on CMK-3, likely due to the micropore-filling effect facilitated by the microporosity of adsorbents. In the fixed-bed mode, the surface area-normalized adsorption capacities of Anth-KOH for sulfonamides were close to that of CMK-3, and higher than that of PAC. The irregular, closed micropores of PAC might impede the diffusion of the relatively large-sized sulfonamide molecules and in turn led to lowered fixed-bed adsorption capacities. The overall superior adsorption of sulfonamides on Anth-KOH can be attributed to its large specific surface area (2514 m 2 /g), high pore volume (1.23 cm 3 /g) and large micropore sizes (centered at 2.0 nm). These findings imply that KOH-activated anthracite coal is a promising adsorbent for the removal of sulfonamide antibiotics from aqueous solution. - Highlights: • A high efficiency adsorbent for sulfonamide removal is prepared from anthracite. • Effects of 38. Electrical conductivity measurements of aqueous and immobilized potassium hydroxide DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Allebrod, Frank; Chatzichristodoulou, Christodoulos; Mollerup, Pia Lolk 2012-01-01 -porous solid pellets were produced and used to immobilize aqueous KOH solutions. These are intended to operate as ion-conductive diaphragms (electrolytes) in alkaline electrolysis cells, offering high conductivity and corrosion resistance. The conductivity of immobilized KOH has been determined by the same... 39. Kinetics of acid leaching of ilmenite decomposed by KOH part 1: decomposition by KOH and leaching by HCl International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Nayl, A.A; Aly, H.F. 2010-01-01 Decomposition of ilmenite by KOH solutions, to convert titanium to potassium titanate, was first studied . This was followed by leaching titanium from the ilmenite paste using HCl solutions in the temperature range 50-150 degree C for different periods up to 3 hr. The significant factors affecting the leaching process were studied. The experimental data of the decomposition rate of ilmenite by KOH and of the formed KOH paste by HCl under the relevant operating variables were interpreted with the shrinking core model under chemically controlled process. The apparent activation energy for leaching of titanium in both cases bas been evaluated and discussed. 40. Change in pore structure of coals by activation with KOH; KOH fukatsushita sekitan no saiko kozo Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Maruyama, K.; Yoshizawa, N.; Ishikawa, E.; Kobayashi, M.; Toda, Y.; Yamada, Y.; Shiraishi, M. [National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba (Japan) 1996-10-28 Three typical Japanese coals of non-coking coal, coking coal and anthracite were heat-treated with KOH, and change in their pore structure was examined by absorption of N2, Xray diffraction and TEM observation. In addition, the relation between a coal rank and pore structure was also studied by absorption experiment of N2. In experiment, the mixture of

coal and KOH in a nickel holder was heat-treated in N2 gas flow at heating rate of 2{degree}C/min, and held at a fixed temperature for one hour. To clarify the pore structure, N2 absorption isotherms were measured at -196{degree}C under nearly 76cmHg using a commercially available full-automatic absorption measurement equipment. Based on the X-ray diffraction and TEM observation results on activated coals, the relation between the N2 absorption and pore structure was studied. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The yield and absorption ability of coals increase with a coal rank, (2) The specific surface area of coals reaches its peak at 800{degree}C in activation temperature regardless of a coal rank, and (3) The activation behavior of coals is dependent on a coal rank. 5 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab. « 1 2 3 4 5 » « 1 2 3 4 5 » 41. Characterization of potassium hydroxide (KOH) modified hydrochars from different feedstocks for enhanced removal of heavy metals from water. Science.gov (United States) Sun, Kejing; Tang, Jingchun; Gong, Yanyan; Zhang, Hairong 2015-11-01 Hydrochars produced from different feedstocks (sawdust, wheat straw, and corn stalk) via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and KOH modification were used as alternative adsorbents for aqueous heavy metals remediation. The chemical and physical properties of the hydrochars and KOH-treated hydrochars were characterized, and the ability of hydrochars for removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions as a function of reaction time, pH, and initial contaminant concentration was tested. The results showed that KOH modification of hydrochars might have increased the aromatic and oxygen-containing functional groups, such as carboxyl groups, resulting in about 2-3 times increase of cadmium sorption capacity (30.40-40.78 mg/g) compared to that of unmodified hydrochars (13.92-14.52 mg/g). The sorption ability among different feedstocks after modification was as the following: sawdust > wheat straw > corn stack. Cadmium sorption kinetics on modified hydrochars could be interpreted with a pseudo-second order, and sorption isotherm was simulated with Langmuir adsorption model. High cadmium uptake on modified hydrochars was observed over the pH range of 4.0-8.0, while for other heavy metals (Pb(2+), Cu(2+), and Zn(2+)) the range was 4.0-6.0. In a multi-metal system, the sorption capacity of heavy metals by modified hydrochars was also higher than that by unmodified ones and followed the order of Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II). The results suggest that KOH-modified hydrochars can be used as a low cost, environmental-friendly, and effective adsorbent for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions. 42. Growth kinetics of step edges on celestite (0 0 1) surfaces as a function of temperature, saturation state, ionic strength, and aqueous strontium:sulfate ratio: An in-situ atomic force microscopy study Science.gov (United States) Bracco, Jacquelyn N.; Gooijer, Yiscka; Higgins, Steven R. 2016-02-01 Step velocities on the celestite (0 0 1) surface have been measured as a function of temperature (23-45 °C), saturation state (S = 1.1-2.2), ionic strength (I = 0.01, 0.06, and 0.1 M), and aqueous strontium:sulfate ratio (r = 0.01-100) using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Celestite growth hillocks were flanked by [0 1 0]-aligned step edges, which are polar, and step edges vicinal to , which are non-polar. [0 1 0] step velocities increased with temperature and saturation state, however step velocities did not vary significantly with ionic strength. Step velocities were non-linear with saturation state, suggesting a change in mechanism at high S as compared with low S. At constant S, the step velocities were maximized at r = 1 and decreased significantly at extreme r, demonstrating the governing role of solute stoichiometry. We successfully fit the step velocity data as a function of r using the Stack and Grantham (2010) nucleation and propagation model. Based on the results as a function of ionic strength and r, the mechanism at low S is likely ion-by-ion attachment to the step with an activation energy of 75 (±10) kJ mol-1. At high S the mechanism is a combination of the one at low S and possibly attachment of a neutral species such as an ion pair with an activation energy of 43 (±9) kJ mol-1. 43. Discharge Characteristics of the Nickel Hydroxide Electrode in 30% KOH International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kim, Young Jin 1989-01-01 The discharge behavior of the nickel hydroxide electrode has been investigated in 30% KOH at 25 .deg. C. Two voltage plateaus are displayed on the discharge curve of C/20. It is shown that the impedance of the nickel hydroxide electrode increases with decrease of the discharge potential. The discharge behavior of the nickel hydroxide electrode has been investigated in 30% KOH indicating the reduction of the β-NiOOH to the β-Ni(OH) 2 by proton diffusion process and hence the electronic conductivity change of the nickel hydroxide electrode. Furthermore, the γ-NiOOH, produced by prolonged oxidation of the β-NiOOH in 30% KOH, discharges at a slightly lower potential than the β-Ni(OH) 2 that could result in the life-limiting factor of several alkaline electrolyte storage batteries using the nickel hydroxide electrode as the positive plate 44. Tetracycline adsorption onto activated carbons produced by KOH activation of tyre pyrolysis char. Science.gov (United States) Acosta, R; Fierro, V; Martinez de Yuso, A; Nabarlatz, D; Celzard, A 2016-04-01 Tyre pyrolysis char (TPC), produced when manufacturing pyrolysis oil from waste tyre, was used as raw material to prepare activated carbons (ACs) by KOH activation. KOH to TPC weight ratios (W) between 0.5 and 6, and activation temperatures from 600 to 800 °C, were used. An increase in W resulted in a more efficient development of surface area, microporosity and mesoporosity. Thus, ACs derived from TPC (TPC-ACs) with specific surface areas up to 814 m(2) g(-1) were obtained. TPC, TPC-ACs and a commercial AC (CAC) were tested for removing Tetracycline (TC) in aqueous phase, and systematic adsorption studies, including equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic aspects, were performed. Kinetics was well described by the pseudo-first order model for TPC, and by a pseudo second-order kinetic model for ACs. TC adsorption equilibrium data were also fitted by different isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Dubinin-Astokov, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Radke-Prausnitz and Toth. The thermodynamic study confirmed that TC adsorption onto TPC-ACs is a spontaneous process. TC adsorption data obtained in the present study were compared with those reported in the literature, and differences were explained in terms of textural properties and surface functionalities. TPC-ACs had similar performances to those of commercial ACs, and might significantly improve the economic balance of the production of pyrolysis oil from waste tyres. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 45. Children of Deb Koh: Young Life in an Iranian Village. Science.gov (United States) Friedl, Erika This book is based on ethnographic research carried out between 1965 and 1994 during eight visits to a tribal region in southwest Iran. The book weaves together local practices, cognitive categories, folklore, and anecdotes concerning all aspects of growing up to illuminate the world of children in the village of Deh Koh. The book describes how… 46. The mobility of Nb in rutile-saturated NaCl- and NaF-bearing aqueous fluids from 1–6.5 GPa and 300–800 °C Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tanis, Elizabeth A.; Simon, Adam; Tschauner, Oliver; Chow, Paul; Xiao, Yuming; Burnley, Pamela; Cline II, Christopher J.; Hanchar, John M.; Pettke, Thomas; Shen, Guoyin; Zhao, Yusheng (MUN); (Michigan); (CIW); (UNLV); (Bern) 2015-08-26 Rutile (TiOâ‚‚) is an important host phase for high field strength elements (HFSE) such as Nb in metamorphic and subduction zone environments. The observed depletion of Nb in arc rocks is often explained by the hypothesis that rutile sequesters HFSE in the subducted slab and overlying sediment, and is chemically inert with respect to aqueous fluids evolved during prograde metamorphism in the forearc to subarc environment. However, field observations of exhumed terranes, and experimental studies, indicate that HFSE may be soluble in complex aqueous fluids at high pressure (i.e., >0.5 GPa) and moderate to high temperature (i.e., >300 °C). In this study, we investigated experimentally the mobility of Nb in NaCl- and NaF-bearing aqueous fluids in equilibrium with Nb-bearing rutile at pressure-temperature conditions applicable to fluid evolution in arc environments. Niobium concentrations in aqueous fluid at rutile saturation were measured directly by using a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell (HDAC) and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) at 2.1 to 6.5 GPa and 300–500 °C, and indirectly by performing mass loss experiments in a piston-cylinder (PC) apparatus at ~1 GPa and 700–800 °C. The concentration of Nb in a 10 wt% NaCl aqueous fluid increases from 6 to 11 μg/g as temperature increases from 300 to 500 °C, over a pressure range from 2.1 to 2.8 GPa, consistent with a positive temperature dependence. The concentration of Nb in a 20 wt% NaCl aqueous fluid varies from 55 to 150 μg/g at 300 to 500 °C, over a pressure range from 1.8 to 6.4 GPa; however, there is no discernible temperature or pressure dependence. The Nb concentration in a 4 wt% NaF-bearing aqueous fluid increases from 180 to 910 μg/g as temperature increases from 300 to 500 °C over the pressure range 2.1 to 6.5 GPa. The data for the F-bearing fluid indicate that the Nb content of the fluid exhibits a dependence on temperature between 300 and 500 °C at ≥2 GPa, but there is no observed 47. Low temperature phase transition in KOH and KOD International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bastow, T.J.; Elcombe, M.M.; Howard, C.J. 1986-01-01 Dielectric constant and differential scanning calorimetry measurements have shown a transition to a new phase in both KOH (at 233 K) and KOD (at 257 K); the shape of the dielectric anomaly suggests electrical ordering at low temperature. Structural parameters obtained from high resolution neutron powder diffraction data demonstrate the ordering to be antiferroelectric. A preliminary account is given of the structures at 293 K and 77 K. (author) 48. Impedances of nickel electrodes cycled in various KOH concentrations Science.gov (United States) Reid, Margaret A.; Loyselle, Patricia L. 1991-01-01 Recent tests at Hughes have shown that Ni/H2 cells cycled in 26 percent KOH have much longer lives than those cycled in other concentrations. As part of an ongoing program to try to correlate the impedances of nickel electrodes with their life and performance, impedances were measured of a number of electrodes from these tests that had been cycled in concentrations from 21 to 36 percent KOH. These had ranged from about 1000 to 40,000 cycles. After cycling ten times to reduce possible changes due to storage, impedances were measured at five voltages corresponding to low states of charge. The results were analyzed using a standard circuit model including Warburg impedance term. Lower kinetic resistances and Warburg slopes were found for several electrodes which had been cycled in 26 percent KOH even though they had been cycled for a much longer time than the others. Interpretation of the data is complicated by the fact that the cycle lives, storage times, and failure mechanisms varied. Several other circuit models have also been examined, but the best correlations with life were found with parameters obtained from the simple model. 49. The Influence of 5% KOH Immersion for Seaweed as Raw Materials for Air Freshener Gel Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Riardi Pratista Dewa 2014-12-01 Full Text Available The effect of submersion KOH 5% for seaweed as raw materials products air freshener gel has been studied. Seaweed in Indonesia has a big potentially and it is commonly used in food products, beverages, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. This research aims to use seaweed as a feedstock gel air freshener. Soaking seaweed with KOH was conducted to determine the nature of the water content and gel strength of the gel air freshener products generated given the scent of oranges and cloves. KOH concentration used was 5%. The results showed the water content of seaweed with KOH soaked lower than without KOH, whereas the gel strength with marinated seaweed KOH higher than without KOH. The results of organoleptic test, in this case the sense of smell, the air freshener gel product indicates that the product that uses citrus scent perfuming/lemon, panelists preferred more than the product is scented gel air freshener clove oil. 50. Battery separators with improved resistance to KOH degradation Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Danko, T. [Viskase Corp., Chicago, IL (United States) 1996-12-31 Battery separator composites were made by coating nonwovens with regenerated cellulose form the viscose process. The composite samples were stored at room temperature for 90 days in 40% Potassium Hydroxide (KOH). The tensile strength of the samples was measured over time to check the rate of degradation of the separator composites. The data show that a composite made using a polyamide non-woven retained all of its tensile strength. In addition, the polyamide composite experienced to swelling while in storage. Composites made in this manner would least longer in a battery and would allow for more room in the battery for anode and cathode material since the composite does not swell. 51. Destination Management of Small Islands: The Case of Koh Mak Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) John Walsh 2015-06-01 Full Text Available Koh Mak is a small island in the Gulf of Thailand that is usually visited by tourists as part of a multi-destination tour. It differentiates itself from its neighbours by being positioned as a quiet, family-based location that utilizes a low-carbon strategy. However, it is not currently clear how effective this strategy is. Islands tend to be successful in terms of destination management when they have a diversified economy and some genuine social capital or relations with which visitors can establish a relationship. This is not evidently true for Koh Mak but it might be true if the island can be considered part of a multi-island cluster. This paper uses qualitative research to explore the opinions of tourists and long-stay residents about their experiences on the island and then tests whether existing models of island tourism are borne out in this case. It is found that the current positioning is somewhat contradictory and inevitably limited in time because increasing numbers of tourists will serve to damage and then destroy those attributes which are being promoted. 52. Hydrogen storage capacity of lithium-doped KOH activated carbons International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Minoda, Ai; Oshima, Shinji; Iki, Hideshi; Akiba, Etsuo 2014-01-01 Highlights: • The hydrogen adsorption of lithium-doped KOH activated carbons has been studied. • Lithium doping improves their hydrogen adsorption affinity. • Lithium doping is more effective for materials with micropores of 0.8 nm or smaller. • Lithium reagent can alter the pore structure, depending on the raw material. • Optimizing the pore size and functional group is needed for better hydrogen uptake. - Abstract: The authors have studied the hydrogen adsorption performance of several types of lithium-doped KOH activated carbons. In the case of activated cokes, lithium doping improves their hydrogen adsorption affinity from 5.02 kg/m 3 to 5.86 kg/m 3 at 303 K. Hydrogen adsorption density increases by around 17% after lithium doping, likely due to the fact that lithium doping is more effective for materials with micropores of 0.8 nm or smaller. The effects of lithium on hydrogen storage capacity vary depending on the raw material, because the lithium reagent can react with the material and alter the pore structure, indicating that lithium doping has the effect of plugging or filling the micropores and changing the structures of functional groups, resulting in the formation of mesopores. Despite an observed decrease in hydrogen uptake, lithium doping was found to improve hydrogen adsorption affinity. Lithium doping increases hydrogen uptake by optimizing the pore size and functional group composition 53. The stability of poly(2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) membranes in aqueous potassium hydroxide DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Aili, David; Jankova Atanasova, Katja; Li, Qingfeng 2015-01-01 In the form of membranes, poly(2,2′-(m-phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) (mPBI) is known to exhibit high ionic conductivity when doped with aqueous KOH, which makes it interesting as electrolyte in e.g. alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. The conductivity peaks at KOH concentrations around...... 25wt%. This work is devoted to a comprehensive stability study of mPBI in aqueous KOH of different concentrations for up to 200 days under conditions relevant for electrochemical energy conversion technologies. The polymer membranes were kept at 88°C in aqueous KOH with concentrations ranging from 0...... to 50wt%, and the chemical and physicochemical changes were monitored. The degradation was connected to the hydrolysis of the polymer backbone and the degradation rate increased with increasing KOH concentration. In the lower concentration range mPBI proved to be stable but exhibited low ionic... 54. Saturated fat (image) Science.gov (United States) ... saturated fat. Sources of saturated fat include whole-milk dairy products, like cheese, ice cream and butter. Animal fats ... saturated fat. Sources of saturated fat include whole-milk dairy products, like cheese, ice cream and butter. Animal fats ... 55. NH(4)OH-KOH pulping mechanisms and kinetics of rice straw. Science.gov (United States) Huang, Guolin; Shi, Jeffrey X; Langrish, Tim A G 2007-04-01 The mechanisms and kinetics of NH(4)OH-KOH mixture pulping rice straw were studied. When aqueous ammonia was mixed with a small amount of caustic potash (ratio of 1:5), three distinct delignification phases were observed in the pulping process: a bulk delignification phase from the beginning of the cooking period to 100 degrees C, a supplementary delignification phase from 100 degrees C to 155 degrees C lasting a further 45 min, and a residual delignification phase until the end of the cooking period. There were two silica removal phases; the first phase was from the beginning of the cooking period to 100 degrees C and the second phase was from 100 degrees C to the end of the cooking period. The rate of delignification reaction was first order with respect to residual lignin and 0.3 order with respect to [OH(-)]. The silica removal was pseudo-first-order with respect to residual silica and 0.6 order with respect to [OH(-)]. The activation energies of the delignification and removal of silica reactions were 35.6 and 30.9 kJ/mol, respectively. 56. A Critique of Koh's (2014) "Doing Class Analysis in Singapore's Elite Education" Science.gov (United States) Kabel, Scott 2017-01-01 Aaron Koh contributed to a collection of multi-site global ethnographic articles published here (2014, Vol. 12, No. 2) that present class reproduction as operationalised in elite education. While the collection adds to the current international critique of meritocracy, a close look at Koh's contribution reveals that critical ethnography can lose… 57. Sexual behaviour of backpackers who visit Koh Tao and Koh Phangan, Thailand: a cross-sectional study. Science.gov (United States) Lewis, C T; de Wildt, G 2016-09-01 To measure the proportion of backpackers engaging in unprotected sex while travelling in Thailand and to identify predictors of unsafe sexual behaviour. A cross-sectional study using an anonymous questionnaire was performed. English-speaking backpackers, excluding US and Thai citizens, were recruited while travelling through the piers of Koh Tao and Koh Phangan between 25 January and 13 March 2013. 61.5% (1238/2013) respondents were travelling without a long-term sexual partner, of whom 39.1% (29.4% females; 51.9% males) reported intercourse with a new partner. 36.8% of these reported inconsistent/no condom use. Inconsistent condom use was independently associated with age Backpackers who brought condoms from home were more likely to have sex with a new partner. Male gender and longer trip length increased the likelihood of new partner acquisition and overall risk of unsafe sex but were not associated with inconsistent condom use. New partners were most commonly backpackers from other countries. Men were more likely than women to have sex with a local person. Backpackers visiting Thailand frequently report unsafe sex. Partner demographics demonstrate a mechanism of international sexually transmitted infection (STI) transfer. In an era of growing antibiotic resistance and continuing HIV transmission, targeting unsafe sex in backpackers has the potential to reduce STI incidence internationally. These data highlight the need for innovative public health intervention. To focus such measures, future research may elucidate why certain groups are at higher risk. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/productsservices/rights-and-licensing/ 58. KOH concentration effect on the cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells Science.gov (United States) Lim, H. S.; Verzwyvelt, S. A. 1985-01-01 Effects of KOH concentration on the cycle life of a sintered-type nickel electrode were studied in a boiler plate nickel-hydrogen cell at 23 C using an accelerated 45-min cycle regime at 80 percent depth of discharge. The cycle life improved greatly as the KOH concentration decreased, although the initial capacity of the cell decreased slightly. The cycle life improved by a factor of two or more when the KOH concentration was reduced from 36 to 31 percent and by a similar factor from reductions of 31 to 26 percent. For many applications, this life improvement may outweigh the initial capacity decrease. 59. Theoretical studies of MHD plasma molecules. I. Potential energy curves and dipole moments of linear KOH International Nuclear Information System (INIS) England, W.B. 1978-01-01 Uncorrelated and correlated potential energy curves and dipole moments are reported for linear KOH. The compound is found to be ionic, K + OH - . Minimum energy bond lengths are R/sub KO/=4.2913 au and R/sub OH/=1.7688 au, with an estimated accuracy of 2%. The corresponding dipole moment is 3.3 au (8.46 D) with a similar accuracy estimate. This is to our knowledge the first value ever reported for the KOH dipole moment, and the large value suggests that KOH will be an effective electron scatterer in MHD plasmas 60. Biodiesel synthesis via transesterification of lipid Chlorophyta cultivated in walne rich carbon medium using KOH/Zeolite catalyst Science.gov (United States) Dianursanti, Hayati, Siti Zahrotul; Putri, Dwini Normayulisa 2017-11-01 Microalgae from the Chlorophyta division such as Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella vulgaris are highly potential to be developed as biodiesel feedstocks because they have a high oil content up to 58%. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of triglycerides and alcohols with the aid of homogeneous catalysts such as KOH. However, the use of KOH catalysts produces soaps in the biodiesel synthesis. Heterogeneous catalysts are known to solve this problem. One of them is natural zeolite. Zeolite can be used as a catalyst and as a support catalyst. Loading KOH on the zeolite surface is expected to increase alkalinity in KOH/Zeolite catalysts so as to increase the activity of KOH/Zeolite catalyst in transesterification of triglyceride with methanol. In this experimental lipid of microalgae will be used for produced biodiesel via transesterification reaction with methanol and KOH/Zeolite as a catalyst heterogeneous at 60 °C for 3h and utilized catalyst modificated KOH/Zeolite with variation 0.5 M, 1 M and 1.5 M KOH. The modified zeolite was then analyzed by XRF, XRD and BET. The result showed that the yield of biodiesel from lipid N.oculata was 81,09% by 0.5KOH/Zeolite catalyst, 86,53% by 1KOH/Zeolite catalyst, 1,5KOH/Zeolite and 88,13% by 1.5KOH/Zeolit, while the biodiesel produced from lipid C.vulgaris was 59.29% by 0.5KOH/Zeolite, 82.27% by 1KOH/Zeolite and 83.72% by 1.5KOH/Zeolite. « 1 2 3 4 5 » « 2 3 4 5 6 » 61. Optical investigation of gas-phase KCl/KOH sulfation in post flame conditions DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Weng, Wubin; chen, Shuang; Wu, Hao 2018-01-01

A counter-flow reactor setup was designed to investigate the gas-phase sulfation and homogeneous nucleation of potassium salts. Gaseous KOH and KCl were introduced into the post-flame zone of a laminar flat flame. The hot flame products mixed in the counter-flow with cold N2, with or without....... Depending on the potassium speciation in the inlet and the presence of SO2, they consisted of K2SO4, KCl, or K2CO3, respectively. The experiments showed that KOH was sulphated more readily than KCl, resulting in larger quantities of aerosols. The sulfation process in the counter-flow setup was simulated...... using a chemical kinetic model including a detailed subset for the Cl/S/K chemistry. Similar to the experimental results, much more potassium sulfate was predicted when seeding KOH compared to seeding KCl. For both KOH and KCl, sulfation was predicted to occur primarily through the reactions among... 62. Effect of KOH Concentration and Anions on the Performance of a Ni-H2 Battery Positive Plate Science.gov (United States) Vaidyanathan, Hari; Robbins, Kathleen; Gopalakrishna, M. Rao 1996-01-01 The capacity and voltage behavior of electrochemically impregnated sintered nickel positive plates was examined by galvanostatic charging and discharging in a flooded electrolyte cell. Three different concentrations of potassium hydroxide (KOH) (40, 31, and 26 percent) and 31 percent KOH containing dissolved nitrate, sulfate, or silicate were investigated. The end-of-charge voltage at C/10 charge and at 10 degrees C showed the following order: 40 percent KOH greater than 31 percent KOH alone and in the presence of the anions greater than 26 percent KOH. The mid discharge voltage at C/2 discharge was higher in 26 percent KOH, almost the same for 31 percent KOH with and without added contaminants, and much lower for 40 percent KOH. The plate capacity was marginally affected by cycling in all cases except for 40 percent KOH, where the capacity declined after 1,000 cycles at 80 percent depth of discharge (DOD). At the end of cycling, all the plates tested experienced a weight loss, except in the case of 31 percent KOH, as a result of active material extrusion. Cyclic voltammetry of miniature electrodes in 31 percent KOH showed that the cathodic peak potentials are less polarized in the presence and absence of silicate at -5 degrees C compared to 25 degrees C indicating a slightly higher voltage during discharge in a Ni-H2 battery. Futhermore, the features of the current-potential profile were practically unchanged in the presence of silicate. 63. KOH mount as an aid in the management of infectious keratitis at secondary eye care centre. Science.gov (United States) Rathi, Varsha M; Thakur, Monica; Sharma, Savitri; Khanna, Rohit; Garg, Prashant 2017-11-01 To report the clinical outcome of infectious keratitis managed after doing 10% KOH mount of corneal smears and reporting done by an ophthalmologist in the secondary eye care centre in South India. 103 consecutive cases of microbial keratitis were studied. Inclusion criteria were presence of corneal infiltrate on slit lamp biomicroscopy. An ophthalmologist carried out microbiological evaluation of 10% KOH mount of corneal scrapings. No cultures were done at secondary centres. Antifungal therapy with 5% Natamycin was initiated when 10% KOH mount was positive for fungal filaments. Else, the patients were started on combined topical ciprofloxacin (0.3%) and fortified cefazolin (5%). 41/103 (39.8%) smears were positive for fungus and 62 (60.2%) were negative. 89 out of 103 patients (86.40%) healed with scarring at an average of 2.95±1.58 weeks. Healing was noted in 39/41 (95.12%) of patients at an average of 3.06±1.19 weeks in patients with KOH smear positive keratitis. 80.64% (50/62) healed with scarring at an average period of 2.86±1.86 weeks in KOH mount negative keratitis. Initial smear examination of KOH mount by an ophthalmologist helped in diagnosis of infectious keratitis caused by fungi and its management and 95.12% of KOH positive patients healed with scarring. Reading of KOH mount by an ophthalmologist helped in initiation of specific therapy with improved clinical outcome. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. 64. KOH-activated multi-walled carbon nanotubes as platinum supports for oxygen reduction reaction Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) He, Chaoxiong; Song, Shuqin; Liu, Jinchao [State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 (China); Maragou, Vasiliki; Tsiakaras, Panagiotis [Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 38834 Volos (Greece) 2010-11-01 In the present investigation, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) thermally treated by KOH were adopted as the platinum supporting material for the oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. FTIR and Raman spectra were used to investigate the surface state of MWCNTs treated by KOH at different temperatures (700, 800, and 900 C) and showed MWCNTs can be successfully functionalized. The structural properties of KOH-activated MWCNTs supported Pt were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their electrochemical performance was evaluated by the aid of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry. According to the experimental findings of the present work, the surrface of MWCNTs can be successfully functionalized with oxygen-containing groups after activation by KOH, favoring the good dispersion of Pt nanoparticles with narrow size distribution. The as-prepared Pt catalysts supported on KOH treated MWCNTs at higher temperature, possess higher electrochemical surface area and exhibit desirable activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). More precisely, it has been found that the electrochemical active area of Pt/MWCNTs-900 is approximately two times higher than that of Pt/MWCNTs. It can be concluded that KOH activation is an effective way to decorate MWCNTs' surface with oxygen-containing groups and bigger surface area, which makes them more suitable as electrocatalyst support materials. (author) 65. Effect of solvent composition on the limiting current of anodic dissolution of tungsten in aqueous-ethanol solutions of alkali International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Konoplyantseva, N.A.; L'vova, L.A.; Davydov, A.D.; AN SSSR, Moscow. Inst. Ehlektrokhimii) 1987-01-01 The effect of quantitative composition of solvent on tungsten anodic dissolution in aqueous-ethanol solutions of KOH is studied. It is shown that with an increase in ethanol content in aqueous-ethanol solutions of alkali the limiting current of tungsten anodic dissolution decreases. An increase in KOH concentration in certain limits (in ethanol solutions it is the range between 0.75 and 1.0 M KOH) results in the increase of the limiting current; with further increase in solution concentration the limiting current decreases, which can be related to the change of the limiting stage. An assumption is made that total reaction of tungsten anodic dissolution and the main reasons for the limiting current appearance do not change from aqueous to aqueous-ethanol and ethanol solutions of alkali 66. Effect of KOH concentration on LEO cycle life of IPV nickel-hydrogen flight battery cells Science.gov (United States) Smithrick, John J.; Hall, Stephen W. 1990-01-01 A breakthrough in the low-earth-orbit (LEO) cycle life of individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel hydrogen battery cells is reported. The cycle life of boiler plate cells containing 26 percent potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte was about 40,000 LEO cycles compared to 3500 cycles for cells containing 31 percent KOH. The effect of KOH concentration on cycle life was studied. The cycle regime was a stressful accelerated LEO, which consisted of a 27.5 min charge followed by a 17.5 min charge (2 x normal rate). The depth of discharge (DOD) was 80 percent. The cell temperature was maintained at 23 C. The next step is to validate these results using flight hardware and real time LEO test. NASA Lewis has a contract with the Naval Weapons Support Center (NWSC), Crane, Indiana to validate the boiler plate test results. Six 48 A-hr Hughes recirculation design IPV nickel-hydrogen flight battery cells are being evaluated. Three of the cells contain 26 percent KOH (test cells) and three contain 31 percent KOH (control cells). They are undergoing real time LEO cycle life testing. The cycle regime is a 90-min LEO orbit consisting of a 54-min charge followed by a 36-min discharge. The depth-of-discharge is 80 percent. The cell temperature is maintained at 10 C. The cells were cycled for over 8000 cycles in the continuing test. There were no failures for the cells containing 26 percent KOH. There were two failures, however, for the cells containing 31 percent KOH. 67. Glass Cathedral: Gay Novel or Liberation Theology? An Interview with Andrew Koh Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Angus Whitehead 2013-05-01 Full Text Available Singaporean Andrew Koh was a founding member of the groundbreaking Necessary Stage theatre company in 1987. In Singapore he is best remembered as the author of Glass Cathedral (1995, Singapore's second gay novel[la], which won the 1994 Singapore Literature Prize Commendation Award and was subsequently shortlisted for the 1996 Commonwealth Writers Prize for the Best First Novel Regional Awards. A collection of poetry, Hybrid from the East, was published in the UK in 1997. A second novel awaits publication. After initially leaving Singapore for London in the mid-1990s he now lives in Sydney as a healthcare worker and qualified Chinese medicine practitioner. Sixteen years after its initial publication, Glass Cathedral the novel is finally receiving attention and reappraisal in the wake of its Glass Cathedral's republication by Epigram Books as a Singapore Classic, alongside works such as Goh Poh Seng's The Immolation, Robert Yeo's The Adventures of Holden Heng and Lloyd Fernando's Scorpion Orchid. The interview took place on 8 November 2011 at a restaurant on the site of Koh's alma mater St Joseph's Institution, Bras Basah Road, Singapore, just days after Koh returned to the city-state and gave a spirited reading from and talk about Glass Cathedral at the Singapore Writers Festival. In this interview Koh discusses his Catholic upbringing, and his employment as a policeman during Singapore's policy of entrapment of homosexual men during the 1990s. Koh goes on to discuss how he came to write Glass Cathedral, his leaving Singapore in response to the nation-state's repressive climate and unsympathetic response to queer writing. In the second half of the interview Koh discusses homophobia in Singapore, the Catholic Church, and elsewhere and its roots in misogyny. Koh also draws attention to other issues explored in Glass Cathedral: the marginalisation of minorities in a supposedly multicultural nation state and the impact of Singapore's secret history 68. KOH concentration effect on cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells. III - Cycle life test Science.gov (United States) Lim, H. S.; Verzwyvelt, S. A. 1988-01-01 A cycle life test of Ni/H2 cells containing electrolytes of various KOH concentrations and a sintered type nickel electrode was carried out at 23 C using a 45 min accelerated low earth orbit (LEO) cycle regime at 80 percent depth of discharge. One of three cells containing 26 percent KOH has achieved over 28,000 cycles, and the other two 19,000 cycles, without a sign of failure. Two other cells containing 31 percent KOH electrolyte, which is the concentration presently used in aerospace cells, failed after 2,979 and 3,620 cycles. This result indicates that the cycle life of the present type of Ni/H2 cells may be extended by a factor of 5 to 10 simply by lowering the KOH concentration. Long cycle life of a Ni/H2 battery at high depth-of-discharge operation is desired, particularly for an LEO spacecraft application. Typically, battery life of about 30,000 cycles is required for a five year mission in an LEO. Such a cycle life with presently available cells can be assured only at a very low depth-of-discharge operation. Results of testing already show that the cycle life of an Ni/H2 cell is tremendously improved by simply using an electrolyte of low KOH concentration. 69. KOH concentration effect on cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells Science.gov (United States) Lim, Hong S.; Verzwyvelt, S. A. 1987-01-01 A cycle life test of Ni/H2 cells containing electrolytes of various KOH concentrations and a sintered type nickel electrode was carried out at 23 C using a 45 min accelerated low Earth orbit (LEO) cycle regime at 80 percent depth of discharge. One of three cells containing 26 percent KOH has achieved over 28,000 cycles, and the other two 19,000 cycles, without a sign of failure. Two other cells containing 31 percent KOH electrolyte, which is the concentration presently used in aerospace cells, failed after 2,979 and 3,620 cycles. This result indicates that the cycle life of the present type of Ni/H2 cells may be extended by a factor of 5 to 10 simply by lowering the KOH concentration. Long cycle life of a Ni/H2 battery at high depth-of-discharge operation is desired, particularly for an LEO spacecraft application. Typically, battery life of about 30,000 cycles is required for a five year mission in an LEO. Such a cycle life with presently available cells can be assured only at a very low depth-of-discharge operation. Results of testing already show that the cycle life of an Ni/H2 cell is tremendously improved by simply using an electrolyte of low KOH concentration. 70. Electrochemical behavior of heavily cycled nickel electrodes in Ni/H2 cells containing electrolytes of various KOH concentrations Science.gov (United States) Lim, H. S.; Verzwyvelt, S. A. 1989-01-01 A study has been made of charge and discharge voltage changes with cycling of Ni/H2 cells containing electrolytes of various KOH concentrations. A study has also been made of electrochemical behavior of the nickel electrodes from the cycled Ni/H2 cells as a function of overcharge amounts. Discharge voltages depressed gradually with cycling for cells having high KOH concentrations (31 to 36 percent), but the voltages increased for those having low KOH concentrations (21 to 26 percent). To determine if there was a crystallographic change of the active material due to cycling, electrochemical behavior of nickel electrodes was studied in an electrolyte flooded cell containing either 31 or 26 percent KOH electrolyte as a function of the amount of overcharge. The changes in discharge voltage appear to indicate crystal structure changes of active material from gamma-phase to beta-phase in low KOH concentrations, and vice versa in high KOH concentration. 71. Effect of KOH added to ethylene glycol electrolyte on the self-organization of anodic ZrO2 nanotubes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Rozana, Monna; Soaid, Nurul Izza; Lockman, Zainovia; Kawamura, Go; Kian, Tan Wai; Matsuda, Atsunori 2016-01-01 ZrO 2 nanotube arrays were formed by anodizing zirconium sheet in ethylene glycol (EG) and EG added to it KOH (EG/KOH) electrolytes. The effect of KOH addition into EG electrolyte to the morphology of nanotubes and their crystallinity was investigated. It was observed that the tubes with diameter of ∼80 nm were formed in EG electrolyte with <0.1 vol % water, but the wall smoothness is rather poor. When KOH was added into EG, the wall smoothness of the nanotubes improve, but the diameter of tubes is smaller (∼40 nm). Despite smoother wall and small tube diameter, the degradation of methyl orange (MO) on the tubes made in EG/KOH is less compared to the tubes made in EG only. This could be due to the less tetragonal ZrO 2 presence in the tubes made in EG/KOH. 72. Effect of KOH concentration on LEO cycle life of IPV nickel-hydrogen flight cells - An update Science.gov (United States) Smithrick, John J.; Hall, Stephen W. 1991-01-01 An update of validation test results confirming the breakthrough in LEO cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells containing 26 percent potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte is presented. A breakthrough in the LEO cycle life of individual pressure vessel nickel-hydrogen cells is reported. The cycle life of boiler plate cells containing 26 percent KOH electrolyte was about 40,000 LEO cycles compared to 3500 cycles for cells containing 31 percent KOH. 73. Effect of KOH concentration on LEO cycle life of IPV nickel-hydrogen flight cells. An update Science.gov (United States) Smithrick, John J.; Hall, Stephen W. 1991-01-01 An update of validation test results confirming the breakthrough in LEO cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells containing 26 percent potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte is presented. A breakthrough in the LEO cycle life of individual pressure vessel nickel-hydrogen cells is reported. The cycle life of boiler plate cells containing 26 percent KOH electrolyte was about 40,000 LEO cycles compared to 3500 cycles for cells containing 31 percent KOH. 74. Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Kelapa Menggunakan Microwave : Penggunaan Katalis KOH dengan Konsentrasi Rendah Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gus Ali Nur Rohman 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Penelitian pembuatan methyl ester (biodiesel dari minyak kelapa dengan katalis KOH dengan bantuan gelombang mikro (microwave di latar belakangi oleh adanya krisis energi sehingga memerlukan metode baru untuk membuat renewable energy dalam hal ini adalah biodiesel. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari proses pembuatan biodiesel dengan metode radiasi microwave, pengaruh konsentrasi katalis KOH, pengaruh daya, waktu pemanasan yang digunakan terhadap yield dan viskositas biodiesel yang dihasilkan. Pembuatan methyl ester (biodiesel dari minyak kelapa dilakukan dengan perbandingan mol minyak : metanol = 1 : 9. Biodiesel yang dihasilkan kemudian dianalisa dengan uji viskositas, uji flash point, dan uji gas chromatography (GC. Yield optimum pada pembuatan methyl ester dari minyak kelapa dengan metode microwave-assisted transesterification untuk katalis KOH adalah konsentrasi 0,5% dengan daya 400 watt dan waktu reaksi 4 menit. 75. KOH etched graphite felt with improved wettability and activity for vanadium flow batteries International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zhang, Zhengyang; Xi, Jingyu; Zhou, Haipeng; Qiu, Xinping 2016-01-01 Highlights: • GF electrode is activated by KOH etching method for VFB application. • The wettability and activity of eGF electrode towards VO 2+ /VO 2 + and V 2+ /V 3+ couples are improved. • VFB with eGF electrode can run stable at current densities range from 50 to 250 mA cm −2 . • Cycling test at current density of 150 mA cm −2 confirms the superior durability of eGF electrode. - Abstract: In this work, a simple and effective method to activate graphite felt (GF) electrode by using KOH as etching agent is studied for vanadium flow battery (VFB) application. The surface of GF is etched by KOH at 800 °C to generate micropores and attain oxygen-containing functional groups, resulting in greatly improved electrolyte accessibility. Surface morphology, oxygen distribution and microstructure of the KOH etched graphite felts (eGFs) are characterized by SEM, EDX, XPS, XRD and Raman techniques. Due to the abundant exposed edge carbon sites and oxygen-containing functional groups introduced by KOH activation, electrochemical activity of eGFs towards both VO 2+ /VO 2 + and V 2+ /V 3+ redox couples are remarkably improved comparing with GF. In particular, eGF-2 (mass ratio of KOH/GF = 1.25) exhibits the best electrochemical activity and VFB performance among all eGFs. Moreover, the VFB with eGF-2 electrode can run at current density up to 250 mA cm −2 with the energy efficiency of 64%. Long-term cycle life test at higher current density of 150 mA cm −2 confirms the outstanding stability of eGF-2 electrode. 76. Saturable absorption in detonation nanodiamond dispersions Science.gov (United States) Vanyukov, Viatcheslav; Mikheev, Gennady; Mogileva, Tatyana; Puzyr, Alexey; Bondar, Vladimir; Lyashenko, Dmitry; Chuvilin, Andrey 2017-07-01 We report on a saturable absorption in aqueous dispersions of nanodiamonds with femtosecond laser pulse excitation at a wavelength of 795 nm. The open aperture Z-scan experiments reveal that in a wide range of nanodiamond particle sizes and concentrations, a light-induced increase of transmittance occurs. The transmittance increase originates from the saturation of light absorption and is associated with a light absorption at 1.5 eV by graphite and dimer chains (Pandey dimer chains). The obtained key nonlinear parameters of nanodiamond dispersions are compared with those of graphene and carbon nanotubes, which are widely used for the mode-locking. 77. Saturated Switching Systems CERN Document Server Benzaouia, Abdellah 2012-01-01 Saturated Switching Systems treats the problem of actuator saturation, inherent in all dynamical systems by using two approaches: positive invariance in which the controller is designed to work within a region of non-saturating linear behaviour; and saturation technique which allows saturation but guarantees asymptotic stability. The results obtained are extended from the linear systems in which they were first developed to switching systems with uncertainties, 2D switching systems, switching systems with Markovian jumping and switching systems of the Takagi-Sugeno type. The text represents a thoroughly referenced distillation of results obtained in this field during the last decade. The selected tool for analysis and design of stabilizing controllers is based on multiple Lyapunov functions and linear matrix inequalities. All the results are illustrated with numerical examples and figures many of them being modelled using MATLAB®. Saturated Switching Systems will be of interest to academic researchers in con... 78. Effective of Microwave-KOH Pretreatment on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Bamboo Science.gov (United States) Zhiqiang Li; Zehui Jiang; Yan Yu; Zhiyong Cai 2012-01-01 Bamboo, with its advantages of fast growth, short renovation, easy propagation and rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, is a potential feedstock for bioethanol or other biofuels production. The objective of this study was to examine the fea- sibility of microwave assistant KOH pretreatments to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of bamboo. Pretreatment was carried out by... 79. Spectrophotometric study of holmium complexation in KOH solutions at 25 Deg C International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Stepanchikova, S.A.; Bitejkina, R.P. 2006-01-01 Complexation of Ho 3+ in solutions of HoCl 3 and KOH at 25 Deg C is studied by indicator spectrophotometric method. Within the range of pH 9.25-10.10 and μ≤4 x 10 -4 stability constants of Ho 3+ hydroxocomplexes are measured and are extrapolated on zero ion strength [ru 80. Development of composite membranes of PVA-TEOS doped KOH for alkaline membrane fuel cell International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Haryadi,; Sugianto, D.; Ristopan, E. 2015-01-01 Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) play an important role in separating fuel and oxygen (or air) in the Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells. Preparation of hybrid organic inorganic materials of Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) - Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) composite membrane doped KOH for direct alcohol alkaline fuel cell application has been investigated. The sol-gel method has been used to prepare the composite membrane of PVA-TEOS through crosslinking step and catalyzed by concentrated of hydrochloric acid. The gel solution was cast on the membrane plastic plate to obtain membrane sheets. The dry membranes were then doped by immersing in various concentrations of KOH solutions for about 4 hours. Investigations of the cross-linking process and the presence of hydroxyl group were conducted by FTIR as shown for frequency at about 1600 cm −1 and 3300 cm −1 respectively. The degree of swelling in ethanol decreased as the KOH concentration for membrane soaking process increased. The ion exchange capacity (IEC) of the membrane was 0.25meq/g. This composite membranes display significant ionic conductivity of 3.23 x 10 −2 S/cm in deionized water at room temperature. In addition, the morphology observation by scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the membrane indicates that soaking process of membrane in KOH increased thermal resistant « 2 3 4 5 6 » « 3 4 5 6 7 » 81. Influence of chemical additives on the surface reactivity of Si in KOH solution NARCIS (Netherlands) Philipsen, H.G.G.; Kelly, J.J. 2009-01-01 It is known that the electrochemistry of silicon in alkaline solution is closely linked to the anisotropic etching of the semiconductor. In this work the influence of two commonly used additives, hydrogen peroxide and isopropyl alcohol, on the surface chemistry of silicon in KOH solution was 82. Effect of KOH concentration on LEO cycle life of IPV nickel-hydrogen flight cell - Update II Science.gov (United States) Smithrick, John J.; Hall, Stephen W. 1992-01-01 An update of validation test results confirming the breakthrough in LEO cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells containing 26 percent KOH electrolyte is presented. A breakthrough in the LEO cycle life of individual pressure vessel (IPV) nickel-hydrogen cells has been previously reported. The cycle life of boiler plate cells containing 26 percent potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte was about 40,000 LEO cycles, compared to 3500 cycles for cells containing 31 percent KOH. The cycle regime was a stressful accelerated LEO, which consisted of a 27.5 min charge followed by a 17.5 min discharge (2X normal rate). The depth-of-discharge was 80 percent. Six 48-Ah Hughes recirculation design IPV nickelhydrogen flight battery cells are being evaluated. Three of the cells contain 26 percent KOH (test cells), and three contain 31 percent KOH (control cells). They are undergoing real time LEO cycle life testing. The cycle regime is a 90-min LEO orbit consisting of a 54-min charge followed by a 36-min discharge. The depth-of-discharge is 80 percent. The cell temperature is maintained at 10 C. The three 31 percent KOH cells failed (cycles 3729, 4165, and 11355). One of the 26 percent KOH cells failed at cycle 15314. The other two 26

percent KOH cells were cycled for over 16,000 cycles during the continuing test. 83. Development of a new adsorbent from pumpkin husk by KOH-modification to remove copper ions. Science.gov (United States) Çelekli, Abuzer; BozkuÅŸ, Bayram; Bozkurt, Hüseyin 2018-02-08 Heavy metal pollution in watercourses is a major environmental problem throughout the world due to rapid population growth, industrialization, and economic development. Considering this, the present study aimed to develop a new adsorbent from pumpkin husk (PH) by KOH modification to remove copper (Cu 2+ ) ions and to explore its adsorptive potential. The sorption studies of Cu 2+ on KOH-modified PH were carried out as functions of particle size, solution pH, adsorbent dose, temperature, initial metal concentration, and contact time. The sorption capacity of KOH-modified PH was found to be higher than that of raw PH, as 19.4 and 10.2 mg g -1 , respectively. Morphology and surface structures of adsorbents were characterized by determination of zero point charge, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR-ATR) spectra, and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of PH powders before and after the sorption of Cu 2+ . The pH zpc of PH was found to be 5.0. FTIR-ATR analyses indicated that amino, amide, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and oxygenated groups of PH play an important role in the sorption process. Sorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic parameters of Cu 2+ on KOH-modified PH were studied. The kinetic process was well represented by the Logistic model. The maximum sorption was found as 73.16 mg g -1 according to the well-fitting of Langmuir isotherm. Results of sorption and thermodynamic studies indicated that the process was exothermic, being feasible, and spontaneous. KOH-modified PH as an eco-friendly adsorbent had great potential to remove Cu 2+ ions from aquatic system. 84. Electrochemical isotropic texturing of mc-Si wafers in KOH solution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Abburi, M.; Boström, T.; Olefjord, I. 2013-01-01 Boron doped multicrystalline Si-wafers were anodically polarized in 2 M KOH and 4 M KOH at 40 °C and 50 °C. The applied potentials were 25 V, 30 V, 40 V and 50 V. The morphology of the textured surfaces, the surface products and the light reflectivity were analyzed by utilizing SEM, XPS and Lambda UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer, respectively. Isotropic texturing was obtained. The lowest average reflectivity, 17%, was achieved after pre-etching for 10 min and polarization at 40 V for 10 min in 4 M KOH at 50 °C. That reflection value is half of that measured on a chemical pre-etched surface, 34%. By increasing the voltage to 50 V the reflectivity rises to 28%. Polarizations to 25 V and 30 V at 50  °C in both solutions give local pores in the μm-range. The etch attack initiation is located at protrusions on the surface. At 40 V and 50 V in both solutions the pores are extended onto the entire surface. The width of the pores is about 10 μm. Inside the micro-pores, nm-pores are formed; their lateral size is in the range 100 nm–200 nm. A mechanism for the anodic dissolution reactions is discussed. - Highlights: â–º A method to form isotropic textures on mc-Si wafers in KOH solution is presented. â–º The method is based on anodic polarization of silicon in KOH at high potentials. â–º Evolution of surface morphology is studied by varying the etch parameters. â–º Isotropic textures with lowest average reflectivity are obtained at 40 V. â–º A reaction model for texturing mechanism is discussed in the light of XPS data 85. The Au/Si eutectic bonding compatibility with KOH etching for 3D devices fabrication Science.gov (United States) Liang, Hengmao; Liu, Mifeng; Liu, Song; Xu, Dehui; Xiong, Bin 2018-01-01 KOH etching and Au/Si eutectic bonding are cost-efficient technologies for 3D device fabrication. Aimed at investigating the process compatibility of KOH etching and Au/Si bonding, KOH etching tests have been carried out for Au/bulk Si and Au/amorphous Si (a-Si) bonding wafers in this paper. For the Au/bulk Si bonding wafer, a serious underetch phenomenon occurring on the damage layer in KOH etching definitely results in packaging failure. In the microstructure analysis, it is found that the formation of the damage layer between the bonded layer and bulk Si is attributed to the destruction of crystal Si lattices in Au/bulk Si eutectic reaction. Considering the occurrence of underetch for Au/Si bonding must meet two requirements: the superfluous Si and the defective layer near the bonded layer, the Au/a-Si bonding by regulating the a-Si/Au thickness ratio is presented in this study. Only when the a-Si/Au thickness ratio is relatively low are there not underetch phenomena, of which the reason is the full reaction of the a-Si layer avoiding the formation of the damage layer for easy underetch. Obviously, the Au/a-Si bonding via choosing a moderate a-Si/Au thickness ratio (⩽1.5:1 is suggested) could be reliably compatible with KOH etching, which provides an available and low-cost approach for 3D device fabrication. More importantly, the theory of the damage layer proposed in this study can be naturally applied to relevant analyses on the eutectic reaction of other metals and single crystal materials. 86. Improving the electrocatalytic performance of carbon nanotubes for VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction by KOH activation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dai, Lei; Jiang, Yingqiao; Meng, Wei; Zhou, Huizhu; Wang, Ling; He, Zhangxing 2017-01-01 Highlights: • KOH-activated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated as superior catalyst for VO 2+ /VO 2 + redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) for the first time. • KOH activation for CNTs can result in the chemical etching of surface and improved wettability, accelerating the mass transfer of vanadium ions. • KOH activation can introduce many oxygen-containing groups as active sites on the surface of CNTs. • KOH-activated CNTs as positive catalyst could increase the comprehensive energy storage performance of VRFB. - Abstract: In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was activated by KOH treatment at high temperature and investigated as catalyst for VO 2+ /VO 2 + redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest that the oxygen-containing groups can be introduced on CNTs by KOH activation. The mass transfer of vanadium ions can be accelerated by chemical etching by KOH activation and improved wettability due to the introduction of hydrophilic groups. The electrochemical properties of VO 2+ /VO 2 + redox reaction can be enhanced by introduced oxygen-containing groups as active sites. The sample treated at 900 °C with KOH/CNTs mass ratio of 3:1 (CNTs-3) exhibits the highest electrocatalytic activity for VO 2+ /VO 2 + redox reaction. The cell using CNTs-3 as positive catalyst demonstrates the smallest electrochemical polarization, the highest capacity and efficiency among the samples. Using KOH-activated CNTs-3 can increase the average energy efficiency of the cell by 4.4%. This work suggests that KOH-activated CNTs is a low-cost, efficient and promising catalyst for VO 2+ /VO 2 + redox reaction for VRFB system. 87. Adsorption and correlations of selected aromatic compounds on a KOH-activated carbon with large surface area. Science.gov (United States) Yang, Kun; Zhu, Lianghong; Yang, Jingjing; Lin, Daohui 2018-03-15 Knowledge of adsorption mechanism and behavior of organic compounds by KOH-activated carbons (KOH-ACs) from wastewater is crucial to its environmental application in wastewater treatment as adsorbent. A superior adsorbent, KOH-activated carbon (KOH-AC), with large surface area (3143m 2 /g), total pore volume of 2.03cm 3 /g, relatively low micropore fraction of 53.2%, and having adsorption capacities of organic compounds up to >1000mg/g, was prepared. It is an adsorbent significantly different with common ACs because the molecular sieving effect, widely observed for common ACs, is insignificant for KOH-AC. This difference could be attributed to the lower micropore fraction of KOHAC than common ACs. A negative relationship of adsorption capacity of 25 aromatic compounds (including phenols, anilines, nitrobenzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) with chemical melting point was observed, suggesting that adsorption is dependent on the packing efficiency and stacking density of molecules on KOH-AC. A linear solvation energy relationships of adsorption affinity of 25 aromatic compounds with solute solvatochromic parameters was also observed, that can be used to quantify the contributions of Ï€-Ï€ interaction, hydrogen-bonding interaction and hydrophobic effect to adsorption on KOH-AC. Combined with the reported results of adsorption of organic compounds on carbon nanotubes and biochars, it was also observed that external surface area of adsorbents is controlling the packing efficiency and stacking density of molecules on adsorbents and thus affecting adsorption capacity of organic compounds. Moreover, micropore surface area and the fraction of micropores are the adsorbent properties mainly affecting adsorption affinity of organic compounds. The observations and the developed correlations in this study would be helpful in the application of KOH-AC as superior adsorbent by enhancing the understanding of adsorption mechanisms of organic compounds on KOH-AC and by 88. Gluon saturation in a saturated environment International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kopeliovich, B. Z.; Potashnikova, I. K.; Schmidt, Ivan 2011-01-01 A bootstrap equation for self-quenched gluon shadowing leads to a reduced magnitude of broadening for partons propagating through a nucleus. Saturation of small-x gluons in a nucleus, which has the form of transverse momentum broadening of projectile gluons in pA collisions in the nuclear rest frame, leads to a modification of the parton distribution functions in the beam compared with pp collisions. In nucleus-nucleus collisions all participating nucleons acquire enhanced gluon density at small x, which boosts further the saturation scale. Solution of the reciprocity equations for central collisions of two heavy nuclei demonstrate a significant, up to several times, enhancement of Q sA 2 , in AA compared with pA collisions. 89. Pulse Radiolysis of Adrenaline in Acid Aqueous Solutions DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Gohn, M.; Getoff, N.; Bjergbakke, Erling 1976-01-01 Pulse radiolysis of adrenaline in acid aqueous solutions (pH 1–3) was carried out. The rate constants for the reactions of adrenaline with H and OH were determined: k(H + adr.) = (0·9±0·1) × 109 dm3 mol−1s−1; k(OH + adr.) = (1·65±0·15) × 1010 dm3 mol−1s−1. The H-adduct of adrenaline has two λmax... 90. ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF METHYLENE BLUE IN NON-AQUEOUS SOLVENTS International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Caram, J.A.; Suárez, J.F. MartÃnez; Gennaro, A.M.; MirÃfico, M.V. 2015-01-01 Graphical abstract: Display Omitted - Highlights: • The dye is electro-reduced in two separated monoelectronic charge transfers. • Solvent/supporting electrolyte/acid/base modifies the electrochemical parameters. • A dissociation equilibrium of the dye in non-aqueous solvent is proposed. • The electro-generated and stable dye-radical is also chemically produced in EDA or KOH/DMF. • A new species is reversibly formed in KOH/EtOH or ACN. - Abstract: The electrochemical behaviour of methylene blue in solution of non-aqueous solvents with different supporting electrolytes was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Dye electro-reduction presents two well-defined processes of monoelectronic charge transfer yielding a free radical in the first process and an anion in the second electron transfer. Free radical and anion are long living species in some of the studied media. Effects of supporting electrolyte and solvent on the peak potentials, the peak current functions and the reversibility of the charge transfer processes are reported. A dissociation equilibrium of the dye in solution of non-aqueous solvents and the acid or base added determine markedly the electrochemical responses. In the particular cases of KOH/DMF or EDA basic media the chemical formation of the stable methylene blue radical was detected and it was characterized by EPR spectroscopy. A general reaction scheme is proposed 91. Effect of KOH concentration on LEO cycle life of IPV nickel-hydrogen flight cells-update 2 Science.gov (United States) Smithrick, John J.; Hall, Stephen W. 1991-01-01 An update of validation test results confirming the breakthrough in low earth orbit (LEO) cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells containing 26 percent KOH electrolyte is presented. A breakthrough in the LEO cycle life of individual pressure vessel (IPV nickel-hydrogen cells has been previously reported. The cycle life of boiler plate cells containing 26 percent potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte was about 40 000 LEO cycles compared to 3500 cycles for cells containing 31 percent KOH. This test was conducted at Hughes Aircraft Company under a NASA Lewis contract. The purpose was to investigate the effect of KOH concentration on cycle life. The cycle regime was a stressful accelerated LEO, which consisted of a 27.5 min charge followed by a 17.5 min discharge (2x normal rate). The depth of discharge (DOD) was 80 percent. The cell temperature was maintained at 23 C. The boiler plate test results are in the process of being validated using flight hardware and real time LEO test at the Naval Weapons Support Center (NWSC), Crane, Indiana under a NASA Lewis Contract. Six 48 Ah Hughes recirculation design IPV nickel-hydrogen flight battery cells are being evaluated. Three of the cells contain 26 percent KOH (test cells), and three contain 31 percent KOH (control cells). They are undergoing real time LEO cycle life testing. The cycle regime is a 90-min LEO orbit consisting of a 54-min charge followed by a 36-min discharge. The depth-of-discharge is 80 percent. The cell temperature is maintained at 10 C. The three 31 percent KOH cells failed (cycles 3729, 4165, and 11355). One of the 26 percent KOH cells failed at cycle 15314. The other two 26 percent KOH cells were cycled for over 16600 cycles during the continuing test. 92. Effect of KOH concentration and anions on the performance of Ni-H2 battery positive plate Science.gov (United States) Vaidyanathan, H.; Robbins, Kathleen; Gopalakrishna, Rao M. 1995-01-01 The capacity and voltage behavior of electrochemically impregnated sintered nickel positive plates was examined by galavanostatic charging; and discharging in a flooded electrolyte cell. Three different concentrations of KOH (40 percent, 31 percent, and 26 percent) and 31 percent KOH containing dissolved nitrate, sulfate or silicate were investigated. The end of charge voltage at C/10 charge and at 10 C showed the following order: 40 percent KOH is greater than 31 percent KOH alone and in the presence of the anions greater than 26 percent KOE. The middischarge voltage at C/2 discharge was higher in 26 percent KOH, almost the same for 31 percent KOH with and without the added contaminants and much lower for 40 percent KOH. The plate capacity was marginally affected by cycling in all cases except for 40 percent KOH where the capacity declined after 1000 cycles at 80 percent DOD. At the end of cycling the plate tested in the presence of sulfate and silicate experienced measurable weight loss as a result of active material extrusion. Cyclic voltammetry of miniature electrodes in 31 percent KOH showed that the second oxidation peak that corresponds to the formation of a different phase of oxidized Ni has a lower peak current at -5 C compared to 25 C and oxygen evolution occurs a higher potential at -5 C. The reduction peak (discharge reaction) is more polarized at 25 C compared to -5 C. The presence of silicate alters the potentials only marginally. The implications of these results in plate treatment and low temperature operation are discussed. 93. Performance of a direct glycerol fuel cell using KOH doped polybenzimidazole as electrolyte Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nascimento, Ana P.; Linares, Jose J., E-mail: [email protected] [Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasilia, DF (Brazil). Instituto de Quimica 2014-03-15 This paper studies the influence of the operating variables (glycerol concentration, temperature and feed rate) for a direct glycerol fuel cell fed with glycerol using polybenzimidazole (PBI) impregnated with KOH as electrolyte and Pt/C as catalyst. Temperature displays a beneficial effect up to 75 °C due to the enhanced conductivity and kinetics of the electrochemical reactions. The optimum cell feed corresponds to 1 mol L{sup -1} glycerol and 4 mol L{sup -1} KOH, supplying sufficient quantities of fuel and electrolyte without massive crossover nor mass transfer limitations. The feed rate increases the performance up to a limit of 2 mL min{sup -1}, high enough to guarantee the access of the glycerol and the exit of the products. Finally, the use of binary catalysts (PtRu/C and Pt{sub 3}Sn/C) is beneficial for increasing the cell performance. (author) 94. Hydrogen Generation by Koh-Ethanol Plasma Electrolysis Using Double Compartement Reactor Science.gov (United States) Saksono, Nelson; Sasiang, Johannes; Dewi Rosalina, Chandra; Budikania, Trisutanti 2018-03-01 This study has successfully investigated the generation of hydrogen using double compartment reactor with plasma electrolysis process. Double compartment reactor is designed to achieve high discharged voltage, high concentration, and also reduce the energy consumption. The experimental results showed the use of double compartment reactor increased the productivity ratio 90 times higher compared to Faraday electrolysis process. The highest hydrogen production obtained is 26.50 mmol/min while the energy consumption can reach up 1.71 kJ/mmol H2 at 0.01 M KOH solution. It was shown that KOH concentration, addition of ethanol, cathode depth, and temperature have important effects on hydrogen production, energy consumption, and process efficiency. 95. Cation incorporation into zirconium oxide in LiOH, NaOH, and KOH solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jeong, Y.H.; Kim, K.H.; Baek, J.H. 1999-01-01 To investigate the cation incorporation into zirconium oxide, SIMS analysis was performed on the specimens prepared to have an equal oxide thickness in LiOH, NaOH, and KOH solutions. Even though they have an equal oxide thickness in LiOH, NaOH, and KOH solutions, the penetration depth of cation into the oxide decreased with an increase in the ionic radius of cation. The cation is considered to control the corrosion in alkali hydroxide solutions and its effect is dependent on the concentration of alkali and the oxide thickness. The slight enhancement of the corrosion rate at a low concentration is thought to be caused by cation incorporation into oxide, while the significant acceleration at a high concentration is due to the transformation of oxide microstructures that would be also induced by cation incorporation into oxide. (orig.) 96. Measurement of low neutron fluences with polycarbonate foils electrochemically etched with methyl alcohol-KOH solution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kumamoto, Y. 1982-01-01 Electrochemical etching of polycarbonate foils was performed using a KOH solution with a high concentration of methyl alcohol under different conditions of field strength, frequency, temperature and etching time. These studies showed that the highest neutron sensitivity relative to the inherent background in the foil was obtained under the following etching conditions: 52 kV/cm, 1 kHz, 30 0 C, 30 min in a solution of 45 gm KOH + 80 cc CH 3 OH + 20 cc H 2 O. Under these conditions, 100 mrem of neutrons from a Ra-Be source gave 70 pits per cm 2 while background was 7 +- 3 pits per cm 2 (10 +- 5 mrem). The pit diameters were about 90 μm. This sensitivity (giving lowest measurable dose of 15 mrem) is quite sufficient for personnel neutron dosimetry applications and the size of the pits is large enough for easy counting using a microscope at magnification of 40X. (author) 97. Performance of a direct glycerol fuel cell using KOH doped polybenzimidazole as electrolyte International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Nascimento, Ana P.; Linares, Jose J. 2014-01-01 This paper studies the influence of the operating variables (glycerol concentration, temperature and feed rate) for a direct glycerol fuel cell fed with glycerol using polybenzimidazole (PBI) impregnated with KOH as electrolyte and Pt/C as catalyst. Temperature displays a beneficial effect up to 75 °C due to the enhanced conductivity and kinetics of the electrochemical reactions. The optimum cell feed corresponds to 1 mol L -1 glycerol and 4 mol L -1 KOH, supplying sufficient quantities of fuel and electrolyte without massive crossover nor mass transfer limitations. The feed rate increases the performance up to a limit of 2 mL min -1 , high enough to guarantee the access of the glycerol and the exit of the products. Finally, the use of binary catalysts (PtRu/C and Pt 3 Sn/C) is beneficial for increasing the cell performance. (author) 98. Formation of Lanthanum Hydroxide nano structures: Effect of NaOH and KOH solvents International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mazloumi, M.; Zanganeh, S.; Kajbafvala, A.; Shayegh, M. R.; Sadrnezhaad, S. K. 2008-01-01 Lanthanum hydroxide (La(OH) 3 ) nano structures, including elliptical nanoparticles, octahedral rods and irregular nanoparticles were prepared chemically in NaOH and KOH solutions with 10 M concentration. The obtained powders were characterized with x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and differential thermal analysis. Crystallinities, morphologies and thermal behavior of the obtained nano structure powders were investigated under the influence of above mentioned solvents. The effect of chemical's temperature was also determined in one of the solvents (i.e. NaOH). The formation of growth in nano structure mechanism under the influence of alkali solutions (i.e., KOH and NaOH) have been discussed considerably in this paper 99. Improvements to the cycle-life performance of the Zn/KOH/NiOOH cell Science.gov (United States) Adler, T. C.; McLarnon, F. R.; Cairns, E. J. A model Zn/NiOOH cell containing a 25 mol pct Ca(OH)2 negative electrode and 15 wt pct KOH-15 wt pct KF electrolyte was subjected to a pulse-current charging regimen. Cycling at 100 percent depth-of-discharge, this cell achieved over 500 cycles at greater than 70 percent of its original capacity. Examination of the negative electrode after cycling showed none of the hexagonal-shaped calcium zincate crystals observed on Ca-substituted electrodes cycled in 31-wt pct KOH electrolyte. Other Ca-substituted electrodes were evaluated with alkaline-fluoride electrolyte employing both constant-current voltage-limited and pulse-current voltage-terminated charging regimens. 100. Development of a cost-effective CO2 adsorbent from petroleum coke via KOH activation Science.gov (United States) Jang, Eunji; Choi, Seung Wan; Hong, Seok-Min; Shin, Sangcheol; Lee, Ki Bong 2018-01-01 The capture of CO2 via adsorption is considered an effective technology for decreasing global warming issues; hence, adsorbents for CO2 capture have been actively developed. Taking into account cost-effectiveness and environmental concerns, the development of CO2 adsorbents from waste materials is attracting considerable attention. In this study, petroleum coke (PC), which is the carbon residue remaining after heavy oil upgrading, was used to produce high-value-added porous carbon for CO2 capture. Porous carbon materials were prepared by KOH activation using different weight ratios of KOH/PC (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1) and activation temperatures (600, 700, and 800 °C). The specific surface area and total pore volume of resulting porous carbon materials increased with KOH amount, reaching up to 2433 m2/g and 1.11 cm3/g, respectively. The sample prepared under moderate conditions with a KOH/PC weight ratio of 2:1 and activation temperature of 700 °C exhibited the highest CO2 adsorption uptake of 3.68 mmol/g at 25 °C and 1 bar. Interestingly, CO2 adsorption uptake was linearly correlated with the volume of micropores less than 0.8 nm, indicating that narrow micropore volume is crucial for CO2 adsorption. The prepared porous carbon materials also exhibited good selectivity for CO2 over N2, rapid adsorption, facile regeneration, and stable adsorption-desorption cyclic performance, demonstrating potential as a candidate for CO2 capture. « 3 4 5 6 7 » « 4 5 6 7 8 » 101. Mailings som hypertekst - komplekse kohærensstrukturer i en kompleks genre DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Nielsen, Martin 2003-01-01 hypertekst, og han argumenterer for at begrebet 'kohærens' bør være centralt i en definition af mailinggenren. FormÃ¥let med arbejdspapiret er eksemplarisk at beskrive karakteristiske tekstuelle kendetegn ved mailinggenren og sammenligne resultaterne pÃ¥ tværs af kulturer (dansk-tysk) og pÃ¥ tværs af brancher...... (business-to-consumer vs. business-to-business).... 102. Detailed Structural Analyses of KOH Activated Carbon from Waste Coffee Beans Science.gov (United States) Takahata, Tomokazu; Toda, Ikumi; Ono, Hiroki; Ohshio, Shigeo; Akasaka, Hiroki; Himeno, Syuji; Kokubu, Toshinori; Saitoh, Hidetoshi 2009-11-01 The relationship of the detailed structural change of KOH activated carbon and hydrogen storage ability was investigated in activated carbon materials fabricated from waste coffee beans. The specific surface area of porous carbon materials calculated from N2 adsorption isotherms stood at 2070 m2/g when the weight ratio of KOH to carbon materials was 5:1, and pore size was in the range of approximately 0.6 to 1.1 nm as micropores. In the structural analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy indicated structural change in these carbon materials through KOH activation. The order of the graphite structure changed to a smaller scale with this activation. It is theorized that specific surface area increased using micropores provided by carbon materials developed from the descent of the graphite structure. Hydrogen storage ability improved with these structural changes, and reached 0.6 wt % at 2070 m2/g. These results suggest that hydrogen storage ability is conferred by the chemical effect on graphite of carbon materials. 103. Facile and Green Synthesis of Saturated Cyclic Amines. Science.gov (United States) Hameed, Arruje; Javed, Sadia; Noreen, Razia; Huma, Tayyaba; Iqbal, Sarosh; Umbreen, Huma; Gulzar, Tahsin; Farooq, Tahir 2017-10-12 Single-nitrogen containing saturated cyclic amines are an important part of both natural and synthetic bioactive compounds. A number of methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of aziridines, azetidines, pyrrolidines, piperidines, azepanes and azocanes. This review highlights some facile and green synthetic routes for the synthesis of unsubstituted, multisubstituted and highly functionalized saturated cyclic amines including one-pot, microwave assisted, metal-free, solvent-free and in aqueous media.

104. Facile and Green Synthesis of Saturated Cyclic Amines Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Arruje Hameed 2017-10-01 Full Text Available Single-nitrogen containing saturated cyclic amines are an important part of both natural and synthetic bioactive compounds. A number of methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of aziridines, azetidines, pyrrolidines, piperidines, azepanes and azocanes. This review highlights some facile and green synthetic routes for the synthesis of unsubstituted, multisubstituted and highly functionalized saturated cyclic amines including one-pot, microwave assisted, metal-free, solvent-free and in aqueous media. 105. Synthesis of K2O/Zeolite catalysts by KOH impregnation for biodiesel production from waste frying oil Science.gov (United States) Fitriana, N.; Husin, H.; Yanti, D.; Pontas, K.; Alam, P. N.; Ridho, M.; Iskandar 2018-03-01 K2O/Zeolite compounds were successfully synthesized using KOH as starting material and natural zeolite as support. The catalysts were calcined at 500°C for 3 h and then characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The SEM images reveal that the zeolite and K2O/zeolite particles are irregular in shape (100 to 400 nm). The independent variables were impregnated amounts of KOH (15 - 25%), catalyst to oil ratios of 1.0 - 6.0 wt.%, and reaction time of 2 h. The highest biodiesel yield of 95% was produced from the reaction with 2.1 wt.% catalyst of 25% KOH impregnated. The properties of produced biodiesel complied with SNI. The catalytic stability test showed that the 25% KOH impregnated catalyst was stable. 106. Etching characteristics of Si{110} in 20 wt% KOH with addition of hydroxylamine for the fabrication of bulk micromachined MEMS Science.gov (United States) Rao, A. V. Narasimha; Swarnalatha, V.; Pal, P. 2017-12-01 Anisotropic wet etching is a most widely employed for the fabrication of MEMS/NEMS structures using silicon bulk micromachining. The use of Si{110} in MEMS is inevitable when a microstructure with vertical sidewall is to be fabricated using wet anisotropic etching. In most commonly employed etchants (i.e. TMAH and KOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) exhibits higher etch rate and provides improved anisotropy between Si{111} and Si{110} planes. In the manufacturing company, high etch rate is demanded to increase the productivity that eventually reduces the cost of end product. In order to modify the etching characteristics of KOH for the micromachining of Si{110}, we have investigated the effect of hydroxylamine (NH2OH) in 20 wt% KOH solution. The concentration of NH2OH is varied from 0 to 20% and the etching is carried out at 75 °C. The etching characteristics which are studied in this work includes the etch rates of Si{110} and silicon dioxide, etched surface morphology, and undercutting at convex corners. The etch rate of Si{110} in 20 wt% KOH + 15% NH2OH solution is measured to be four times more than that of pure 20 wt% KOH. Moreover, the addition of NH2OH increases the undercutting at convex corners and enhances the etch selectivity between Si and SiO2. 107. SINTESIS BIODISEL DARI MINYAK BIJI KARET DENGAN VARIASI SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI KOH UNTUK TAHAPAN TRANSESTERIFIKASI Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas 2013-05-01 Full Text Available Bahan bakar yang paling banyak digunakan adalah bahan bakar diesel atau fatty acid methyl ester (FAME. Biodiesel berasal dari minyak nabati yang dapat diperbaharui, dapat dihasilkan secara periodik, dan mudah diperoleh. Pada penelitian ini digunakan minyak biji karet untuk sintesis FAME. Proses utama dalam pembuatan FAME adalah transesterifikasi. Penelitian ini mengkaji hasil optimum dari variasi konsentrasi katalis KOH dan suhu reaksi pada reaksi transesterifikasi. Preparasi minyak biji karet dengan menggunakan arang aktif granular diikuti dengan degumming. Reaksi esterifikasi dilaksanakan pada kondisi operasi 500 C selama 1 jam, katalis asam sulfat (98% sebesar 0,5% volume minyak, dan metanol sebesar 20% volume minyak. Reaksi transesterifikasi dilaksanakan selama 1 jam, serta perbandingan volume minyak dan metanol sebesar 4:1. Analisis kadar metil ester yang terbentuk, jumlah komponen, dan komposisinya yang terdapat pada senyawa hasil dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat GC. Kondisi operasi terbaik pada transesterifikasi minyak biji karet menjadi metil ester adalah pada katalis KOH 1% dan suhu 60 0C. Berdasarkan uji sifat-sifat fisis, metil ester yang dihasilkan belum semua memenuhi mutu sifat fisis biodiesel yang disyaratkan. The most widely used fuel is diesel fuel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME. Biodiesel is derived from vegetable oil that can be renewed, can be produced periodically, and easy to obtain. In this research, the rubber seed was used for synthesizing the FAME. The main process in the production of FAME is transesterification. This study examined the optimum result from variations of the concentration of KOH catalyst and the reaction temperature on the transesterification reaction. Preparation of the rubber seed oil using granular activated charcoal was followed by degumming. Esterification reaction was carried out at 50 oC for 1 h with the sulfuric acid catalyst of 0.5% by volume of oil and methanol of 20% by the volume of 108. Influence of the Relative Enamel Abrasivity (REA) of Toothpastes on the Uptake of KOH-soluble and Structurally Bound Fluoride. Science.gov (United States) Elmazi, Valbona; Sener, Beatrice; Attin, Thomas; Imfeld, Thomas; Wegehaupt, Florian J 2015-01-01 To determine the influence of the relative enamel abrasivity (REA) of fluoridated toothpaste on the uptake of KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride into enamel. Bovine enamel samples were randomly allocated to 6 groups (n=36 per group). Groups A to C were treated with sodium fluoride (NaF) toothpastes and groups D to F with amine fluoride (AmF) toothpastes (1500 ppm F each). The REA in groups A and D was 2, in groups B and E it was 6 and in groups C and F it was 9. Twice a day, 18 samples of each group were immersed for 2 min in a slurry (toothpaste:artificial saliva=1:3), while the remaining samples were brushed with the respective slurry (2.5 N force; 60 strokes/min; 2 min). All samples were stored at 37°C and 100% humidity. After five days, the amount of KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride was determined and statistically compared by Scheffe's posthoc tests. REA value and mode of application (immersion or brushing) had no significant influence on the amount of either kind of fluoride from NaF toothpastes. Only for the NaF toothpaste with REA 6 was the amount of KOH-soluble fluoride significantly higher after brushing. With AmF toothpastes, KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride concentrations were significantly higher when the samples were brushed. Furthermore, in the REA-2 group, the amounts of KOH-soluble fluoride (brushed or immersed) and structurally bound fluoride (brushed) were significantly higher than in the other groups. The REA dependency of KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride was found only for the AmF toothpastes. Using AmF toothpaste, the mode of application influenced the uptake of KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride into enamel. 109. [In vivo retention of KOH soluble and firmly bound fluoride in demineralized dental enamel]. Science.gov (United States) Hellwig, E; Klimek, J; Albert, G 1989-03-01 Cylindrical enamel blocks with initial carious lesions were treated for one hour with Duraphat or Fluor-Protector. After removal of the fluoride varnishes the enamel blocks were kept in the mouths of 3 probands for 5 days. Plaque was allowed to accumulate on half of the enamel cylinders, while the other half was kept clean. Part of the enamel cylinders were retained as fluoridated controls. Compared with Duraphat the application of Fluor-Protector resulted in a significantly higher uptake of KOH soluble and firmly bound fluoride. During the 5 days of the experiment the amount of KOH soluble fluorides decreased in both groups. In the presence of plaque the fluoride loss was higher. The amount of firmly bound fluoride increased both in the plaque covered and in the clean enamel. The durable cariostatic effect of fluoridated varnishes seems to be due to the slow dissolution of Ca F2like precipitates on the enamel surface and the concomitant fluoride uptake in the underlying demineralized enamel. 110. Impedances of electrochemically impregnated nickel electrodes as functions of potential, KOH concentration, and impregnation method Science.gov (United States) Reid, Margaret A. 1989-01-01 Impedances of fifteen electrodes form each of the four U.S. manufactures were measured at 0.200 V vs. the Hg/HgO reference electrode. This corresponds to a voltage of 1.145 for a Ni/H2 cell. Measurements were also made of a representative sample of these at 0.44 V. At the higher voltage, the impedances were small and very similar, but at the lower voltage there were major differences between manufacturers. Electrodes from the same manufacturers showed only small differences. The impedances of electrodes from two manufacturers were considerably different in 26 percent KOH from those in 31 percent KOH. These preliminary results seen to correlate with the limited data from earlier life testing of cells from these manufacturers. The impedances of cells being tested for Space Station Freedom are being followed, and more impendance measurements of electrodes are being performed as functions of manufacturer, voltage, electrolyte concentration, and cycle history in hopes of finding better correlations of impedance with life. 111. The mechanism of selective corrugation removal by KOH anisotropic wet etching International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Shikida, M; Inagaki, N; Sasaki, H; Amakawa, H; Fukuzawa, K; Sato, K 2010-01-01 The mechanism of selective corrugation removal by anisotropic wet etching—which reduces a periodic corrugation, called 'scalloping', formed on the sidewalls of microstructures by the Bosch process in deep reactive-ion etching (D-RIE)—was investigated. In particular, the corrugation-removal mechanism was analyzed by using the etching rate distribution pattern, and two equations for predicting the corrugation-removal time by the etching were derived. A Si{1 0 0} wafer was first etched by D-RIE at a depth of 29.4 µm (60 cycles) to form the corrugation on the sidewall surface. The height and pitch of the corrugation were 196 and 494 nm, respectively. Selective removal of the corrugation by using 50% KOH (40 °C) was experimentally tried. The corrugation formed on Si{1 0 0} sidewall surfaces was gradually reduced in size as the etching progressed, and it was completely removed after 5 min of etching. Similarly, the corrugation formed on a Si{1 1 0} sidewall surface was also selectively removed by KOH etching (etching time: 3 min). The roughness value of the sidewall surface was reduced from 17.6 nm to a few nanometers by the etching. These results confirm that the corrugation-removal mechanism using anisotropic wet etching can be explained in terms of the distribution pattern of etching rate 112. A detailed investigation and explanation of the appearance of different undercut profiles in KOH and TMAH International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Pal, P; Haldar, S; Singh, S S; Ashok, A; Yan, X; Sato, K 2014-01-01 In wet anisotropic etching, the etched profile of undercut convex corners depends on the type of etchant. A considerable amount of research has been carried out to explain this convex corner undercutting and to identify the orientation of undercut planes. However, it is not clearly understood why differently shaped undercut fronts appear with different etchants. Moreover, there has been no descriptive explanation regarding the distinct shape of the undercut convex corner in both KOH and TMAH. In this work, corner undercutting on the surface of a Si{100} wafer is thoroughly investigated. The undercutting behavior is examined for two different kinds of etchants (KOH and TMAH). The study is performed by analyzing the etching characteristics of different kinds of convex corners on the mask patterns. One type of corner in the mask design is formed by <110 > directions, while other types are formed by the intersection of different directions, which shapes the undercut convex corner profile. Furthermore, the appearance of etchant-dependent beveled directions at convex corners is clearly explained using the contour plot of the etch-rate data of a silicon hemisphere. (paper) 113. Preparation of creating active carbon from cigarette filter waste using microwave-induced KOH activation Science.gov (United States) Hamzah, Yanuar; Umar, Lazuardi 2017-05-01 For the first time, cigarette filter waste, which is an environmental hazardous material, is used as basic material prepared for creating activated carbon (AC) via KOH chemical activation using a microwave input power of 630 W and irradiation time of 20 minutes. Active carbon was characterized by TGA, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and absorption of methylene blue (MB). The results of x-ray diffraction showed that active carbon has a semi-crystalline structure with peaks of 2θ of 22.87° and 43.70°. Active carbon microstructure analysis showed that the layer height (Lc ) is inversely proportional to the width of the layer (La ), and the distance between the two layers is d002 and d100 , which depends significantly on the ratio of AC: KOH. It was found that the optimum BET surface area and adsorption capacity for MB were 328.13 m2 / g and 88.76 m2 / g, respectively. The results revealed the potential to prepare activated carbon from cigarette filter waste using microwave irradiation. 114. Effect of KOH added to ethylene glycol electrolyte on the self-organization of anodic ZrO{sub 2} nanotubes Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rozana, Monna; Soaid, Nurul Izza; Lockman, Zainovia, E-mail: [email protected] [Green Electronics nanoMaterials Group, School of Materials and Mineral, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang (Malaysia); Kawamura, Go; Kian, Tan Wai; Matsuda, Atsunori [Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi-shi, Aichi 441-8580 (Japan) 2016-07-06 ZrO{sub 2} nanotube arrays were formed by anodizing zirconium sheet in ethylene glycol (EG) and EG added to it KOH (EG/KOH) electrolytes. The effect of KOH addition into EG electrolyte to the morphology of nanotubes and their crystallinity was investigated. It was observed that the tubes with diameter of ∼80 nm were formed in EG electrolyte with <0.1 vol % water, but the wall smoothness is rather poor. When KOH was added into EG, the wall smoothness of the nanotubes improve, but the diameter of tubes is smaller (∼40 nm). Despite smoother wall and small tube diameter, the degradation of methyl orange (MO) on the tubes made in EG/KOH is less compared to the tubes made in EG only. This could be due to the less tetragonal ZrO{sub 2} presence in the tubes made in EG/KOH. 115. A comparative study, of 1 M and 8 M KOH electrolyte concentrations, used in Ni-MH batteries International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Khaldi, C.; Mathlouthi, H.; Lamloumi, J. 2009-01-01 One may wonder if we really should use a very high concentration of KOH electrolyte in Ni-MH batteries, to keep the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the alloy, while this solution is very aggressive to the used alloys. In this work we present a comparative study, using different techniques of two concentrations, 1 M and 8 M KOH electrolytes. The maximum capacity values are 295 mAh g -1 and 237 mAh g -1 , the loss in capacity, after 23 cycles, are of 10% and 58%, the polarization after the activation are 110 mV and 360 mV and the thickness of the corrosion layer, on the electrode surface, are 7 nm and 42 nm, for the 1 M and 8 M KOH electrolytes, respectively. These results showed that replacing the solution 8 M with 1 M improves the performance of Ni-MH batteries and leads to better results 116. n-BA/KOH/t-BHP behaviour in the natural rubber latex vulcanization by gamma rays International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Souza, A. de. 1994-01-01 Natural rubber latex was vulcanized in the absence and in the presence of sensitizer (S), with gamma ray from 60 Co source, panoramic type, at the dose rate range of 1,20-1,33 kGy/h. The components of used S were n-butyl acrylate (n-BA), the KOH as stabilizer and t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) as co-S. The purpose of this work was to study the efficiency and the behaviour of each component of S in the irradiated latex crosslinking by tensile strength (T b ), volume fraction and permanent set. In the absence of S occur straight crosslinking between macromolecular adjacent radicals. IN the presence of S, the n-BA participates in the crosslinking through acrylic bridges between macromolecules. (author) 117. Molecular identification of Taenia tapeworms by Cox1 gene in Koh Kong, Cambodia. Science.gov (United States) Jeon, Hyeong-Kyu; Yong, Tai-Soon; Sohn, Woon-Mok; Chai, Jong-Yil; Hong, Sung-Jong; Han, Eun-Taek; Jeong, Hoo-Gn; Chhakda, Tep; Sinuon, Muth; Socheat, Duong; Eom, Keeseon S 2011-06-01 We collected fecal samples from 21 individuals infected with Taenia tapeworms in Koh Kong Province, Cambodia, and performed nucleotide sequencing of the cox1 gene and multiplex PCR on the eggs for DNA differential diagnosis of human Taenia tapeworms. Genomic DNA was extracted from the eggs of a minimum number of 10 isolated from fecal samples. Using oligonucleotide primers Ta7126F, Ts7313F, Tso7466F, and Rev7915, the multiplex PCR assay proved useful for differentially diagnosing Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, and Taenia asiatica based on 706, 629, and 474 bp bands, respectively. All of the Taenia specimens from Kho Kong, Cambodia, were identified as either T. saginata (n=19) or T. solium (n=2) by cox1 sequencing and multiplex PCR. 118. REAKSI TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK KACANG TANAH (Arahis hypogea. L DAN METANOL DENGAN KATALIS KOH Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Purwati 2007-05-01 Full Text Available Oil and fat as part of lipid are taking an important role in food industry. There are soluble vitamins, like A, D, E and K, in oil and fat. Oil, that is a source of essential acid, is a high energy source. Oil and fat take a role to improve the shape and to give a taste. This experiment have been conducted to investigate the quantity of methyl ester that is produced from transesterification reactions of peanut seed oil with methanol using KOH as a catalyst and to analyze a kind of methyl ester that is produced using GCMS. We got 68% v/v product of transesterification and we knew for kinds of methyl ester those were produced from GCMS. They are methyl palmitic, methyl linoleic, methyl stearic, dan methyl 12-hydroxil-9-octadecaenoic. 119. Micro-pyramidal structure fabrication on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by Si (100) KOH wet etching Science.gov (United States) Hwang, Shinae; Lim, Kyungsuk; Shin, Hyeseon; Lee, Seongjae; Jang, Moongyu 2017-10-01 A high degree of accuracy in bulk micromachining is essential to fabricate micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices. A series of etching experiments is carried out using 40 wt% KOH solutions at the constant temperature of 70 °C. Before wet etching, SF6 and O2 are used as the dry etching gas to etch the masking layers of a 100 nm thick Si3N4 and SiO2, respectively. The experimental results indicate that (100) silicon wafer form the pyramidal structures with (111) single crystal planes. All the etch profiles are analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the wet etch rates depend on the opening sizes. The manufactured pyramidal structures are used as the pattern of silicon mold. After a short hardening of coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer, micro pyramidal structures are easily transferred to PDMS layer. 120. Conversion of palm oil sludge to biodiesel using alum and KOH as catalysts Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Abdullah 2017-11-01 Full Text Available Conversion of palm oil sludge was studied by esterification and transesterification which used methanol as a reactant. The esterification of palm oil sludge was performed by variation of molar ratios of methanol to palm oil sludge (5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, and 25:1 and percentages of alum catalyst (3–7 wt% at 60 °C for 3 h with stirring rate 300 rpm. Transesterification was also carried out by variation of KOH (0.5–2.5 wt% at 60 °C and stirring rate 300 rpm for 1 h. The optimum molar ratio of methanol to palm oil sludge was 20:1 (6% alum catalyst. Meanwhile, the optimum concentration for transesterification was 1.5% of KOH. The yield of biodiesel production was 93%, the density and kinematic viscosity were 0.864 g mL−1 and 12.8 mm2 s−1, respectively. The existence of ester compounds in the product was shown by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry spectrum data of carbonyl group (CO at 1744 cm−1 and CO of ester at 1234; 1119 and 1026 cm−1. Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometry analysis showed the biodiesel product contains palmitic acid methyl ester (23.4%, trans-methyl oleate (75.5%, cis-methyl oleate (< 0.1%, and methyl stearate (1.2%. « 4 5 6 7 8 » « 5 6 7 8 9 » 121. STANFORD-OHWAKI-KOHS TACTILE BLOCK DESIGN INTELLIGENCE TEST FOR THE BLIND. PART ONE-FINAL REPORT. Science.gov (United States) DAUTERMAN, WILLIAM L.; SUINN, RICHARD M. THIS TEST WAS DEVELOPED TO MEASURE THE INTELLIGENCE OF BLIND ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS. SIX HUNDRED AND THIRTY BLIND SUBJECTS 14 YEARS OF AGE AND OLDER WERE USED IN REFINING AND STANDARDIZING THE NONVERBAL, PERFORMANCE OHWAKI-KOHS BLOCK DESIGN TEST FOR USE BY BLIND INDIVIDUALS IN THE UNITED STATES. RESULTS INDICATED STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT… 122. Prey selection of corallivorous muricids at Koh Tao (Gulf of Thailand) four years after a major coral bleaching event NARCIS (Netherlands) Moerland, M.S.; Scott, C.M.; Hoeksema, B.W. 2016-01-01 Corallivorous Drupella (Muricidae) snails at Koh Tao are reported to have extended their range of prey species following a major coral bleaching event in 2010. Populations of their preferred Acropora prey had locally diminished in both size and abundance, and the snails had introduced free-living 123. Micro-morphology of single crystalline silicon surfaces during anisotropic wet chemical etching in KOH: velocity source forests NARCIS (Netherlands) van Veenendaal, E.; Sato, K.; Shikida, M.; Shikida, M.; Nijdam, A.J.; van Suchtelen, J. 2001-01-01 For silicon etched in KOH the micro-morphology of any surface, no matter the crystallographic orientation, is defined by some sort of persistent corrugations. As a matter of principle, the occurrence of these corrugations is incompatible with the classical kinematic wave theory for the evolution of 124. Investigating hydroxyl chemical exchange using a variable saturation power chemical exchange saturation transfer (vCEST) method at 3 T. Science.gov (United States) Clark, Daniel James; Smith, Alex K; Dortch, Richard D; Knopp, Michael V; Smith, Seth A 2016-09-01 To develop a chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) scheme sensitive to hydroxyl protons at 3 T. Clinical imaging of hydroxyl moieties can have an impact on osteoarthritis, neuropsychiatric disorders, and cancer. By varying saturation amplitude linearly with frequency offset, the direct water saturation component of the Z-spectrum is flattened and can be subtracted to produce a magnetization transfer ratio difference spectrum (MTRdiff ) that isolates solute resonances. Variable saturation power allows for near optimization of hydroxyl and amine/amide moieties in one Z-spectrum. Phantom studies were used to test vCEST performance in two environments: (1) aqueous single-solute (glycogen, glucose); (2) aqueous multiple solute (glycogen with bovine serum albumin). In vivo vCEST imaging of glycosaminoglycan content in patellar-femoral cartilage was performed in a subject with history of cartilage transplant. In solutions with overlapping resonances, vCEST resolves separate hydroxyl and amine/amide peaks. CEST hydroxyl signal in cartilage is negligible, but with vCEST, hydroxyl signal ranged from 2 to 5% ppm and showed distinct contrast between lesions and normal appearing cartilage. Introduced a variable saturation amplitude CEST (vCEST) scheme to improve sensitivity to exchangeable hydroxyl moieties at 3 T resulting in detection of hydroxyl in the presence of multiple solutes with overlapping resonances. Magn Reson Med 76:826-837, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 125. Saturated Zone Colloid Transport Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) H. S. Viswanathan 2004-10-07 This scientific analysis provides retardation factors for colloids transporting in the saturated zone (SZ) and the unsaturated zone (UZ). These retardation factors represent the reversible chemical and physical filtration of colloids in the SZ. The value of the colloid retardation factor, R{sub col} is dependent on several factors, such as colloid size, colloid type, and geochemical conditions (e.g., pH, Eh, and ionic strength). These factors are folded into the distributions of R{sub col} that have been developed from field and experimental data collected under varying geochemical conditions with different colloid types and sizes. Attachment rate constants, k{sub att}, and detachment rate constants, k{sub det}, of colloids to the fracture surface have been measured for the fractured volcanics, and separate R{sub col} uncertainty distributions have been developed for attachment and detachment to clastic material and mineral grains in the alluvium. Radionuclides such as plutonium and americium sorb mostly (90 to 99 percent) irreversibly to colloids (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170025], Section 6.3.3.2). The colloid retardation factors developed in this analysis are needed to simulate the transport of radionuclides that are irreversibly sorbed onto

colloids; this transport is discussed in the model report ''Site-Scale Saturated Zone Transport'' (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170036]). Although it is not exclusive to any particular radionuclide release scenario, this scientific analysis especially addresses those scenarios pertaining to evidence from waste-degradation experiments, which indicate that plutonium and americium may be irreversibly attached to colloids for the time scales of interest. A section of this report will also discuss the validity of using microspheres as analogs to colloids in some of the lab and field experiments used to obtain the colloid retardation factors. In addition, a small fraction of colloids travels with the groundwater without any significant 126. Corrosion characteristics and oxide microstructures of Zircaloy-4 in aqueous alkali hydroxide solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jeong, Y.H.; Baek, J.H.; Kim, S.J.; Kim, H.G. 1999-01-01 The corrosion characteristics of Zircaloy-4 have been investigated in various aqueous solutions of LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH and CsOH with equimolar M + and OH - at 350 C. The characterization of the oxides was performed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) on the samples which were prepared to have an equal oxide thickness in pre-transition and post-transition regimes. At a low concentration (4.3 mmol) of aqueous alkali hydroxide solutions, the corrosion rates decrease gradually as the ionic radius of cation increases. At a high concentration (32.5 mmol), the corrosion rate increases significantly in LiOH solution and slightly in NaOH solution, but in the other hydroxide solutions such as KOH, RbOH and CsOH, the corrosion rate is not accelerated. Even if the specimens have an equal oxide thickness in LiOH, NaOH and KOH solutions, the oxide microstructure formed in the LiOH solution is quite different from those formed in the NaOH or the KOH solutions. In the LiOH solution, the oxides grown in the pre-transition regime as well as in the post-transition regime have an equiaxed structure including many pores and open grain boundaries. The oxides grown in the NaOH solution have a protective columnar structure in the pre-transition regime but an equiaxed structure in the post-transition regime. On the other hand, in the KOH solution, the columnar structure is maintained from its pre-transition regime to the post-transition regime. On the basis of the above results, it can be suggested that the cation incorporation into zirconium oxide would control the oxide microstructure, the oxide growth mechanism at the metal-oxide interface and the corrosion rate in alkali hydroxide solutions. (orig.) 127. nitrogen saturation in stream ecosystems OpenAIRE Earl, S. R.; Valett, H. M.; Webster, J. R. 2006-01-01 The concept of nitrogen (N) saturation has organized the assessment of N loading in terrestrial ecosystems. Here we extend the concept to lotic ecosystems by coupling MichaelisMenten kinetics and nutrient spiraling. We propose a series of saturation response types, which may be used to characterize the proximity of streams to N saturation. We conducted a series of short-term N releases using a tracer ((NO3)-N-15-N) to measure uptake. Experiments were conducted in streams spanning a gradient ... 128. Improving the electrocatalytic performance of carbon nanotubes for VO{sup 2+}/VO{sub 2}{sup +} redox reaction by KOH activation Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dai, Lei; Jiang, Yingqiao; Meng, Wei; Zhou, Huizhu [School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009 (China); Wang, Ling, E-mail: [email protected] [School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009 (China); He, Zhangxing, E-mail: [email protected] [School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009 (China); State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330013 (China) 2017-04-15 Highlights: • KOH-activated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated as superior catalyst for VO{sup 2+}/VO{sub 2}{sup +} redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) for the first time. • KOH activation for CNTs can result in the chemical etching of surface and improved wettability, accelerating the mass transfer of vanadium ions. • KOH activation can introduce many oxygen-containing groups as active sites on the surface of CNTs. • KOH-activated CNTs as positive catalyst could increase the comprehensive energy storage performance of VRFB. - Abstract: In this paper, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was activated by KOH treatment at high temperature and investigated as catalyst for VO{sup 2+}/VO{sub 2}{sup +} redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest that the oxygen-containing groups can be introduced on CNTs by KOH activation. The mass transfer of vanadium ions can be accelerated by chemical etching by KOH activation and improved wettability due to the introduction of hydrophilic groups. The electrochemical properties of VO{sup 2+}/VO{sub 2}{sup +} redox reaction can be enhanced by introduced oxygen-containing groups as active sites. The sample treated at 900 °C with KOH/CNTs mass ratio of 3:1 (CNTs-3) exhibits the highest electrocatalytic activity for VO{sup 2+}/VO{sub 2}{sup +} redox reaction. The cell using CNTs-3 as positive catalyst demonstrates the smallest electrochemical polarization, the highest capacity and efficiency among the samples. Using KOH-activated CNTs-3 can increase the average energy efficiency of the cell by 4.4%. This work suggests that KOH-activated CNTs is a low-cost, efficient and promising catalyst for VO{sup 2+}/VO{sub 2}{sup +} redox reaction for VRFB system. 129. Brine Distribution after Vacuum Saturation DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hedegaard, Kathrine; Andersen, Bertel Lohmann 1999-01-01 Experiments with the vacuum saturation method for brine in plugs of chalk showed that a homogeneous distribution of brine cannot be ensured at saturations below 20% volume. Instead of a homogeneous volume distribution the brine becomes concentrated close to the surfaces of the plugs... 130. Biodegradation of crude oil saturated fraction supported on clays. Science.gov (United States) Ugochukwu, Uzochukwu C; Jones, Martin D; Head, Ian M; Manning, David A C; Fialips, Claire I 2014-02-01 The role of clay minerals in crude oil saturated hydrocarbon removal during biodegradation was investigated in aqueous clay/saturated hydrocarbon microcosm experiments with a hydrocarbon degrading microorganism community. The clay minerals used for this study were montmorillonite, palygorskite, saponite and kaolinite. The clay mineral samples were treated with hydrochloric acid and didecyldimethylammonium bromide to produce acid activated- and organoclays respectively which were used in this study. The production of organoclay was restricted to only montmorillonite and saponite because of their relative high CEC. The study indicated that acid activated clays, organoclays and unmodified kaolinite, were inhibitory to biodegradation of the hydrocarbon saturates. Unmodified saponite was neutral to biodegradation of the hydrocarbon saturates. However, unmodified palygorskite and montmorillonite were stimulatory to biodegradation of the hydrocarbon saturated fraction and appears to do so as a result of the clays' ability to provide high surface area for the accumulation of microbes and nutrients such that the nutrients were within the 'vicinity' of the microbes. Adsorption of the saturated hydrocarbons was not significant during biodegradation. 131. SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK KEMIRI SUNAN (Reutealis trisperma Oil DENGAN KATALIS KOH (VARIASI KONSENTRASI KATALIS Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) SD Anggraini 2014-06-01 Full Text Available Abstrak __________________________________________________________________________________________ Pada penelitian ini new feedstock biodesel diproduksi dari crude minyak kemiri sunan (Reutealis Trisperma-Oil (RETRO. RETRO adalah minyak tumbuhan yang melimpah di Indonesia dan belum tereksploitasi dikarenakan sifatnya yang beracun. RETRO disiapkan melalui reaksi esterifikasi dengan metanol menggunakan katalis asam sulfat untuk menurunkan nilai Free Fatty Acid (FFA dan dilanjutkan reaksi transesterifikasi dengan metanol dan katalis basa. Reaksi transesterifikasi RETRO menggunakan katalis kalsium hidroksida (KOH pada variasi 0,5–2,0 %wt minyak telah dilakukan pada suhu 65 °C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yield biodesel meningkat dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi katalis (pada 0,5-1,0 %wt dan menurun dengan konsentrasi katalis (pada 1,5-2.0 %wt. Hasil Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME optimum sebesar 83,33% diperoleh dengan menggunakan katalis KOH dengan konsentrasi katalis 1 %wt minyak. Karakterisasi hasil biodesel RETRO dilakukan dengan membandingkannya dengan ASTM D6751-02 diperoleh angka asam 0,55 mgKOH/g, densitas 0,90 g/cm3, viskositas 10,6 cSt pada suhu 40 oC, angka setana 54,7 serta residu karbon 0,24%.  Abstract __________________________________________________________________________________________ In this research new feedstock biodiesel was produced from Crude Reutealis Trisperma-Oil (RETRO. RETRO is vegetable oil that is overabundance in Indonesia it has not been explored because of its toxicity. RETRO was prepared through the reaction of esterification with methanol by using sulfuric acid catalyst to decrease Free Fatty Acid (FFA, and then transesterification reaction of refined RETRO was performed with methanol by using the alkaline catalyst. RETRO transesterification reaction using potassium hidroxyde (KOH as catalyst with variation of 0.5 – 2,0 wt% of oil has been done at 65 °C. The biodiesel yield increased with the 132. The effect of KOH:C and activation temperature on hydrogen storage capacities of activated carbons Science.gov (United States) Rash, Tyler; Beckner, Matt; Romanos, Jimmy; Leimkuehler, Eric; Takeei, Ali; Suppes, Galen; Wexler, Carlos; Pfeifer, Peter 2011-03-01 The Alliance for Collaborative Research in Alternative Fuel Technologies (ALL-CRAFT has been producing high surface area activated carbons. Here we will investigate the effect of the ratio of activating agent to carbon and activation temperature on hydrogen sorption characteristics and sample structure. Results show that a ratio of 3:1 KOH:C and an activation temperature of 790 C are the ideal activation conditions for hydrogen storage applications. Hydrogen sorption measurements are completed using a volumetric instrument that operates at pressures up to 100 bar and at temperatures of 80 K, the sublimation temperature of dry ice (-78.5 C), and room temperature. Specific surface area and pore size distributions are measured using subcritical nitrogen isotherms. This material is based on work supported by the US Department of Defense under Awards No. N00164-07-P-1306 and N00164-08-C-GS37, the US Department of Energy under Awards No. DE-FG02-07ER46411 and DE-FG36-08GO18142. 133. Effect of one step KOH activation and CaO modified carbon in transesterification reaction Science.gov (United States) Yacob, Abd Rahim; Zaki, Muhammad Azam Muhammad 2017-11-01 In this work, one step activation was introduced using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and calcium oxide (CaO) modified palm kernel shells. Various concentration of calcium oxide was used as catalyst while maintaining the same concentration of potassium hydroxide to activate and impregnate the palm kernel shell before calcined at 500°C for 5 hours. All the prepared samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). FTIR analysis of raw palm kernel shell showed the presence of various functional groups. However, after activation, most of the functional groups were eliminated. The basic strength of the prepared samples were determined using back titration method. The samples were then used as base heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification reaction of rice bran oil with methanol. Analysis of the products were performed using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) to calculate the percentage conversion of the biodiesel products. This study shows, as the percentage of one step activation potassium and calcium oxide doped carbon increases thus, the basic strength also increases followed by the increase in biodiesel production. Optimization study shows that the optimum biodiesel production was at 8 wt% catalyst loading, 9:1 methanol: oil molar ratio at 65°C and 6 hours which gives a conversion up to 95%. 134. KOH concentration effect on the cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells. Part 4: Results of failure analyses Science.gov (United States) Lim, H. S.; Verzwyvelt, S. A. 1989-01-01 KOH concentration effects on cycle life of a Ni/H2 cell have been studied by carrying out a cycle life test of ten Ni/H2 boiler plate cells which contain electrolytes of various KOH concentrations. Failure analyses of these cells were carried out after completion of the life test which accumulated up to 40,000 cycles at an 80 percent depth of discharge over a period of 3.7 years. These failure analyses included studies on changes of electrical characteristics of test cells and component analyses after disassembly of the cell. The component analyses included visual inspections, dimensional changes, capacity measurements of nickel electrodes, scanning electron microscopy, BET surface area measurements, and chemical analyses. Results have indicated that failure mode and change in the nickel electrode varied as the concentration was varied, especially, when the concentration was changed from 31 percent or higher to 26 percent or lower. 135. Phase formations in the KOH-BaO2-KI(I2)-Bi2O3 system International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Klinkova, L.A.; Barkovskij, N.V.; Nikolajchik, V.I. 2004-01-01 Phase composition of electrochemical synthesis products in the system KOH-BaO 2 -KI(I 2 )-Bi 2 O 3 and its influence on superconducting properties of bismuth-containing oxides are studied by the methods of X-ray phase and elementary analyses, electron diffraction in transmission electron microscope and by measuring temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility. It was been ascertained that in the presence of iodine introduced as KI or I 2 oxoiodides KBi 6 O 9 I and Bi 5 O 7 I are formed in the system above, giving rise to a change in the composition of synthesis products in KOH-BaO 2 -Bi 2 O 3 matrix system towards formation of superconducting oxides K n Ba m Bi m+n O y rich in bismuth, which are characterized by low values of superconducting transition point [ru 136. The use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution as a suitable approach to isolate plastics ingested by marine organisms. Science.gov (United States) Kühn, Susanne; van Werven, Bernike; van Oyen, Albert; Meijboom, André; Bravo Rebolledo, Elisa L; van Franeker, Jan A 2017-02-15 In studies of plastic ingestion by marine wildlife, visual separation of plastic particles from gastrointestinal tracts or their dietary content can be challenging. Earlier studies have used solutions to dissolve organic materials leaving synthetic particles unaffected. However, insufficient tests have been conducted to ensure that different categories of consumer products partly degraded in the environment and/or in gastrointestinal tracts were not affected. In this study 63 synthetic materials and 11 other dietary items and non-plastic marine debris were tested. Irrespective of shape or preceding environmental history, most polymers resisted potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution, with the exceptions of cellulose acetate from cigarette filters, some biodegradable plastics and a single polyethylene sheet. Exposure of hard diet components and other marine debris showed variable results. In conclusion, the results confirm that usage of KOH solutions can be a useful approach in general quantitative studies of plastic ingestion by marine wildlife. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. 137. Use of the aniline blue-KOH staining in the study of the banana-Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet interaction Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Milady Mendoza-RodrÃguez 2005-01-01 Full Text Available The analysis of the first stages of the infection process with the fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet was made beginning with the inoculation of young banana plants obtained from in vitro culture. The experimental system host-pathogen studied, included the susceptible cultivar ‘Niyarma yik’ (AA to Black Sigatoka disease and the Pseudocercospora fijiensis isolate CCIBP-Pf1. The fluorescent staining technique with KOH-aniline blue was used for this study. Samples from infected leaves were taken and incubated in a KOH solution, rinsed in deionized water, mounted in the stain solution and examined with ultraviolet fluorescence. The use of this technique allowed to observe the epiphytic growing of the fungus over the plant tissue with high resolution and contrast, in an early stage of the infection. Key words: Black Sigatoka, fungi, Musa 138. Production of hydrogen in the reaction between aluminum and water in the presence of NaOH and KOH Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) C. B. Porciúncula 2012-06-01 Full Text Available The objective of this work is to investigate the production of hydrogen as an energy source by means of the reaction of aluminum with water. This reaction only occurs in the presence of NaOH and KOH, which behave as catalysts. The main advantages of using aluminum for indirect energy storage are: recyclability, non-toxicity and easiness to shape. Alkali concentrations varying from 1 to 3 mol.L-1 were applied to different metallic samples, either foil (0.02 mm thick or plates (0.5 and 1 mm thick, and reaction temperatures between 295 and 345 K were tested. The results show that the reaction is strongly influenced by temperature, alkali concentration and metal shape. NaOH commonly promotes faster reactions and higher real yields than KOH. 139. The effect of NaOH and KOH on the characterization of meso porous AlOOH nano structures in the hydrothermal route Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Haghnazari, N.; Abdollahifar, M.; Jahani, F., E-mail: [email protected] [Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, Department of Chemical Engineering, 67131 Kermanshah (Iran, Islamic Republic of) 2014-10-01 Meso porous AlOOH was synthesized by hydrothermal treatment from aluminium nitrate and NaOH or KOH. The effect of NaOH and KOH as precipitating agents on the characterization of samples were investigated. XRD, Ftir, FESEM and N{sub 2} adsorption-desorption analytical techniques were used to characterize the products. Our results showed that using KOH as precipitating agent was favour-able for the formation of meso porous and crystalline AlOOH with high Bet-specific surface area of 98 m{sup 2}/g. (Author) 140. The effect of NaOH and KOH on the characterization of meso porous AlOOH nano structures in the hydrothermal route International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Haghnazari, N.; Abdollahifar, M.; Jahani, F. 2014-01-01 Meso porous AlOOH was synthesized by hydrothermal treatment from aluminium nitrate and NaOH or KOH. The effect of NaOH and KOH as precipitating agents on the characterization of samples were investigated. XRD, Ftir, FESEM and N 2 adsorption-desorption analytical techniques were used to characterize the products. Our results showed that using KOH as precipitating agent was favour-able for the formation of meso porous and crystalline AlOOH with high Bet-specific surface area of 98 m 2 /g. (Author) « 5 6 7 8 9 » « 6 7 8 9 10 » 141. Pembuatan Bahan Bakar Biodisel dari Minyak Jarak; Pengaruh Suhu dan Konsentrasi KOH pada Reaksi Transesterifikasi Berbasis Katalis Basa Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) RAGIL SARYOSO 2006-05-01 Full Text Available Making biodiesel from jatropha oil have been made through transesteri-fication reaction. This study aims to determine the optimum catalyst temperature and KOH concentration on the transesterification reaction of castor oil to produce a product with maximum unsaturated fatty acid content; as well as to study the properties of jatropha oil ester based diesel fuel specifications. Transesterification was performed by reaction of jatropha oil and methanol in ratio of 1: 2 for 2 hours according to variations in temperature and KOH concentration. Temperature variations performed at room temperature, 55°C, and 65°C. KOH variations performed at concentration of 0.2 g, 0.3 g, 0.4 g, 0.5 g, 0.6 g, 0.7 g, 0.8 g and 0.9 g. The research indicated that jatropha oil saponification number was 180.455. Analysis by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS were obtained oleic methyl ester (Rt 15.45 min and SI 88, linoleic acid methyl ester (Rt 13.250 min and SI 89, 11-octadecanoic methyl ester (Rt 13.333 min and 94 SI and risinoleic methyl ester (Rt 11.383 min and SI 91 as dominant unsaturated fatty acid ester in jatropha oil. Transesterification reaction of jatropha oil in methanol have maximum unsaturated fatty acid content at temperature of 65oC and optimum catalyst concentration of KOH at 0.178 M (0.4 g. Analysis using the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM method generated pour point value was 8oF, kinematic viscosity was 16.324 cSt, water content was 0.015 %vol, conradson carbon residue was 0.204 %wt. The properties are very closely to diesel oil specifications that can be used as biodiesel. 142. Zero-Gap Alkaline Water Electrolysis Using Ion-Solvating Polymer Electrolyte Membranes at Reduced KOH Concentrations DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Kraglund, Mikkel Rykær; Aili, David; Jankova Atanasova, Katja 2016-01-01 , the cell based on m-PBI outperforms the cell based on the commercially available state-of-the-art diaphragm and reaches a current density of 1500 mA cm-2 at 2.4 V in 20 wt% KOH at 80°C. The cell performance remained stable during two days of operation, though post analysis of the membrane using size... 143. Amine-based aqueous polymers for the simultaneous titration and extraction of lactic acid in aqueous two-phase systems. Science.gov (United States) Planas, J; Varelas, V; Tjerneld, F; Hahn-Hägerdal, B 1998-06-26 The partitioning of 10% (w/w) lactic acid in ethylene oxide propylene oxide (EOPO) random copolymers and dextran T500 aqueous two-phase systems was studied. An analysis of variance design was applied to investigate the effect of pH, polymer concentration, and addition of polyethyleneimine to the aqueous two-phase systems. The lowest lactate partition coefficient of 0.09 was obtained at pH 6 in the systems containing 7.2% (w/w) polyethyleneimine. The use of polyethyleneimine as titrating base during the fermentative production of lactic acid was evaluated in batch fermentations with 100 g/l glucose. Yield and productivity of polyethyleneimine titrated fermentations compared with those obtained in fermentations titrated with NaOH and KOH. 144. Studies on MgNi-Based Metal Hydride Electrode with Aqueous Electrolytes Composed of Various Hydroxides Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jean Nei 2016-08-01 Full Text Available Compositions of MgNi-based amorphous-monocrystalline thin films produced by radio frequency (RF sputtering with a varying composition target have been optimized. The composition Mg52Ni39Co3Mn6 is identified to possess the highest initial discharge capacity of 640 mAh·g−1 with a 50 mA·g−1 discharge current density. Reproduction in bulk form of Mg52Ni39Co3Mn6 alloy composition was prepared through a combination of melt spinning (MS and mechanical alloying (MA, shows a sponge-like microstructure with >95% amorphous content, and is chosen as the metal hydride (MH alloy for a sequence of electrolyte experiments with various hydroxides including LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, and (C2H54N(OH. The electrolyte conductivity is found to be closely related to cation size in the hydroxide compound used as 1 M additive to the 4 M KOH aqueous solution. The degradation performance of Mg52Ni39Co3Mn6 alloy through cycling demonstrates a strong correlation with the redox potential of the cation in the alkali hydroxide compound used as 1 M additive to the 5 M KOH aqueous solution. NaOH, CsOH, and (C2H54N(OH additions are found to achieve a good balance between corrosion and conductivity performances. 145. Flow of Aqueous Humor Science.gov (United States) ... Home Flow of Aqueous Humor Flow of Aqueous Humor Most, but not all, forms of glaucoma are ... remains normal when some of the fluid (aqueous humor) produced by the eye's ciliary body flows out ... 146. Nitrogen saturation in stream ecosystems. Science.gov (United States) Earl, Stevan R; Valett, H Maurice; Webster, Jackson R 2006-12-01 The concept of nitrogen (N) saturation has organized the assessment of N loading in terrestrial ecosystems. Here we extend the concept to lotic ecosystems by coupling MichaelisMenten kinetics and nutrient spiraling. We propose a series of saturation response types, which may be used to characterize the proximity of streams to N saturation. We conducted a series of short-term N releases using a tracer (15NO3-N) to measure uptake. Experiments were conducted in streams spanning a gradient of background N concentration. Uptake increased in four of six streams as NO3-N was incrementally elevated, indicating that these streams were not saturated. Uptake generally corresponded to Michaelis-Menten kinetics but deviated from the model in two streams where some other growth-critical factor may have been limiting. Proximity to saturation was correlated to background N concentration but was better predicted by the ratio of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) to soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), suggesting phosphorus limitation in several high-N streams. Uptake velocity, a reflection of uptake efficiency, declined nonlinearly with increasing N amendment in all streams. At the same time, uptake velocity was highest in the low-N streams. Our conceptual model of N transport, uptake, and uptake efficiency suggests that, while streams may be active sites of N uptake on the landscape, N saturation contributes to nonlinear changes in stream N dynamics that correspond to decreased uptake efficiency. 147. Application of zirconia modified with KOH as heterogeneous solid base catalyst to new non-edible oil for biodiesel

International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Takase, Mohammed; Zhang, Min; Feng, Weiwei; Chen, Yao; Zhao, Ting; Cobbina, Samuel J.; Yang, Liuqing; Wu, Xiangyang 2014-01-01 Highlights: • Silybum marianum contain high amount of oil (46%) and Linoleic acids (65.68%). • Incipient wetness impregnation method was used to load KOH on ZrO 2. • KOH(32%)/ZrO 2 -5 was used to transesterificate Silybum marianum to biodiesel. • Conversion yield of triglycerides to biodiesel (90.8%) at 60 °C was obtained in 2 h. • The properties of the biodiesel were comparable to international standards. - Abstract: This study seeks to investigate zirconia modified with KOH as heterogeneous solid base catalyst for transesterification of new non-edible, Silybum marianum (oil content 46%, FFA 0.68% and linoleic acid 65.68%) oil using methanol to biodiesel. Having screened the catalytic performance of ZrO 2 loaded with different K-compounds, 32% KOH loaded on ZrO 2 was chosen. The catalyst was prepared using incipient wetness impregnation method. Following drying (after impregnation) and calcination at 530 °C for 5 h, the catalyst was characterized by means of Hammett indicators, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TGA and N 2 adsorption desorption measurements. It was found that the yield of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) was related to the catalyst base strength. The catalyst had granular and porous structures with high basicity and superior catalytic performance for the transesterification reaction. Maximum yield (90.8%) was obtained at 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 6% catalyst amount, 60 °C reaction temperature in 2 h. The catalyst maintained sustained activity after five times of usage. The oxidative stability and iodine value were the only unsuitable properties of the biodiesel (out of range) but can easily be improved. The cetane number, flash point and the cold flow properties among others were however, comparable to international standards. The study indicated that KOH(32%)/ZrO 2 -5 is an economically, suitable catalyst for producing biodiesel from S. marianum oil which is a potential new non-edible feedstock that can contribute positively to biodiesel 148. Quadrupole hyperfine structure and splitting of Δ-levels in the microwave spectra of KOH, RbOH and CsOH in the 100 GHz region International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kuijpers, P.; Dymanus, A.; Toerring, T. 1977-01-01 Hyperfine structure of rotational transitions of KOH, RbOH and CsOH in various v 2 - and l-states has been carefully measured in the 100 GHz range. From the observed splittings and broadenings information about quadrupole coupling constant (eqQ) of the K nucleus in KOH and about the spacing (Esub(Δ) - Esub(Σ)) between Σ and Δ levels in the vibrational spectrum of KOH, RbOH and CsOH has been derived. The measured value of the eqQ of KOH is close to that of KF. The separation between Σ and Δ levels is found to be rather similar for the group of the alkali hydroxides increasing gradually when progressing from LiOH to CsOH. (orig.) [de 149. Hydrothermal crystallization in the KOH-TiO2-GeO2-H2O system at 500 deg C and 0.1 GPa International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ilyushin, G.D. 2003-01-01 The identification of structural phases and crystallochemical analysis of phases in a KOH-TiO 2 -GeO 2 -H 2 O system under conditions of high temperatures and pressures are performed. A comparison is made with earlier obtained results for a system of KOH-GeO 2 (quartz-like structure)-H 2 O. It is established that K 2 Ti 6 O 13 skeleton potassium titanate is a basic phase in the system of KOH-TiO 2 -GeO 2 -H 2 O at 500 deg C and 0.1 GPa within a wide range of varying TiO 2 :GeO 2 and KOH concentrations [ru 150. Correlation of the corrosion rates of steels in a straw fired boiler with the thermodynamically predicted trend of KOH(g) in the flue gases International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Blomberg, Tom 2012-01-01 The thermodynamic stability of KOH(g) in flue gases without sulfur and chlorine compounds was studied. Relatively good correlation of the thermodynamically predicted trend of KOH(g) in the flue gases and the literature data of the corrosion rates of different steels in a straw fired boiler was found. A discussion on a possible, physically reasonable mechanism is also presented. However, the causality of the found correlation requires further studies. Highlights: â–º Corrosion rates in a straw boiler correlate with the predicted trend of KOH(g). â–º KOH(g) impinging the surface may be an important factor in corrosion in straw fired boilers. â–º The proposed mechanism may be relevant also to other biomass fuels that release potassium hydroxide during combustion. 151. Mass transfer in fuel cells. [electron microscopy of components, thermal decomposition of Teflon, water transport, and surface tension of KOH solutions Science.gov (United States) Walker, R. D., Jr. 1973-01-01 Results of experiments on electron microscopy of fuel cell components, thermal decomposition of Teflon by thermogravimetry, surface area and pore size distribution measurements, water transport in fuel cells, and surface tension of KOH solutions are described. 152. Gamma irradiation of coumarin in aqueous solution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gopakumar, K.; Kini, U.R.; Ashawa, S.C.; Bhandari, N.S.; Krishnan, G.U.; Krishnan, D. 1977-01-01 Aqueous solutions of coumarin become fluorescent on gamma irradiation. The main fluorescent product formed, 7-hydroxy coumarin, shows a dependence on oxygen. The yield in the presence of oxygen is three times that in the nitrogen saturated condition. The effect of cysteine, dimethyl sulfoxide, thymine and sodium nitrite on the gamma response of coumarin suggests the involvement of hydroxyl radicals in the formation of the fluorescent product. The hydroxyl rate constant for coumarin was determined using isopropanol as the co-competitor. The G (-coumarin) in the aerated and nitrogen saturated conditions was also determined. (author) 153. Sonolysis of chlorinated compounds in aqueous solution. Science.gov (United States) Lim, Myung Hee; Kim, Seung Hyun; Kim, Young Uk; Khim, Jeehyeong 2007-02-01 To examine the reaction rates of sonochemical degradation of aqueous phase carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene and 1,2,3-trichloropropane at various temperatures, power intensities, and saturating gases, the batch tests were carried out. The degradations of chlorinated hydrocarbons were analyzed as pseudo first order reactions and their reaction rate constants were in the range of 10(-1)-10(-3)/min. The reaction was fast at the low temperature with higher power intensity. Also, the reaction went fast with the saturating gas with high specific heat ratio, high solubility and low thermal conductivity. The main mechanism of destruction of chemicals was believed the thermal combustion in the bubble. 154. A comparative study of 10% KOH solution and 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of Molluscum contagiosum in the pediatric age group. Science.gov (United States) Chathra, Namitha; Sukumar, D; Bhat, Ramesh M; Kishore, B Nanda; Martis, Jacintha; Kamath, Ganesh; Srinath, M K; Monteiro, Rochelle 2015-01-01 Although Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a self-limiting condition, active therapy could prevent further spread and improve cosmesis. Most of the available treatment modalities traumatize the lesions and have to be undertaken in the hospital, therefore evoking panic in children. In the quest for an alternative therapy, this study comparing 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and 5% imiquimod cream was taken up. To compare the efficacy and tolerability of 10% KOH and 5% imiquimod in the treatment of MC. This comparative study was conducted over a period of 18 months from October 2011 to March 2013, 40 patients between the age group of 1-18 years with clinically diagnosed MC were divided into two groups (lottery method), 20 patients were treated with 5% imiquimod cream (Group A) and the other 20 were treated with 10% KOH solution (Group B). Patients were followed up on the 4(th), 8(th) and 12(th) week of treatment. At the end of 12 weeks, out of 20 patients who received 10% KOH, 17 patients showed complete disappearance, whereas out of 20 patients who received 5% imiquimod, only 10 patients showed total clearance of the lesions. Adverse events were more frequent with 10% KOH, pigmentary disturbances being the most common. With only minor adverse effects, 10% KOH is an inexpensive and efficient modality for the treatment of MC in the pediatric age group. Although 5% imiquimod was effective in clearing the lesions with minimal adverse effects, the longer duration required for its efficacy may deter its wider use. 155. Saturation and pulsed FEL dynamics International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Giannessi, L.; Mezi, L. 1995-01-01 The behavior of a FEL operating in the saturated pulsed regime, may be reproduced by the linear FEL integral equation, suitably modified to include saturation effects through a gain depression coefficient depending on the laser intensity. This simple method allows to evaluate several FEL parameters like gain, efficiency, band-width and optical pulse duration as functions of the optical cavity length, only with a numerical integration. The predictions have been compared with available experimental and numerical data, and the method has been applied to estimate the operating characteristics of some planned FEL experiments 156. Enthalpies of Dissolution of Crystalline Naproxen Sodium in Water and Potassium Hydroxide Aqueous Solutions at 298 K Science.gov (United States) Lytkin, A. I.; Chernikov, V. V.; Krutova, O. N.; Bychkova, S. A.; Volkov, A. V.; Skvortsov, I. A. 2018-03-01 The enthalpies of dissolution of crystalline naproxen sodium in water and aqueous solutions of KOH at 298.15 K are measured by direct calorimetric means in a wide range of concentrations. The acid-base properties of naproxen sodium at ionic strength I 0 and I = 0.1 (KNO3) and a temperature of 298.15 K are studied by spectrophotometric means. The concentration and thermodynamic dissociation constants are determined. The standard enthalpies of the formation of naproxen sodium and the products of its dissociation in aqueous solution are calculated. 157. KOH concentration effect on the cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells. 4: Results of failure analyse Science.gov (United States) Lim, H. S.; Verzwyvelt, S. A. 1989-01-01 Effects of KOH concentrations on failure modes and mechanisms of nickel-hydrogen cells were studied using long cycled boiler plate cells containing electrolytes of various KOH concentrations ranging 21 to 36 percent. Life of these cells were up to 40,000 cycles in an accelerated low earth orbit (LEO) cycle regime at 80 percent depth of discharge. An interim life test results were reported earlier in J. Power Sources, 22, 213-220, 1988. The results of final life test, end-of-life cell performance, and teardown analyses are discussed. These teardown analyses included visual observations, measurements of nickel electrode capacity in an electrolyte-flooded cell, dimensional changes of cell components, SEM studies on cell cross section, BET surface area and pore volume distribution in cycled nickel electrodes, and chemical analyses. Cycle life of a nickel-hydrogen cell was improved tremendously as KOH concentration was decreased from 36 to 31 percent and from 31 to 26 percent while effect of further concentration decrease was complicated as described in our earlier report. Failure mode of high concentration (31 to 36 percent) cells was gradual capacity decrease, while that of low concentration (21 to 26 percent) cells was mainly formation of a soft short. Long cycled (25,000 to 40,000 cycles) nickel electrodes were expanded more than 50 percent of the initial value, but no correlation was found between this expansion and measured capacity. All electrodes cycled in low concentration (21 to 26 percent) cells had higher capacity than those cycled in high concentration (31 to 36 percent) cells. 158. Effect of LiOH, NaOH and KOH on corrosion and oxide microstructure of Zr-based alloys International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jeong, Y.H.; Kim, H.G.; Jung, Y.H.; Ruhmann, H. 1999-01-01 Long-term corrosion test, SIMS analysis, and TEM microstructural study were carried out to investigate the corrosion characteristics and mechanism of Zr alloys in alkali hydroxides. The corrosion tests were performed in solutions of LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, and CsOH at 350 deg. C for 500 days. SIMS analysis was performed for the specimens prepared to have an equal oxide thickness. TEM studies on the specimens with an equal oxide thickness in various solutions in both pre- and post-transition regimes were also conducted. The corrosion rate in alkali hydroxide solutions was observed to decrease as the ionic radius of alkali cation was increased. The penetration depth of cation into the oxide decreases with increasing the ionic radius of cation. Even though the oxide thickness was equal, the different oxide morphologies were observed in specimens. Namely, in LiOH solution the oxide morphology was transformed early from columnar to equiaxed structure. However, in KOH solution the columnar structure was maintained up to post-transition regime. Based on the corrosion test, SIMS analysis, and microstructural study, the cation is considered to control the corrosion in a alkali hydroxide solution and its effect is dependent on the concentration of alkali and the oxide thickness. The slight acceleration of the corrosion rate at a low concentration is thought to be caused by cation incorporation into oxide while the significant acceleration at a high concentration is due to the transformation of oxide microstructure that would be induced by cation incorporation. KOH was shown not to affect significantly the corrosion and the hydrogen pickup of Zircaloy. Therefore, it has a potential for PWR application only from the point of view of Zircaloy corrosion. (author) 159. Zn/gelled 6 M KOH/O 2 zinc-air battery Science.gov (United States) Mohamad, A. A. The gel electrolyte for the zinc-air cell was prepared by mixing hydroponics gel with a 6 M potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. The self-discharge of cells was characterized by measuring the open-circuit voltage. The effect of a discharge rate of 50 mA constant current on cell voltage and plateau hour, as well as the voltage-current and current density-power density were measured and analysed. The electrode degradation after discharge cycling was characterized by structural and surface methods. The oxidation of the electrode surface further blocked the utilization of the Zn anode and was identified as a cause for the failure of the cell. 160. Photoluminescence of Hexagonal ZnO Nanorods Hydrothermally Grown on Zn Foils in KOH Solutions with Different Values of Basicity Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nuengruethai Ekthammathat 2013-01-01 Full Text Available Aligned hexagonal ZnO nanorods on pure Zn foils were hydrothermally synthesized in 30 mL solutions containing 0.05–0.50 g KOH. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM, and photoluminescence (PL spectroscopy. In this research, wurtzite hexagonal ZnO nanorods grown along the [002] direction with green light emission at 541 nm caused by singly ionized oxygen vacancies inside were detected. « 6 7 8 9 10 » « 7 8 9 10 11 » 161. OcenÄ›nà spoleÄnosti Koh-i-noor Hardmuth, a.s. OpenAIRE Zákutná, Monika 2010-01-01 The aim of this thesis is to determine the market value of the company KOH-I-NOOR HARDTMUTH a.s. from publicly available information from the perspektive of an unspecified buyer. Financial and strategic analysis were made on the basis of the company data for 2005 -- 2009. Based on the coclusion of the analysis was set the financial plan for the next 5 years. Because the firm meets the assumption of so-called going concern principle, the resulting equity value was determined by income based me... 162. Modeling colloid transport and retention in saturated porous media under unfavorable attachment conditions Science.gov (United States) A mathematical model is presented for colloid transport and retention in saturated porous media under unfavorable attachment conditions. The model accounts for colloid transport in the bulk aqueous phase and adjacent to the solid surface, and rates of colloid collision, interaction, release and imm... 163. Rational synthesis of zerovalent iron/bamboo charcoal composites with high saturation magnetization Science.gov (United States) Mingshan Wu; Jianfeng Ma; Zhiyong Cai; Genlin Tian; Shumin Yang; Youhong Wang; Xing' e Liu 2015-01-01 The synthesis of magnetic biochar composites is a major new research area in advanced materials sciences. A series of magnetic bamboo charcoal composites (MBC800, MBC1000 and MBC1200) with high saturation magnetization (Ms) was fabricated in this work by mixing bamboo charcoal powder with an aqueous ferric chloride solution and subsequently... 164. Preparation of High Surface Area Activated Carbon from Spent Phenolic Resin by Microwave Heating and KOH Activation Science.gov (United States) Cheng, Song; Zhang, Libo; Zhang, Shengzhou; Xia, Hongying; Peng, Jinhui 2018-01-01 The spent phenolic resin is as raw material for preparing high surface area activated carbon (HSAAC) by microwave-assisted KOH activation. The effects of microwave power, activation duration and impregnation ratio (IR) on the iodine adsorption capability and yield of HSAAC were investigated. The surface characteristics of HSAAC were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The operating variables were optimized utilizing the response surface methodology (RSM) and were identified to be microwave power of 700 W, activation duration of 15 min and IR of 4, corresponding to a yield of 51.25 % and an iodine number of 2,384 mg/g. The pore structure parameters of the HSAAC, i. e., Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter were estimated to be 4,269 m2/g, 2.396 ml/g and 2.25 nm, respectively, under optimum conditions. The findings strongly support the feasibility of microwave-assisted KOH activation for preparation of HSAAC from spent phenolic resin. 165. Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand. Science.gov (United States) Steckley, Marylynn; Doberstein, Brent 2011-07-01 This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts. © 2011 The Author(s). Disasters © Overseas Development Institute, 2011. 166. Zn/gelled 6M KOH/O{sub 2} zinc-air battery Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mohamad, A.A. [School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang (Malaysia) 2006-09-13 The gel electrolyte for the zinc-air cell was prepared by mixing hydroponics gel with a 6M potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. The self-discharge of cells was characterized by measuring the open-circuit voltage. The effect of a discharge rate of 50mA constant current on cell voltage and plateau hour, as well as the voltage-current and current density-power density were measured and analysed. The electrode degradation after discharge cycling was characterized by structural and surface methods. The oxidation of the electrode surface further blocked the utilization of the Zn anode and was identified as a cause for the failure of the cell. (author) 167. Saturation of Van Allen's belts CERN Document Server Le Bel, E 2002-01-01 The maximum number of electrons that can be trapped in van Allen's belts has been evaluated at CEA-DAM more precisely than that commonly used in the space community. The modelization that we have developed allows to understand the disagreement (factor 50) observed between the measured and predicted electrons flux by US satellites and theory. This saturation level allows sizing-up of the protection on a satellite in case of energetic events. (authors) 168. Saturation diving; physiology and pathophysiology. Science.gov (United States) Brubakk, Alf O; Ross, John A S; Thom, Stephen R 2014-07-01 In saturation diving, divers stay under pressure until most of their tissues are saturated with breathing gas. Divers spend a long time in isolation exposed to increased partial pressure of oxygen, potentially toxic gases, bacteria, and bubble formation during decompression combined with shift work and long periods of relative inactivity. Hyperoxia may lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that interact with cell structures, causing damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid. Vascular gas-bubble formation and hyperoxia may lead to dysfunction of the endothelium. The antioxidant status of the diver is an important mechanism in the protection against injury and is influenced both by diet and genetic factors. The factors mentioned above may lead to production of heat shock proteins (HSP) that also may have a negative effect on endothelial function. On the other hand, there is a great deal of evidence that HSPs may also have a "conditioning" effect, thus protecting against injury. As people age, their ability to produce antioxidants decreases. We do not currently know the capacity for antioxidant defense, but it is reasonable to assume that it has a limit. Many studies have linked ROS to disease states such as cancer, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis as well as to old age. However, ROS are also involved in a number of protective mechanisms, for instance immune defense, antibacterial action, vascular tone, and signal transduction. Low-grade oxidative stress can increase antioxidant production. While under pressure, divers change depth frequently. After such changes and at the end of the dive, divers must follow procedures to decompress safely. Decompression sickness (DCS) used to be one of the major causes of injury in saturation diving. Improved decompression procedures have significantly reduced the number of reported incidents; however, data indicate considerable underreporting of injuries 169. Porous carbon with a large surface area and an ultrahigh carbon purity via templating carbonization coupling with KOH activation as excellent supercapacitor electrode materials International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sun, Fei; Gao, Jihui; Liu, Xin; Pi, Xinxin; Yang, Yuqi; Wu, Shaohua 2016-01-01 Highlights: • Simple templating carbonization method was developed to obtain porous carbons. • Surface etching by KOH activation greatly boosts surface area and carbon purity. • The as-obtained porous carbon delivers a high capacitance of 275 F g −1 . • Symmetric supercapacitor can achieved high energy density and power density. Abstract: Large surface area and good structural stability, for porous carbons, are two crucial requirements to enable the constructed supercapacitors with high capacitance and long cycling lifespan. Herein, we successfully prepare porous carbon with a large surface area (3175 m 2 g −1 ) and an ultrahigh carbon purity (carbon atom ratio of 98.25%) via templating carbonization coupling with KOH activation. As-synthesized MTC-KOH exhibits excellent performances as supercapacitor electrode materials in terms of high specific capacitance and ultrahigh cycling stability. In a three electrode system, MTC-KOH delivers a high capacitance of 275 F g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 and still 120 F g −1 at a high rate of 30 A g −1 . There is almost no capacitance decay even after 10,000 cycles, demonstrating outstanding cycling stability. In comparison, pre-activated MTC with a hierarchical pore structure shows a better rate capability than microporous MTC-KOH. Moreover, the constructed symmetric supercapacitor using MTC-KOH can achieve high energy densities of 8.68 Wh kg −1 and 4.03 Wh kg −1 with the corresponding power densities of 108 W kg −1 and 6.49 kW kg −1 , respectively. Our work provides a simple design strategy to prepare highly porous carbons with high carbon purity for supercapacitors application. 170. Aluminum speciation in aqueous fluids at deep crustal pressure and temperature Science.gov (United States)

Mookherjee, Mainak; Keppler, Hans; Manning, Craig E. 2014-05-01 We investigated aluminum speciation in aqueous fluids in equilibrium with corundum using in situ Raman spectroscopy in hydrothermal diamond anvil cells to 20 kbar and 1000  °C. We have studied aluminum species in (a) pure H2O, (b) 5.3 m KOH solution, and (c) 1 m KOH solution. In order to better understand the spectral features of the aqueous fluids, we used ab initio simulations based on density functional theory to calculate and predict the energetics and vibrational spectra for various aluminum species that are likely to be present in aqueous solutions. The Raman spectra of pure water in equilibrium with Al2O3 are devoid of any characteristic spectral features. In contrast, aqueous fluids with 5.3 m and 1 m KOH solution in equilibrium with Al2O3 show a sharp band at Ëœ620 cm-1 which could be attributed to the [ species. The band grows in intensity with temperature along an isochore. A shoulder on the high-frequency side of this band may be due to a hydrated, charge neutral Al(OH)3·H2O species. In the limited pressure, temperature and density explored in the present study, we do not find any evidence for the polymerization of the [ species to dimers [(OH)2-Al-(OH)2-Al(OH)2] or [(OH)3-Al-O-Al(OH)3]2-. This is likely due to the relatively low concentration of Al in the solutions and does not rule out significant polymerization at higher pressures and temperatures. Upon cooling of Al-bearing solutions to room temperatures, Raman bands indicating the precipitation of diaspore (AlOOH) were observed in some experiments. The Raman spectra of the KOH solutions (with or without dissolved alumina) showed a sharp OH stretching band at Ëœ3614 cm-1 and an in-plane OH bending vibration at Ëœ1068 cm-1, likely related to an OH- ion with the oxygen atom attached to a water molecule by hydrogen bonding. A weak feature at Ëœ935 cm-1 may be related to the out-of-plane bending vibration of the same species or to an OH species with a different environment. 171. Fault tolerant control of systems with saturations DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Niemann, Hans Henrik 2013-01-01 This paper presents framework for fault tolerant controllers (FTC) that includes input saturation. The controller architecture known from FTC is based on the Youla-Jabr-BongiornoKucera (YJBK) parameterization is extended to handle input saturation. Applying this controller architecture in connec......This paper presents framework for fault tolerant controllers (FTC) that includes input saturation. The controller architecture known from FTC is based on the Youla-Jabr-Bongiorno-Kucera (YJBK) parameterization is extended to handle input saturation. Applying this controller architecture...... in connection with faulty systems including input saturation gives an additional YJBK transfer function related to the input saturation. In the fault free case, this additional YJBK transfer function can be applied directly for optimizing the feedback loop around the input saturation. In the faulty case......, the design problem is a mixed design problem involved both parametric faults and input saturation.... 172. Radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions of cyanamide International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Draganic, Z.D.; Draganic, I.G.; Jovanovic, S.V. 1978-01-01 Oxygen-free aqueous solutions of 0.1 M NH 2 CN (pH 2.4 and 5) were irradiated with γ rays (0.01--25 Mrad). The rate constants determined in competition experiments are: k(H + NH 2 CN) = 6.7 x 10 6 M -1 sec -1 , k(e/sub aq/ - + NH 2 CN) = 1.5 x 10 9 M -1 sec -1 , and k(OH + NH 2 CN) = 8.5 x 10 6 M -1 sec -1 . Radiation-chemical yields were determined for the decomposition of cyanamide molecules and the formation of several radiolytic products. The following compounds were identified in irradiated solutions: H 2 , CO 2 , NH 3 , urea, biuret, arginine, and a--N=N-- molecule assigned to methylaminoazoformamide. Possible reactions of secondary free radicals leading to the formation of radiolytic products were considered by taking into account the model of water radiolysis and the measured radiation yields 173. Evaluación de diferentes aceros para la evolución de hidrógeno en KOH Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Falk Michel Julke 2014-05-01 Full Text Available Se estudió el comportamiento electroquÃmico de los diferentes tipos de aceros comerciales de bajo costo (A36, 430 y 304 como electrodos para la obtención de hidrógeno. El propósito de este trabajo fue estudiar la evolución de hidrógeno, para lo cual se utilizaron técnicas electroquÃmicas como cronoamperometrÃa y curvas voltamperométricas, en diferentes concentraciones de KOH (5% y 25% m/m. El acero inoxidable 304 en una concentración de 25%m/m tuvo el mejor desempeño, pues en estas condiciones el inicio de liberación de hidrógeno disminuyó y presentó el menor requerimiento de potencial para su uso como placa bipolar. 174. KOH concentration effect on the cycle life of nickel-hydrogen cells. IV - Results of failure analysis Science.gov (United States) Lim, H. S.; Verzwyvelt, S. A. 1990-01-01 Potassium hydroxide concentration effects on the cycle life of a Ni/H2 cell have been studied by carrying out a cycle life test on ten Ni/H2 boiler plate cells which contain electrolytes of various KOH concentrations. Failure analyses of these cells were carried out after completion of the life test, which accumulated up to 40,000 cycles at an 80-percent depth of discharge over a period of 3.7 years. These failure analyses included studies on changes of electrical characteristics of test cells, and component analyses after disassembly of the cell. The component analyses included visual inspections, dimensional changes, capacity measurements of nickel electrodes, scanning electron microscopy, surface area measurements, and chemical analyses. Results have indicated that failure mode and change in the nickel electrode varied as the concentration was varied, especially when the concentration was changed from 31 percent or higher to 26 percent or lower. 175. Zinc-air cell with KOH-treated agar layer between electrode and electrolyte containing hydroponics gel Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Otham, R. [International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia); Yahaya, A. H. [University of Malaya, Dept. of Chemistry, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia); Arof, A. K. [University of Malaya, Dept. of Physics, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) 2002-07-01 Zinc-air electrochemical power sources possess the highest density compared to other zinc anode batteries, due their free and unlimited supply from the ambient air. In this experiment zinc-air cells have been fabricated employing hydroponics gel as an alternative alkaline electrolyte gelling agent. Thin KOH-treated agar layer was applied between the electrodeelectrolyte interfaces which produced significant enhancement of the cells' capacities, indicating that the application of thin agar layer will improve the electrode-gelled electrolyte interfaces. Promising results have been achieved with porous zinc anode prepared from dried zinc-graphite-gelatinized agar paste; e g. a zinc-air cell employing a porous zinc anode has demonstrated a capacity of 1470 mAh rated at 0.1 A continuous discharge. 32 refs., 9 figs. 176. Ultrahigh gas storage both at low and high pressures in KOH-activated carbonized porous aromatic frameworks. KAUST Repository Li, Yanqiang 2013-01-01 The carbonized PAF-1 derivatives formed by high-temperature KOH activation showed a unique bimodal microporous structure located at 0.6 nm and 1.2 nm and high surface area. These robust micropores were confirmed by nitrogen sorption experiment and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen sorption experiments indicated that these novel porous carbon materials have significant gas sorption abilities in both low-pressure and high-pressure environments. Moreover the methane storage ability of K-PAF-1-750 is among the best at 35 bars, and its low-pressure gas adsorption abilities are also comparable to the best porous materials in the world. Combined with excellent physicochemical stability, these materials are very promising for industrial applications such as carbon dioxide capture and high-density clean energy storage. 177. SATURATED PROPERTIES PREDICTION IN CRITICAL REGION ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Preferred Customer vapor pressure prediction and saturated volume prediction in vicinity of critical point. KEY WORDS. KEY WORDS: Equation of state, Saturated properties, ..... The AARD between experimental and calculated saturated vapor molar volume given by. Trebble [18] were 5.81, 5.34, 5.08, and 10.62 for SRK, PR, CCOR, and PT, ... 178. Investigation of origin, subsurface processes and reservoir temperature of geothermal springs around Koh-i-Sultan volcano, Chagai, Pakistan International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ahmad, M.; Rafique, M.; Iqbal, N.; Fazil, M. 2009-07-01 In Chagai area, seven springs with maximum surface temperature of 32.2 deg. C located in the vicinity of Miri Crater of Koh-i-Sultan Volcano were investigated using isotope and chemical techniques. Two springs of Padagi Kaur are MgSO/sub 4/ type, while all the other springs at Batal Kaur, Miri Kaur and Chigin Dik are Na-Cl type. Alteration of water to SO/sub 4/ type takes place by absorption of magmatic H/sub 2/S and the acidic solution is further responsible to dissolve rock salt and carbonate minerals. EC increases from Padagi springs (4940 and 8170 S/cm) to Chigin Dik springs (45600 S/cm). Chagai thermal manifestations receive recharge from meteoric waters in the vicinity of Padagi Kaur (east side of Miri Crater), which is heated by the hot magma chamber of Koh-i-Sultan most probably through deep circulation. Movement of the thermal water is from Miri Crater towards Chigin Dik area. Residence time is more than 60 years. The thermal waters do not have any contribution of shallow young groundwater and they have high 1/sup 8/O-shift (6 to 8%) due to rock-water interaction. Reservoir temperatures estimated by different chemical geo thermometers like Na-K, Na-K-Ca, Na-K-Mg 1/2 (triangular plot) are quite high (200-300 deg. C), while the silica and (SO/sub 4/-H/sub 2/O) geo thermometers give relatively low temperature ranges (107-144 deg. C and 112-206 deg. C respectively). (author) 179. Radiolysis of Aqueous Toluene Solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Christensen, H.C.; Gustafson, R. 1971-04-01 Aqueous toluene solutions have been irradiated with Co γ-rays. In unbuffered solutions the various cresol isomers are formed in a total yield of 0.45, 0.87 and 0.94 molecules/100 eV absorbed energy in argon-, N 2 O- and air - saturated solutions, respectively. The yields are reduced in acid (pH 3) solutions (G 0.14, 0.14 and 0.52, respectively) but the reduction is compensated by the formation of 1,2-di-phenylethane in yields of 0.49 and 1.60 in argon- and N 2 O-saturated solutions, respectively. Benzyl radicals are formed through an acid catalysed water elimination reaction from the initially formed hydroxymethylcyclohexadienyl radical. Phenyltolylmethanes, dimethylbiphenyls and partly reduced dimers are also formed during the radiolysis. Hydrogen is formed in the same yield as the molecular yield, g(H 2 ). Xylene isomers and benzene are formed in trace quantities. The most remarkable effects of the addition of Fe(III) ions to deaerated acid toluene solutions are the formation of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde and an increase in the yield of 1,2diphenylethane 180. Mechanics of non-saturated soils International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Coussy, O.; Fleureau, J.M. 2002-01-01 This book presents the different ways to approach the mechanics of non saturated soils, from the physico-chemical aspect to the mechanical aspect, from the experiment to the theoretical modeling, from the laboratory to the workmanship, and from the microscopic scale to the macroscopic one. Content: water and its representation; experimental bases of the behaviour of non-saturated soils; transfer laws in non-saturated environment; energy approach of the behaviour of non-saturated soils; homogenization for the non-saturated soils; plasticity and hysteresis; dams and backfilling; elaborated barriers. (J.S.) « 7 8 9 10 11 » « 8 9 10 11 12 » 181. Semiconductor saturable absorbers for ultrafast terahertz signals DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hoffmann, Matthias C.; Turchinovich, Dmitry 2010-01-01 We demonstrate saturable absorber behavior of n-type semiconductors GaAs, GaP, and Ge in the terahertz THz frequency range at room temperature using nonlinear THz spectroscopy. The saturation mechanism is based on a decrease in electron conductivity of semiconductors at high electron momentum...... states, due to conduction band onparabolicity and scattering into satellite valleys in strong THz fields. Saturable absorber parameters, such as linear and nonsaturable transmission, and saturation fluence, are extracted by fits to a classic saturable absorber model. Further, we observe THz pulse... 182. Effects of KOH:ZnCl2 mole ratio on the phase formation, morphological and inhibitive properties of potassium zinc phosphate (PZP) pigments International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Askari, F.; Ghasemi, E.; Ramezanzadeh, B.; Mahdavian, M. 2015-01-01 Graphical abstract: This figure illustrates the inhibition mechanism. The film precipitation on the anodic and cathodic regions of the metal surface causes a drop in dissolution rate of steel. - Highlights: • We synthesized the ZP pigments via coprecipitation method. • Effect of KOH:ZnCl 2 on phase formation, morphology and inhibitive performance of pigment. • KOH:ZnCl 2 ratio is effective on phase formation and morphology of ZP pigments. • KZn 2 H(PO 4 ) 2 phase showed superior corrosion inhibition behavior than KZnPO 4 . - Abstract: Different types of potassium zinc phosphate (PZP) pigments were synthesized by a co-precipitation method. The PZPs were obtained through changing KOH:ZnCl 2 mole ratio. The chemical composition of the pigments was studied by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, the extracts of the PZPs were prepared in 3.5% (w/w) NaCl solution. The inhibitive performance of the pigments was investigated by polarization technique and SEM surface analysis through dipping mild steel panels in the pigment extracts for different immersion times. Results showed that changing ZnCl 2 /KOH mole ratio could influence formation of KZn 2 H(PO 4 ) 2 and KZnPO 4 phases. It was known that the KZn 2 H(PO 4 ) 2 phase has a superior corrosion inhibition behavior in 3.5% NaCl solution than KZnPO 4 phase 183. Corrosion of low alloy steel containing 0.5% chromium in supercritical CO2-saturated brine and water-saturated supercritical CO2 environments Science.gov (United States) Wei, Liang; Gao, Kewei; Li, Qian 2018-05-01 The corrosion behavior of P110 low-Cr alloy steel in supercritical CO2-saturated brine (aqueous phase) and water-saturated supercritical CO2 (SC CO2 phase) was investigated. The results show that P110 steel primarily suffered general corrosion in the aqueous phase, while severe localized corrosion occurred in the SC CO2 phase. The formation of corrosion product scale on P110 steel in the aqueous phase divided into three stages: formation of the initial corrosion layer containing amorphous Cr(OH)3, FeCO3 and a small amount of Fe3C; transformation of initial corrosion layer to mixed layer, which consisted of FeCO3 and a small amount of Cr(OH)3 and Fe3C; growth and dissolution of the mixed layer. Finally, only a single mixed layer covered on the steel in the aqueous phase. However, the scale formed in SC CO2 phase consisted of two layers: the inner mixed layer and the dense outer FeCO3 crystalline layer. 184. Dermoscopic patterns in patients with a clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis-results of a prospective study including data of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and culture examination. Science.gov (United States) Jesús-Silva, Miriam América; Fernández-MartÃnez, Ramón; Roldán-MarÃn, Rodrigo; Arenas, Roberto 2015-04-01 Onychomycosis is the most common nail disease, representing 50% of cases affecting the nail apparatus. The diagnosis is made by clinical examination along with the KOH exam of the nail and culture of the sample. However, not all dermatologists have access to a mycology lab. To determine the correlation between KOH examination and dermoscopic patterns in patients with clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis. A descriptive, open, observational, prospective, cross-sectional study of 178 patients with clinical suspicion of onychomycosis was conducted. All patients underwent clinical examination, dermoscopy with a DermLite PHOTO dermatoscope (3Gen, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA), KOH assessment and culture analysis. The most frequent dermoscopic patterns were identified and their correlation with the clinical subtype of onychomycosis was analyzed. The study included 178 patients with clinical suspicion of onychomycosis. Of these, 155 (87.1%) had positive direct KOH examination for onychomycosis. Eighty-seven patients (56.13%) presented with clinical onychomycosis pattern of total dystrophic onychomycosis (TDO), 67 (43.23%) with distal lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO), 1 (0.65%) with trachyonychia). Dermoscopic patterns of onychomycosis showed the following frequencies: the spiked pattern was present in 22 patients (14.19%), longitudinal striae pattern in 51 patients (32.9%) and linear edge pattern in 21 patients (13.55%). We identified a pattern described as "distal irregular termination" in 41 patients with TDO and 26 with DLSO. This is the fist study conducted in a Mexican population that uses dermoscopy as a diagnostic tool along with the KOH examination for the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Dermoscopy may be used as an important diagnostic tool when evaluating nail disease. However, it should not be used as the only diagnostic criteria for onychomycosis. 185. Aqueous Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence. Science.gov (United States) 1982-01-01 Mannich reaction of the appropriate chlorophenols with morpholine and formaldehyde as outlined in Scheme 31. T "i Page 95 Scheme 3]1 H + + CH 2 0 f-NCR 2 -V...solution has been obtained from the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with bis-[N-2-(N’-methyl-2’-pyridinium)ethyl-N-trifluoro- methylsulfonyljjoxamide in the...SYSTEMS 4 A. RESULTS 4 I. AQUEOUS REACTIONS 4 2. NON-AQUEOUS REACTIONS 38 B. DISCUSSION 52 1. AQUEOUS REACTIONS 52 2. NON-AQUEOUS REACTIONS 56 IV. SYNTHESES 186. Dissolution of K-feldspar at CO2-saturated conditions Science.gov (United States) Rosenqvist, Jörgen; Kilpatrick, Andrew D.; Yardley, Bruce W. D.; Rochelle, Christopher A. 2014-05-01 Underground storage of carbon dioxide on a very large scale is widely considered to be an essential part of any strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Aquifers in deep sedimentary basins have been identified as suitable targets for geological carbon dioxide storage, especially aquifers located in sandstone host rock. This has led to renewed interest in studying the interaction between sandstone minerals and aqueous fluids, as there is a paucity of data for CO2-containing systems at relevant conditions. In an attempt to improve data coverage for important silicate minerals, we have measured the dissolution kinetics of K-feldspar in CO2-saturated fluids over a range of temperatures. Kfeldspar fragments were hand-picked from a larger sample, crushed to a narrow size range and cleaned. The grains were reacted with water in batch-type reactors at temperatures from 20°C to 200°C and pressures up to 200 bar, and the dissolution was followed by periodic withdrawal of aliquots of solution. The mineral grains were allowed to react with pure water for a number of weeks before injection of CO2 into the system. Excess CO2 was provided to ensure CO2 saturation in the experimental systems. While the reaction time before injection was not long enough to attain complete equilibrium, it did considerably lower the degree of undersaturation with respect to K-feldspar and helped highlight the effect of CO2 injection into a rock-equilibrated aqueous fluid. At all temperatures studied, injection of CO2 resulted in a rapid increase in the soluble concentrations of K and Si (and also Na from a plagioclase component). The dissolution then reached apparent steady state conditions after a few days, with observed dissolution rates in the range of 1E-9 to 1E-12 mol/m2/s over the temperature range studied. The CO2-saturated solutions maintained mildly acidic conditions throughout the experiments and the observed rates therefore fall roughly between rates measured in 187. Saturation Spectrum of Paths and Stars Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Faudree Jill 2017-08-01 Full Text Available A graph G is H-saturated if H is not a subgraph of G but the addition of any edge from GÌ… to G results in a copy of H. The minimum size of an H-saturated graph on n vertices is denoted sat(n,H, while the maximum size is the well studied extremal number, ex(n,H. The saturation spectrum for a graph H is the set of sizes of H saturated graphs between sat(n,H and ex(n,H. In this paper we completely determine the saturation spectrum of stars and we show the saturation spectrum of paths is continuous from sat(n, Pk to within a constant of ex(n, Pk when n is sufficiently large. 188. Power flow control using distributed saturable reactors Science.gov (United States) Dimitrovski, Aleksandar D. 2016-02-13 A magnetic amplifier includes a saturable core having a plurality of legs. Control windings wound around separate legs are spaced apart from each other and connected in series in an anti-symmetric relation. The control windings are configured in such a way that a biasing magnetic flux arising from a control current flowing through one of the plurality of control windings is substantially equal to the biasing magnetic flux flowing into a second of the plurality of control windings. The flow of the control current through each of the plurality of control windings changes the reactance of the saturable core reactor by driving those portions of the saturable core that convey the biasing magnetic flux in the saturable core into saturation. The phasing of the control winding limits a voltage induced in the plurality of control windings caused by a magnetic flux passing around a portion of the saturable core. 189. Sensorial saturation for infants' pain. Science.gov (United States) Bellieni, Carlo Valerio; Tei, Monica; Coccina, Francesca; Buonocore, Giuseppe 2012-04-01 Sensorial saturation (SS) is a multisensorial stimulation consisting of delicate tactile, gustative, auditory and visual stimuli. This procedure consists of simultaneously: attracting the infant's attention by massaging the infant's face; speaking to the infant gently, but firmly, and instilling a sweet solution on the infant's tongue. We performed a systematic Medline search of for articles focusing on human neonatal studies related to SS. The search was performed within the last 10 years and was current as of January 2012. We retrieved 8 articles that used a complete form of SS and 2 articles with an incomplete SS. Data show that the use of SS is effective in relieving newborns' pain. Oral solution alone are less effective than SS, but the stimuli without oral sweet solution are ineffective. the partial forms of SS have some effectiveness, but minor than the complete SS. Only one article showed lack of SS as analgesic method, after endotracheal suctioning. SS can be used for all newborns undergoing blood samples or other minor painful procedures. It is more effective than oral sugar alone. SS also promotes interaction between nurse and infant and is a simple effective form of analgesia for the neonatal intensive care unit. 190. Δ isobars and nuclear saturation Science.gov (United States) Ekström, A.; Hagen, G.; Morris, T. D.; Papenbrock, T.; Schwartz, P. D. 2018-02-01 We construct a nuclear interaction in chiral effective field theory with explicit inclusion of the Δ -isobar Δ (1232 ) degree of freedom at all orders up to next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO). We use pion-nucleon (Ï€ N ) low-energy constants (LECs) from a Roy-Steiner analysis of Ï€ N scattering data, optimize the LECs in the contact potentials up to NNLO to reproduce low-energy nucleon-nucleon scattering phase shifts, and constrain the three-nucleon interaction at NNLO to reproduce the binding energy and point-proton radius of 4He. For heavier nuclei we use the coupled-cluster method to compute binding energies, radii, and neutron skins. We find that radii and binding energies are much improved for interactions with explicit inclusion of Δ (1232 ) , while Δ -less interactions produce nuclei that are not bound with respect to breakup into α particles. The saturation of nuclear matter is significantly improved, and its symmetry energy is consistent with empirical estimates. 191. Clean production of corn stover pulp using KOH+NH4OH solution and its kinetic during delignification Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sun Yong 2012-01-01 Full Text Available The self-made KOH together with NH4OH pulping of corn stover was investigated. The combined alkaline system could effectively remove lignin during pulping. There are three stages of lignin removal during delginification. Approximately 90% of lignin could be removed after temperature reached 150ºC for over 30 minutes. The p-hydroxyl phenol groups in lignin could be completely removed during the delignification reaction. The tendency of the increase of the crystalline degree of cellulose is observed with increase of reaction temperature. The kinetics of delignification is found to be the first order with respect to the remained lignin and the 0.4 order with respect to the remained hydroxide concentration. The activation energy of delignification is 23 kJ/mol. The solution obtained from precipitation of lignin is rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium elements and organic matters. Various techniques including FT-IR, GPC, DSC, were applied to characterize the acid precipitated lignin. The result shows that the lignin with the

polydispersity of 1.4 still maintains the p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl units in its matrix. 192. Effect of the KOH chemical treatment on the optical and photocatalytic properties of BiVO{sub 4} thin films Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mirabal-Rojas, R.; Depablos-Rivera, O.; Medina, J.C. [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Mexico City (Mexico); Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingenieria de Materiales, Mexico City (Mexico); Thalluri, S.M. [Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Torino (Italy); Bizarro, M.; Perez-Alvarez, J.; Rodil, S.E. [Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Mexico City (Mexico); Zeinert, A. [Universite de Picardie Jules Verne, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matiere Condensee, Amiens (France) 2016-04-15 In this work, we present the structural, optical and photocatalytic properties of BiVO{sub 4} thin films produced by a dual-magnetron sputtering process using both Bi{sub 2}O{sub 3} (α-phase, 99.98 % purity) and V (99.9 % purity) targets under Ar/O{sub 2} atmosphere with a ratio of 18:2. The films were deposited varying the power applied to the targets to obtain stoichiometric films, and the monoclinic structure was achieved by post-deposition annealing. The dual process was chosen to better control the Bi/V ratio since Bi and V have very different sputtering yields. In particular, the influence of a chemical treatment using potassium hydroxide (KOH) on the optical properties and different dye discolorations (acid blue 113 and methyl orange) is discussed. The optical properties were studied by reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy, where the spectra were fitted to obtain the refractive index dispersion and the optical band gap of the BiVO{sub 4} as a function of the film structure, as determined by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. (orig.) 193. Sensorial saturation for neonatal analgesia. Science.gov (United States) Bellieni, Carlo V; Cordelli, Duccio M; Marchi, Simonetta; Ceccarelli, Simona; Perrone, Serafina; Maffei, Marianna; Buonocore, Giuseppe 2007-01-01 Sensorial saturation (SS) is a procedure in which touch, massage, taste, voice, smell, and sight compete with pain, producing almost complete analgesia during heel prick in neonates. SS is an apparently complex maneuvre, but when correctly explained it is easily learnt. In the present paper, we studied its feasibility, assessing whether a long training is really needed to achieve good results. We enrolled 66 consecutive babies and divided them randomly into 3 groups which received the following forms of analgesia: glucose plus sucking (A), SS performed by nurses (B), SS performed by mothers (C). We did not use perfume on the caregivers' hands, so that babies could smell the natural scent of the hands. We assessed pain level by the ABC scale. Median scores of groups A, B, and C were: 1 (0 to 6), 0 (0 to 4), and 0 (0 to 6), respectively. Mean scores were: 0.6, 0.6, and 1.7 and standard errors were 0.38, 0.22, and 0.32, respectively. Scores of groups B and C were significantly lower than that of A (P=0.03 and 0.006, respectively). No significant difference was found between values of scores of groups B and C. Even without the use of perfume on the hands, SS was effective as an analgesic maneuvre. It made no difference whether SS was performed by mothers who applied it for the first time or experienced nurses. SS is rapid to learn and any caregiver (mother, pediatrician or nurse) can effectively use it. 194. Determination of boron in aqueous solutions by solid state nuclear track detectors technique, using a filtered neutron beam International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Moraes, M.A.P.V. de; Pugliesi, R.; Khouri, M.T.F.C. 1985-11-01 The solid state nuclear track detectors technique has been used for determination of boron in aqueous solutions, using a filtered neutron beam. The particles tracks from the 10 B(n,Î ±)Li 7 reaction were registered in the CR-39 film, chemically etched in a (30%) KOH solution 70 0 C during 90 minutes. The obtained results showed the usefulness of this technique for boron determination in the ppm range. The inferior detectable limit was 9 ppm. The combined track registration efficiency factor K has been evaluated in the solutions, for the CR-39 detector and its values is K= (4,60 - + 0,06). 10 -4 cm. (Author) [pt 195. Femoral venous oxygen saturation is no surrogate for central venous oxygen saturation NARCIS (Netherlands) van Beest, Paul A.; van der Schors, Alice; Liefers, Henriëtte; Coenen, Ludo G. J.; Braam, Richard L.; Habib, Najib; Braber, Annemarije; Scheeren, Thomas W. L.; Kuiper, Michaël A.; Spronk, Peter E. 2012-01-01 Objective: The purpose of our study was to determine if central venous oxygen saturation and femoral venous oxygen saturation can be used interchangeably during surgery and in critically ill patients. Design: Prospective observational controlled study. Setting: Nonacademic university-affiliated 196. Synthesis and characterization of saturated polyester and ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Synthesis and characterization of saturated polyester and nanocomposites derived from glycolyzed PET waste ... construction industries. PET is widely used in the packaging of beverages and drugs. ... ing the synthesis of saturated polyester (from GPET waste). This has been done for the estimation of the maximum. 277 ... 197. On partially saturated formations of finite groups International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ballester-Bolinches, Adolfo; Calvo, Clara; Shemetkov, L A 2007-01-01 Various types of partially saturated formations and connections between them are considered. It is shown that partially saturated formations can be characterized as classes of finite groups with generalized central series. A theorem on the decomposition of an FG-module into a sum of two submodules with special properties is proved. Bibliography: 26 titles. 198. Wave propagation in thermoelastic saturated porous medium Indian Academy of Sciences (India) tural engineering or to hydrocarbon/geothermal processes. References. Bear J, Sorek S, Ben-Dor G and Mazor G 1992 Displacement waves in saturated thermoelastic porous media, I. Basic equations; Fluid Dyn. Res. 9 155–164. Biot M A 1956a The theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid, ... 199. Wave propagation in thermoelastic saturated porous medium Indian Academy of Sciences (India) computed for a numerical model of liquid-saturated sandstone. Their variations with thermal as well as poroelastic ... hyperbolic equation of heat conduction with a relaxation time ensured the finite speed for ther- ... Consider a thermally conducting isotropic porous solid saturated with a non-viscous fluid. The stresses (Ï„ij) in ... 200. Determination of saturation functions and wettability for chalk based on measured fluid saturations Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Olsen, D.; Bech, N.; Moeller Nielsen, C. 1998-08-01 The end effect of displacement experiments on low permeable porous media is used for determination of relative permeability functions and capillary pressure functions. Saturation functions for a drainage process are determined from a primary drainage experiment. A reversal of the flooding direction creates an intrinsic imbibition process in the sample, which enables determination if imbibition saturation functions. The saturation functions are determined by a parameter estimation technique. Scanning effects are modelled by the method of Killough. Saturation profiles are determined by NMR. (au) « 8 9 10 11 12 » « 9 10 11 12 13 » 201. Effect of solution saturation state and temperature on diopside dissolution Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dixit, S; Carroll, S A 2007-03-23 Steady-state dissolution rates of diopside are measured as a function of solution saturation state using a titanium flow-through reactor at pH 7.5 and temperature ranging from 125 to 175 C. Diopside dissolved stoichiometrically under all experimental conditions and rates were not dependent on sample history. At each temperature, rates continuously decreased by two orders of magnitude as equilibrium was approached and did not exhibit a dissolution plateau of constant rates at high degrees of undersaturation. The variation of diopside dissolution rates with solution saturation can be described equally well with a ion exchange model based on transition state theory or pit nucleation model based on crystal growth/dissolution theory from 125 to 175 C. At 175 C, both models over predict dissolution rates by two orders of magnitude indicating that a secondary phase precipitated in the experiments. The ion exchange model assumes the formation of a Si-rich, Mg-deficient precursor complex. Lack of dependence of rates on steady-state aqueous calcium concentration supports the formation of such a complex, which is formed by exchange of protons for magnesium ions at the surface. 202. The radiation chemistry of aqueous sodium terephthalate solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Matthews, R.W. 1980-04-01 The radiation chemistry of cobalt-60 gamma-irradiated aqueous sodium terephthalate solutions has been studied. In aerated 4 x 10 -4 M sodium hydroxide solutions, the main products are hydroxyterephthalate (HTA) (G = 0.99 +- 0.01), carbonate (G = 1.31 +- 0.08), and peroxides (G = 2.84 +- 0.04). The HTA and carbonate species are both formed as a result of hydroxyl radical attack and account for approximately 90 per cent of hydroxyl radical reactions. Oxygen needs to be present for efficient conversion of the terephthalate-OH radical adduct to HTA and oxygenation increases G(HTA) above the aerated solution value. G(HTA) is unaffected by changes in terephthalate concentration between 1 x 10 -4 M and 1 x 10 -2 M in sodium hydroxide solutions at pH 10. Decreasing the solution pH does however affect G(HTA). In phosphate buffered solutions pH 6.85, G(HTA) is 0.93 +0.01 and lower values are obtained with further decrease in solution pH. The lowering of the G(HTA) value is attributed to recombination reactions between the terephthalate-OH radical products and reducing radical products. Experimental evidence supporting the recombination postulate was obtained from the measurement of a parallel decrease in the peroxide yield and the observation of a dose rate effect on G(HTA). Competition kinetic studies with the added solutes carbonate and bicarbonate gave the rate ratios k (OH + TA 2) : k(OH + CO 3 2- ) : k(OH + HCO 3 - ) = 1 : 0.105 : 0.0036 203. Removal of Phenol in Aqueous Solution Using Kaolin Mineral Clay International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sayed, M.S. 2008-01-01 Kaolin clay were tested for phenol removal as toxic liquid waste from aqueous waste water. Several experimental conditions such as weight and particle size of clay were investigated to study batch kinetic techniques, also the ph and concentration of the phenol solution were carried out. The stability of the Langmuir adsorption model of the equilibrium data were studied for phenol sorbent clay system. Infrared spectra, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis techniques were used to characterize the behavior of kaolin clay and kaolin clay saturated with phenol. The results obtained showed that kaolin clay could be used successfully as an efficient sorbent material to remove phenol from aqueous solution 204. Photochemical properties of Ysub(t) base in aqueous solution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Paszyc, S.; Rafalska, M. 1979-01-01 Photoreactivity of Ysub(t) base (I) has been studied in aqueous solution (pH-6) saturated with oxygen. Two photoproducts (II,III), resulting from irradiation at lambda = 253.7 nm and lambda >= 290 nm were isolated and their structures determined. The quantum yield for Ysub(t) base disappearance (rho dis) is 0.002 (lambda = 313 nm). It was shown that dyesensitised photo-oxidation of Ysub(t) base in aqueous solution occurs according to a Type I mechanism as well as with participation of singlet state oxygen. Quantum yields, fluorescence decay times and phosphorescence of Ysub(t) base have also been determined. (author) 205. Effects of KOH:ZnCl{sub 2} mole ratio on the phase formation, morphological and inhibitive properties of potassium zinc phosphate (PZP) pigments Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Askari, F. [Inorganic Pigment and Glazes Department, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 1668814811 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Surface Coatings and Corrosion Department, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 1668814811 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Ghasemi, E., E-mail: [email protected] [Inorganic Pigment and Glazes Department, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 1668814811 (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Ramezanzadeh, B.; Mahdavian, M. [Surface Coatings and Corrosion Department, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 1668814811 (Iran, Islamic Republic of) 2015-05-15 Graphical abstract: This figure illustrates the inhibition mechanism. The film precipitation on the anodic and cathodic regions of the metal surface causes a drop in dissolution rate of steel. - Highlights: • We synthesized the ZP pigments via coprecipitation method. • Effect of KOH:ZnCl{sub 2} on phase formation, morphology and inhibitive performance of pigment. • KOH:ZnCl{sub 2} ratio is effective on phase formation and morphology of ZP pigments. • KZn{sub 2}H(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} phase showed superior corrosion inhibition behavior than KZnPO{sub 4}. - Abstract: Different types of potassium zinc phosphate (PZP) pigments were synthesized by a co-precipitation method. The PZPs were obtained through changing KOH:ZnCl{sub 2} mole ratio. The chemical composition of the pigments was studied by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, the extracts of the PZPs were prepared in 3.5% (w/w) NaCl solution. The inhibitive performance of the pigments was investigated by polarization technique and SEM surface analysis through dipping mild steel panels in the pigment extracts for different immersion times. Results showed that changing ZnCl{sub 2}/KOH mole ratio could influence formation of KZn{sub 2}H(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} and KZnPO{sub 4} phases. It was known that the KZn{sub 2}H(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} phase has a superior corrosion inhibition behavior in 3.5% NaCl solution than KZnPO{sub 4} phase. 206. Zur Morphologie der physiologischen Foveae am Augenhintergrund von Greifvögeln und Eulen mittels Optischer Kohärenztomografie (OCT) OpenAIRE Schulze, Céline 2016-01-01 Die Optische Kohärenztomografie (OCT) ist eine neue Methode der Bilddarstellung, welche bereits erfolgreich in der humanmedizinischen Ophthalmologie etabliert wurde. Sie bietet die Möglichkeit, den Aufbau und die Morphologie der Retina in Querschnitten darzustellen und dies nicht-invasiv, kontaktfrei und in vivo in annähernd histologischer Auflösung. In der aviären Ophthalmologie wurde die OCT bisher kaum angewendet. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, die OCT als ein geeignete... 207. The influence of silicate and sulphate anions on the anodic corrosion and the transpassivity of iron and silicon-rich steel in concentrated KOH solution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) ÄŒekerevac, Milan; SimiÄić, MiloÅ¡; Bujanović, Ljiljana Nikolić; Popović, Negica 2012-01-01 Highlights: â–º Anodic behaviour of Fe and steel in 10 M KOH with sulphate and silicate is examined. â–º X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of Fe 3 (Si 1.32 Fe 0.68 )O 5 (OH) 4 in anodic layer. â–º X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of Ba(Fe, S)O 4 at anodic oxidation. - Abstract: The effect of sulphate and silicate addition in a 10 M KOH electrolyte on the anodic corrosion and transpassivity of iron and steel rich in silicon are explored by cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry. Formation of ferrate(VI) in the iron transpassivity region is noticed in all explored electrolytes. The electrochemical sulphato- and silico-ferrate(VI) formation is discussed as a possible result of Fe 3 III (Si 1.32 Fe 0.68 )O 5 (OH) 4 and [Fe(II) 4 Fe(III) 2 (OH) 12 ]SO 4 oxidation in the 10 M KOH electrolytes with silicate and sulphate, respectively. The presence of Fe 3 (Si 1.32 Fe 0.68 )O 5 (OH) 4 in the anodic layer of silicon steel and the crystal structure of electrochemically synthesised Ba(Fe, S)O 4 have been revealed by XRD. 208. Effect of KOH to Na2SiO3 Ratio on Microstructure and Hardness of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on AA 6061 Alloy Science.gov (United States) Sharma, Ashutosh; Jang, Yong-Joo; Jung, Jae Pil 2017-10-01 In this study, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process has been employed to fabricate alumina coatings on AA 6061 aluminum alloy from an electrolyte containing water glass (Na2SiO3) and alkali (KOH). The effect of deposition time and the alkali to water glass (KOH: Na2SiO3) composition ratio on the coating morphology and properties are studied. The different phases of the oxide layer and microstructure are investigated by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The results indicate that initially γ-Al2O3 forms in the coating, and as the processing time is increased from 5 to 60 minutes, α-Al2O3 phase becomes prominent. Further, higher the content of Na2SiO3, higher is the hardness and coating growth rate due to the formation of stable α-Al2O3 and Al-Si-O phase. It has been reported that the optimum properties of the PEO coatings can be obtained at a ratio of KOH: Na2SiO3 ≈ 15:10 followed by 10:10. 209. Fabrication of thin vertical mirrors through plasma etch and KOH:IPA polishing for integration into MEMS electrostatic actuators Science.gov (United States) Huda, M. Q.; Amin, T. M. F.; Ning, Y.; McKinnon, G.; Tulip, J.; Jäger, W. 2013-03-01 We developed a process for the fabrication of thin vertical mirrors as integrated structures of MEMS electrostatic actuators. The mirrors can be implemented as a vertical extension of the actuator sidewall, or can be positioned at any movable part of the actuator. The process involves the fabrication of a mesa structure on the handle layer of a silicon-oninsulator (SOI) wafer through deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). The etch/passivation cycles of the DRIE process were optimized to achieve vertical etch profiles with a depth of up to 200 μm with an aspect ratio of 10:1. The DRIE process introduced typical etch scallops with peak-to-valley and rms roughnesses on the order of 100 nm and 30 nm, respectively. A mask layer was used to pattern a 2.1 μm sacrificial oxide layer for the mesa structure. A second mask layer allowed us to define a large etch cavity for handle layer back-etch. The DRIE etched mesa structure was then etched with diluted potassium hydroxide (KOH) in isopropyl alcohol (IPA). Temperature and etch concentration were optimized for the removal of etch scallops without the formation of etch facets. The etch scallops were almost completely removed and mirror quality surfaces were achieved. The developed mesa structures are suitable for integration into actuators that are patterned in the device layer. A third masking layer, aligned through infrared camera, was used to position the thin vertical mirror at the actuator sidewall. The process provides design flexibility in integrating vertical mirrors of adjustable dimensions to movable elements of MEMS structures. 210. Using X-ray computed tomography to evaluate the initial saturation resulting from different saturation procedures DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Christensen, Britt Stenhøj Baun; Wildenschild, D; Jensen, K.H. 2006-01-01 saturation. In this study three techniques often applied in the laboratory have been evaluated for a fine sand sample: (1) venting of the sample with carbon dioxide prior to saturation, (2) applying vacuum to the sample in the beginning of the saturation procedure, and finally (3) the use of degassed water...... for saturation. Evaluation of the different enhanced saturation techniques was done with Xray computed tomography (CT) and gravimetrically. The use of CT scanning makes it possible to observe the spatial distribution of wetting and non-wetting phases in the porous medium in a non-destructive way. In this case... 211. The kinetics of dye formation by pulse radiolysis of pararosaniline cyanide in aqueous or organic solution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) McLaughlin, W.L.; Holcman, J.; Sehested, K.; Kosanic, M.M. 1979-11-01 The radiation-induced conversion of the leucocyanide of pararosaniline dye to the highly colored salt-isomer of the dye in acidic aqueous solution (wavelength of maximum absorption lambda sub(max)=540 nm) or polar organic solution (lambda sub(max)=550 nm), takes place in two separate processes. The first is very fast (within 3 s -1 to 10 6 s -1 , as the acidity or concentration of an oxidizing agent increases. In oxygen-free acidic aqueous or organic solutions (argon saturated) there is an unstable transient species (lambdasub(max)=380 nm). When using O 2 or N 2 O-saturated aqueous or organic solution, there is no intermediate absorption band at 380 nm, but the slow process of dye formation at 540 or 550 nm is still sequential to the initial fast process having somewhat faster kinetics than in Ar-saturated solution. (author) 212. Saturation and forward jets at HERA International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Marquet, C.; Peschanski, R.; Royon, C. 2004-01-01 We analyse forward-jet production at HERA in the framework of the Golec-Biernat and Wusthoff saturation models. We obtain a good description of the forward-jet cross-sections measured by the H1 and ZEUS Collaborations in the two-hard-scale region (k T∼ Q >> Λ QCD ) with two different parametrizations with either significant or weak saturation effects. The weak saturation parametrization gives a scale compatible with the one found for the proton structure function F2. We argue that Mueller-Navelet jets at the Tevatron and the LHC could help distinguishing between both options 213. On the saturation of astrophysical dynamos DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Dorch, Bertil; Archontis, Vasilis 2004-01-01 In the context of astrophysical dynamos we illustrate that the no-cosines flow, with zero mean helicity, can drive fast dynamo action and we study the dynamo's mode of operation during both the linear and non-linear saturation regimes. It turns out that in addition to a high growth rate...... in the linear regime, the dynamo saturates at a level significantly higher than normal turbulent dynamos, namely at exact equipartition when the magnetic Prandtl number Prm~ 1. Visualization of the magnetic and velocity fields at saturation will help us to understand some of the aspects of the non-linear dynamo... 214. Skin lesion KOH exam Science.gov (United States) ... Elewski BE, Hughey LC, Sobera JO, Hay R. Fungal diseases. In: Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Schaffer JV, eds. Dermatology . 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 77. Review Date 4/14/2017 Updated by: Kevin Berman, ... 215. Density of aqueous solutions of CO2 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Garcia, Julio E. 2001-10-10 In this report, we present a numerical representation for the partial molar volume of CO2 in water and the calculation of the corresponding aqueous solution density. The motivation behind this work is related to the importance of having accurate representations for aqueous phase properties in the numerical simulation of carbon dioxide disposal into aquifers as well as in geothermal applications. According to reported experimental data the density of aqueous solutions of CO2 can be as much as 2-3% higher than pure water density. This density variation might produce an influence on the groundwater flow regime. For instance, in geologic sequestration of CO2, convective transport mixing might occur when, several years after injection of carbon dioxide has stopped, the CO2-rich gas phase is concentrated at the top of the formation, just below an overlaying caprock. In this particular case the heavier CO2 saturated water will flow downward and will be replaced by water with a lesser CO2 content. 216. Practical tip: Chicago Sky Blue (CSB) stain can be added to the routine potassium hydroxide (KOH) wet-mount to provide a color contrast and facilitate the diagnosis of dermatomycoses. Science.gov (United States) Lim, Christopher Seng-Hong; Lim, Siew-Lin

2011-08-15 Rapid confirmation of dermatomycoses is desirable because it allows the clinician to initiate appropriate therapy without delay. The routine potassium hydroxide (KOH) wet-mount is cheap and rapid to use but this method lacks a color contrast. We offer a simple practical tip of adding Chicago Sky Blue (CSB) stain to KOH to highlight fungal elements and provide a color contrast that makes reading and interpretation simple, even for the novice. 217. Determining the saturation scale in nuclei International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kopeliovich, B. Z.; Potashnikova, I. K.; Schmidt, Ivan 2010-01-01 The saturation momentum seen in the nuclear infinite-momentum frame is directly related to transverse momentum broadening of partons propagating through the medium in the nuclear rest frame. Calculation of broadening within the color dipole approach, including the effects of saturation in the nucleus, gives rise to an equation which describes well the data on broadening in the Drell-Yan reaction and heavy quarkonium production. 218. Semiconductor saturable absorbers for ultrafast THz signals DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hoffmann, Matthias C.; Turchinovich, Dmitry We demonstrate saturable absorber behavior of n-type semiconductors in the THz frequency range using nonlinear THz spectroscopy. Further, we observe THz pulse shortening and increase of the group refractive index at high field strengths.......We demonstrate saturable absorber behavior of n-type semiconductors in the THz frequency range using nonlinear THz spectroscopy. Further, we observe THz pulse shortening and increase of the group refractive index at high field strengths.... 219. Thermodynamic characteristics of protolytic equilibria of L-serine in aqueous solutions Science.gov (United States) Kochergina, L. A.; Volkov, A. V.; Khokhlova, E. A.; Krutova, O. N. 2011-05-01 The heat effects of the reaction of aqueous solution of L-serine with aqueous solutions of HNO3 and KOH were determined by calorimetry at temperatures of 288.15, 298.15, and 308.15 K, and ionic strength values of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 (background electrolyte, KNO3). Standard thermodynamic characteristics (Δr H o, Δr G o, Δr S o, Δ C {/p o}) of the acidbase reactions in aqueous solutions of L-serine were calculated. The effect of the concentration of background electrolyte and temperature on the heats of dissociation of amino acid was considered. The combustion energy of L-serine by bomb calorimetry in the medium of oxygen was determined. The standard combustion and formation enthalpies of crystalline L-serine were calculated. The heats of dissolution of crystalline L-serine in water and solutions of potassium hydroxide at 298.15 K were measured by direct calorimetry. The standard enthalpies of formation of L-serine and products of its dissociation in aqueous solution were calculated. 220. Effect of cationic surfactants on organic liquid-water capillary pressure-saturation relationships Science.gov (United States) Demond, A. H.; Desai, F. N.; Hayes, K. F. 1994-02-01 Many solutes, either naturally occurring or introduced, are surface active and sorb preferentially at the interfaces of subsurface systems. In multiphase systems, the sorption of surfactants affects the capillary pressure-saturation relationships, fundamental constitutive relationships in the modeling of multiphase flow. In this study, the impact of surfactant sorption on capillary pressure relationships for organic liquid-waters systems was demonstrated by qualitatively correlating measurements of sorption and zeta potential, with interfacial tension and contact angle and, in turn, quantitatively relating these measurements to changes in capillary pressure-saturation relationships for o-xylene-water-quartz systems containing a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The results show that the sorption of CTAB causes the naturally hydrophilic system to become hydrophobic, as evidenced by a change in the contact angle from about 10°-15° to 155° or 180°, depending on the pH. This change in hydrophilicity is reflected in the zeta potential of the system which goes from negative to positive as the aqueous phase CTAB concentration increases. The spontaneous imbibition capillary pressure-saturation relationship is more sensitive to the sorption of CTAB than the drainage relationship. To predict the observed changes in both capillary pressure-saturation relationships, a modified form of Leverett's function was used where roughness and curvature corrections were incorporated into the intrinsic contact angle to give an operational contact angle. A comparison of the measured and predicted capillary pressure-saturation relationships showed reasonable agreement. « 9 10 11 12 13 » « 10 11 12 13 14 » 221. SATURATED ZONE IN-SITU TESTING Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) P.W. REIMUS 2004-11-08 The purpose of this scientific analysis is to document the results and interpretations of field experiments that test and validate conceptual flow and radionuclide transport models in the saturated zone (SZ) near Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The test interpretations provide estimates of flow and transport parameters used in the development of parameter distributions for total system performance assessment (TSPA) calculations. These parameter distributions are documented in ''Site-Scale Saturated Zone Flow Model (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170037]), Site-Scale Saturated Zone Transport'' (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170036]), Saturated Zone Colloid Transport (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170006]), and ''Saturated Zone Flow and Transport Model Abstraction'' (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170042]). Specifically, this scientific analysis contributes the following to the assessment of the capability of the SZ to serve as part of a natural barrier for waste isolation for the Yucca Mountain repository system: (1) The bases for selection of conceptual flow and transport models in the saturated volcanics and the saturated alluvium located near Yucca Mountain. (2) Results and interpretations of hydraulic and tracer tests conducted in saturated fractured volcanics at the C-wells complex near Yucca Mountain. The test interpretations include estimates of hydraulic conductivities, anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity, storativities, total porosities, effective porosities, longitudinal dispersivities, matrix diffusion mass transfer coefficients, matrix diffusion coefficients, fracture apertures, and colloid transport parameters. (3) Results and interpretations of hydraulic and tracer tests conducted in saturated alluvium at the Alluvial Testing Complex (ATC) located at the southwestern corner of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The test interpretations include estimates of hydraulic conductivities, storativities, total porosities, effective porosities, longitudinal dispersivities, matrix diffusion mass 222. SATURATED ZONE IN-SITU TESTING International Nuclear Information System (INIS) REIMUS, P.W. 2004-01-01 The purpose of this scientific analysis is to document the results and interpretations of field experiments that test and validate conceptual flow and radionuclide transport models in the saturated zone (SZ) near Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The test interpretations provide estimates of flow and transport parameters used in the development of parameter distributions for total system performance assessment (TSPA) calculations. These parameter distributions are documented in ''Site-Scale Saturated Zone Flow Model (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170037]), Site-Scale Saturated Zone Transport'' (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170036]), Saturated Zone Colloid Transport (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170006]), and ''Saturated Zone Flow and Transport Model Abstraction'' (BSC 2004 [DIRS 170042]). Specifically, this scientific analysis contributes the following to the assessment of the capability of the SZ to serve as part of a natural barrier for waste isolation for the Yucca Mountain repository system: (1) The bases for selection of conceptual flow and transport models in the saturated volcanics and the saturated alluvium located near Yucca Mountain. (2) Results and interpretations of hydraulic and tracer tests conducted in saturated fractured volcanics at the C-wells complex near Yucca Mountain. The test interpretations include estimates of hydraulic conductivities, anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity, storativities, total porosities, effective porosities, longitudinal dispersivities, matrix diffusion mass transfer coefficients, matrix diffusion coefficients, fracture apertures, and colloid transport parameters. (3) Results and interpretations of hydraulic and tracer tests conducted in saturated alluvium at the Alluvial Testing Complex (ATC) located at the southwestern corner of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The test interpretations include estimates of hydraulic conductivities, storativities, total porosities, effective porosities, longitudinal dispersivities, matrix diffusion mass transfer coefficients, and colloid 223. Aqueous solubility of zirconia International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sunder, S.; Wren, S. 2008-01-01 Zirconia (zirconium dioxide) is being considered as a host matrix for the disposal of actinides in a geologic disposal vault, for the 'burning of actinides' in nuclear reactors and for the use of lanthanides as burnable-neutron absorbers to control the neutron flux in the reactors. These applications require knowledge of the stability of the zirconia in aqueous environment. Therefore, a literature review of the aqueous solubility of zirconia was carried out. The literature review was complemented by experiments on the dissolution of zirconia in aqueous solutions. The paper presents the results of the literature review and our experiments on the dissolution of zirconia in solutions of pH between 5.7 and 10.3. The low solubility of zirconia in the solutions investigated here supports the selection of zirconia for the above applications. (author) 224. Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution Using Lantana camara, Forest Waste: Kinetics, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Studies Science.gov (United States) Girish, C. R.; Ramachandra Murty, V. 2014-01-01 The present work investigates the potential of Lantana camara, a forest waste, as an adsorbent for the phenol reduction in wastewater. Batch studies were conducted with adsorbent treated with HCl and KOH to determine the influence of various experimental parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and phenol concentration. The experimental conditions were optimized for the removal of phenol from wastewater. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of phenol were analyzed by Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. Thermodynamic parameters like the Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°) were also determined and they showed that the adsorption process was feasible, spontaneous, and exothermic in the temperature range of 298–328 K. The kinetic data were fitted with pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium data that followed Langmuir model with the monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 112.5 mg/g and 91.07 mg/g for adsorbent treated with HCl and KOH, respectively, for the concentration of phenol ranging from 25 to 250 mg/L. This indicates that the Lantana camara was a promising adsorbent for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions. PMID:27350997 225. Electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence of films of silicon nanoparticles in aqueous solution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bae, Yoonjung; Lee, Doh C; Rhogojina, Elena V; Jurbergs, David C; Korgel, Brian A; Bard, Allen J 2006-01-01 Films of octadecyl-capped Si nanoparticles (NPs) (diameter, 3.4 ± 0.7 nm) prepared by drop-coating on indium tin oxide (ITO) showed electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) for both cathodic and anodic potential sweeps in KOH solutions containing peroxydisulfate. The redox potentials of the Si NPs can be estimated as approximately -0.9 and +0.95 V (versus Ag|AgCl) based on the anodic potential for the onset of ECL minus the ECL peak energy. The ECL exhibits a relatively broad spectrum (FWHM = 160 nm) with a peak wavelength of ∼670 nm (1.85 eV), similar to the photoluminescence spectra. In electrochemical studies in KOH solution in the absence of peroxydisulfate, an anodic current peak appears at about -1 V (versus Ag|AgCl) following a scan to negative potentials. A similar peak has been observed during the etching of a bulk single crystal Si electrode in alkaline aqueous solution. Unpassivated surface sites of Si NPs seem to be etched at potentials negative of the anodic oxidation peak 226. Polyampholyte hydrogel electrolytes for flexible and self-healing aqueous supercapacitor for low temperature applications Science.gov (United States) Chung, Hyun-Joong; Li, Xinda Quenched polyampholytes provide a novel class of tough hydrogel that has self-healing ability, strong adhesion, and mechanical flexibility. In this study, we show that the polyampholyte hydrogels can be utilized as an aqueous gel electrolyte material that is especially useful for low temperature operations; at -30 °C, energy density of 10.5 Wh/kg at a power density of 500 W/kg was achieved. The high performance at the low temperature is associated to the concept of non-freezable water near the hydrophilic polymer chains. A comparison between differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements for polyampholytes that contained KOH and neat KOH solution revealed that increased amount of water molecules become non-freezable when the solution is contained in the hydrogel networks. In addition, the crosslinked network structure of the polyampholyte chains disrupts the crystalline growth of ice, resulting in `slush-like' ice formation. The interplay between the increased amount of unfrozen water and the limited growth of ice crystals leads to the enhanced supercapacitor performance at low temperatures. 227. Electrochemical Oxidation of Silver and Copper in Aqueous Basic Media and in Fused Hydroxide Electrolytes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tejada-Rosales, E. M. 2004-04-01 Full Text Available The anodic oxidations of copper and silver electrodes in basic media are reported. Experiments were conducted both in aqueous NaOH solutions and in a flux of molten NaOH/KOH eutectic. The oxidation processes were studied by means of cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometries and the phases obtained were systematically characterized by x-ray diffraction. The ranges of stability of each phase in the different media studied are reported. In addition to known oxides of copper or silver, a new silver oxide was isolated. En este trabajo se describe la oxidación anódico de electrodos de plata y de cobre en medios básicos. Se han utilizado tanto medios acuosos como hidróxidos fundidos (eutéctico NaOH/KOH. Los procesos de oxidación se han estudiado mediante voltametrÃa cÃclica y cronoamperometrÃa, y las fases resultantes han sido caracterizadas por difracción de Rayos X. Los rangos de estabilidad encontrados para cada uno dependen del medio utilizado. Además de óxidos conocidos de cobre y de plata, se ha aislado un nuevo óxido de plata. 228. Radiocolloid transport in saturated and unsaturated fractures International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Nuttall, H.E.; Jain, R.; Fertelli, Y. 1991-01-01 Studies have shown that radionuclides and toxic materials can attach to colloidal particles in groundwater or are themselves colloids. Since these contaminated particles can migrate several miles, toxic colloids present a potential environmental problem: They can rapidly transfer toxic materials through groundwater and pollute drinking water aquifers. Present in this paper is a colloid transport model for single fractures and the resulting simulations of colloid transport in both saturated and unsaturated fracture flow regimes. Results indicated that colloid diffusion rate in the direction normal to flow was an important parameter which was the rate controlling step in the process of colloids diffusing to the fracture wall and being captured. Colloid diffusion is an important parameter because the rate is approximately three orders of magnitude lower for colloids than for molecular species. An analysis of the average fluid velocities for saturated versus unsaturated cases showed that for the same fluid thickness, maximum and average velocities of unsaturated flow case were four times greater than that of the saturated case. In the unsaturated case where colloids migrate irreversibly to the air/water interface, migration rate will be six times the average rate of a saturated fracture. Therefore, unsaturated flow can potentially enhance colloid migration in comparison to the saturated case. A study of various rock/water boundary conditions was also performed and the results showed that irreversible capture was necessary to fully stop colloid propagation 229. Novel Semi-Direct OH Reactivity (kOH) Measurements by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry during a Chamber Instrument Comparison Campaign and Continuous Ambient Air Sampling at a Central European GAW Station Science.gov (United States) Muller, J.; Kubistin, D.; Elste, T.; Plass-Duelmer, C.; Claude, A.; Englert, J.; Holla, R.; Fuchs, H.; Hofzumahaus, A.; Holland, F.; Novelli, A.; Tillmann, R.; Wegener, R.; Rohrer, F.; Yu, Z.; Bohn, B.; Williams, J.; Pfannerstill, E.; Edtbauer, A.; Kluepfel, T. 2016-12-01 Total OH reactivity (kOH) has been recognized as a useful measure to gauge the potential atmospheric oxidation capacity and a few different in-situ measurement techniques have been developed over the last 15 years. Here results are presented from a novel semi-direct method developed by the German Weather Service (DWD) utilizing a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). Recently in April 2016, the CIMS system participated in a half-blind kOH instrument comparison campaign at the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ) SAPHIR chamber. Experiments provided controlled conditions with a range of different VOC mixtures and varying NOx levels, representing environments dominated by biogenic or urban emissions. Alongside CIMS, kOH was also measured by systems using the comparative reactivity method (CRM) and the pump-probe technique with OH detection. The intercomparison revealed a good performance of CIMS at lower OH reactivities (0-15 s-1), a range for which the instrumental set up was optimized. Limitations of the CIMS system consist of an upper limit for kOH detection and the need for applying a chemical correction function as a result of instrument-internal HOx recycling. Findings and instrument parameters obtained from the FZJ SAPHIR campaign and flow tube experiments are then applied to ambient air kOH measurements at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg (MOHp), Germany. The CIMS instrument is used there for long-term measurements of OH, H2SO4, ROx and kOH. Here, we show ambient air kOH measurements, interpreted in conjunction with volatile organic compounds (VOC) and inorganic trace gases also measured at the GAW station Hohenpeissenberg. These observations provide a unique dataset to investigate turnover rates and seasonal cycles of reactive trace gases, i.e. sources that make up total OH reactivity in this central European, rural setting. 230. Interger multiplication with overflow detection or saturation Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schulte, M.J.; Balzola, P.I.; Akkas, A.; Brocato, R.W. 2000-01-11 High-speed multiplication is frequently used in general-purpose and application-specific computer systems. These systems often support integer multiplication, where two n-bit integers are multiplied to produce a 2n-bit product. To prevent growth in word length, processors typically return the n least significant bits of the product and a flag that indicates whether or not overflow has occurred. Alternatively, some processors saturate results that overflow to the most positive or most negative representable number. This paper presents efficient methods for performing unsigned or two's complement integer multiplication with overflow detection or saturation. These methods have significantly less area and delay than conventional methods for integer multiplication with overflow detection and saturation. 231. TDT monitors gas saturation in heterogeneous reservoir Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hamada, G.M.; Al-Awad, M.N.J. [King Saud Univ., Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) 1998-05-25 Thermal decay time (TDT) logs were used for determining the gas/oil contact in wells in the Zeit Bay field in Egypt. Gas/oil contact in the field was revised using the results from the model that was developed. The analysis followed the Polyachenko model of functional relationship between count rates and gas saturation. Several crossplots were made for the same range of porosity and connate water saturation. These crossplots included: formation capture cross section; total selected near detector counts; total selected far detector counts; capture cross section of the borehole; and inelastic far detector counts. Each crossplot gave a definite diagnostic shape around the depth of the gas/oil contact. By using these crossplots, it is possible to calculate gas saturation from a stand-alone run. The model was validated by RFT (reservoir formation tester) and open hole log data from infill wells. Also, the analysis was successfully applied in wells without an ambiguous gas/oil contact. 232. Femoral venous oxygen saturation is no surrogate for central venous oxygen saturation NARCIS (Netherlands) van Beest, Paul A.; van der Schors, Alice; Liefers, Henriette; Coenen, Ludo G. J.; Braam, Richard L.; Habib, Najib; Braber, Annemarije; Scheeren, Thomas W. L.; Kuiper, Michael A.; Spronk, Peter E. 2012-01-01 Objective: The purpose of our study was to determine if central venous oxygen saturation and femoral venous oxygen saturation can be used interchangeably during surgery and in critically ill patients. Design: Prospective observational controlled study. Setting: Nonacademic university-affiliated 233. Tracking Controller for Intrinsic Output Saturated Systems in Presence of Amplitude and Rate Input Saturations DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Chater, E.; Giri, F.; Guerrero, Josep M. 2014-01-01 We consider the problem of controlling plants that are subject to multiple saturation constraints. Especially, we are interested in linear systems whose input is subject to amplitude and rate constraints of saturation type. Furthermore, the considered systems output is also subject to an intrinsi... 234. Nonlinear saturation of the Rayleigh Taylor instability International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Das, A.; Mahajan, S.; Kaw, P.; Sen, A.; Benkadda, S.; Verga, A. 1997-01-01 The problem of the nonlinear saturation of the 2 dimensional Rayleigh Taylor instability is re-examined to put various earlier results in a proper perspective. The existence of a variety of final states can be attributed to the differences in the choice of boundary conditions and initial conditions in earlier numerical modeling studies. Our own numerical simulations indicate that the RT instability saturates by the self consistent generation of shear flow even in situations (with periodic boundaries) where, in principle, an infinite amount of gravitational energy can be tapped. Such final states can be achieved for suitable values of the Prandtl number. (author) 235. Site-Scale Saturated Zone Flow Model Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) G. Zyvoloski 2003-12-17 The purpose of this model report is to document the components of the site-scale saturated-zone flow model at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, in accordance with administrative procedure (AP)-SIII.lOQ, ''Models''. This report provides validation and confidence in the flow model that was developed for site recommendation (SR) and will be used to provide flow fields in support of the Total Systems Performance Assessment (TSPA) for the License Application. The output from this report provides the flow model used in the ''Site-Scale Saturated Zone Transport'', MDL-NBS-HS-000010 Rev 01 (BSC 2003 [162419]). The Site-Scale Saturated Zone Transport model then provides output to the SZ Transport Abstraction Model (BSC 2003 [164870]). In particular, the output from the SZ site-scale flow model is used to simulate the groundwater flow pathways and radionuclide transport to the accessible environment for use in the TSPA calculations. Since the development and calibration of the saturated-zone flow model, more data have been gathered for use in model validation and confidence building, including new water-level data from Nye County wells, single- and multiple-well hydraulic testing data, and new hydrochemistry data. In addition, a new hydrogeologic framework model (HFM), which incorporates Nye County wells lithology, also provides geologic data for corroboration and confidence in the flow model. The intended use of this work is to provide a flow model that generates flow fields to simulate radionuclide transport in saturated porous rock and alluvium under natural or forced gradient flow conditions. The flow model simulations are completed using the three-dimensional (3-D), finite-element, flow, heat, and transport computer code, FEHM Version (V) 2.20 (software tracking number (STN): 10086-2.20-00; LANL 2003 [161725]). Concurrently, process-level transport model and methodology for calculating radionuclide transport in the saturated zone at Yucca 236. Saturated Zone Colloid-Facilitated Transport International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wolfsberg, A.; Reimus, P. 2001-01-01 The purpose of the Saturated Zone Colloid-Facilitated Transport Analysis and Modeling Report (AMR), as outlined in its Work Direction and Planning Document (CRWMS MandO 1999a), is to provide retardation factors for colloids with irreversibly-attached radionuclides, such as plutonium, in the saturated zone (SZ) between their point of entrance from the unsaturated zone (UZ) and downgradient compliance points. Although it is not exclusive to any particular radionuclide release scenario, this AMR especially addresses those scenarios pertaining to evidence from waste degradation experiments, which indicate that plutonium and perhaps other radionuclides may be irreversibly attached to colloids. This report establishes the requirements and elements of the design of a methodology for calculating colloid transport in the saturated zone at Yucca Mountain. In previous Total Systems Performance Assessment (TSPA) analyses, radionuclide-bearing colloids were assumed to be unretarded in their migration. Field experiments in fractured tuff at Yucca Mountain and in porous media at other sites indicate that colloids may, in fact, experience retardation relative to the mean pore-water velocity, suggesting that contaminants associated with colloids should also experience some retardation. Therefore, this analysis incorporates field data where available and a theoretical framework when site-specific data are not available for estimating plausible ranges of retardation factors in both saturated fractured tuff and saturated alluvium. The distribution of retardation factors for tuff and alluvium are developed in a form consistent with the Performance Assessment (PA) analysis framework for simulating radionuclide transport in the saturated zone. To improve on the work performed so far for the saturated-zone flow and transport modeling, concerted effort has been made in quantifying colloid retardation factors in both fractured tuff and alluvium. The fractured tuff analysis used recent data

237. Site-Scale Saturated Zone Flow Model International Nuclear Information System (INIS) G. Zyvoloski 2003-01-01 The purpose of this model report is to document the components of the site-scale saturated-zone flow model at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, in accordance with administrative procedure (AP)-SIII.lOQ, ''Models''. This report provides validation and confidence in the flow model that was developed for site recommendation (SR) and will be used to provide flow fields in support of the Total Systems Performance Assessment (TSPA) for the License Application. The output from this report provides the flow model used in the ''Site-Scale Saturated Zone Transport'', MDL-NBS-HS-000010 Rev 01 (BSC 2003 [162419]). The Site-Scale Saturated Zone Transport model then provides output to the SZ Transport Abstraction Model (BSC 2003 [164870]). In particular, the output from the SZ site-scale flow model is used to simulate the groundwater flow pathways and radionuclide transport to the accessible environment for use in the TSPA calculations. Since the development and calibration of the saturated-zone flow model, more data have been gathered for use in model validation and confidence building, including new water-level data from Nye County wells, single- and multiple-well hydraulic testing data, and new hydrochemistry data. In addition, a new hydrogeologic framework model (HFM), which incorporates Nye County wells lithology, also provides geologic data for corroboration and confidence in the flow model. The intended use of this work is to provide a flow model that generates flow fields to simulate radionuclide transport in saturated porous rock and alluvium under natural or forced gradient flow conditions. The flow model simulations are completed using the three-dimensional (3-D), finite-element, flow, heat, and transport computer code, FEHM Version (V) 2.20 (software tracking number (STN): 10086-2.20-00; LANL 2003 [161725]). Concurrently, process-level transport model and methodology for calculating radionuclide transport in the saturated zone at Yucca Mountain using FEHM V 2.20 are being 238. Enhanced Oil Recovery: Aqueous Flow Tracer Measurement Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Joseph Rovani; John Schabron 2009-02-01 A low detection limit analytical method was developed to measure a suite of benzoic acid and fluorinated benzoic acid compounds intended for use as tracers for enhanced oil recovery operations. Although the new high performance liquid chromatography separation successfully measured the tracers in an aqueous matrix at low part per billion levels, the low detection limits could not be achieved in oil field water due to interference problems with the hydrocarbon-saturated water using the system's UV detector. Commercial instrument vendors were contacted in an effort to determine if mass spectrometry could be used as an alternate detection technique. The results of their work demonstrate that low part per billion analysis of the tracer compounds in oil field water could be achieved using ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. 239. Radiolysis studies of aqueous kappa-carrageenan Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Abad, L.V., E-mail: [email protected] [Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Diliman, Quezon City (Philippines); Kudo, H. [Nuclear Professional School, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 2-22 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1188 (Japan); Saiki, S. [Nuclear Professional School, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 2-22 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1188 (Japan); Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 (Japan); Nagasawa, N.; Tamada, M. [Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292 (Japan); Fu, H.; Muroya, Y. [Nuclear Professional School, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 2-22 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1188 (Japan); Lin, M.; Katsumura, Y. [Nuclear Professional School, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 2-22 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1188 (Japan); Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1195 (Japan); Relleve, L.S.; Aranilla, C.T.; DeLaRosa, A.M. [Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Diliman, Quezon City (Philippines) 2010-05-15 The effects on N{sub 2}O and N{sub 2} gas on the radiation degradation yield of aqueous kappa (kappa-) carrageenan were investigated. The G{sub d} of solution saturated with N{sub 2}O solution was expectedly much higher than in air (1.7 and 1.2 x 10{sup -7} mol J{sup -1}). On the other hand, a lower G{sub d} of 1.1 x 10{sup -7} mol J{sup -1} was obtained from kappa-carrageenan solution saturated with N{sub 2}. The rate constant of reaction of OH radicals with sonicated and irradiated kappa-carrageenan were determined using e-beam pulse radiolysis. The rate constant of OH{sup c}entre dot interaction with sonicated kappa-carrageenan decreased with decreasing molecular weight. On the other hand, the OH{sup c}entre dot interaction with irradiated kappa-carrageenan decreased but did not vary significantly with decreasing molecular weight. Metal ion (Na{sup +}) induced conformational transition into helical form decreased the rate constant of OH{sup c}entre dot reaction with kappa-carrageenan. Likewise, the G{sub d} in aqueous form was affected by the conformational state of kappa-carrageenan. The helical conformation gave a lower G{sub d} (7 x 10{sup -8} mol J{sup -1}) than the coiled conformation (G{sub d} = 1.2 x 10{sup -7} mol J{sup -1}). 240. Highly Cost-Effective Nitrogen-Doped Porous Coconut Shell-Based CO2 Sorbent Synthesized by Combining Ammoxidation with KOH Activation. Science.gov (United States) Yang, Mingli; Guo, Liping; Hu, Gengshen; Hu, Xin; Xu, Leqiong; Chen, Jie; Dai, Wei; Fan, Maohong 2015-06-02 The objective of this research is to develop a cost-effective carbonaceous CO2 sorbent. Highly nanoporous N-doped carbons were synthesized with coconut shell by combining ammoxidation with KOH activation. The resultant carbons have characteristics of highly developed porosities and large nitrogen loadings. The prepared carbons exhibit high CO2 adsorption capacities of 3.44-4.26 and 4.77-6.52 mmol/g at 25 and 0 °C under atmospheric pressure, respectively. Specifically, the sample NC-650-1 prepared under very mild conditions (650 °C and KOH/precursor ratio of 1) shows the CO2 uptake 4.26 mmol/g at 25 °C, which is among the best of the known nitrogen-doped porous carbons. The high CO2 capture capacity of the sorbent can be attributed to its high microporosity and nitrogen content. In addition, the CO2/N2 selectivity of the sorbent is as high as 29, higher than that of many reported CO2 sorbents. Finally, this N-doped carbon exhibits CO2 heats of adsorption as high as 42 kJ/mol. The multiple advantages of these cost-effective coconut shell-based carbons demonstrate that they are excellent candidates for CO2 capture. « 10 11 12 13 14 » « 11 12 13 14 15 » 241. Increase of porosity by combining semi-carbonization and KOH activation of formaldehyde resins to prepare high surface area carbons for supercapacitor applications Science.gov (United States) Heimböckel, Ruben; Kraas, Sebastian; Hoffmann, Frank; Fröba, Michael 2018-01-01 A series of porous carbon samples were prepared by combining a semi-carbonization process of acidic polymerized phenol-formaldehyde resins and a following chemical activation with KOH used in different ratios to increase specific surface area, micropore content and pore sizes of the carbons which is favourable for supercapacitor applications. Samples were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the amount of KOH, combined with the semi-carbonization step had a remarkable effect on the specific surface area (up to SBET: 3595 m2 g-1 and SDFT: 2551 m2 g-1), pore volume (0.60-2.62 cm3 g-1) and pore sizes (up to 3.5 nm). The carbons were tested as electrode materials for electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC) in a two electrode setup with tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile as electrolyte. The prepared carbon material with the largest surface area, pore volume and pore sizes exhibits a high specific capacitance of 145.1 F g1 at a current density of 1 A g-1. With a high specific energy of 31 W h kg-1 at a power density of 33028 W kg-1 and a short time relaxation constant of 0.29 s, the carbon showed high power capability as an EDLC electrode material. 242. Biomass Enzymatic Saccharification Is Determined by the Non-KOH-Extractable Wall Polymer Features That Predominately Affect Cellulose Crystallinity in Corn Science.gov (United States) Wu, Leiming; Wang, Hongwu; Wu, Zhiliang; Li, Ming; Huang, Pengyan; Feng, Shengqiu; Chen, Peng; Zheng, Yonglian; Peng, Liangcai 2014-01-01 Corn is a major food crop with enormous biomass residues for biofuel production. Due to cell wall recalcitrance, it becomes essential to identify the key factors of lignocellulose on biomass saccharification. In this study, we examined total 40 corn accessions that displayed a diverse cell wall composition. Correlation analysis showed that cellulose and lignin levels negatively affected biomass digestibility after NaOH pretreatments at pbiomass saccharification after pretreatments with NaOH and H2SO4 at three concentrations. Notably, despite that the non-KOH-extractable residues covered 12%–23% hemicelluloses and lignin of total biomass, their wall polymer features exhibited the predominant effects on biomass enzymatic hydrolysis including Ara substitution degree of xylan (reverse Xyl/Ara) and S/G ratio of lignin. Furthermore, the non-KOH-extractable polymer features could significantly affect lignocellulose crystallinity at pbiomass digestibility. Hence, this study could suggest an optimal approach for genetic modification of plant cell walls in bioenergy corn. PMID:25251456 243. Ultrasound assisted production of fatty acid methyl esters from transesterification of triglycerides with methanol in the presence of KOH catalyst: optimization, mechanism and kinetics. Science.gov (United States) Thanh, Le Tu; Okitsu, Kenji; Maeda, Yasuaki; Bandow, Hiroshi 2014-03-01 Ultrasound assisted transesterification of triglycerides (TG) with methanol in the presence of KOH catalyst was investigated, where the changes in the reactants and products (diglycerides (DG), monoglycerides (MG), fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and glycerin (GL)) concentrations were discussed to understand the reaction mechanism and kinetics under ultrasound irradiation. The optimum reaction condition for the FAME production was the concentration of KOH 1.0 wt.%, molar ratio of TG to methanol of 1:6, and irradiation time of 25 min. The rate constants during the TG transesterification with methanol into GL and FAME were estimated by a curve fitting method with simulated curves to the obtained experimental results. The rate constants of [Formula: see text] were estimated to be 0.21, 0.008, 0.23, 0.005, 0.14 and 0.001 L mol(-1)min(-1), respectively. The rate determining step for the TG transesterification with methanol into GL and FAME was the reaction of MG with methanol into GL and FAME. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 244. Biomass enzymatic saccharification is determined by the non-KOH-extractable wall polymer features that predominately affect cellulose crystallinity in corn. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jun Jia Full Text Available Corn is a major food crop with enormous biomass residues for biofuel production. Due to cell wall recalcitrance, it becomes essential to identify the key factors of lignocellulose on biomass saccharification. In this study, we examined total 40 corn accessions that displayed a diverse cell wall composition. Correlation analysis showed that cellulose and lignin levels negatively affected biomass digestibility after NaOH pretreatments at p<0.05 & 0.01, but hemicelluloses did not show any significant impact on hexoses yields. Comparative analysis of five standard pairs of corn samples indicated that cellulose and lignin should not be the major factors on biomass saccharification after pretreatments with NaOH and H2SO4 at three concentrations. Notably, despite that the non-KOH-extractable residues covered 12%-23% hemicelluloses and lignin of total biomass, their wall polymer features exhibited the predominant effects on biomass enzymatic hydrolysis including Ara substitution degree of xylan (reverse Xyl/Ara and S/G ratio of lignin. Furthermore, the non-KOH-extractable polymer features could significantly affect lignocellulose crystallinity at p<0.05, leading to a high biomass digestibility. Hence, this study could suggest an optimal approach for genetic modification of plant cell walls in bioenergy corn. 245. Two-Stage Conversion of High Free Fatty Acid Jatropha curcas Oil to Biodiesel Using Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid and KOH as Catalysts Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Subrata Das 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Biodiesel was produced from high free fatty acid (FFA Jatropha curcas oil (JCO by two-stage process in which esterification was performed by Brønsted acidic ionic liquid 1-(1-butylsulfonic-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BSMIM]Cl followed by KOH catalyzed transesterification. Maximum FFA conversion of 93.9% was achieved and it reduced from 8.15 wt% to 0.49 wt% under the optimum reaction conditions of methanol oil molar ratio 12 : 1 and 10 wt% of ionic liquid catalyst at 70°C in 6â €‰h. The ionic liquid catalyst was reusable up to four times of consecutive runs under the optimum reaction conditions. At the second stage, the esterified JCO was transesterified by using 1.3 wt% KOH and methanol oil molar ratio of 6 : 1 in 20 min at 64°C. The yield of the final biodiesel was found to be 98.6% as analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. Chemical composition of the final biodiesel was also determined by GC-MS analysis. 246. Preparation of activated petroleum coke for removal of naphthenic acids model compounds: Box-Behnken design optimization of KOH activation process. Science.gov (United States) Niasar, Hojatallah Seyedy; Li, Hanning; Das, Sreejon; Kasanneni, Tirumala Venkateswara Rao; Ray, Madhumita B; Xu, Chunbao Charles 2018-04-01 This study employed Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology to optimize activation parameters for the production of activated petroleum coke (APC) adsorbent from petroleum coke (PC) to achieve highest adsorption capacity for three model naphthenic acids. Activated petroleum coke (APC) adsorbent with a BET surface area of 1726 m 2 /g and total pore volume of 0.85 cc/g was produced at the optimum activation conditions (KOH/coke mass ratio) of 3.0, activation temperature 790 °C, and activation time 3.47â €¯h). Effects of the activation parameters on the adsorption pefromances (adsortion capaciy and kinetics) were investigated. With the APC obtained at the optimum activation condition, the maximum adsorption capacity of 451, 362, and 320 (mg/g) was achieved for 2-naphthoic acid, diphenylacetic acid and cyclohexanepentanoic acid (CP), respectively. Although, generally APC adsorbents with a higher specific surface area and pore volume provide better adsorption capacity, the textural properties (surface areas and pore volume) are not the only parameters determining the APC adsorbents' adsorption capacity. Other parameters such as surface functionalities play effective roles on the adsorption capacity of the produced APC adsorbents for NAs. The KOH activation process, in particular the acid washing step, distinctly reduced the sulfur and metals contents in the raw PC, decreasing the leaching potential of metals from APC adsorbents during adsorption. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 247. Synthesis and characterization of saturated polyester and ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Saturated polyester resin, derived from the glycolysis of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) was examined as an effective way for PET recycling. The glycolyzed PET (GPET) was reacted with the mixture of phthalic anhydride and ethylene glycol (EG) with varied compositions and their reaction kinetic were studied. During ... 248. Saturation at Low X and Nonlinear Evolution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Stasto, A.M. 2002-01-01 In this talk the results of the analytical and numerical analysis of the nonlinear Balitsky-Kovchegov equation are presented. The characteristic BFKL diffusion into infrared regime is suppressed by the generation of the saturation scale Q s . We identify the scaling and linear regimes for the solution. We also study the impact of subleading corrections onto the nonlinear evolution. (author) 249. The myth of plant species saturation Science.gov (United States) Thomas J. Stohlgren; David T. Barnett; Catherine S. Jarnevich; Curtis Flather; John Kartesz 2008-01-01 Plant species assemblages, communities or regional floras might be termed saturated when additional immigrant species are unsuccessful at establishing due to competitive exclusion or other inter-specific interactions, or when the immigration of species is off-set by extirpation of species. This is clearly not the case for state, regional or national floras in the USA... 250. Iron saturation control in RHIC dipole magnets International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Thompson, P.A.; Gupta, R.C.; Kahn, S.A.; Hahn, H.; Morgan, G.H.; Wanderer, P.J.; Willen, E. 1991-01-01 The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) will require 360 dipoles of 80 mm bore. This paper discusses the field perturbations produced by the saturation of the yoke iron. Changes have been made to the yoke to reduce these perturbations, in particular, decapole -4 . Measurements and calculations for 6 series of dipole magnets are presented. 2 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab 251. Elevated transferrin saturation and risk of diabetes DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Ellervik, Christina; Mandrup-Poulsen, Thomas; Andersen, Henrik Ullits 2011-01-01 OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that elevated transferrin saturation is associated with an increased risk of any form of diabetes, as well as type 1 or type 2 diabetes separately. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used two general population studies, The Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS, N = 9... 252. Spontaneous emission from saturated parametric amplifiers DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rottwitt, Karsten; Ott, Johan Raunkjær; Steffensen, Henrik 2009-01-01 Noise performance of parametric amplifiers is typically calculated assuming un-depleted operation. However, in many applications especially when applied as regenerative amplifiers in systems based on phase shift keyed modulation schemes, this assumption is not valid. Here we show the impact...... on accumulated spontaneous emission for a parametric amplifier operated in saturation.... 253. Nasal pulse oximetry overestimates oxygen saturation DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rosenberg, J; Pedersen, M H 1990-01-01 Ten surgical patients were monitored with nasal and finger pulse oximetry (Nellcor N-200) for five study periods with alternating mouth and nasal breathing and switching of cables and sensors. Nasal pulse oximetry was found to overestimate arterial oxygen saturation by 4.7 (SD 1.4%) (bias... 254. Oxygenation of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Unknown Oxygenation of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with sodium periodate catalyzed by manganese(III) tetra-arylporphyrins, to study the axial ligation of imidazole. REZA TAYEBEE. Department of Chemistry, Sabzevar Teacher Training University, Sabzevar, Iran 397 e-mail: [email protected]. MS received 4 June ... 255. Two-beam interaction in saturable media DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Schjødt-Eriksen, Jens; Schmidt, Michel R.; Juul Rasmussen, Jens 1998-01-01 The dynamics of two coupled soliton solutions of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation with a saturable nonlinearity is investigated It is shown by means of a variational method and by direct numerical calculations that two well-separated solitons can orbit around each other, if their initial velocity... 256. Modeling of Current Transformers Under Saturation Conditions Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Martin Prochazka 2006-01-01 Full Text Available During a short circuit the input signal of the relay can be distort by the magnetic core saturation of the current transformer. It is useful to verify the behavior of CT by a mathematical model. The paper describes one phase and three phase models and it presents some methods of how to analyze and classify a deformed secondary current 257. Aromatic saturation of distillates. An overview International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cooper, Barry H.; Donnis, Bjoern B.L. 1996-01-01 The saturation of aromatic compounds in distillate fractions and in particular in diesel fuel has received considerable attention in recent years. A high aromatic content is associated with poor fuel quality, giving a low cetane number in diesel fuel and a high smoke point in jet fuel. There is also evidence that particulate emissions in diesel exhaust gases correlate with the aromatic content of the fuel. New legislation has been introduced to limit aromatics in diesel fuel and this has led to new catalyst and process developments for aromatic saturation. This paper gives an overview of these developments. The types of aromatic compounds found in distillate streams are described, and the kinetics of both single (model) compounds and groups of compounds as found in industrial feedstocks are discussed. Both supported metal sulfide and supported noble metal catalysts are used industrially and the paper outlines the role of the active species in these catalysts and compares reaction conditions used for each. The tolerance of different catalyst systems towards sulfur and nitrogen in the feed is dealt with in some detail. Commercial processes employ either single- or dual-stage catalyst systems depending on the nature of the aromatic saturation catalyst. The paper considers the merits of different process configurations. The paper concludes with a brief survey of possible future applications for distillate aromatic saturation catalysts 258. Establishing a quantitative functional relationship between capillary pressure, saturation and interfacial area. 1997 annual progress report International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Montemagno, C.D. 1997-01-01 'There is a fundamental knowledge gap associated with the in situ remediation of non-aqueous phase pollutants. Currently it is not possible to accurately determine the interfacial surface area of non-aqueous contaminants. As a result it is impossible to (1) accurately establish the health and environmental risk associated with the pollution: (2) precisely quantify and evaluate the potential efficacy of various in situ treatment technologies; and (3) conduct reliable performance assessments of the applied remediation technology during and after the clean-up. The global goal of this investigation is to try to remedy these shortcomings through the development of a formalized functional relationship between interfacial area (a), phase saturation (S) and capillary pressure (P). The development of this relationship will allow the direct determination of the fluid-fluid interfacial area from field measurements. Quantitative knowledge of the surface area of the non-aqueous phase pollutant facilitates accurate predictions of both the rate of dissolution and the contact area available for treatment. In addition. if saturation and capillary pressure measurements are made during the remediation process. both the spatial and temporal effectiveness of the remediation technology can be quantified. This information can then be used to optimize the restoration program. The project objective will be achieved through an integrated and focused research program that is comprised of theoretical computational and experimental efforts. These efforts are organized into a framework of four tasks: (1) improve on newly developed laboratory techniques to quantify and directly measure the functional relationship between phase interfacial area (a), saturation (S) and capillary pressure (P). (2) Develop new computational algorithms in conjunction with laboratory measurements to predict P, S and a. (3) Test existing theory and develop new theory to describe the relationship between P, S and a at 259. Effect of Fe ion concentration on fatigue life of carbon steel in aqueous CO2 environment DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rogowska, Magdalena; Gudme, J.; Rubin, A. 2016-01-01 In this work, the corrosion fatigue behaviour of steel armours used in the flexible pipes, in aqueous solutions initially containing different concentrations of Fe2+, was investigated by four-point bending testing under saturated 1 bar CO2 condition. Corrosion fatigue results were supported with ex... 260. Radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions of cyanamide. [Gamma radiation Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Draganic, Z.D.; Draganic, I.G.; Jovanovic, S.V. 1978-09-01 Oxygen-free aqueous solutions of 0.1 M NH/sub 2/CN (pH 2.4 and 5) were irradiated with ..gamma.. rays (0.01--25 Mrad). The rate constants determined in competition experiments are: k(H + NH/sub 2/CN) = 6.7 x 10/sup 6/ M/sup -1/ sec/sup -1/, k(e/sub aq//sup -/ + NH/sub 2/CN) = 1.5 x 10/sup 9/ M/sup -1/ sec/sup -1/, and k(OH + NH/sub 2/CN) = 8.5 x 10/sup 6/ M/sup -1/ sec/sup -1/. Radiation-chemical yields were determined for the decomposition of cyanamide molecules and the formation of several radiolytic products. The following compounds were identified in irradiated solutions: H/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, NH/sub 3/, urea, biuret, arginine, and a--N=N-- molecule assigned to methylaminoazoformamide. Possible reactions of secondary free radicals leading to the formation of radiolytic products were considered by taking into account the model of water radiolysis and the measured radiation yields. « 11 12 13 14 15 » « 12 13 14 15 16 » 261. Saturated Zone In-Situ Testing International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Reimus, P. W.; Umari, M. J. 2003-01-01 The purpose of this scientific analysis is to document the results and interpretations of field experiments that have been conducted to test and validate conceptual flow and radionuclide transport models in the saturated zone (SZ) near Yucca Mountain. The test interpretations provide estimates of flow and transport parameters that are used in the development of parameter distributions for Total System Performance Assessment (TSPA) calculations. These parameter distributions are documented in the revisions to the SZ flow model report (BSC 2003 [ 162649]), the SZ transport model report (BSC 2003 [ 162419]), the SZ colloid transport report (BSC 2003 [162729]), and the SZ transport model abstraction report (BSC 2003 [1648701]). Specifically, this scientific analysis report provides the following information that contributes to the assessment of the capability of the SZ to serve as a barrier for waste isolation for the Yucca Mountain repository system: (1) The bases for selection of conceptual flow and transport models in the saturated volcanics and the saturated alluvium located near Yucca Mountain. (2) Results and interpretations of hydraulic and tracer tests conducted in saturated fractured volcanics at the C-wells complex near Yucca Mountain. The test interpretations include estimates of hydraulic conductivities, anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity, storativities, total porosities, effective porosities, longitudinal dispersivities, matrix diffusion mass transfer coefficients, matrix diffusion coefficients, fracture apertures, and colloid transport parameters. (3) Results and interpretations of hydraulic and tracer tests conducted in saturated alluvium at the Alluvium Testing Complex (ATC), which is located at the southwestern corner of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The test interpretations include estimates of hydraulic conductivities, storativities, total porosities, effective porosities, longitudinal dispersivities, matrix diffusion mass transfer coefficients, and 262. Saturated Zone In-Situ Testing Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) P. W. Reimus; M. J. Umari 2003-12-23 The purpose of this scientific analysis is to document the results and interpretations of field experiments that have been conducted to test and validate conceptual flow and radionuclide transport models in the saturated zone (SZ) near Yucca Mountain. The test interpretations provide estimates of flow and transport parameters that are used in the development of parameter distributions for Total System Performance Assessment (TSPA) calculations. These parameter distributions are documented in the revisions to the SZ flow model report (BSC 2003 [ 162649]), the SZ transport model report (BSC 2003 [ 162419]), the SZ colloid transport report (BSC 2003 [162729]), and the SZ transport model abstraction report (BSC 2003 [1648701]). Specifically, this scientific analysis report provides the following information that contributes to the assessment of the capability of the SZ to serve as a barrier for waste isolation for the Yucca Mountain repository system: (1) The bases for selection of conceptual flow and transport models in the saturated volcanics and the saturated alluvium located near Yucca Mountain. (2) Results and interpretations of hydraulic and tracer tests conducted in saturated fractured volcanics at the C-wells complex near Yucca Mountain. The test interpretations include estimates of hydraulic conductivities, anisotropy in hydraulic conductivity, storativities, total porosities, effective porosities, longitudinal dispersivities, matrix diffusion mass transfer coefficients, matrix diffusion coefficients, fracture apertures, and colloid transport parameters. (3) Results and interpretations of hydraulic and tracer tests conducted in saturated alluvium at the Alluvium Testing Complex (ATC), which is located at the southwestern corner of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The test interpretations include estimates of hydraulic conductivities, storativities, total porosities, effective porosities, longitudinal dispersivities, matrix diffusion mass transfer coefficients, and 263. Space Charge Saturated Sheath Regime and Electron Temperature Saturation in Hall Thrusters Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Y. Raitses; D. Staack; A. Smirnov; N.J. Fisch 2005-03-16 Secondary electron emission in Hall thrusters is predicted to lead to space charge saturated wall sheaths resulting in enhanced power losses in the thruster channel. Analysis of experimentally obtained electron-wall collision frequency suggests that the electron temperature saturation, which occurs at high discharge voltages, appears to be caused by a decrease of the Joule heating rather than by the enhancement of the electron energy loss at the walls due to a strong secondary electron emission. 264. Comparison of pulseoximetry oxygen saturation and arterial oxygen saturation in open heart intensive care unit Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alireza Mahoori 2013-08-01 Full Text Available Background: Pulseoximetry is widely used in the critical care setting, currently used to guide therapeutic interventions. Few studies have evaluated the accuracy of SPO2 (puls-eoximetry oxygen saturation in intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Our objective was to compare pulseoximetry with arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2 during clinical routine in such patients, and to examine the effect of mild acidosis on this relationship.Methods: In an observational prospective study 80 patients were evaluated in intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. SPO2 was recorded and compared with SaO2 obtained by blood gas analysis. One or serial arterial blood gas analyses (ABGs were performed via a radial artery line while a reliable pulseoximeter signal was present. One hundred thirty seven samples were collected and for each blood gas analyses, SaO2 and SPO2 we recorded.Results: O2 saturation as a marker of peripheral perfusion was measured by Pulseoxim-etry (SPO2. The mean difference between arterial oxygen saturation and pulseoximetry oxygen saturation was 0.12%±1.6%. A total of 137 paired readings demonstrated good correlation (r=0.754; P<0.0001 between changes in SPO2 and those in SaO2 in samples with normal hemoglobin. Also in forty seven samples with mild acidosis, paired readings demonstrated good correlation (r=0.799; P<0.0001 and the mean difference between SaO2 and SPO2 was 0.05%±1.5%.Conclusion: Data showed that in patients with stable hemodynamic and good signal quality, changes in pulseoximetry oxygen saturation reliably predict equivalent changes in arterial oxygen saturation. Mild acidosis doesn’t alter the relation between SPO2 and SaO2 to any clinically important extent. In conclusion, the pulse oximeter is useful to monitor oxygen saturation in patients with stable hemodynamic. 265. The Danish tax on saturated fat DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jensen, Jørgen DejgÃ¥rd; Smed, Sinne 2013-01-01 Denmark introduced a new tax on saturated fat in food products with effect from October 2011. The objective of this paper is to make an effect assessment of this tax for some of the product categories most significantly affected by the new tax, namely fats such as butter, butter-blends, margarine...... and oils. This assessment is done by conducting an econometric analysis on weekly food purchase data from a large household panel dataset (GfK Consumer Tracking Scandinavia), spanning the period from January 2008 until July 2012.The econometric analysis suggest that the introduction of the tax on saturated...... fat in food products has had some effects on the market for the considered products, in that the level of consumption of fats dropped by 10 – 20%. Furthermore, the analysis points at shifts in demand from high-price supermarkets towards low-price discount stores – at least for some types of oils... 266. Effective stress principle for partially saturated media International Nuclear Information System (INIS) McTigue, D.F.; Wilson, R.K.; Nunziato, J.W. 1984-04-01 In support of the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigation (NNWSI) Project, we have undertaken a fundamental study of water migration in partially saturated media. One aspect of that study, on which we report here, has been to use the continuum theory of mixtures to extend the classical notion of effective stress to partially saturated media. Our analysis recovers previously proposed phenomenological representations for the effective stress in terms of the capillary pressure. The theory is illustrated by specializing to the case of linear poroelasticity, for which we calculate the deformation due to the fluid pressure in a static capillary fringe. We then examine the transient consolidation associated with liquid flow induced by an applied surface load. Settlement accompanies this flow as the liquid is redistributed by a nonlinear diffusion process. For material properties characteristic of tuff from the Nevada Test Site, these effects are found to be vanishingly small. 14 references, 7 figures, 1 table 267. Scaling of saturation amplitudes in baroclinic instability International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Shepherd, T.G. 1994-01-01 By using finite-amplitude conservation laws for pseudomomentum and pseudoenergy, rigorous upper bounds have been derived on the saturation amplitudes in baroclinic instability for layered and continuously-stratified quasi-geostrophic models. Bounds have been obtained for both the eddy energy and the eddy potential enstrophy. The bounds apply to conservative (inviscid, unforced) flow, as well as to forced-dissipative flow when the dissipation is proportional to the potential vorticity. This approach provides an efficient way of extracting an analytical estimate of the dynamical scalings of the saturation amplitudes in terms of crucial non-dimensional parameters. A possible use is in constructing eddy parameterization schemes for zonally-averaged climate models. The scaling dependences are summarized, and compared with those derived from weakly-nonlinear theory and from baroclinic-adjustment estimates 268. Aqueous shunts for glaucoma. Science.gov (United States) Tseng, Victoria L; Coleman, Anne L; Chang, Melinda Y; Caprioli, Joseph 2017-07-28 Aqueous shunts are employed to control intraocular pressure (IOP) for people with primary or secondary glaucomas who fail or are not candidates for standard surgery. To assess the effectiveness and safety of aqueous shunts for reducing IOP in glaucoma compared with standard surgery, another type of aqueous shunt, or modification to the aqueous shunt procedure. We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) (2016, Issue 8), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to August 2016), Embase.com (1947 to August 2016), PubMed (1948 to August 2016), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database) (1982 to August 2016), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov); searched 15 August 2016, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en); searched 15 August 2016. We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic search for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 15 August 2016. We also searched the reference lists of identified trial reports and the Science Citation Index to find additional trials. We included randomized controlled trials that compared various types of aqueous shunts with standard surgery or to each other in eyes with glaucoma. Two review authors independently screened search results for eligibility, assessed the risk of bias, and extracted data from included trials. We contacted trial investigators when data were unclear or not reported. We graded the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We followed standard methods as recommended by Cochrane. We included 27 trials with a total of 2099 participants with mixed diagnoses and comparisons of interventions. Seventeen studies reported adequate methods of randomization, and seven reported adequate allocation concealment. Data collection and follow-up times varied.Four trials compared an aqueous shunt (Ahmed or Baerveldt) with trabeculectomy, of which 269. Stabilization of Neutral Systems with Saturating Actuators Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) F. El Haoussi 2012-01-01 to determine stabilizing state-feedback controllers with large domain of attraction, expressed as linear matrix inequalities, readily implementable using available numerical tools and with tuning parameters that make possible to select the most adequate solution. These conditions are derived by using a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional on the vertices of the polytopic description of the actuator saturations. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. 270. Gluon saturation beyond (naive) leading logs Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Beuf, Guillaume 2014-12-15 An improved version of the Balitsky–Kovchegov equation is presented, with a consistent treatment of kinematics. That improvement allows to resum the most severe of the large higher order corrections which plague the conventional versions of high-energy evolution equations, with approximate kinematics. This result represents a further step towards having high-energy QCD scattering processes under control beyond strict Leading Logarithmic accuracy and with gluon saturation effects. 271. Convection of Moist Saturated Air: Analytical Study OpenAIRE Robert Zakinyan; Arthur Zakinyan; Roman Ryzhkov; Kristina Avanesyan 2016-01-01 In the present work, the steady-state stationary thermal convection of moist saturated air in a lower atmosphere has been studied theoretically. Thermal convection was considered without accounting for the Coriolis force, and with only the vertical temperature gradient. The analytical solution of geophysical fluid dynamics equations, which generalizes the formulation of the moist convection problem, is obtained in the two-dimensional case. The stream function is derived in the Boussinesq appr... 272. 2D Saturable Absorbers for Fibre Lasers Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Robert I. Woodward 2015-11-01 Full Text Available Two-dimensional (2D nanomaterials are an emergent and promising platform for future photonic and optoelectronic applications. Here, we review recent progress demonstrating the application of 2D nanomaterials as versatile, wideband saturable absorbers for Q-switching and mode-locking fibre lasers. We focus specifically on the family of few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides, including MoS2, MoSe2 and WS2. 273. Saturation effects in Na lidar temperature measurements International Nuclear Information System (INIS) von der Gathen, P. 1991-01-01 Na atoms residing in the 80-110 km altitude region can be used to probe the Doppler-broadened hyperfine structure (hfs) of their D 2 resonance by ground-bases lidar and hence to deduce atmospheric temperatures. In principle, two different methods may be employed: (1) wavelength scanning of the hfs with a narrow-band laser and signal detection with a broad-band receiver, and (2) use of a broad-band laser and wavelength scanning of the hfs with a narrow-band receiver. These two methods are affected in different ways by laserinduced saturation in the Na layer, the effect on the measurements of sodium densities and of atmospheric temperatures being quite different. Density measurements are affected by the absolute level of saturation. Temperature measurements, however, are affected by the difference in saturation at the scanned wavelengths. If, additionally, observed signal levels are taken into account, method 1 is more efficient than method 2 for both types of measurements at nighttime, whereas a modified method 2 surpasses method 1 for temperature measurements at daytime 274. Saturation and nucleation in hot nuclear systems International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Deangelis, A.R. 1990-07-01 We investigate nuclear fragmentation in a supersaturated system using classical nucleation theory. This allows us to go outside the normally applied constraint of chemical equilibrium. The system is governed by a virial equation of state, which we use to find an expression for the density as a function of pressure and temperature. The evolution of the system is discussed in terms of the phase diagram. Corrections are included to account for the droplet surface and all charges contained in the system. Using this model we investigate and discuss the effects of temperature and saturation, and compare the results to those of other models of fragmentation. We also discuss the limiting temperatures of the system for the cases with and without chemical equilibrium. We find that large nuclei will be formed in saturated systems, even above the limiting temperature as previously defined. We also find that saturation and temperature dominate surface and Coulomb effects. The effects are quite large, thus even a qualitative inspection of the yields may give an indication of the conditions during fragmentation 275. Optimal oxygen saturation in premature infants Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Meayoung Chang 2011-09-01 Full Text Available There is a delicate balance between too little and too much supplemental oxygen exposure in premature infants. Since underuse and overuse of supplemental oxygen can harm premature infants, oxygen saturation levels must be monitored and kept at less than 95% to prevent reactive oxygen species-related diseases, such as retinopathy of prematurity and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. At the same time, desaturation below 80 to 85% must be avoided to prevent adverse consequences, such as cerebral palsy. It is still unclear what range of oxygen saturation is appropriate for premature infants; however, until the results of further studies are available, a reasonable target for pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2 is 90 to 93% with an intermittent review of the correlation between SpO2 and the partial pressure of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2. Because optimal oxygenation depends on individuals at the bedside making ongoing adjustments, each unit must define an optimal target range and set alarm limits according to their own equipment or conditions. All staff must be aware of these values and adjust the concentration of supplemental oxygen frequently. 276. Aqueous radioactive waste bituminization International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Williamson, A.S. 1980-08-01 The bituminzation of decontamination and ion exchange resin stripping wastes with four grades of asphalt was investigated to determine the effects of asphalt type on the properties of the final products. All waste forms deformed readily under light loads indicating they would flow if not restrained. It was observed in all cases that product leaching rates increased as the hardness of the asphalt used to treat the waste increased. If bituminization is adopted for any Ontario Hydro aqueous radioactive wastes they should be treated with soft asphalt to obtain optimum leaching resistance and mechanical stability during interim storage should be provided by a corrosion resistant container 277. gamma-radiolysis and pulse radiolysis of aqueous 4-chloroanisole DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Quint, R.M.; Park, H.R.; Krajnik, P. 1996-01-01 -radiolysis in dependence of dose (100-600 Gy) are given for N2O-, air-, oxygen- and argon saturated neutral aqueous solutions. In conditions favoring the OH radical oxidation 4chlorophenol, 4-methoxyphenol, 5-chloro-2-methoxyphenol and 2-chloro-5-methoxyphenol were determined as final products. In the presence of Ar......, where about equal amounts of OH and e(aq)(-) are are present, additionally anisole could be detected. Under both reaction conditions the amount of identified products is about 20% of decomposed 4-CIAn. The reaction of e(eq)(-) leads to reductive dechlorination which corresponds quantitatively...... to the degradation of the substrate. In the presence of air or solutions saturated with pure oxygen predominantly hydroquinone. 4-chlorophenol and muconic acids are formed and the material balance is similar to 50%. The efficient dechlorination (similar to 66% of the decomposed 4-CIAn) as well as ring fragmentation... 278. Aqueous electrolytes for redox flow battery systems Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Liu, Tianbiao; Li, Bin; Wei, Xiaoliang; Nie, Zimin; Wang, Wei; Liu, Jun; Sprenkle, Vincent L. 2017-10-17 An aqueous redox flow battery system includes an aqueous catholyte and an aqueous anolyte. The aqueous catholyte may comprise (i) an optionally substituted thiourea or a nitroxyl radical compound and (ii) a catholyte aqueous supporting solution. The aqueous anolyte may comprise (i) metal cations or a viologen compound and (ii) an anolyte aqueous supporting solution. The catholyte aqueous supporting solution and the anolyte aqueous supporting solution independently may comprise (i) a proton source, (ii) a halide source, or (iii) a proton source and a halide source. 279. Unusual radiolytic behavior of neptunium ions in aqueous bicarbonate solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Shilov, V.P.; Gogolev, A.V.; Pikaev, A.K. 2000-01-01 Behavior of neptunium ions in carbonate and bicarbonate aqueous solutions saturated with air, oxygen or argon during gamma radiation ( 60 Co) by doses up to 3 kGy at dose rates 10 and 25 Gy/min was studied by the method of spectrophotometry. It is shown that in neptunium (5) bicarbonate solution nearly complete (95%) neptunium ion oxidation occurs under the effect of radiation, whereas no oxidation is observed in carbonate solution. Radiation-chemical yield of neptunium (5) oxidation and stationary concentration of neptunium (6) ions depend on concentration of bicarbonate-ions. Explanation to the results obtained is made from the viewpoint of potential radiolytic reactions [ru 280. Calcium phosphate saturation in the western Bay of Bengal Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India) Naik, S.; Reddy, C.V.G. Temperature, inorganic phosphate concentration and pH seem to be the major factors influencing the degree of saturation of calcium phosphate in sea water. Two water regions can be demarcated in the study area based on the saturation patterns... « 12 13 14 15 16 » « 13 14 15 16 17 » 281. Nonmonotone Saturation Profiles for Hydrostatic Equilibrium in Homogeneous Porous Media NARCIS (Netherlands)

Hilfer, R.; Doster, F.; Zegeling, P.A. 2012-01-01 Nonmonotonic saturation profiles (saturation overshoot) occur as travelling waves in gravity driven fingering. They seem important for preferential flow mechanisms and have found much attention recently. Here, we predict them even for hydrostatic equilibrium when all velocities vanish. We suggest 282. Model description of the equivalent electroconductivity of aqueous solutions of alkali metal hydroxides over a wide range of concentrations and temperatures Science.gov (United States) Kuznetsova, E. M.; Volkov, D. S. 2011-09-01 The possibility of a quantitative theoretical description of the λ( c) dependence for aqueous solutions of alkali metal hydroxides in a wide concentration (from 0.0001 to 12 M) and temperature (from 0 to 100°C) was considered on the basis of concept suggested earlier. Effectiveness of the description of characteristics analyzed was illustrated on the examples of the calculation of electroconductivity values for aqueous LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, and CsOH solutions and comparison of them with experimental values taken from published data. The suggestion on different H+ and OH- ion migration mechanism was made on the basis of the model used for description of λ( c). 283. Sub-saturation phases of nuclear matter International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Williams, R.D.; Koonin, S.E. 1985-01-01 We study the zero-temperature equation of state of isospin-symmetric nuclear matter below saturation density by minimizing the energy of the nucleons in a periodic cubic cell at each mean density. We take the energy per nucleon to be the Thomas-Fermi approximation to the Skyrme III functional and include the Coulomb energy. We find several phase transitions between different topologies of matter, going from spheres to rods to slabs to tubes to bubbles with increasing density, and discuss their implications for models of supernova core collapse. (orig.) 284. Modelling contaminant transport in saturated aquifers International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lakshminarayana, V.; Nayak, T.R. 1990-01-01 With the increase in population and industrialization the problem of pollution of groundwater has become critical. The present study deals with modelling of pollutant transport through saturated aquifers. Using this model it is possible to predict the concentration distribution, spatial as well as temporal, in the aquifer. The paper also deals with one of the methods of controlling the pollutant movement, namely by pumping wells. A simulation model is developed to determine the number, location and rate of pumping of a number of wells near the source of pollution so that the concentration is within acceptable limits at the point of interest. (Author) (18 refs., 14 figs., tab.) 285. Seismoelectric wave propagation numerical modelling in partially saturated materials Science.gov (United States) Warden, S.; Garambois, S.; Jouniaux, L.; Brito, D.; Sailhac, P.; Bordes, C. 2013-09-01 To better understand and interpret seismoelectric measurements acquired over vadose environments, both the existing theory and the wave propagation modelling programmes, available for saturated materials, should be extended to partial saturation conditions. We propose here an extension of Pride's equations aiming to take into account partially saturated materials, in the case of a water-air mixture. This new set of equations was incorporated into an existing seismoelectric wave propagation modelling code, originally designed for stratified saturated media. This extension concerns both the mechanical part, using a generalization of the Biot-Gassmann theory, and the electromagnetic part, for which dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity were expressed against water saturation. The dynamic seismoelectric coupling was written as a function of the streaming potential coefficient, which depends on saturation, using four different relations derived from recent laboratory or theoretical studies. In a second part, this extended programme was used to synthesize the seismoelectric response for a layered medium consisting of a partially saturated sand overburden on top of a saturated sandstone half-space. Subsequent analysis of the modelled amplitudes suggests that the typically very weak interface response (IR) may be best recovered when the shallow layer exhibits low saturation. We also use our programme to compute the seismoelectric response of a capillary fringe between a vadose sand overburden and a saturated sand half-space. Our first modelling results suggest that the study of the seismoelectric IR may help to detect a sharp saturation contrast better than a smooth saturation transition. In our example, a saturation contrast of 50 per cent between a fully saturated sand half-space and a partially saturated shallow sand layer yields a stronger IR than a stepwise decrease in saturation. 286. The aqueous chemistry of oxides CERN Document Server Bunker, Bruce C 2016-01-01 The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides is a comprehensive reference volume and special topics textbook that explores all of the major chemical reactions that take place between oxides and aqueous solutions. The book highlights the enormous impact that oxide-water reactions have in advanced technologies, materials science, geochemistry, and environmental science. 287. Serum albumin--a non-saturable carrier DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Brodersen, R; Honoré, B; Larsen, F G 1984-01-01 The shape of binding isotherms for sixteen ligands to human serum albumin showed no signs of approaching saturation at high ligand concentrations. It is suggested that ligand binding to serum albumin is essentially different from saturable binding of substrates to enzymes, of oxygen to haemoglobin......, etc. Binding to serum albumin appears to be nonsaturable. Udgivelsesdato: 1984-Feb... 288. Extended Reconstruction Approaches for Saturation Measurements Using Reserved Quantization Indices DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Li, Peng; Arildsen, Thomas; Larsen, Torben 2012-01-01 This paper proposes a reserved quantization indices method for saturated measurements in compressed sensing. The existing approaches tailored for saturation effect do not provide a way to identify saturated measurements, which is mandatory in practical implementations.We introduce a method using... 289. Saturation distributions in heavy oil reservoirs Science.gov (United States) Staten, Joshua Todd Models that describe conventional reservoirs can be used to explore the possibility of heavier-than-water oil. Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a common process in reservoirs with extra heavy oils (oil sands). In some cases, oil that is heavier than water is present in these reservoirs. The segregation of oil and water may cause issues for recovery. It is important to understand the initial saturation distribution of oil and water for proper design of injection. It was found through simulation that the heavy oil would pool towards the bottom of a heavy oil reservoir with water remaining on top of the oil. With capillary pressure, the heavy oil and water will form a transition zone. The extent of the transition zone is dependent on the density gradient of the oil, the density difference between the oil and water, and the slope of the capillary pressure saturation profile. This finding influences the positioning of production piping in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) as well as possible geological pooling areas for recovery. The possibility of a water zone between oil zones increases the risk of missing oil in the reservoir when drilling or perforating. 290. Salt-saturated concrete strength and permeability International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Pfeifle, T.W.; Hansen, F.D.; Knowles, M.K. 1996-01-01 Laboratory-scale experiments applicable to the use of salt-saturated concrete as a seal material for a transuranic waste repository have been completed. Nitrogen gas permeability measurements were made using a flexible-wall permeameter, a confining pressure of 1 MPa, and gas pressure gradients ranging from 0.3 MPa to 0.75 MPa. Results show that saltsaturated concrete has very low intrinsic permeability with values ranging from 9.4 x 10 -22 m 2 to 9.7 x 10 -17 m 2 . Strength and deformation characteristics were investigated under conditions of triaxial compression with confining pressures ranging from 0 to 15 MPa using either axial strain-rate or axial stress-rate control and show that the failure strength of concrete increases with confining pressure which can be adequately described through pressure-sensitive failure criteria. Axial, radial, and volumetric strains were also measured during each test and these data were used to determine elastic properties. Experimental results are applicable in the design and analysis of scale-related functions and apply to other concrete structures subjected to compressive loadings such as dams and prestressed structural members 291. Brain oxygen saturation assessment in neonates using T2-prepared blood imaging of oxygen saturation and near-infrared spectroscopy DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Alderliesten, Thomas; De Vis, Jill B; Lemmers, Petra Ma 2017-01-01 Although near-infrared spectroscopy is increasingly being used to monitor cerebral oxygenation in neonates, it has a limited penetration depth. The T2-prepared Blood Imaging of Oxygen Saturation (T2-BIOS) magnetic resonance sequence provides an oxygen saturation estimate on a voxel-by-voxel basis......, without needing a respiratory calibration experiment. In 15 neonates, oxygen saturation measured by T2-prepared blood imaging of oxygen saturation and near-infrared spectroscopy were compared. In addition, these measures were compared to cerebral blood flow and venous oxygen saturation in the sagittal...... sinus. A strong linear relation was found between the oxygen saturation measured by magnetic resonance imaging and the oxygen saturation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (R(2 )= 0.64, p infrared spectroscopy oxygen saturation... 292. Diffusion of Na+ AND Sr2+ tracers in compacted, saturated Na-bentonite: a predictive model International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bourg, I.C.; Sposito, G.; Bourg, A.C.M. 2005-01-01 Full text of publication follows: A key characteristic of the porosity of compacted bentonite is that it is composed not only of macro- and meso-pores, but also of nanometer-thin interlayer pores. The interlayer pore water is in intimate contact with the negatively charged clay, and has a high cation concentration. Anions are strongly excluded from this region. The fluids present in interlayer pores and in the larger pores of compacted, saturated bentonite or montmorillonite have been described as distinct aqueous phases. This distinction has allowed successful explanations of, e.g., chemo-mechanical coupling in clays. However, it is not used in current models of the diffusion of tracers in compacted, saturated bentonite. We have developed a model of the diffusion of tracers in compacted, saturated Na-bentonite in which the interlayers and larger pores are described as parallel diffusion paths [1]. This model has allowed us to successfully describe the mean principal value of the apparent diffusivity tensor of water tracers in several one-dimensionally compacted, saturated Nabentonites, in a broad range of partial montmorillonite dry density, using the direction-averaged tortuosity (Ï„ = 1.9 ± 0.6) as a single fitted parameter [2]. We report on the application of the same model to the diffusion of Na + and Sr 2+ tracers in compacted, saturated Na-bentonite. Our model successfully predicts the ratio of the apparent diffusivities of cationic and water tracers, with no fitted parameters, as a function of both partial montmorillonite dry density and ionic strength. Furthermore, we show that a relation between the activation energy of diffusion of Na+ tracers and the partial montmorillonite dry density of Na-bentonite can be derived from our model, and can be fit to experimental data. [1] Diffusion of Water and Inorganic Ions in Compacted Saturated Bentonite, I.C. Bourg (2004), Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley; [2] Diffusion of Water Tracers in 293. SITE-SCALE SATURATED ZONE TRANSPORT Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) S. KELLER 2004-11-03 This work provides a site-scale transport model for calculating radionuclide transport in the saturated zone (SZ) at Yucca Mountain, for use in the abstractions model in support of ''Total System Performance Assessment for License Application'' (TSPA-LA). The purpose of this model report is to provide documentation for the components of the site-scale SZ transport model in accordance with administrative procedure AP-SIII.10Q, Models. The initial documentation of this model report was conducted under the ''Technical Work Plan For: Saturated Zone Flow and Transport Modeling and Testing'' (BSC 2003 [DIRS 163965]). The model report has been revised in accordance with the ''Technical Work Plan For: Natural System--Saturated Zone Analysis and Model Report Integration'', Section 2.1.1.4 (BSC 2004 [DIRS 171421]) to incorporate Regulatory Integration Team comments. All activities listed in the technical work plan that are appropriate to the transport model are documented in this report and are described in Section 2.1.1.4 (BSC 2004 [DIRS 171421]). This report documents: (1) the advection-dispersion transport model including matrix diffusion (Sections 6.3 and 6.4); (2) a description and validation of the transport model (Sections 6.3 and 7); (3) the numerical methods for simulating radionuclide transport (Section 6.4); (4) the parameters (sorption coefficient, Kd ) and their uncertainty distributions used for modeling radionuclide sorption (Appendices A and C); (5) the parameters used for modeling colloid-facilitated radionuclide transport (Table 4-1, Section 6.4.2.6, and Appendix B); and (6) alternative conceptual models and their dispositions (Section 6.6). The intended use of this model is to simulate transport in saturated fractured porous rock (double porosity) and alluvium. The particle-tracking method of simulating radionuclide transport is incorporated in the finite-volume heat and mass transfer numerical 294. Effective diffusion coefficients of DNAPL waste components in saturated low permeability soil materials Science.gov (United States) Ayral-Cinar, Derya; Demond, Avery H. 2017-12-01 Diffusion is regarded as the dominant transport mechanism into and out of low permeable subsurface lenses and layers in the subsurface. But, some reports of mass storage in such zones are higher than what might be attributable to diffusion, based on estimated diffusion coefficients. Despite the importance of diffusion to efforts to estimate the quantity of residual contamination in the subsurface, relatively few studies present measured diffusion coefficients of organic solutes in saturated low permeability soils. This study reports the diffusion coefficients of a trichloroethylene (TCE), and an anionic surfactant, Aerosol OT (AOT), in water-saturated silt and a silt-montmorillonite (25:75) mixture, obtained using steady-state experiments. The relative diffusivity ranged from 0.11 to 0.17 for all three compounds for the silt and the silt-clay mixture that was allowed to expand. In the case in which the swelling was constrained, the relative diffusivity was about 0.07. In addition, the relative diffusivity of 13C-labeled TCE through a water saturated silt-clay mixture that had contacted a field dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) for 18 months was measured and equaled 0.001. These experimental results were compared with the estimates generated using common correlations, and it was found that, in all cases, the measured diffusion coefficients were significantly lower than the estimated. Thus, the discrepancy between mass accumulations observed in the field and the mass storage that can attributable to diffusion may be greater than previously believed. 295. On the effect of aqueous Ca on magnesite growth - Insight into trace element inhibition of carbonate mineral precipitation Science.gov (United States) Berninger, Ulf-Niklas; Jordan, Guntram; Lindner, Michael; Reul, Alexander; Schott, Jacques; Oelkers, Eric H. 2016-04-01 Motivated by the strong effect of aqueous Mg on calcite growth rates, this study used hydrothermal atomic force microscopy (HAFM) and hydrothermal mixed-flow reactor (HMFR) experiments to explore the effect of aqueous Ca on magnesite growth kinetics at 100 °C and pH ∼7.7. Obtuse step velocities on (1 0 4) surfaces during magnesite growth were measured to be 4 ± 3 nm/s at fluid saturation states, equal to the ion activity quotient divided by the equilibrium constant for the magnesite hydrolysis reaction, of 86-117. These rates do not vary systematically with aqueous Ca concentration up to 3 × 10-3 mol/kg. Magnesite growth rates determined by HAFM are found to be negligibly affected by the presence of aqueous Ca at these saturation states and are largely consistent with those previously reported in aqueous Ca-free systems by Saldi et al. (2009) and Gautier et al. (2015). Similarly, magnesite growth rates measured by HMFR exhibit no systematic variation on aqueous Ca concentrations. Rates in this study, however, were extended to higher degrees of fluid supersaturation with respect to magnesite than previous studies. All measured HMFR rates can be accurately described taking account the combined effects of both the spiral growth and two dimensional nucleation/growth mechanisms. Despite the lack of a clear effect of aqueous Ca on magnesite growth rates, Raman spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of up to 8 mol percent of Ca2+ into the growing magnesite structure. 296. Energy dependent saturable and reverse saturable absorption in cube-like polyaniline/polymethyl methacrylate film Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Thekkayil, Remyamol [Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695 547 (India); Philip, Reji [Light and Matter Physics Group, Raman Research Institute, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560 080 (India); Gopinath, Pramod [Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695 547 (India); John, Honey, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695 547 (India) 2014-08-01 Solid films of cube-like polyaniline synthesized by inverse microemulsion polymerization method have been fabricated in a transparent PMMA host by an in situ free radical polymerization technique, and are characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The nonlinear optical properties are studied by open aperture Z-scan technique employing 5 ns (532 nm) and 100 fs (800 nm) laser pulses. At the relatively lower laser pulse energy of 5 μJ, the film shows saturable absorption both in the nanosecond and femtosecond excitation domains. An interesting switchover from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption is observed at 532 nm when the energy of the nanosecond laser pulses is increased. The nonlinear absorption coefficient increases with increase in polyaniline concentration, with low optical limiting threshold, as required for a good optical limiter. - Highlights: • Synthesized cube-like polyaniline nanostructures. • Fabricated polyaniline/PMMA nanocomposite films. • At 5 μJ energy, saturable absorption is observed both at ns and fs regime. • Switchover from SA to RSA is observed as energy of laser beam increases. • Film (0.1 wt % polyaniline) shows high β{sub eff} (230 cm GW{sup −1}) and low limiting threshold at 150 μJ. 297. Saturated fats and cardiovascular disease risk: A review Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ishi Khosla 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Saturated fats have been in the line of fire for more than three decades. The major mistake in understanding fats was to equate all saturated fatty acids as one. The oversimplification of the relationship of saturated fats with cardiovascular disease (CVD led to unwarranted removal of some valuable fats from our diets. Recently, the relationship of dietary saturated fats and that of individual saturated fatty acids (SFAs to CVD risk has been reevaluated. All saturated fats are not equal and these fats are not as bad as they are made out to be. Thus, not all SFAs in natural fats are atherogenic (formation of fatty deposits in arteries. Butter, clarified butter (desi ghee, coconut oil, and palm oil as a part of a healthy diet are not contraindicated. The review of literature clearly suggests a relook at saturated fats with respect to atherogenicity and over health. 298. Regional venous oxygen saturation versus mixed venous saturation after paediatric cardiac surgery. Science.gov (United States) Moreno, G E; Pilán, M L; Manara, C; Magliola, R; Vassallo, J C; Balestrini, M; Lenz, A M; Krynski, M; Althabe, M; Landry, L 2013-03-01 Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) remains the gold standard surrogate for tissue oxygen extraction in paediatric cardiac surgery. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been developed as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for regional oxygen saturation. The aim was to compare regional oxygen saturation measured by NIRS with ScvO2 in postoperative paediatric cardiac patients. In this prospective study, we included newborns and infants younger than 45 days undergoing heart surgery. We recorded continuous ScvO2 and NIRS regional saturation placed on the forehead (B) and right flank (S) for 48 h postoperatively. A Bland-Altman's analysis was used to assess the agreement between these measurements. A total of 23 patients were included with a median age of 12 days (2-46) and median weight of 3.1 kg (2.3-4.47). The mean difference (MD) ScvO2- B NIRS was 10.45% with limits of agreement (LOA) -17.23 to 38.13% and ScvO2- S NIRS MD 7.16% with LOA: -25.51 to 39.84%. The single ventricle ScvO2- S NIRS subgroup had MD within ± 5%; however, wide LOA was observed. The remaining subgroups showed MD nearly above ± 5%, with wide LOA. The regional oxygen saturation of brain and kidney did not match ScvO2 as estimation of global tissue perfusion. Nevertheless, NIRS may still provide information regarding regional circulation that may help in the management of neonatal cardiac surgery patients. © 2012 The Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation. 299. Convection of Moist Saturated Air: Analytical Study Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Robert Zakinyan 2016-01-01 Full Text Available In the present work, the steady-state stationary thermal convection of moist saturated air in a lower atmosphere has been studied theoretically. Thermal convection was considered without accounting for the Coriolis force, and with only the vertical temperature gradient. The analytical solution of geophysical fluid dynamics equations, which generalizes the formulation of the moist convection problem, is obtained in the two-dimensional case. The stream function is derived in the Boussinesq approximation with velocity divergence taken as zero. It has been shown that the stream function is asymmetrical in vertical direction contrary to the dry and moist unsaturated air convection. It has been demonstrated that the convection in moist atmosphere strongly depends on the vapor mass fraction gradient. 300. Mars Aqueous Processing System Science.gov (United States) Berggren, Mark; Wilson, Cherie; Carrera, Stacy; Rose, Heather; Muscatello, Anthony; Kilgore, James; Zubrin, Robert 2012-01-01 The goal of the Mars Aqueous Processing System (MAPS) is to establish a flexible process that generates multiple products that are useful for human habitation. Selectively extracting useful components into an aqueous solution, and then sequentially recovering individual constituents, can obtain a suite of refined or semi-refined products. Similarities in the bulk composition (although not necessarily of the mineralogy) of Martian and Lunar soils potentially make MAPS widely applicable. Similar process steps can be conducted on both Mars and Lunar soils while tailoring the reaction extents and recoveries to the specifics of each location. The MAPS closed-loop process selectively extracts, and then recovers, constituents from soils using acids and bases. The emphasis on Mars involves the production of useful materials such as iron, silica, alumina, magnesia, and concrete with recovery of oxygen as a byproduct. On the Moon, similar chemistry is applied with emphasis on oxygen production. This innovation has been demonstrated to produce high-grade materials, such as metallic iron, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, and calcium oxide, from lunar and Martian soil simulants. Most of the target products exhibited purities of 80 to 90 percent or more, allowing direct use for many potential applications. Up to one-fourth of the feed soil mass was converted to metal, metal oxide, and oxygen products. The soil residue contained elevated silica content, allowing for potential additional refining and extraction for recovery of materials needed for photovoltaic, semiconductor, and glass applications. A high-grade iron oxide concentrate derived from lunar soil simulant was used to produce a metallic iron component using a novel, combined hydrogen reduction/metal sintering technique. The part was subsequently machined and found to be structurally sound. The behavior of the lunar-simulant-derived iron product was very similar to that produced using the same methods on a Michigan iron « 13 14 15 16 17 » « 14 15 16 17 18 » 301. Magnetoacoustic Phenomena in Saturated Porous Media Science.gov (United States) Perepechko, Y. 2007-12-01 This work deals with dynamic interaction between electromagnetic and hydrodynamic types of motions in a porous medium, saturated with electrolyte. The system of equations is a coupling of equations of the two-velocity continuous filtration theory and Maxwell equations in quasi-stationary approximation. The method of separation by the physical processes is used for numerical solution, and the hyperbolic system is approximated by the explicit expanded Godunov scheme, and the parabolic system is approximated by the inexplicit CrankNicolson scheme. Generation of the magnetic field was modeled in the process of 2D electrolyte filtration in a porous medium, which is considered to be conducing because of a double electric layer. An entrainment in the external magnetic field over the electrolyte flow into a porous medium is observed, and the location of magnetic field maximum relative to the inlet boundary is determined by the ratio of kinematic viscosity to magnetic viscosity. A rise of this ratio provides more intensive drag of a filtered liquid and increasing magnetic field, reached in a porous medium. Downward the flow the field decreases because of magnetic field diffusion. The problem with simultaneous excitation of acoustic and electromagnetic perturbations at the boundary of saturated porous medium was also considered, and this allows us to obtain additional knowledge about accompanying effects and phenomena, what is the main scientific and practical goal of geophysics and oil survey. This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant 06-0565110, by the President's grants NSh-1573.2003.5, and by the Russian Ministry Science and Education grant RNP.2.1.1.702. 302. Aqueous chlorination of resorcinol

Science.gov (United States) Heasley, V.L.; Burns, M.D.; Kemalyan, N.A.; Mckee, T.C.; Schroeter, H.; Teegarden, B.R.; Whitney, S.E.; Wershaw, R. L. 1989-01-01 An investigation of the aqueous chlorination (NaOCl) of resorcinol is reported. The following intermediates were detected in moderate to high yield at different pH values and varying percentages of chlorination: 2-chloro-, 4-chloro-, 2,4-dichloro-, 4,6-dichloro- and 2,4,6-trichlororesorcinol. Only trace amounts of the intermediates were detected when the chlorination was conducted in the presence of phosphate buffer. This result has significant implications since resorcinol in phosphate buffer has been used as a model compound in several recent studies on the formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons during chlorination of drinking water. Relative rates of chlorination were determined for resorcinol and several of the chlorinated resorcinols. Resorcinol was found to chlorinate only three times faster than 2,4,6-trichlororesorcinol. The structure 2,4,6-trichlororesorcinol was established as a monohydrate even after sublimation. A tetrachloro or pentachloro intermediate was not detected, suggesting that the ring-opening step of such an intermediate must be rapid. ?? 1989. 303. Aqueous chemistry of transactinides International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Schaedel, M. 2001-01-01 The aqueous chemistry of the first three transactinide elements is briefly reviewed with special emphasis given to recent experimental results. Short introductory remarks are discussing the atom-at-a-time situation of transactinide chemistry as a result of low production cross-sections and short half-lives. In general, on-line experimental techniques and, more specifically, the automated rapid chemistry apparatus, ARCA, are presented. Present and future developments of experimental techniques and resulting perspectives are outlined at the end. The central part is mainly focussing on hydrolysis and complex formation aspects of the superheavy group 4, 5, and 6 transition metals with F - and Cl - anions. Experimental results are compared with the behaviour of lighter homologous elements and with relativistic calculations. It will be shown that the chemical behaviour of the first superheavy elements is already strongly influenced by relativistic effects. While it is justified to place rutherfordium, dubnium and seaborgium in the Periodic Table of the Elements into group 4, 5 and 6, respectively, it is no more possible to deduce from this position in detail the chemical properties of these transactinide or superheavy elements. (orig.) 304. Properties of meso-Erythritol; phase state, accommodation coefficient and saturation vapour pressure Science.gov (United States) Emanuelsson, Eva; Tschiskale, Morten; Bilde, Merete 2016-04-01 Introduction Saturation vapour pressure and the associated temperature dependence (enthalpy ΔH), are key parameters for improving predictive atmospheric models. Generally, the atmospheric aerosol community lack experimentally determined values of these properties for relevant organic aerosol compounds (Bilde et al., 2015). In this work we have studied the organic aerosol component meso-Erythritol. Methods Sub-micron airborne particles of meso-Erythritol were generated by nebulization from aqueous solution, dried, and a mono disperse fraction of the aerosol was selected using a differential mobility analyser. The particles were then allowed to evaporate in the ARAGORN (AaRhus Atmospheric Gas phase OR Nano particle) flow tube. It is a temperature controlled 3.5 m long stainless steel tube with an internal diameter of 0.026 m (Bilde et al., 2003, Zardini et al., 2010). Changes in particle size as function of evaporation time were determined using a scanning mobility particle sizer system. Physical properties like air flow, temperature, humidity and pressure were controlled and monitored on several places in the setup. The saturation vapour pressures were then inferred from the experimental results in the MATLAB® program AU_VaPCaP (Aarhus University_Vapour Pressure Calculation Program). Results Following evaporation, meso-Erythriol under some conditions showed a bimodal particle size distribution indicating the formation of particles of two different phase states. The issue of physical phase state, along with critical assumptions e.g. the accommodation coefficient in the calculations of saturation vapour pressures of atmospheric relevant compounds, will be discussed. Saturation vapour pressures from the organic compound meso-Erythritol will be presented at temperatures between 278 and 308 K, and results will be discussed in the context of atmospheric chemistry. References Bilde, M. et al., (2015), Chemical Reviews, 115 (10), 4115-4156. Bilde, M. et. al., (2003 305. Effects of simulated eutrophication and overfishing on algae and invertebrate settlement in a coral reef of Koh Phangan, Gulf of Thailand. Science.gov (United States) Stuhldreier, Ines; Bastian, Pepe; Schönig, Eike; Wild, Christian 2015-03-15 Coral reefs in the Gulf of Thailand are highly under-investigated regarding responses to anthropogenic stressors. Thus, this study simulated overfishing and eutrophication using herbivore exclosure cages and slow-release fertilizer to study the in-situ effects on benthic algae and invertebrate settlement in a coral reef of Koh Phangan, Thailand. Settlement of organisms and the development of organic matter on light-exposed and shaded tiles were quantified weekly/biweekly over a study period of 12 weeks. Simulated eutrophication did not significantly influence response parameters, while simulated overfishing positively affected dry mass, turf algae height and fleshy macroalgae occurrence on light-exposed tiles. On shaded tiles, settlement of crustose coralline algae decreased, while abundances of ascidians increased compared to controls. An interactive effect of both stressors was not observed. These results hint to herbivory as actual key controlling factor on the benthic community, and fleshy macroalgae together with ascidians as potential bioindicators for local overfishing. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 306. Adsorption of CO2 on KOH activated, N-enriched carbon derived from urea formaldehyde resin: kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies Science.gov (United States) Tiwari, Deepak; Bhunia, Haripada; Bajpai, Pramod K. 2018-05-01 High surface area nitrogen enriched carbon adsorbents were prepared from a low cost and widely available urea-formaldehyde resin using a standard chemical activation with KOH and characterized using different characterization techniques for their porous structure and surface functional groups. Maximum surface area and total pore volume of 4547 m2 g-1 and 4.50 cm3 g-1 were found by controlling the activation conditions. Nitrogen content of this sample was found to be 5.62%. Adsorption of CO2 uptake for the prepared carbon adsorbents was studied using a dynamic fixed bed adsorption system at different adsorption temperatures (30-100 °C) and at different CO2 concentrations (5-12.5%), relevant from the flue gas point application. Maximum CO2 uptake of 1.40 mmol g-1 for UFA-3-700 at 30 °C under 12.5% CO2 flow was obtained. Complete regenerability of the adsorbents over multiple adsorption-desorption cycles was obtained. Fractional order kinetic model provided best description over all adsorption temperatures and CO2 concentrations. Heterogeneity of the adsorbent surface was confirmed from Temkin adsorption isotherm model fit and isosteric heat of adsorption values. Negative value of ΔG° and ΔH° confirms spontaneous, feasible nature and exothermic nature of adsorption process. Overall, very high surface area of carbon adsorbent makes this adsorbent a new promising carbon material for CO2 capture from power plant flue gas and for other relevant applications. 307. Batch and fixed bed adsorption of levofloxacin on granular activated carbon from date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) stones by KOH chemical activation. Science.gov (United States) Darweesh, Teeba M; Ahmed, Muthanna J 2017-03-01 Granular activated carbon (KAC) was prepared from abundant Phoenix dactylifera L. stones by microwave- assisted KOH activation. The characteristics of KAC were tested by pore analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption behavior of levofloxacin (LEV) antibiotic on KAC with surface area of 817m 2 /g and pore volume of 0.638cm 3 /g were analyzed using batch and fixed bed systems. The equilibrium data collected by batch experiments were well fitted with Langmuir compared to Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. The effect of flow rate (0.5-1.5ml/min), bed height (15-25cm), and initial LEV concentration (75-225mg/l) on the behavior of breakthrough curves was explained. The fixed bed analysis showed the better correlation of breakthrough data by both Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. High LEV adsorption capacity of 100.3mg/g was reported on KAC, thus being an efficient adsorbent for antibiotic pollutants to protect ecological systems. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 308. Photochemistry of aqueous pyruvic acid. Science.gov (United States) Griffith, Elizabeth C; Carpenter, Barry K; Shoemaker, Richard K; Vaida, Veronica 2013-07-16 The study of organic chemistry in atmospheric aerosols and cloud formation is of interest in predictions of air quality and climate change. It is now known that aqueous phase chemistry is important in the formation of secondary organic aerosols. Here, the photoreactivity of pyruvic acid (PA; CH3COCOOH) is investigated in aqueous environments characteristic of atmospheric aerosols. PA is currently used as a proxy for α-dicarbonyls in atmospheric models and is abundant in both the gas phase and the aqueous phase (atmospheric aerosols, fog, and clouds) in the atmosphere. The photoreactivity of PA in these phases, however, is very different, thus prompting the need for a mechanistic understanding of its reactivity in different environments. Although the decarboxylation of aqueous phase PA through UV excitation has been studied for many years, its mechanism and products remain controversial. In this work, photolysis of aqueous PA is shown to produce acetoin (CH3CHOHCOCH3), lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and oligomers, illustrating the progression from a three-carbon molecule to four-carbon and even six-carbon molecules through direct photolysis. These products are detected using vibrational and electronic spectroscopy, NMR, and MS, and a reaction mechanism is presented accounting for all products detected. The relevance of sunlight-initiated PA chemistry in aqueous environments is then discussed in the context of processes occurring on atmospheric aerosols. 309. Nitrogen Saturation in Highly Retentive Watersheds? Science.gov (United States) Daley, M. L.; McDowell, W. H. 2009-12-01 Watershed managers are often concerned with minimizing the amount of N delivered to N-limited estuaries and coastal zones. A major concern is that watersheds might reach N saturation, in which N delivered to coastal zones increases due to declines in the efficiency of N retention despite constant or even reduced N inputs. We have quantified long-term changes in N inputs (atmospheric deposition, imported food and agricultural fertilizers), outputs (N concentration and export) and retention in the urbanizing Lamprey River watershed in coastal NH. Overall, the Lamprey watershed is 70% forested, receives about 13.5 kg N/ha/yr and has a high rate of annual N retention (85%). Atmospheric deposition (8.7 kg/ha/yr) is the largest N input to the watershed. Of the 2.2 kg N/ha/yr exported in the Lamprey River, dissolved organic N (DON) is the dominant form (50% of total) and it varies spatially throughout the watershed with wetland cover. Nitrate accounts for 30% of the N exported, shows a statistically significant increase from 1999 to 2009, and its spatial variability in both concentration and export is related to human population density. In sub-basins throughout the Lamprey, inorganic N retention is high (85-99%), but the efficiency of N retention declines sharply with increased human population density and associated anthropogenic N inputs. N assimilation in the vegetation, denitrification to the atmosphere and storage in the groundwater pool could all be important contributors to the current high rates of N retention. The temporal and spatial patterns that we have observed in nitrate concentration and export are driven by increases in N inputs and impervious surfaces over time, but the declining efficiency of N retention suggests that the watershed may also be reaching N saturation. The downstream receiving estuary, Great Bay, already suffers from low dissolved oxygen levels and eelgrass loss in part due to N loading from the Lamprey watershed. Targeting and reducing 310. Reaching saturation in patterned source vertical organic field effect transistors Science.gov (United States) Greenman, Michael; Sheleg, Gil; Keum, Chang-min; Zucker, Jonathan; Lussem, Bjorn; Tessler, Nir 2017-05-01 Like most of the vertical transistors, the Patterned Source Vertical Organic Field Effect Transistor (PS-VOFET) does not exhibit saturation in the output characteristics. The importance of achieving a good saturation is demonstrated in a vertical organic light emitting transistor; however, this is critical for any application requiring the transistor to act as a current source. Thereafter, a 2D simulation tool was used to explain the physical mechanisms that prevent saturation as well as to suggest ways to overcome them. We found that by isolating the source facet from the drain-source electric field, the PS-VOFET architecture exhibits saturation. The process used for fabricating such saturation-enhancing structure is then described. The new device demonstrated close to an ideal saturation with only 1% change in the drain-source current over a 10 V change in the drain-source voltage. 311. Saturation model for squirrel-cage induction motors Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Pedra, J. [Department of Electrical Engineering, ETSEIB-UPC, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona (Spain); Candela, I. [Department of Electrical Engineering, ETSEIT-UPC, Colom 1, 08222 Terrassa (Spain); Barrera, A. [Asea Brown Boveri, S.A. Fabrica de Motores, Poligono Industrial S.O., 08192 Sant Quirze del Valles, Barcelona (Spain) 2009-07-15 An induction motor model which includes stator leakage reactance saturation, rotor leakage reactance saturation and magnetizing reactance saturation is presented. This improved model is based on experimental data from 96 motors. The power range of the motors is between 11 and 90 kW. The effects on the torque-speed and current-speed curves of each kind of saturation have been studied. In addition, the parameters of magnetizing reactance saturation and stator leakage reactance saturation have been studied for each motor, and an average value and its dispersion for each parameter are given. This model is considerably more accurate than other models. In particular, it explains the significant differences between theoretical and experimental torque-speed curves in the braking regime (s > 1). (author) 312. Brain oxygen saturation assessment in neonates using T2-prepared blood imaging of oxygen saturation and near-infrared spectroscopy. Science.gov (United States) Alderliesten, Thomas; De Vis, Jill B; Lemmers, Petra Ma; Hendrikse, Jeroen; Groenendaal, Floris; van Bel, Frank; Benders, Manon Jnl; Petersen, Esben T 2017-03-01 Although near-infrared spectroscopy is increasingly being used to monitor cerebral oxygenation in neonates, it has a limited penetration depth. The T 2 -prepared Blood Imaging of Oxygen Saturation (T 2 -BIOS) magnetic resonance sequence provides an oxygen saturation estimate on a voxel-by-voxel basis, without needing a respiratory calibration experiment. In 15 neonates, oxygen saturation measured by T 2 -prepared blood imaging of oxygen saturation and near-infrared spectroscopy were compared. In addition, these measures were compared to cerebral blood flow and venous oxygen saturation in the sagittal sinus. A strong linear relation was found between the oxygen saturation measured by magnetic resonance imaging and the oxygen saturation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy ( R 2  = 0.64, p infrared spectroscopy oxygen saturation, and magnetic resonance imaging measures of frontal cerebral blood flow, whole brain cerebral blood flow and venous oxygen saturation in the sagittal sinus ( R 2  = 0.71, 0.50, 0.65; p†‰infrared spectroscopy and T 2 -prepared blood imaging of oxygen saturation, confirming the validity of using of these techniques for determining cerebral oxygenation. 313. Precision Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy of H3+ Science.gov (United States) Guan, Yu-chan; Liao, Yi-Chieh; Chang, Yung-Hsiang; Peng, Jin-Long; Shy, Jow-Tsong 2016-06-01 In our previous work on the Lamb dips of the νb{2} fundamental band of H3+, the saturated absorption spectrum was obtained by the third-derivative spectroscopy using frequency modulation [1]. However, the frequency modulation also causes error in absolute frequency determination. To solve this problem, we have built an offset-locking system to lock the OPO pump frequency to an iodine-stabilized Nd:YAG laser. With this modification, we are able to scan the OPO idler frequency precisely and obtain the profile of the Lamb dips. Double modulation (amplitude modulation of the idler power and concentration modulation of the ion) is employed to subtract the interference fringes of the signal and increase the signal-to-noise ratio effectively. To Determine the absolute frequency of the idler wave, the pump wave is offset locked on the R(56) 32-0 a10 hyperfine component of 127I2, and the signal wave is locked on a GPS disciplined fiber optical frequency comb (OFC). All references and lock systems have absolute frequency accuracy better than 10 kHz. Here, we demonstrate its performance by measuring one transition of methane and sixteen transitions of H3+. This instrument could pave the way for the high-resolution spectroscopy of a variety of molecular ions. [1] H.-C. Chen, C.-Y. Hsiao, J.-L. Peng, T. Amano, and J.-T. Shy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 263002 (2012). 314. SATURATED ZONE FLOW AND TRANSPORT MODEL ABSTRACTION International Nuclear Information System (INIS) B.W. ARNOLD 2004-01-01 The purpose of the saturated zone (SZ) flow and transport model abstraction task is to provide radionuclide-transport simulation results for use in the total system performance assessment (TSPA) for license application (LA) calculations. This task includes assessment of uncertainty in parameters that pertain to both groundwater flow and radionuclide transport in the models used for this purpose. This model report documents the following: (1) The SZ transport abstraction model, which consists of a set of radionuclide breakthrough curves at the accessible environment for use in the TSPA-LA simulations of radionuclide releases into the biosphere. These radionuclide breakthrough curves contain information on radionuclide-transport times through the SZ. (2) The SZ one-dimensional (I-D) transport model, which is incorporated in the TSPA-LA model to simulate the transport, decay, and ingrowth of radionuclide decay chains in the SZ. (3) The analysis of uncertainty in groundwater-flow and radionuclide-transport input parameters for the SZ transport abstraction model and the SZ 1-D transport model. (4) The analysis of the background concentration of alpha-emitting species in the groundwater of the SZ 315. Assaying Carcinoembryonic Antigens by Normalized Saturation Magnetization Science.gov (United States) Huang, Kai-Wen; Chieh, Jen-Jie; Shi, Jin-Cheng; Chiang, Ming-Hsien 2015-07-01 Biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles (BMNs) that provide unique advantages have been extensively used to develop immunoassay methods. However, these developed magnetic methods have been used only for specific immunoassays and not in studies of magnetic characteristics of materials. In this study, a common vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) was used for the measurement of the hysteresis loop for different carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) concentrations ( Φ CEA) based on the synthesized BMNs with anti-CEA coating. Additionally, magnetic parameters such as magnetization ( M), remanent magnetization ( M R), saturation magnetization ( M S), and normalized parameters (Δ M R/ M R and Δ M S/ M S) were studied. Here, Δ M R and Δ M s were defined as the difference between any ΦCEA and zero Φ CEA. The parameters M, Δ M R, and Δ M S increased with Φ CEA, and Δ M S showed the largest increase. Magnetic clusters produced by the conjugation of the BMNs to CEAs showed a Δ M S greater than that of BMNs. Furthermore, the relationship between Δ M S/ M S and Φ CEA could be described by a characteristic logistic function, which was appropriate for assaying the amount of CEAs. This analytic Δ M S/ M S and the BMNs used in general magnetic immunoassays can be used for upgrading the functions of the VSM and for studying the magnetic characteristics of materials. 316. Saturation and stability of nonlinear photonic crystals International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Franco-Ortiz, M; Corella-Madueño, A; Rosas-Burgos, R A; Adrian Reyes, J; Avendaño, Carlos G 2017-01-01 We consider a one-dimensional photonic crystal made by an infinite set of nonlinear nematic films immersed in a linear dielectric medium. The thickness of each equidistant film is negligible and its refraction index depends continuously on the electric field intensity, giving rise to all the involved nonlinear terms, which joints from a starting linear index for negligible amplitudes to a final saturation index for extremely large field intensities. We show that the nonlinear exact solutions of this system form an intensity-dependent band structure which we calculate and analyze. Next, we ponder a finite version of this system; that is, we take a finite array of linear dielectric stacks of the same size separated by the same nonlinear extremely thin nematic slabs and find the reflection coefficients for this arrangement and obtain the dependence on the wave number and intensity of the incident wave. As a final step we analyze the stability of the analytical solutions of the nonlinear crystal by following the evolution of an additive amplitude to the analytical nonlinear solution we have found here. We discuss our results and state our conclusions. (paper) 317. Aqueous ozone solutions for pesticide removal from potatoes. Science.gov (United States) Heleno, Fernanda F; de Queiroz, Maria Eliana Lr; Faroni, Lêda Ra; Neves, Antônio A; de Oliveira, André F; Costa, Luiz Pl; Pimenta, Gustavo G 2016-12-01 The presence of pesticide residues in potatoes is of concern because of the potential impact to human health due to the high consumption of this vegetable. In this study, aqueous solutions with and without ozone saturation as postharvest wash treatment at pH 4.0, 7.0, and 9.0 were tested to remove chlorothalonil from potatoes. The method used for pesticide analysis has been validated, presenting recovery values of 94-103%, with variations in the repeatability coefficients of ≤10.6%, and a quantification limit of 0.05 mg kg -1 Regardless of pH, treatment with aqueous ozone solutions removed 70-76% of the pesticide present in the potato. In the no-ozone treatments, the percentage average removal of chlorothalonil residues in potatoes was only 36%. Over 24 days of storage, the quality of potatoes washed with aqueous ozone solutions was not significantly different from those washed with pure water. © The Author(s) 2016. 318. OH radical and eaq- induced degradation of 1,2 dibromoethane (DBE) in aqueous solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lal, Manohar; Asmus, K.D. 1985-01-01 Yields of the ionic products in N 2 O, N 2 O + O 2 (4:1) and N 2 saturated aqueous solutions of 1,2 dibromoethane in the presence and absence of t-butanol have been estimated. The results are in accordance with the reaction mechanism suggested in the paper. The information presented here can be of value in understanding the metabolic activation of halogenated hydrocarbons. 10 refs. (author) 319. Oxygen effect in the radiolysis of triton X-100 aqueous solution International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Perkowski, J.; Mayer, J. 1994-01-01 Experiments with Triton X-100 as a model surfactant were performed under steady-state conditions, using deoxygenated solutions as well as those saturated with N 2 O, O 2 or N 2 O/O 2 mixtures. The Triton x-100 decomposition yield was dependent on the O 2 content of the irradiated system. Oxygen promoted surfactant decomposition in aqueous solution containing only Triton X-100. (author) 13 refs.; 1 tab 320. Large multiplicity fluctuations and saturation effects in onium collisions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mueller, A.H. 1996-01-01 This paper studies two related questions in high energy onium-onium scattering: the probability of producing an unusually large number of particles in a collision, where it is found that the cross section for producing a central multiplicity proportional to k should decrease exponentially in √(k). Secondly, the nature of gluon (dipole) evolution when dipole densities become so high that saturation effects due to dipole-dipole interactions become important: measures of saturation are developed to help understand when saturation becomes important, and further information is obtained by exploiting changes of frame, which interchange unitarity and saturation corrections. (orig.) « 14 15 16 17 18 » « 15 16 17 18 19 » 321. The role of meson dynamics in nuclear matter saturation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Goncalves, E. 1988-01-01 The problem of the saturation of nuclea matter in the non-relativistic limit of the model proposed by J.D. Walecka is studied. In the original context nuclear matter saturation is obtained as a direct consequence of relativistic effects and both scalar and vector mesons are treated statically. In the present work we investigate the effect of the meson dynamics for the saturation using a Born-Oppenheimer approximation for the ground state. An upper limit for the saturation curve of nuclear matter and are able to decide now essential is the relativistic treatment of the nucleons for this problem, is obtained. (author) [pt 322. HYDROBIOGEOCHEM: A coupled model of HYDROlogic transport and mixed BIOGEOCHEMical kinetic/equilibrium reactions in saturated-unsaturated media Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Yeh, G.T.; Salvage, K.M. [Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States). Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Gwo, J.P. [Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States); Zachara, J.M.; Szecsody, J.E. [Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richland, WA (United States) 1998-07-01 The computer program HYDROBIOGEOCHEM is a coupled model of HYDROlogic transport and BIOGEOCHEMical kinetic and/or equilibrium reactions in saturated/unsaturated media. HYDROBIOGEOCHEM iteratively solves the two-dimensional transport equations and the ordinary differential and algebraic equations of mixed biogeochemical reactions. The transport equations are solved for all aqueous chemical components and kinetically controlled aqueous species. HYDROBIOGEOCHEM is designed for generic application to reactive transport problems affected by both microbiological and geochemical reactions in subsurface media. Input to the program includes the geometry of the system, the spatial distribution of finite elements and nodes, the properties of the media, the potential chemical and microbial reactions, and the initial and boundary conditions.

Output includes the spatial distribution of chemical and microbial concentrations as a function of time and space, and the chemical speciation at user-specified nodes. 323. Diffusion, Coulombic interactions and multicomponent ionic transport of charged species in saturated porous media DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rolle, Massimo; Muniruzzaman, Muhammad of their aqueous diffusion coefficients also the electrostatic interactions significantly affect solute displacement. We investigated electrostatic interactions between ionic species under flow-through conditions resulting in multicomponent ionic dispersion: the dispersive fluxes of the different ions in the pore...... water are cross-coupled due to the effects of Coulombic interactions. Such effects are illustrated in flow-through experiments in saturated porous media. Simple strong electrolytes (i.e., salts and strong acid solutions) were selected as tracers and their transport was studied under different advection......-dominated conditions in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media [2-3]. The model-based interpretation of the experimental results is challenging since it requires a multicomponent ionic formulation with an accurate description of local hydrodynamic dispersion and explicitly accounting for the cross... 324. Stability of the barium–benzo-15-crown-5 complex in nitrobenzene saturated with water Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) E. MAKRLÃK 2006-11-01 Full Text Available From extraction experiments and g-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constant corresponding to the equilibrium Ba2+(aq + SrL22+(nb D BaL22+ (nb + Sr2+(aq occurring in the two-phase water–nitrobenzene system (L =benzo-15-crown-5; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase was evaluated as log Kex (Ba2+, SrL22+ = 0.3 ± 0.1. Furthermore, the stability constant of the benzo-15-crown-5–barium complex in nitrobenzene saturated with water was calculated for the temperature of 25 °C: log bnb (BaL22+=13.3±0.1. 325. Potassium Hydroxide Impregnated Alumina (KOH-Alumina) as a Recyclable Catalyst for the Solvent-Free Multicomponent Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Substituted Pyridazines and/or Substituted Pyridazin-3(2H)-ones under Microwave Irradiation. Science.gov (United States) Mecadon, Hormi; Myrboh, Bekington 2011-01-01 The work described herein employs potassium hydroxide impregnated alumina (KOH-alumina) as a mild, efficient, and recyclable catalyst for a one-pot solvent-free and environmentally safer synthesis of 3,4,6-triarylpyridazines and some substituted pyridazines from active methylene carbonyl species, 1,2-dicarbonyls, and hydrazine hydrate by microwave (MW) irradiation. The method offers highly convergent, inexpensive, and functionality-tolerable procedure for rapid access to important pyridazine compounds in good yields. 326. [Models for quantification of fluid saturation in two-phase flow system by light transmission method and its application]. Science.gov (United States) Zhang, Yan-Hong; Ye, Shu-Jun; Wu, Ji-Chun 2014-06-01 Based on light transmission method in quantification of liquid saturation and its application in two-phase flow system, two groups of sandbox experiments were set up to study the migration of gas or Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) in water saturated porous media. The migration of gas or DNAPL was monitored in the study. Two modified Light Intensity-Saturation (LIS) models for water/gas two-phase system were applied and verified by the experiment data. Moreover two new LIS models for NAPL/water system were developed and applied to simulate the DNAPL infiltration experiment data. The gas injection experiment showed that gas moved upward to the top of the sandbox in the form of 'fingering' and finally formed continuous distribution. The results of DNAPL infiltration experiment showed that TCE mainly moved downward as the result of its gravity, eventually formed irregular plume and accumulated at the bottom of the sandbox. The outcomes of two LIS models for water/gas system (WG-A and WG-B) were consistent to the measured data. The results of two LIS models for NAPL/water system (NW-A and NW-B) fit well with the observations, and Model NW-A based on assumption of individual drainage gave better results. It could be a useful reference for quantification of NAPL/water saturation in porous media system. 327. Growth of KOH etched AZO nanorods and investigation of its back scattering effect in thin film a-Si solar cell Science.gov (United States) Sharma, Jayasree Roy; Mitra, Suchismita; Ghosh, Hemanta; Das, Gourab; Bose, Sukanta; Mandal, Sourav; Mukhopadhyay, Sumita; Saha, Hiranmay; Barua, A. K. 2018-02-01 In order to increase the stabilized efficiencies of thin film silicon (TFS) solar cells it is necessary to use better light management techniques. Texturization by etching of sputtered aluminum doped zinc oxide (Al:ZnO or AZO) films has opened up a variety of promises to optimize light trapping schemes. RF sputtered AZO film has been etched by potassium hydroxide (KOH). A systematic study of etching conditions such as etchant concentration, etching time, temperature management etc. have been performed in search of improved electrical and optical performances of the films. The change in etching conditions has exhibited a noticeable effect on the structure of AZO films for which the light trapping effect differs. After optimizing the etching conditions, nanorods have been found on the substrate. Hence, nanorods have been developed only by chemical etching, rather than the conventional development method (hydrothermal method, sol-gel method, electrolysis method etc.). The optimized etched substrate has 82% transmittance, moderate haze in the visible range and sheet resistance ∼13 (Ω/â–¡). The developed nanorods (optimized etched substrate) provide better light trapping within the cell as the optical path length has been increased by using the nanorods. This provides an effect on carrier collection as well as the efficiency in a-Si solar cells. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations have been performed to observe the light trapping by AZO nanorods formed on sputtered AZO films. For a p-i-n solar cell developed on AZO nanorods coated with sputtered AZO films, it has been found through simulations that, the incident light is back scattered into the absorbing layer, leading to an increase in photogenerated current and hence higher efficiency. It has been found that, the light that passes through the nanorods is not getting absorbed and maximum amount of light is back scattered towards the solar cell. 328. Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of synthetic dye removal using pomegranate peel activated carbon prepared by microwave-induced KOH activation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mohd Azmier Ahmad 2014-08-01 Full Text Available Pomegranate peel was converted into activated carbon using microwave induced and KOH activation techniques. The prepared activated carbon (PPAC was characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, and nitrogen-adsorption surface area (BET. BET measurements gave remarkable increase in both the surface area (941.02 m2/g and total pore volume (0.470 cm3/g. Various operational parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, contact time and solution temperature in batch systems were investigated on the use of PPAC in the adsorption of remazol brilliant blue reactive (RBBR dye. At pH 2, the optimum dye removal was 94.36%. The amount of dye removed was dependent on initial dye concentration and solution temperature. Adsorption kinetics was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Experimental data were analyzed using eight model equations: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Radke Prausnite, Sips, Viet–Sladek and Brouers – Sotolongo isotherms and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fitted the adsorption data most with the highest correlation (R2≥0.99 and lowest normalized standard deviation, ∆qe. Both intra-particle and film diffusion governed the adsorption process. Thermodynamic parameters, such as standard Gibbs free energy (∆G0, standard enthalpy (∆H0, standard entropy (∆S0, and the activation energy (Ea were calculated. The adsorption of RBBR dye onto PPAC was found to be spontaneous and exothermic in nature. This study shows that the adsorption follows physisorption mechanism. 329. Stability and stabilization of linear systems with saturating actuators CERN Document Server Tarbouriech, Sophie; Gomes da Silva Jr, João Manoel; Queinnec, Isabelle 2011-01-01 Gives the reader an in-depth understanding of the phenomena caused by the more-or-less ubiquitous problem of actuator saturation. Proposes methods and algorithms designed to avoid, manage or overcome the effects of actuator saturation. Uses a state-space approach to ensure local and global stability of the systems considered. Compilation of fifteen years' worth of research results. 330. Prioritized Control Allocation for Quadrotors Subject to Saturation NARCIS (Netherlands) Smeur, E.J.J.; de Wagter, C.; J.-M. Moschetta G. Hattenberger, H. de Plinval 2017-01-01 This paper deals with the problem of actuator saturation for INDI (Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion) controlled flying vehicles. The primary problem that arises from actuator saturation for quadrotors, is that of arbitrary control objective realization. We have integrated the weighted least 331. Quantitative 1D saturation profiles on chalk by NMR DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Olsen, Dan; Topp, Simon; Stensgaard, Anders 1996-01-01 Quantitative one-dimensional saturation profiles showing the distribution of water and oil in chalk core samples are calculated from NMR measurements utilizing a 1D CSI spectroscopy pulse sequence. Saturation profiles may be acquired under conditions of fluid flow through the sample. Results reveal... 332. Saturate hydraulic conductivity, water stable aggregates and soil ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Saturate hydraulic conductivity, water stable aggregates and soil organic matter in a sandy-loam soil in Ikwuano lga of Abia state. ... carbon content of the soil. . Keywords: Toposequence, Water stable aggregates, Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Organic carbon, Slope position. Agro-Science Vol. 4 (1) 2005: pp. 34-37. 333. Comparison of empirical models and laboratory saturated hydraulic ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Numerous methods for estimating soil saturated hydraulic conductivity exist, which range from direct measurement in the laboratory to models that use only basic soil properties. A study was conducted to compare laboratory saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) measurement and that estimated from empirical models. 334. Saturated hydraulic conductivity values of some forest soils of ... African Journals Online (AJOL) A simple falling-head method is presented for the laboratory determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity of some forest soils of Ghana. Using the procedure, it was found that saturated hydraulic conductivity was positively and negatively correlated with sand content and clay content, respectively, both at P = 0.05 level. 335. Significance of saturation index of certain clay minerals in shallow ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) present in water (chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate) which associates with the available cations and aids the saturation of chlorides, carbonates or sul- fate minerals. Higher SI was noted (figure 5) in lower EC (<1500 μs/cm) for group A minerals, near saturation in group B and undersaturation to oversaturation in group C ... 336. Gain characteristics of a saturated fiber optic parametric amplifier DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rottwitt, Karsten; Lorenzen, Michael Rodas; Noordegraaf, Danny 2008-01-01 In this work we discuss saturation performance of a fiber optic parametric amplifier. A simple numerical model is described and applied to specific cases. A system experiment using a saturated amplifier illustrates a 4 dB improvement in required signal to noise ratio for a fixed bit error ratio.... 337. Optimizing the experimental design of soil columns in saturated and unsaturated transport experiments. Science.gov (United States) Lewis, Jeffrey; Sjöstrom, Jan 2010-06-25 Soil column experiments in both the saturated and unsaturated regimes are widely used for applied and theoretical studies in such diverse fields as transport model evaluation, fate and transport of pesticides, explosives, microbes, heavy metals and non aqueous phase liquids, and for evapotranspiration studies. The apparent simplicity of constructing soil columns conceals a number of technical issues which can seriously affect the outcome of an experiment, such as the presence or absence of macropores, artificial preferential flow paths, nonideal infiltrate injection and unrealistic moisture regimes. This review examines the literature to provide an analysis of the state of the art for constructing both saturated and unsaturated soil columns. Common design challenges are discussed and best practices for potential solutions are presented. This article discusses both basic principles and the practical advantages and disadvantages of various experimental approaches. Both repacked and monolith-type columns are discussed. The information in this review will assist soil scientists, hydrogeologists and environmental professionals in optimizing the construction and operation of soil column experiments in order to achieve their objectives, while avoiding serious design flaws which can compromise the integrity of their results. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 338. Development of multicore hybrid particles for drug delivery through the precipitation of CO2 saturated emulsions. Science.gov (United States) Gonçalves, V S S; RodrÃguez-Rojo, S; Matias, A A; Nunes, A V M; Nogueira, I D; Nunes, D; Fortunato, E; de Matos, A P Alves; Cocero, M J; Duarte, C M M 2015-01-15 Hybrid lipid-polymer particles are gaining increasing interest to be applied as drug delivery systems due to their greater stability in biological fluids and enhanced cellular uptake of drugs. However, a major drawback is the fact that these particles are usually produced through techniques that use organic solvents. This work studies the possibility of producing for the first time hybrid particles composed by lipid multicores enveloped in a polymeric layer through Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions (PGSS(®)), without using organic solvents. An oil-in-water emulsion, composed by Gelucire 43/01â„¢ (GEL) as the discontinuous phase and by an aqueous polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) solution as the continuous phase, was successfully precipitated by PGSS(®). Operating conditions that ensured the stability of the CO2 saturated emulsion were previously evaluated. The resulting PEGGEL particles present a spherical-like morphology constituted by several lipid cores encapsulated into a polymeric shell. The applicability of these structured particles to be used as drug delivery system (DDS) was studied by using ketoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), as model drug. The particles provided an initial burst release of the drug due to the progressive dissolution of the external layer of PEG, followed by a controlled release of the NSAID from the GEL cores. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V. 339. Segmentation and intensity estimation for microarray images with saturated pixels Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yang Yan 2011-11-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Microarray image analysis processes scanned digital images of hybridized arrays to produce the input spot-level data for downstream analysis, so it can have a potentially large impact on those and subsequent analysis. Signal saturation is an optical effect that occurs when some pixel values for highly expressed genes or peptides exceed the upper detection threshold of the scanner software (216 - 1 = 65, 535 for 16-bit images. In practice, spots with a sizable number of saturated pixels are often flagged and discarded. Alternatively, the saturated values are used without adjustments for estimating spot intensities. The resulting expression data tend to be biased downwards and can distort high-level analysis that relies on these data. Hence, it is crucial to effectively correct for signal saturation. Results We developed a flexible mixture modelbased segmentation and spot intensity estimation procedure that accounts for saturated pixels by incorporating a censored component in the mixture model. As demonstrated with biological data and simulation, our method extends the dynamic range of expression data beyond the saturation threshold and is effective in correcting saturation-induced bias when the lost information is not tremendous. We further illustrate the impact of image processing on downstream classification, showing that the proposed method can increase diagnostic accuracy using data from a lymphoma cancer diagnosis study. Conclusions The presented method adjusts for signal saturation at the segmentation stage that identifies a pixel as part of the foreground, background or other. The cluster membership of a pixel can be altered versus treating saturated values as truly observed. Thus, the resulting spot intensity estimates may be more accurate than those obtained from existing methods that correct for saturation based on already segmented data. As a model-based segmentation method, our procedure is able to identify inner 340. Impacts of doping concentration on the saturable characteristics of Tm-Ho codoped fiber saturable absorber Science.gov (United States) Tao, Mengmeng; Feng, Guobin; Yu, Ting; Ye, Xisheng; Wang, Zhenbao; Shen, Yanlong; Zhao, Jun 2018-03-01 Impacts of Tm ion concentration and Ho ion concentration on the saturable behaviors of Tm-Ho codoped fiber saturable absorbers and the output characteristics of the passively Qswitched laser systems are investigated and analyzed both at the initial lasing state and the stable passive Q-switching state. Simulations show that, varying concentrations of Tm and Ho ions have different impacts on the temporal evolution processes but similar effects on the macroscopic characteristics of the laser system. The root for the impacts of dopant concentrations is the population of the 3H6 energy level and the cavity loss it induces. For Tm ions, the rise of the Tm concentration improves the population of the 3H6 energy level directly, while, for Ho ions, higher Ho concentration leads to larger recovery rate of the 3H6 energy level, thus increasing the population of the 3H6 energy level indirectly. As for limited total dopant concentration, the Tm:Ho concentration ratio can be optimized for different applications. « 15 16 17 18 19 » « 16 17 18 19 20 » 341. Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles under oxidizing environment and their stabilization in aqueous and non-aqueous media International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Maity, D.; Agrawal, D.C. 2007-01-01 Synthesis of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles under oxidizing environment by precipitation from aqueous media is not straightforward because Fe 2+ gets oxidized to Fe 3+ and thus the ratio of Fe 3+ :Fe 2+ =2:1 is not maintained during the precipitation. A molar ratio of Fe 3+ :Fe 2+ smaller than 2:1 has been used by many to compensate for the oxidation of Fe 2+ during the preparation. In this work, we have prepared iron oxide nanoparticles in air environment by the precipitation technique using initial molar ratios Fe 3+ :Fe 2+ ≠¤2:1. The phases of the resulting powders have been determined by several techniques. It is found that the particles consist mainly of maghemite with little or no magnetite phase. The particles have been suspended in non-aqueous and aqueous media by coating the particles with a single layer and a bilayer of oleic acid, respectively. The particle sizes, morphology and the magnetic properties of the particles and the ferrofulids prepared from these particles are reported. The average particle sizes obtained from the TEM micrographs are 14, 10 and 9 nm for the water, kerosene and dodecane-based ferrofluids, respectively, indicating a better dispersion in the non-aqueous media. The specific saturation magnetization (σ s ) value of the oleic-acid-coated particles (∼53 emu/g) is found to be lower than that for the uncoated particles (∼63 emu/g). Magnetization σ s of the dodecane-based ferrofluid is found to be 10.1 emu/g for a volume fraction of particles φ=0.019. Zero coercivity and zero remanance on the magnetization curves indicate that the particles are superparamagnetic (SPM) in nature 342. Effect of solution saturation state and temperature on diopside dissolution Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Carroll Susan A 2007-03-01

Full Text Available Abstract Steady-state dissolution rates of diopside are measured as a function of solution saturation state using a titanium flow-through reactor at pH 7.5 and temperature ranging from 125 to 175°C. Diopside dissolved stoichiometrically under all experimental conditions and rates were not dependent on sample history. At each temperature, rates continuously decreased by two orders of magnitude as equilibrium was approached and did not exhibit a dissolution plateau of constant rates at high degrees of undersaturation. The variation of diopside dissolution rates with solution saturation can be described equally well with a ion exchange model based on transition state theory or pit nucleation model based on crystal growth/dissolution theory from 125 to 175°C. At 175°C, both models over predict dissolution rates by two orders of magnitude indicating that a secondary phase precipitated in the experiments. The ion exchange model assumes the formation of a Si-rich, Mg-deficient precursor complex. Lack of dependence of rates on steady-state aqueous calcium concentration supports the formation of such a complex, which is formed by exchange of protons for magnesium ions at the surface. Fit to the experimental data yields Rate (moldiopsidecm−2s−1=k×10−Ea/2.303RT(aH+2aMg2+n MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=O 343. aqueous root extract on spermatogenesis African Journals Online (AJOL) spermatogenic activity similar to that of the whole plant which was shown previously to inhibit spermatogenesis. Methods: T. officinale aqueous extract was prepared by soaking 100 g of dried materials in 1 L distilled water for two days at 45 oC. Fifty adult ... 344. Saturation Detection-Based Blocking Scheme for Transformer Differential Protection Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Byung Eun Lee 2014-07-01 Full Text Available This paper describes a current differential relay for transformer protection that operates in conjunction with a core saturation detection-based blocking algorithm. The differential current for the magnetic inrush or over-excitation has a point of inflection at the start and end of each saturation period of the transformer core. At these instants, discontinuities arise in the first-difference function of the differential current. The second- and third-difference functions convert the points of inflection into pulses, the magnitudes of which are large enough to detect core saturation. The blocking signal is activated if the third-difference of the differential current is larger than the threshold and is maintained for one cycle. In addition, a method to discriminate between transformer saturation and current transformer (CT saturation is included. The performance of the proposed blocking scheme was compared with that of a conventional harmonic blocking method. The test results indicate that the proposed scheme successfully discriminates internal faults even with CT saturation from the magnetic inrush, over-excitation, and external faults with CT saturation, and can significantly reduce the operating time delay of the relay. 345. Effect of calcium carbonate saturation of seawater on coral calcification Science.gov (United States) Gattuso, J.-P.; Frankignoulle, M.; Bourge, I.; Romaine, S.; Buddemeier, R.W. 1998-01-01 The carbonate chemistry of seawater is usually not considered to be an important factor influencing calcium-carbonate-precipitation by corals because surface seawater is supersaturated with respect to aragonite. Recent reports, however, suggest that it could play a major role in the evolution and biogeography of recent corals. We investigated the calcification rates of five colonies of the zooxanthellate coral Stylophora pistillata in synthetic seawater using the alkalinity anomaly technique. Changes in aragonite saturation from 98% to 585% were obtained by manipulating the calcium concentration. The results show a nonlinear increase in calcification rate as a function of aragonite saturation level. Calcification increases nearly 3-fold when aragonite saturation increases from 98% to 390%, i.e., close to the typical present saturation state of tropical seawater. There is no further increase of calcification at saturation values above this threshold. Preliminary data suggest that another coral species, Acropora sp., displays a similar behaviour. These experimental results suggest: (l) that the rate of calcification does not change significantly within the range of saturation levels corresponding to the last glacial-interglacial cycle, and (2) that it may decrease significantly in the future as a result of the decrease in the saturation level due to anthropogenic release of CO2 into the atmosphere. Experimental studies that control environmental conditions and seawater composition provide unique opportunities to unravel the response of corals to global environmental changes. 346. Magnetic field saturation in the Riga dynamo experiment. Science.gov (United States) Gailitis, A; Lielausis, O; Platacis, E; Dement'ev, S; Cifersons, A; Gerbeth, G; Gundrum, T; Stefani, F; Christen, M; Will, G 2001-04-02 After the dynamo experiment in November 1999 [A. Gailitis et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4365 (2000)] had shown magnetic field self-excitation in a spiraling liquid metal flow, in a second series of experiments emphasis was placed on the magnetic field saturation regime as the next principal step in the dynamo process. The dependence of the strength of the

magnetic field on the rotation rate is studied. Various features of the saturated magnetic field are outlined and possible saturation mechanisms are discussed. 347. Bunch-Crossing Identification for saturated calorimeter signals CERN Document Server Pfeiffer, Ullrich 1999-01-01 This paper describes an algorithm, which will be implemented in the Preprocessor ASIC of the ATLAS Level-1 Calorimeter trigger. Its purpose is to identify the corresponding Bunch-Crossing in time for saturated trigger tower signals from the calorimeters (saturated BCID). Results presented here are combined from simulations with a PSPICE model of the Liquid Argon trigger tower electronics and the digital signal processing inside the Preprocessor. The PSPICE model describes saturation of analogue pulses in a realistic way. The digital processing allows to investigate noise effects and shifts of the digitization strobe of the FADC against the pulse position. 348. Investigation of saturation effects in ceramic phosphors for laser lighting DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Krasnoshchoka, Anastasiia; Thorseth, Anders; Dam-Hansen, Carsten 2017-01-01 We report observation of saturation effects in a Ce:LuAG and Eu-doped nitride ceramic phosphor for conversion of blue laser light for white light generation. The luminous flux from the phosphors material increases linearly with the input power until saturation effects limit the conversion...... of the illumination. A phosphor conversion efficiency up to 140.8 lm/W with CRI of 89.4 was achieved. The saturation in a ceramic phosphor, when illuminated by high intensity laser diodes, is estimated to play the main role in limiting the available luminance from laser based lighting systems.... 349. Relationship between acceleration of hydroxyl radical initiation and increase of multiple-ultrasonic field amount in the process of ultrasound catalytic ozonation for degradation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution. Science.gov (United States) Zhao, Lei; Ma, Weichao; Ma, Jun; Wen, Gang; Liu, Qianliang 2015-01-01 The synergetic effect between ozone and ultrasound can enhance the degradation of nitrobenzene and removal efficiency of TOC in aqueous solution, and the degradation of nitrobenzene follows the mechanism of hydroxyl radical (OH) oxidation. Under the same total ultrasonic power input condition, the degradation rate of nitrobenzene (kNB), the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of ozone (kLa), and the initiation rate of OH (kOH) increases with introduction of additional ultrasonic field (1-4) in the process of ozone/ultrasound. The increasing amount of ultrasonic fields accelerates the decomposition of ozone, leading to the rapid appearance of the maximum equilibrium value and the decrease in the accumulation concentration of ozone in aqueous solution with the increasing reaction time. The increase in mass transfer of gaseous ozone dissolved into aqueous solution and the acceleration in the decomposition of ozone in aqueous solution synchronously contribute to the increase of kLa. The investigation of mechanism confirms that the increasing amount of ultrasonic fields yields the increase in cavitation activity that improves the mass transfer and decomposition of ozone, resulting in acceleration of OH initiation, which determines the degradation of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 350. Virus movement in soil during saturated and unsaturated flow. Science.gov (United States) Lance, J C; Gerba, C P 1984-02-01 Virus movement in soil during saturated and unsaturated flow was compared by adding poliovirus to sewage water and applying the water at different rates to a 250-cm-long soil column equipped with ceramic samplers at different depths. Movement of viruses during unsaturated flow of sewage through soil columns was much less than during saturated flow. Viruses did not move below the 40-cm level when sewage water was applied at less than the maximum infiltration rate; virus penetration in columns flooded with sewage was at least 160 cm. Therefore, virus movement in soils irrigated with sewage should be less than in flooded groundwater recharge basins or in saturated soil columns. Management of land treatment systems to provide unsaturated flow through the soil should minimize the depth of virus penetration. Differences in virus movement during saturated and unsaturated flow must be considered in the development of any model used to simulate virus movement in soils. 351. Delayed system control in presence of actuator saturation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A. Mahjoub 2014-09-01 Full Text Available The paper is introducing a new design method for systems’ controllers with input delay and actuator saturations and focuses on how to force the system output to track a reference input not necessarily saturation-compatible. We propose a new norm based on the way we quantify tracking performance as a function of saturation errors found using the same norm. The newly defined norm is related to signal average power making possible to account for most common reference signals e.g. step, periodic. It is formally shown that, whatever the reference shape and amplitude, the achievable tracking quality is determined by a well defined reference tracking mismatch error. This latter depends on the reference rate and its compatibility with the actuator saturation constraint. In fact, asymptotic output-reference tracking is achieved in the presence of constraintcompatible step-like references. 352. Surface wave propagation in a fluid-saturated incompressible ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) saturated incompressible porous media. Many studies have discussed the surface wave propagation in elastic media and a com- prehensive review is available in the standard texts, e.g., Ewing et al (1957) and Achenbach. (1976). The surface ... 353. Saturation volume changes and resistivity changes in nickel International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Birtcher, R.C.; Blewitt, T.H. 1976-01-01 Saturation defect concentrations generated by thermal neutron irradiation of 235 U doped nickel at liquid helium temperature were measured by changes in electrical resistivity and volume. The experimental procedure is described 354. Retinal oxygen saturation before and after glaucoma surgery. Science.gov (United States) Nitta, Eri; Hirooka, Kazuyuki; Shimazaki, Takeru; Sato, Shino; Ukegawa, Kaori; Nakano, Yuki; Tsujikawa, Akitaka 2017-08-01 This study compared retinal vessel oxygen saturation before and after glaucoma surgery. Retinal oxygen saturation in glaucoma patients was measured using a non-invasive spectrophotometric retinal oximeter. Adequate image quality was found in 49 of the 108 consecutive glaucoma patients recruited, with 30 undergoing trabeculectomy, 11 EX-PRESS and eight trabeculotomy. Retinal oxygen saturation measurements in the retinal arterioles and venules were performed at 1 day prior to and at approximately 10 days after surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using a Student's t-test. After glaucoma surgery, intraocular pressure (IOP) decreased from 19.8 ± 7.7 mmHg to 9.0 ± 5.7 mmHg (p glaucoma surgery had an effect on the retinal venous oxygen saturation. © 2016 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 355. Soil hydraulic properties near saturation, an improved conductivity model DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Børgesen, Christen Duus; Jacobsen, Ole Hørbye; Hansen, Søren 2006-01-01 of commonly used hydraulic conductivity models and give suggestions for improved models. Water retention and near saturated and saturated hydraulic conductivity were measured for a variety of 81 top and subsoils. The hydraulic conductivity models by van Genuchten [van Genuchten, 1980. A closed-form equation....... Reports and Dissertations 9.] were optimised to describe the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in the range measured. Different optimisation procedures were tested. Using the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity in the vGM model tends to overestimate the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity....... Optimising a matching factor (k0) improved the fit considerably whereas optimising the l-parameter in the vGM model improved the fit only slightly. The vGM was improved with an empirical scaling function to account for the rapid increase in conductivity near saturation. Using the improved models... 356. Renal vein oxygen saturation in renal artery stenosis DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Nielsen, K; Rehling, M; Henriksen, Jens Henrik Sahl 1992-01-01 Renal vein oxygen-saturation was measured in 56 patients with arterial hypertension and unilateral stenosis or occlusion of the renal artery. Oxygen-saturation in blood from the ischaemic kidney (84.4%, range 73-93%) was significantly higher than that from the 'normal' contralateral kidney (81.2%...... than its blood flow. This is probably due to decreased filtration fraction and filtered sodium with subsequent reduction in absolute tubular re-absorption of sodium ions.......Renal vein oxygen-saturation was measured in 56 patients with arterial hypertension and unilateral stenosis or occlusion of the renal artery. Oxygen-saturation in blood from the ischaemic kidney (84.4%, range 73-93%) was significantly higher than that from the 'normal' contralateral kidney (81... 357. A Partially Saturated Constitutive Theory for Compacted Fills National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Berney, Ernest 2004-01-01 ... variables present within the soil. From a thermodynamic viewpoint, a partially saturated soil can be best described by the free energy associated with each component of the soil and water mixture... 358. Calcium phosphate saturation in seawater around the Andaman Island Digital Repository Service at National Institute of Oceanography (India) Naik, S.; Reddy, C.V.G. Ionic product (IP) of calcium phosphate is calculated at some stations around Andaman Island. The depthwise variations of the ionic product of calcium phosphate seem to follow a normal trend with maximum saturation value between 100 to 200 m. Using... 359. Water exclusion from tunnel cavities in the saturated capillary fringe OpenAIRE Youngs, E. G.; Kacimov, A. R.; Obnosov, Yu. V. 2004-01-01 The problem of water flow around a tunnel cavity located in the saturated capillary fringe on top of a very permeable, freely-draining substratum is considered for the critical nonleakage condition when there is uniform vertical downward flow through the upper surface of the saturated region. In this critical condition the soil-water pressure is equal to zero everywhere on the cavity wall that is also a streamline. The conditions at the upper fringe boundary are that the soil-... 360. Nonlinear saturation of dissipative trapped ion instability and anomalous transport International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sugihara, Masayoshi; Ogasawara, Masatada. 1977-04-01 An expression for the turbulent collision frequency is derived by summing up the most dominant terms from each order in the perturbation expansion in order to obtain the nonlinear saturation level of the dissipative trapped ion instability. Numerical calculation shows that the anomalous diffusion coefficient at the saturated state is in good agreement with the result of Kadomtsev and Pogutse when the effect of the magnetic shear is taken into account. (auth.) « 16 17 18 19 20 » « 17 18 19 20 21 » 361. Succinct synthesis of saturated hydroxy fatty acids and DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Kaspersen, Mads Holmgaard; Jenkins, Laura; Dunlop, Julia 2017-01-01 Saturated hydroxy fatty acids make up a class of underexplored lipids with potentially interesting biological activities. We report a succinct and general synthetic route to saturated hydroxy fatty acids hydroxylated at position 6 or higher, and exemplify this with the synthesis of hydroxylauric...... acids. All regioisomers of hydroxylauric acids were tested on free fatty acid receptors FFA1, FFA4 and GPR84. The results show that the introduction of a hydroxy group and its position have a high impact on receptor activity.... 362. Pulse Distortion in Saturated Fiber Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Lali-Dastjerdi, Zohreh; Da Ros, Francesco; Rottwitt, Karsten 2012-01-01 Fiber optical parametric chirped pulse amplification is experimentally compared for different chirped pulses in the picosecond regime. The amplified chirped pulses show distortion appearing as pedestals after recompression when the amplifier is operated in saturation.......Fiber optical parametric chirped pulse amplification is experimentally compared for different chirped pulses in the picosecond regime. The amplified chirped pulses show distortion appearing as pedestals after recompression when the amplifier is operated in saturation.... 363. Determination of metastable zone width of potassium sulfate in aqueous solution by ultrasonic sensor and FBRM Science.gov (United States) Luo, Mengjie; Liu, Chenglin; Xue, Jin; Li, Ping; Yu, Jianguo 2017-07-01 The metastable zone width (MSZW) and nucleation kinetics of potassium sulfate in the aqueous solution were investigated. MSZW was measured using both the ultrasonic velocity sensor and the focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) at different cooling rate, stirring rate and impurities concentration (aluminum ions and silicon ions), and the effects of these conditions on MSZW were discussed in details. In addition, the accuracy and sensitivity of detectors to measure the nucleation temperature of potassium sulfate in the aqueous solution were compared between the ultrasonic velocity sensor and FBRM over a wider range of operating conditions. Although two detectors measured MSZW with an acceptable accuracy, the ultrasonic velocity sensor had a higher sensitivity to the phase transition of potassium sulfate in solution since it directly detected the concentration change of potassium sulfate in solution. Furthermore, both self-consistent Nývlt-like equation method and classical 3D nucleation theory approach were applied to estimate MSZW of potassium sulfate in aqueous solution. According to these classical theories, the nucleation kinetics parameters were calculated based on the measured MSZW data for potassium sulfate aqueous solution with 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C saturation temperature, respectively. It was found two approaches could describe MSZW of potassium sulfate aqueous system very well. 364. Transport of Sr 2+ and SrEDTA 2- in partially-saturated and heterogeneous sediments Science.gov (United States) Pace, M. N.; Mayes, M. A.; Jardine, P. M.; McKay, L. D.; Yin, X. L.; Mehlhorn, T. L.; Liu, Q.; Gürleyük, H. 2007-05-01 Strontium-90 has migrated deep into the unsaturated subsurface beneath leaking storage tanks in the Waste Management Areas (WMA) at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford Reservation. Faster than expected transport of contaminants in the vadose zone is typically attributed to either physical hydrologic processes such as development of preferential flow pathways, or to geochemical processes such as the formation of stable, anionic complexes with organic chelates, e.g., ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The goal of this paper is to determine whether hydrological processes in the Hanford sediments can influence the geochemistry of the system and hence control transport of Sr 2+ and SrEDTA 2-. The study used batch isotherms, saturated packed column experiments, and an unsaturated transport experiment in an undisturbed core. Isotherms and repacked column experiments suggested that the SrEDTA 2- complex was unstable in the presence of Hanford sediments, resulting in dissociation and transport of Sr 2+ as a divalent cation. A decrease in sorption with increasing solid:solution ratio for Sr 2+ and SrEDTA 2- suggested mineral dissolution resulted in competition for sorption sites and the formation of stable aqueous complexes. This was confirmed by detection of MgEDTA 2-, MnEDTA 2-, PbEDTA 2-, and unidentified Sr and Ca complexes. Displacement of Sr 2+ through a partiallysaturated undisturbed core resulted in less retardation and more irreversible sorption than was observed in the saturated repacked columns, and model results suggested a significant reservoir (49%) of immobile water was present during transport through the heterogeneous layered sediments. The undisturbed core was subsequently disassembled along distinct bedding planes and subjected to sequential extractions. Strontium was unequally distributed between carbonates (49%), ion exchange sites (37%), and the oxide (14%) fraction. An inverse relationship between mass wetness and Sr suggested that 365. Rapid determination of oxygen saturation and vascularity for cancer detection. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Fangyao Hu Full Text Available A rapid heuristic ratiometric analysis for estimating tissue hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation from measured tissue diffuse reflectance spectra is presented. The analysis was validated in tissue-mimicking phantoms and applied to clinical measurements in head and neck, cervical and breast tissues. The analysis works in two steps. First, a linear equation that translates the ratio of the diffuse reflectance at 584 nm and 545 nm to estimate the tissue hemoglobin concentration using a Monte Carlo-based lookup table was developed. This equation is independent of tissue scattering and oxygen saturation. Second, the oxygen saturation was estimated using non-linear logistic equations that translate the ratio of the diffuse reflectance spectra at 539 nm to 545 nm into the tissue oxygen saturation. Correlations coefficients of 0.89 (0.86, 0.77 (0.71 and 0.69 (0.43 were obtained for the tissue hemoglobin concentration (oxygen saturation values extracted using the full spectral Monte Carlo and the ratiometric analysis, for clinical measurements in head and neck, breast and cervical tissues, respectively. The ratiometric analysis was more than 4000 times faster than the inverse Monte Carlo analysis for estimating tissue hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation in simulated phantom experiments. In addition, the discriminatory power of the two analyses was similar. These results show the potential of such empirical tools to rapidly estimate tissue hemoglobin in real-time spectral imaging applications. 366. The relation between oxygen saturation level and retionopathy of prematurity Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mohammad Gharavi Fard 2016-03-01 Full Text Available Introduction: Oxygen therapy used for preterm infant disease might be associated with oxygen toxicity or oxidative stress. The exact oxygen concentration to control and maintain the arterial oxygen saturation balance is not certainly clear. We aimed to compare the efficacy of higher or lower oxygen saturations on the development of severe retinopathy of prematurity which is a major cause of blindness in preterm neonates. Methods: PubMed was searched for obtaining the relevant articles. A total of seven articles were included after studying the titles, abstracts, and the full text of retrieved articles at initial search. Inclusion criteria were all the English language human clinical randomized controlled trials with no time limitation, which studied the efficacy of low versus high oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry in preterm infants.Result: It can be suggested that lower limits of oxygen saturations have higher efficacy at postmesetural age of ≤28 weeks in preterm neonates. This relation has been demonstrated in five large clinical trials including three Boost trials, COT, and Support.Discussion: Applying higher concentrations of oxygen supplementations at mesentural age ≥32 weeks reduced the development of retinopathy of prematurity. Lower concentrations of oxygen saturation decreased the incidence and the development of retinopathy of prematurity in preterm neonates while applied soon after the birth.Conclusions: Targeting levels of oxygen saturation in the low or high range should be performed cautiously with attention to the postmesentural age in preterm infants at the time of starting the procedures. 367. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for the measurement of tissue oxygen saturation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sircan-Kucuksayan, A; Canpolat, M; Uyuklu, M 2015-01-01 Tissue oxygen saturation (StO 2 ) is a useful parameter for medical applications. A spectroscopic method has been developed to detect pathologic tissues, due to a lack of normal blood circulation, by measuring StO 2 . In this study, human blood samples with different levels of oxygen saturation have been prepared and spectra were acquired using an optical fiber probe to investigate the correlation between the oxygen saturation levels and the spectra. A linear correlation between the oxygen saturation and ratio of the intensities (760†‰nm to 790 nm) of the spectra acquired from blood samples has been found. In a validation study, oxygen saturations of the blood samples were estimated from the spectroscopic measurements with an error of 2.9%. It has also been shown that the linear dependence between the ratio and the oxygen saturation of the blood samples was valid for the blood samples with different hematocrits. Spectra were acquired from the forearms of 30 healthy volunteers to estimate StO 2 prior to, at the beginning of, after 2 min, and at the release of total vascular occlusion. The average StO 2 of a forearm before and after the two minutes occlusion was significantly different. The results suggested that optical reflectance spectroscopy is a sensitive method to estimate the StO 2 levels of human tissue. The technique developed to measure StO 2 has potential to detect ischemia in real time. (paper) 368. Aqueous based asymmetrical-bipolar electrochemical capacitor with a 2.4 V operating voltage Science.gov (United States) Wu, Haoran; Lian, Keryn 2018-02-01 A novel asymmetrical-bipolar electrochemical capacitor system leveraging the contributions of a Zn-CNT asymmetrical electrode and a KOH-H2SO4 dual-pH electrolyte was developed. The positive and negative electrodes operated in electrolytes with different pH, exploiting the maximum potential of both electrodes, which led to a cell voltage of 2.4 V. The potential tracking of both electrodes revealed that the Zn negative electrode could maintain a potential at -1.2 V, while the CNT positive electrode can be charged to +1.2 V without significant irreversible reactions. A bipolar ion exchange membrane has effectively separated the acid and alkaline from neutralization, which resulted in stable performance of the device with capacitance retention of 94% and coulombic efficiency of 99% over 10,000 cycles. This asymmetrical-bipolar design overcomes the thermodynamic limit of water decomposition, opening a new avenue towards high energy and high power density aqueous-based ECs. 369. Adsorption of hexavalent chromium by polyacrylonitrile-based porous carbon from aqueous solution. Science.gov (United States) Feng, Bin; Shen, Wenzhong; Shi, Liyi; Qu, Shijie 2018-01-01 Owing to the unique microporous structure and high specific surface area, porous carbon could act as a good carrier for functional materials. In this paper, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)based porous carbon materials (PPC-0.6-600, PPC-0.8-600, PPC-0.6-800 and PPC-0.8-800) were prepared by heating KOH at 600°C and 800 o C for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized by the techniques of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elementary analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N 2 adsorption techniques. The results showed that the adsorption capacity increased with decreasing pH value of the initial solution. The adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) on PPC-0.8-800 was much greater than that on other materials, and maximum adsorption capacity were calculated to be 374.90 mg g -1 . Moreover, PPC-0.8-800 had superior recyclability for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater, about 82% of its initial adsorption capacity was retained even after five cycles. The result of kinetic simulation showed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the PAN-based porous carbon could be described by pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption process was the ionic interaction between protonated amine groups of PPC and HCrO 4 - ions. 370. High-Yield Production of Levulinic Acid from Pretreated Cow Dung in Dilute Acid Aqueous Solution

Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Jialei Su 2017-02-01 Full Text Available Agricultural waste cow dung was used as feedstock for the production of a high value–added chemical levulinic acid (LA in dilute acid aqueous solutions. A high LA yield of 338.9 g/kg was obtained from the pretreated cow dung, which was much higher than that obtained from the crude cow dung (135 g/kg, mainly attributed to the breakage of the lignin fraction in the lignocellulose structure of the cow dung by potassium hydroxide (KOH pretreatment, and thus enhanced the accessibility of cow dung to the acid sites in the catalytic reaction. Meanwhile, another value-added chemical formic acid could be obtained with a yield of ca. 160 g/kg in the process, implying a total production of ca. 500 g/kg yield for LA and formic acid from the pretreated cow dung with the proposed process. The developed process was shown to be tolerant to high initial substrate loading with a satisfied LA yield. This work provides a promising strategy for the value-increment utilization of liglocellulosic agricultural residues. 371. Potentiometric determination of the 'formal' hydrolysis ratio of aluminium species in aqueous solutions. Science.gov (United States) Fournier, Agathe C; Shafran, Kirill L; Perry, Carole C 2008-01-21 The 'formal' hydrolysis ratio (h = C(OH-)added/C(Al)total) of hydrolysed aluminium-ions is an important parameter required for the exhaustive and quantitative speciationfractionation of aluminium in aqueous solutions. This paper describes a potentiometric method for determination of the formal hydrolysis ratio based on an automated alkaline titration procedure. The method uses the point of precipitation of aluminium hydroxide as a reference (h = 3.0) in order to calculate the initial formal hydrolysis ratio of hydrolysed aluminiumion solutions. Several solutions of pure hydrolytic species including aluminium monomers (AlCl3), Al13 polynuclear cluster ([Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12]7+), Al30 polynuclear cluster ([Al30O8(OH)56(H2O)26]18+) and a suspension of nanoparticulate aluminium hydroxide have been used as 'reference standards' to validate the proposed potentiometric method. Other important variables in the potentiometric determination of the hydrolysis ratio have also been optimised including the concentration of aluminium and the type and strength of alkali (Trizma-base, NH3, NaHCO3, Na2CO3 and KOH). The results of the potentiometric analysis have been cross-verified by quantitative 27Al solution nuclear magnetic resonance (27Al NMR) measurements. The 'formal' hydrolysis ratio of a commercial basic aluminium chloride has been measured as an example of a practical application of the developed technique. 372. An aqueous preoxidation method for monolithic perovskite electrocatalysts with enhanced water oxidation performance Science.gov (United States) Li, Bo-Quan; Tang, Cheng; Wang, Hao-Fan; Zhu, Xiao-Lin; Zhang, Qiang 2016-01-01 Perovskite oxides with poor conductivity call for three-dimensional (3D) conductive scaffolds to demonstrate their superb reactivities for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, perovskite formation usually requires high-temperature annealing at 600° to 900°C in air, under which most of the used conductive frameworks (for example, carbon and metal current collectors) are reductive and cannot survive. We propose a preoxidization coupled electrodeposition strategy in which Co2+ is preoxidized to Co3+ through cobalt Fenton reaction in aqueous solution, whereas the reductive nickel framework is well maintained during the sequential annealing under nonoxidative atmosphere. The in situ–generated Co3+ is inherited into oxidized perovskites deposited on 3D nickel foam, rendering the monolithic perovskite electrocatalysts with extraordinary OER performance with an ultralow overpotential of 350 mV required for 10 mA cm−2, a very small Tafel slope of 59 mV dec−1, and superb stability in 0.10 M KOH. Therefore, we inaugurate a unique strategy for in situ hybridization of oxidative active phase with reductive framework, affording superb reactivity of perovskite electrocatalyst for efficient water oxidation. PMID:27819040 373. High-Yield Production of Levulinic Acid from Pretreated Cow Dung in Dilute Acid Aqueous Solution. Science.gov (United States) Su, Jialei; Shen, Feng; Qiu, Mo; Qi, Xinhua 2017-02-14 Agricultural waste cow dung was used as feedstock for the production of a high value-added chemical levulinic acid (LA) in dilute acid aqueous solutions. A high LA yield of 338.9 g/kg was obtained from the pretreated cow dung, which was much higher than that obtained from the crude cow dung (135 g/kg), mainly attributed to the breakage of the lignin fraction in the lignocellulose structure of the cow dung by potassium hydroxide (KOH) pretreatment, and thus enhanced the accessibility of cow dung to the acid sites in the catalytic reaction. Meanwhile, another value-added chemical formic acid could be obtained with a yield of ca. 160 g/kg in the process, implying a total production of ca. 500 g/kg yield for LA and formic acid from the pretreated cow dung with the proposed process. The developed process was shown to be tolerant to high initial substrate loading with a satisfied LA yield. This work provides a promising strategy for the value-increment utilization of liglocellulosic agricultural residues. 374. Aqueous systems and geothermal energy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Anon. 1977-01-01 Significant unpublished results reported include: osmotic coefficients of KCl solutions vs. molality at 109 to 201 0 C; cadmium ion diffusivities in CaCl 2 hydrous melts; a x-ray diffraction study of the uranyl complex in water; solubility of amorphous silica in aqueous NaNO 3 solutions at 100 to 300 0 C; and corrosion of carbon steel by geothermal brine 375. Laboratory analysis of fluid flow and solute transport through a variably saturated fracture embedded in porous tuff International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Chuang, Y.; Haldeman, W.R.; Rasmussen, T.C.; Evans, D.D. 1990-02-01 Laboratory techniques are developed that allow concurrent measurement of unsaturated matrix hydraulic conductivity and fracture transmissivity of fractured rock blocks. Two Apache Leap tuff blocks with natural fractures were removed from near Superior, Arizona, shaped into rectangular prisms, and instrumented in the laboratory. Porous ceramic plates provided solution to block tops at regulated pressures. Infiltration tests were performed on both test blocks. Steady flow testing of the saturated first block provided estimates of matrix hydraulic conductivity and fracture transmissivity. Fifteen centimeters of suction applied to the second block top showed that fracture flow was minimal and matrix hydraulic conductivity was an order of magnitude less than the first block saturated matrix conductivity. Coated-wire ion-selective electrodes monitored aqueous chlorided breakthrough concentrations. Minute samples of tracer solution were collected with filter paper. The techniques worked well for studying transport behavior at near-saturated flow conditions and also appear to be promising for unsaturated conditions. Breakthrough curves in the fracture and matrix, and a concentration map of chloride concentrations within the fracture, suggest preferential flows paths in the fracture and substantial diffusion into the matrix. Average travel velocity, dispersion coefficient and longitudinal dispersivity in the fracture are obtained. 67 refs., 54 figs., 23 tabs 376. Amphoteric Aqueous Hafnium Cluster Chemistry. Science.gov (United States) Goberna-Ferrón, Sara; Park, Deok-Hie; Amador, Jenn M; Keszler, Douglas A; Nyman, May 2016-05-17 Selective dissolution of hafnium-peroxo-sulfate films in aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide enables extreme UV lithographic patterning of sub-10 nm HfO2 structures. Hafnium speciation under these basic conditions (pH>10), however, is unknown, as studies of hafnium aqueous chemistry have been limited to acid. Here, we report synthesis, crystal growth, and structural characterization of the first polynuclear hydroxo hafnium cluster isolated from base, [TMA]6 [Hf6 (μ-O2 )6 (μ-OH)6 (OH)12 ]â‹…38 H2 O. The solution behavior of the cluster, including supramolecular assembly via hydrogen bonding is detailed via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The study opens a new chapter in the aqueous chemistry of hafnium, exemplifying the concept of amphoteric clusters and informing a critical process in single-digit-nm lithography. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. 377. Central venous oxygen saturation does not correlate with the venous oxygen saturation at the surgical site during abdominal surgery. Science.gov (United States) Weinrich, Malte; Scheingraber, Stefan; Stephan, Bernhard; Weiss, Christel; Kayser, Anna; Kopp, Berit; Schilling, Martin K 2008-01-01 Measurement of central venous oxygen saturation has become a surrogate parameter for fluid administration, blood transfusions and treatment with catecholamines in (early) goal directed therapy in the treatment of acute septic patients. These strategies are not easily transferred to the postoperative management of abdominal surgery due to the different conditions in surgical patients. A study population of 15 patients (8 females/7 males) underwent elective major abdominal surgery: 6 gastrectomies, 5 major liver resections and 4 lower anterior rectum resections. Surgery was performed for primary or secondary malignancy. The patients' age was 65.4+/-12.7 (mean+/-standard deviation, range 44-84, median 62) years. Blood samples were taken intraoperatively from indwelling central venous lines as well as from draining veins at the surgical site. Blood gas analyses to determine the oxygen saturations were performed immediately. All patients were operated in standardized general anesthesia including epidural analgesia and in a balanced volume status. Central venous oxygen saturations and oxygen saturations in blood from the draining veins of the surgical site showed a wide range with high intra- and interindividual differences intraoperatively. Overall, at most time points no correlation between the two oxygen saturations could be detected in three operation types. A significant correlation was only observed at one time point during liver resections. Our results show a lack of correlation between central venous oxygen saturations and oxygen saturations in the draining veins of the surgical site during major abdominal surgery. Measurement of central venous oxygen saturations does not seem to be a good surrogate for the local oxygen supply in the field of interest in major abdominal surgery even under standardized conditions. 378. On the water saturation calculation in hydrocarbon sandstone reservoirs Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Stalheim, Stein Ottar 2002-07-01 The main goal of this work was to identify the most important uncertainty sources in water saturation calculation and examine the possibility for developing new S{sub w} equations or possibility to develop methods to remove weaknesses and uncertainties in existing S{sub w} - equations. Due to the need for industrial applicability of the equations we aimed for results with the following properties: The accuracy in S{sub w} should increase compared with existing S{sub w} - equations. The equations should be simple to use in petrophysical evaluations. The equations should be based on conventional logs and use as few as possible input parameters. The equations should be numerical stable. This thesis includes an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the most common S{sub w} equations. The results are addressed in chapter 3 and were intended to find the most important uncertainty sources in water saturation calculation. To increase the knowledge of the relationship between R{sub t} and S{sub w} in hydrocarbon sandstone reservoirs and to understand how the pore geometry affects the conductivity (n and m) of the rock a theoretical study was done. It was also an aim to examine the possibility for developing new S{sub w} - equations (or investigation an effective medium model) valid inhydrocarbon sandstone reservoirs. The results are presented in paper 1. A new equation for water saturation calculation in clean sandstone oil reservoirs is addressed in paper 2. A recommendation for best practice of water saturation calculation in non water wet formation is addressed in paper 3. Finally a new equation for water saturation calculation in thinly interbedded sandstone/mudstone reservoirs is presented in paper 4. The papers are titled: 1) Is the saturation exponent n a constant. 2) A New Model for Calculating Water Saturation In 3) Influence of wettability on water saturation modeling. 4) Water Saturation Calculations in Thinly Interbedded Sandstone/mudstone Reservoirs. A 379. Studies on the radiation chemistry of biomolecules in aqueous solution with specific objective of minimizing their radiolytic degradation. Coordinated programme for Asia and the Pacific Region on radiation sterilization practices significant to local medical supplies and conditions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Narayana Rao, K. 1979-01-01 As part of a study of radiolytic degradation of pharmaceuticals during radiosterilization, the basic radiation chemistry of the B-group vitamins, nicotinamide, pyridoxin, riboflavin and thiamine, and the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with these same materials has been investigated. The various aspects studied were - radiolysis under controlled conditions, effects of phase, temperature, pH and nature and concentration of additives. Some of the conclusions are: 1) with oxygen saturated aqueous solutions containing glucose, the radiolytic degradation of the vitamins is reduced: 2) results a similar for N 2 O saturated aqueous solutions; 3) in glucose-containing solutions, the protective effect is considerably modified at higher temperatures; and 4) irradiation of air-saturated aqueous solutions in the frozen state leads to reduced decomposition. It is concluded that in the presence of oxygen, in frozen matrices at low temperature, it appears possible to reduce the radiolytic breakdown of vitamins to low levels 380. NMR studies of proton exchange kinetics in aqueous formaldehyde solutions. Science.gov (United States) Rivlin, Michal; Eliav, Uzi; Navon, Gil 2014-05-01 Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde, formalin, are commonly used for tissue fixation and preservation. Treatment with formalin is known to shorten the tissue transverse relaxation time T2. Part of this shortening is due to the effect of formalin on the water T2. In the present work we show that the shortening of water T2 is a result of proton exchange between water and the major constituent of aqueous solutions of formaldehyde, methylene glycol. We report the observation of the signal of the hydroxyl protons of methylene glycol at 2ppm to high frequency of the water signal that can be seen at low temperatures and at pH range of 6.0±1.5 and, at conditions where it cannot be observed by the single pulse experiment, it can be detected indirectly through the water signal by the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) experiment. The above finding made it possible to obtain the exchange rate between the hydroxyl protons of the methylene glycol and water in aqueous formaldehyde solutions, either using the dispersion of the spin-lattice relaxation rate in the rotating frame (1/T1Ï) or, at the slow exchange regime, from the line width hydroxyl protons of methylene glycol. The exchange rate was ∼10(4)s(-1) at pH 7.4 and 37°C, the activation energy, 50.2kJ/mol and its pH dependence at 1.1°C was fitted to: k (s(-1))=520+6.5×10(7)[H(+)]+3.0×10(9)[OH(-)]. Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier Inc. « 17 18 19 20 21 » « 18 19 20 21 22 » 381. Variably Saturated Flow and Multicomponent Biogeochemical Reactive Transport Modeling of a Uranium Bioremediation Field Experiment International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Yabusaki, Steven B.; Fang, Yilin; Williams, Kenneth H.; Murray, Christopher J.; Ward, Anderson L.; Dayvault, Richard; Waichler, Scott R.; Newcomer, Darrell R.; Spane, Frank A.; Long, Philip E. 2011-01-01 Field experiments at a former uranium mill tailings site have identified the potential for stimulating indigenous bacteria to catalyze the conversion of aqueous uranium in the +6 oxidation state to immobile solid-associated uranium in the +4 oxidation state. This effectively removes uranium from solution resulting in groundwater concentrations below actionable standards. Three-dimensional, coupled variably-saturated flow and biogeochemical reactive transport modeling of a 2008 in situ uranium bioremediation field experiment is used to better understand the interplay of transport rates and biogeochemical reaction rates that determine the location and magnitude of key reaction products. A comprehensive reaction network, developed largely through previous 1-D modeling studies, was used to simulate the impacts on uranium behavior of pulsed acetate amendment, seasonal water table variation, spatially-variable physical (hydraulic conductivity, porosity) and geochemical (reactive surface area) material properties. A principal challenge is the mechanistic representation of biologically-mediated terminal electron acceptor process (TEAP) reactions whose products significantly alter geochemical controls on uranium mobility through increases in pH, alkalinity, exchangeable cations, and highly reactive reduction products. In general, these simulations of the 2008 Big Rusty acetate biostimulation field experiment in Rifle, Colorado confirmed previously identified behaviors including (1) initial dominance by iron reducing bacteria that concomitantly reduce aqueous U(VI), (2) sulfate reducing bacteria that become dominant after ∼30 days and outcompete iron reducers for the acetate electron donor, (3) continuing iron-reducer activity and U(VI) bioreduction during dominantly sulfate reducing conditions, and (4) lower apparent U(VI) removal from groundwater during dominantly sulfate reducing conditions. New knowledge on simultaneously active metal and sulfate reducers has been 382. Bulk elastic wave propagation in partially saturated porous solids International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Berryman, J.G.; Thigpen, L.; Chin, R.C.Y. 1988-01-01 The linear equations of motion that describe the behavior of small disturbances in a porous solid containing both liquid and gas are solved for bulk wave propagation. The equations have been simplified by neglecting effects due to changes in capillary pressure. With this simplifying assumption, the equations reduce to two coupled (vector) equations of the form found in Biot's equations (for full saturation) but with more complicated coefficients. As in fully saturated solids, two shear waves with the same speed but different polarizations exist as do two compressional waves with distinct speeds. Attenuation effects can be enhanced in the partially saturated solid, depending on the distribution of gas in the pore space. Two models of the liquid/gas spatial distribution are considered: a segregated-fluids model and a mixed-fluids model. The two models predict comparable attentuation when the gas saturation is low, but the segregated-fluids model predicts a more rapid roll-off of attenuation as the gas saturation increases 383. THE SEARCH FOR SUPER-SATURATION IN CHROMOSPHERIC EMISSION International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Christian, Damian J.; Arias, Tersi; Mathioudakis, Mihalis; Jess, David B.; Jardine, Moira 2011-01-01 We investigate if the super-saturation phenomenon observed at X-ray wavelengths for the corona exists in the chromosphere for rapidly rotating late-type stars. Moderate resolution optical spectra of fast-rotating EUV- and X-ray-selected late-type stars were obtained. Stars in α Per were observed in the northern hemisphere with the Isaac Newton 2.5 m telescope and Intermediate Dispersion Spectrograph. Selected objects from IC 2391 and IC 2602 were observed in the southern hemisphere with the Blanco 4 m telescope and R-C spectrograph at CTIO. Ca II H and K fluxes were measured for all stars in our sample. We find the saturation level for Ca II K at log (L CaK /L bol ) = -4.08. The Ca II K flux does not show a decrease as a function of increased rotational velocity or smaller Rossby number as observed in the X-ray. This lack of 'super-saturation' supports the idea of coronal stripping as the cause of saturation and super-saturation in stellar chromospheres and coronae, but the detailed underlying mechanism is still under investigation. 384. Molybdenite saturation in silicic magmas: Occurrence and petrological implications Science.gov (United States) Audetat, A.; Dolejs, D.; Lowenstern, J. B. 2011-01-01 We identified molybdenite (MoS2) as an accessory magmatic phase in 13 out of 27 felsic magma systems examined worldwide. The molybdenite occurs as small (magmas compared with within-plate magmas. A thermodynamic model devised to investigate the effects of T, f O2 and f S2 on molybdenite solubility reliably predicts measured Mo concentrations in molybdenite-saturated samples if the magmas are assumed to have been saturated also in pyrrhotite. Whereas pyrrhotite microphenocrysts have been observed in some of these samples, they have not been observed from other molybdenite-bearing magmas. Based on the strong influence of f S2 on molybdenite solubility we calculate that also these latter magmas must have been at (or very close to) pyrrhotite saturation. In this case the Mo concentration of molybdenite-saturated melts can be used to constrain both magmatic f O2 and f S2 if temperature is known independently (e.g. by zircon saturation thermometry). Our model thus permits evaluation of magmatic f S2, which is an important variable but is difficult to estimate otherwise, particularly in slowly cooled rocks. ?? The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. 385. Symbolic Computation of Strongly Connected Components Using Saturation Science.gov (United States) Zhao, Yang; Ciardo, Gianfranco 2010-01-01 Finding strongly connected components (SCCs) in the state-space of discrete-state models is a critical task in formal verification of LTL and fair CTL properties, but the potentially huge number of reachable states and SCCs constitutes a formidable challenge. This paper is concerned with computing the sets of states in SCCs or terminal SCCs of asynchronous systems. Because of its advantages in many applications, we employ saturation on two previously proposed approaches: the Xie-Beerel algorithm and transitive closure. First, saturation speeds up state-space exploration when computing each SCC in the Xie-Beerel algorithm. Then, our main contribution is a novel algorithm to compute the transitive closure using saturation. Experimental results indicate that our improved algorithms achieve a clear speedup over previous algorithms in some cases. With the help of the new transitive closure computation algorithm, up to 10(exp 150) SCCs can be explored within a few seconds. 386. Amplifying mirrors with saturated gain without and with a resonator DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Skettrup, Torben 2007-01-01 An investigation of amplifying mirrors with a view to their use in resonator structures has been performed. Both non-saturated and saturated amplifying mirrors are demonstrated. It was found that relatively high values of gain (typical 5-10 times) can be obtained even when saturation is taken...... into account. Several resonator structures containing from two up to four mirrors, some including beamsplitters, are investigated. It was found that the gain to a first approximation depends only on the ratio between the pumping power and the input power on the amplifying mirror. It was also found...... that the configuration with four mirrors is well suited as an amplifier device working as an optical transistor since high values of gain up to 40 times could be obtained.... 387. Correlations for Saturation Efficiency of Evaporative Cooling Pads Science.gov (United States) Jain, J. K.; Hindoliya, D. A. 2014-01-01 This paper presents some experimental investigations to obtain correlations for saturation efficiency of evaporative cooling pads. Two commonly used materials namely aspen and khus fibers along with new materials namely coconut fibers and palash fibers were tested in a laboratory using suitably fabricated test setup. Simple mathematical correlations have been developed for calculating saturation efficiency of evaporating cooling pads which can be used to predict their performance at any desired mass flow rate. Performances of four different pad materials were also compared using developed correlations. An attempt was made to test two new materials (i.e. fibers of palash wood and coconut) to check their suitability as wetted media for evaporative cooling pads. It was found that Palash wood fibers offered highest saturation efficiency compared to that of other existing materials such as aspen and khus fibers at different mass flow rate of air. 388. Correcting for accidental correlations in saturated avalanche photodiodes. Science.gov (United States) Grieve, J A; Chandrasekara, R; Tang, Z; Cheng, C; Ling, A 2016-02-22 In this paper we present a general method for estimating rates of accidental coincidence between a pair of single photon detectors operated within their saturation regimes. By folding the effects of recovery time of both detectors and the detection circuit into an "effective duty cycle" we are able to accomodate complex recovery behaviour at high event rates. As an example, we provide a detailed high-level model for the behaviour of passively quenched avalanche photodiodes, and demonstrate effective background subtraction at rates commonly associated with detector saturation. We show that by post-processing using the updated model, we observe an improvement in polarization correlation visibility from 88.7% to 96.9% in our experimental dataset. This technique will be useful in improving the signal-to-noise ratio in applications which depend on coincidence measurements, especially in situations where rapid changes in flux may cause detector saturation. 389. Interfacial forces in aqueous media CERN Document Server van Oss, Carel J 2006-01-01 Thoroughly revised and reorganized, the second edition of Interfacial Forces in Aqueous Media examines the role of polar interfacial and noncovalent interactions among biological and nonbiological macromolecules as well as biopolymers, particles, surfaces, cells, and both polar and apolar polymers. The book encompasses Lifshitz-van der Waals and electrical double layer interactions, as well as Lewis acid-base interactions between colloidal entities in polar liquids such as water. New in this Edition: Four previously unpublished chapters comprising a new section on interfacial propertie 390. Color and emotion: effects of hue, saturation, and brightness. Science.gov (United States) Wilms, Lisa; Oberfeld, Daniel 2017-06-13 Previous studies on emotional effects of color often failed to control all the three perceptual dimensions of color: hue, saturation, and brightness. Here, we presented a three-

dimensional space of chromatic colors by independently varying hue (blue, green, red), saturation (low, medium, high), and brightness (dark, medium, bright) in a factorial design. The 27 chromatic colors, plus 3 brightness-matched achromatic colors, were presented via an LED display. Participants (N = 62) viewed each color for 30 s and then rated their current emotional state (valence and arousal). Skin conductance and heart rate were measured continuously. The emotion ratings showed that saturated and bright colors were associated with higher arousal. The hue also had a significant effect on arousal, which increased from blue and green to red. The ratings of valence were the highest for saturated and bright colors, and also depended on the hue. Several interaction effects of the three color dimensions were observed for both arousal and valence. For instance, the valence ratings were higher for blue than for the remaining hues, but only for highly saturated colors. Saturated and bright colors caused significantly stronger skin conductance responses. Achromatic colors resulted in a short-term deceleration in the heart rate, while chromatic colors caused an acceleration. The results confirm that color stimuli have effects on the emotional state of the observer. These effects are not only determined by the hue of a color, as is often assumed, but by all the three color dimensions as well as their interactions. 391. Saturated Zone Flow and Transport Expert Elicitation Project Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Coppersmith, Kevin J.; Perman, Roseanne C. 1998-01-01 This report presents results of the Saturated Zone Flow and Transport Expert Elicitation (SZEE) project for Yucca Mountain, Nevada. This project was sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE) and managed by Geomatrix Consultants, Inc. (Geomatrix), for TRW Environmental Safety Systems, Inc. The DOE's Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project (referred to as the YMP) is intended to evaluate the suitability of the site for construction of a mined geologic repository for the permanent disposal of spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste. The SZEE project is one of several that involve the elicitation of experts to characterize the knowledge and uncertainties regarding key inputs to the Yucca Mountain Total System Performance Assessment (TSPA). The objective of the current project was to characterize the uncertainties associated with certain key issues related to the saturated zone system in the Yucca Mountain area and downgradient region. An understanding of saturated zone processes is critical to evaluating the performance of the potential high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. A major goal of the project was to capture the uncertainties involved in assessing the saturated flow processes, including uncertainty in both the models used to represent the physical processes controlling saturated zone flow and transport, and the parameter values used in the models. So that the analysis included a wide range of perspectives, multiple individual judgments were elicited from members of an expert panel. The panel members, who were experts from within and outside the Yucca Mountain project, represented a range of experience and expertise. A deliberate process was followed in facilitating interactions among the experts, in training them to express their uncertainties, and in eliciting their interpretations. The resulting assessments and probability distributions, therefore, provide a reasonable aggregate representation of the knowledge and 392. Inversion degree and saturation magnetization of different nanocrystalline cobalt ferrites International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Concas, G.; Spano, G.; Cannas, C.; Musinu, A.; Peddis, D.; Piccaluga, G. 2009-01-01 The inversion degree of a series of nanocrystalline samples of CoFe 2 O 4 ferrites has been evaluated by a combined study, which exploits the saturation magnetization at 4.2 K and 57 Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy. The samples, prepared by sol-gel autocombustion, have different thermal history and particle size. The differences observed in the saturation magnetization of these samples are explained in terms of different inversion degrees, as confirmed by the analysis of the components in the Moessbauer spectra. It is notable that the inversion degrees of the samples investigated are set among the highest values reported in the literature. 393. Effective constants for wave propagation through partially saturated porous media International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Berryman, J.G.; Thigpen, L. 1985-01-01 The multipole scattering coefficients for elastic wave scattering from a spherical inhomogeneity in a fluid-saturated porous medium have been calculated. These coefficients may be used to obtain estimates of the effective macroscopic constants for long-wavelength propagation of elastic waves through partially saturated media. If the volume average of the single scattering from spherical bubbles of gas and liquid is required to vanish, the resulting equations determine the effective bulk modulus, density, and viscosity of the multiphase fluid filling the pores. The formula for the effective viscosity during compressional wave excitation is apparently new 394. Interwell tracer testing for residual oil saturation measurement International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Tang, Joseph 2004-01-01 This research focuses mainly on the interpretation of partitioning tracer data for residual oil saturation measurement. As a secondary objective, depending on the progress of the project, it may also look into some commonly encountered phenomena related to tracer interaction with rock matrix such as adsorption and mass transfer into secondary pores. With advancement of interpretation techniques, interwell partitioning tracer tests have become popular in the industry for determining residual oil saturation to water flood or gas flood. With reported successes both in petroleum and environmental industry, it has gained wide recognition as a reliable method for measuring residual oil saturation, along with other standard techniques such as single well tracer testing, sponge coring and log-inject-log. Several levels of interpretation, depending on the degree of sophistication, are available to interpret the tracer data for residual oil saturation determination. These methods range from the simplest analytical methods namely chromatographic transformation and moment analysis to the most intricate finite difference or streamline simulation, with the semi-quantitative Brigham's Model being in between. The residual oil saturations measured by these methods are not necessarily identical. There arises a legitimate question as to what the residual oil saturation values from different methods mean. Brigham's Model has the advantage that it is semi-analytical and requires minimal effort to match the tracer data. Brigham's five spot model will be extended to model the propagation of partitioning tracer for residual oil saturation measurement. The limitation of using the model for irregular pattern will also be addressed. We will also try to construct a 7 spot, 9 spot and line drive based on Brigham's correlation. This model will also be used to study the effect of different Sor in different layers on chromatographic and moment analysis method. Other retention mechanisms such as 395. Traveling wave fronts and the transition to saturation International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Munier, S.; Peschanski, R. 2004-01-01 We propose a general method to study the solutions to nonlinear QCD evolution equations, based on a deep analogy with the physics of traveling waves. In particular, we show that the transition to the saturation regime of high energy QCD is identical to the formation of the front of a traveling wave. Within this physical picture, we provide the expressions for the saturation scale and the gluon density profile as a function of the total rapidity and the transverse momentum. The application to the Balitskii-Kovchegov equation for both fixed and running coupling constants confirms the effectiveness of this method 396. Scene structure in the saturation component of color images Science.gov (United States) Thomas, Bruce A.; Strickland, Robin N. 1996-04-01 A tenet of a new class of color image enhancement algorithms involves the observation that the saturation component of color images often contains what appears to be valid image structure depicting the underlying scene. In this work we present the findings of a study of the structural correspondence between the saturation and luminance components of a large database of color images. Various statistical relationships are identified. The correspondence of edges at different scales in the sense of Marr's theory of vision is also observed. Several new color image enhancement algorithms which exploit these unique characteristics are described. 397. Stable organic field-effect transistors for continuous and nondestructive sensing of chemical and biologically relevant molecules in aqueous environment. Science.gov (United States) Yun, Minseong; Sharma, Asha; Fuentes-Hernandez, Canek; Hwang, Do Kyung; Dindar, Amir; Singh, Sanjeev; Choi, Sangmoo; Kippelen, Bernard 2014-02-12 The use of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) as sensors in aqueous media has gained increased attention for environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. However, stable operation of OFETs in aqueous media is particularly challenging because of electrolytic hydrolysis of water, high ionic conduction through the analyte, and irreversible damage of organic semiconductors when exposed to water. To date, OFET sensors have shown the capability of label-free sensing of various chemical/biological species, but they could only be used once because their operational stability and lifetime while operating in aqueous environments has been poor, and their response times typically slow. Here, we report on OFETs with unprecedented water stability. These OFETs are suitable for the implementation of reusable chemical/biological sensors because they primarily respond to charged species diluted in an aqueous media by rapidly shifting their threshold voltage. These OFET sensors present stable current baselines and saturated signals which are ideal for detection of low concentration of small or large molecules that alter the pH of an aqueous environment. The overall response of these OFET sensors paves the way for the development of continuous chemical/biological nondestructive sensor applications in aqueous media. 398. Thermal coupling at aqueous and biomolecular interfaces Science.gov (United States) Shenogina, Natalia B. Heat flow in the materials with nanoscopic features is dominated by thermal properties of the interfaces. While thermal properties of the solid-solid and solid-liquid interfaces are well studied, research of the thermal transport properties across soft (liquid-liquid) interfaces is very limited. Such interfaces are, however, plentiful in biological systems. In such systems the temperature control is of a great importance, because biochemical reactions, conformation of biomolecules as well as processes in biological cells and membranes have strong temperature sensitivity. The critical ingredient to temperature control in biological systems is the understanding of heat flow and thermal coupling across soft interfaces. To investigate heat transfer across biological and aqueous interfaces we chose to study a number of soft interfacial systems by means of molecular dynamic simulations. One of the interfaces under our investigation is the interface between protein (specifically green fluorescent protein) and water. Using this model we concentrated on the importance of vibrational frequency on coupling between water and proteins, and on significant differences between the roles of low and high frequency vibrations. Our thermal interfacial analysis allowed us to shed new light on to the issue of protein to water slaving, i.e., the concept of water controlling protein dynamics. Considering that the surface of the protein is composed of a complicated mixture of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains, to systematically explore the role of interfacial interactions we studied less complicated models with homogenous interfaces whith interfacial chemistry that could be changed in a controlled manner. We demonstrated that thermal transport measurements can be used to probe interfacial environments and to quantify interfacial bonding strength. Such ability provides a unique opportunity to characterize a variety of interfaces, which can be difficult to achieve with more direct 399. Zingiber officinale Roscoe aqueous extract modulates ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Zingiber officinale Roscoe aqueous extract modulates Matrixmetalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of Metalloproteinases expressions in Dengue virus-infected cells: implications for prevention of vascular permeability. 400. Hydrogen combustion in aqueous foams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Baer, M.R.; Griffiths, S.K.; Shepherd, J.E. 1982-01-01 Water fogs are recognized as an effective means to mitigate the effects of large-scale hydrogen combustion that might accompany some reactor loss-of-coolant reactor accidents. Fogs of sufficiently high density to produce large beneficial effects may, however, be difficult to generate and maintain. An alternate method of suspending the desired mass of water is via high expansion-ratio aqueous foams. Because the foam would be generated using the combustible gaseous contents of the containment vessel, combustion occurs inside the foam cells. Although foams generated with inert gas have been well studied for use in fire fighting, little is known about combustion in foams generated with flammable mixtures. To help assess the usefulness of aqueous foams in a mitigation plan, the authors have conducted open tube tests and closed vessel tests of hydrogen/air combustion with and without foam. At low and intermediate hydrogen concentrations, the foam has little effect on the ultimate isochoric pressure rise. Above 15% hydrogen concentration, the foam causes a significant reduction in the pressure rise. The maximum effect occurs at about 28% hydrogen where the peak overpressure is reduced by two and one-half. Despite this overall pressure reduction, the flame speed is increased by up to an order of magnitude for combustion in the foam and strong pressure fluctuations are observed near a hydrogen concentration of 23% « 18 19 20 21 22 » « 19 20 21 22 23 » 401. Hydrogen combustion in aqueous foams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Baer, M.R.; Griffiths, S.K.; Shepherd, J.E. 1984-01-01 Water fogs are recognized as an effective means to mitigate the effects of large-scale hydrogen combustion that might accompany some loss of coolant nuclear reactor accidents. Fogs of sufficiently high density to produce large beneficial effects may, however, be difficult to generate and maintain. An alternate method of suspending the desired mass of water is via high expansion-ratio aqueous foams. Because, in practice, the foam would be generated using the combustible gaseous contents of the containment vessel, combustion occurs inside the foam cells. Although foams generated with inert gas have been well studied for use in fire fighting, little is known about combustion in foams generated with flammable mixtures. To help assess the usefulness of aqueous foams in a mitigation plan, several open-tube tests and more than 100 closed-vessel tests of hydrogen/air combustion, with and without foam were conducted. At low and intermediate hydrogen concentrations, the foam has little effect on the ultimate isochoric pressure rise. Above 15% hydrogen concentration, the foam causes a significant reduction in the pressure rise. The maximum effect occurs at about 28% hydrogen (the stoichiometric limit is 29.6% hydrogen) where the peak overpressure is reduced by 2 1/2. Despite this overall pressure reduction, the flame speed is increased by up to an order of magnitude for combustion in the foam, and strong pressure fluctuations are observed near a hydrogen concentration of 23% 402. Hydrogen combustion in aqueous foams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Baer, M.R.; Griffiths, S.K.; Shepherd, J.E. 1982-09-01 Water fogs are recognized as an effective means to mitigate the effects of large-scale hydrogen combustion that might accompany some loss-of-coolant nuclear reactor accidents. Fogs of sufficiently high density to produce large beneficial effects may, however, be difficult to generate and maintain. An alternate method of suspending the desired mass of water is via high expansion-ratio aqueous foams. To help assess the usefulness of aqueous foams in a mitigation plan, several open tube tests and over one hundred closed vessel tests of hydrogen/air combustion with and without foam have been conducted. Above 15% hydrogen concentration, the foam causes a significant reduction in the pressure rise. The maximum effect occurs at about 28% hydrogen (the stoichiometric limit is 29.6% hydrogen) where the peak overpressure is reduced by two and one-half. Despite this overall pressure reduction, the flame speed is increased by up to an order of magnitude for combustion in the foam and strong pressure fluctuations are observed near a hydrogen concentration of 23% 403. Hydrogen combustion in aqueous foams International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Baer, M.; Griffiths, S.; Shepherd, J. 1983-01-01 Water fogs are recognized as an effective means to mitigate the effects of large-scale hydrogen combustion that might accompany some loss-of-coolant nuclear reactor accidents. Fogs of sufficiently high density to produce large beneficial effects may, however, be difficult to generate and maintain. An alternate method of suspending the desired mass of water is via high expansion-ratio aqueous foams. Because, in practice, the foam would be generated using the combustible gaseous contents of the containment vessel, combustion occurs inside the foam cells. Although foams generated with inert gas have been well studied for use in fire fighting, little is known about combustion in foams generated with flammable mixtures. To help assess the usefulness of aqueous foams in a mitigation plan, we have conducted several open tube tests and over one hundred closed vessel tests of hydrogen/air combustion with and without foam. At low and intermediate hydrogen concentrations, the foam has little effect on the ultimate isochoric pressure rise. Above 15% hydrogen concentration, the foam causes a significant reduction in the pressure rise. The maximum effect occurs at about 28% hydrogen (the stoichiometric limit is 29.6% hydrogen) where the peak overpressure is reduced by a factor of two and one-half. Despite this overall pressure reduction, the flame speed is increase by up to an order of magnitude for combustion in the foam and strong pressure fluctuations are observed near a hydrogen concentration of 23% 404. Distribution of Dechlorinating Bacteria between the Aqueous and Solid Phases Science.gov (United States) Cápiro, N. L.; Hatt, J. K.; Wang, Y.; Loeffler, F. E.; Pennell, K. D. 2010-12-01 Microbial monitoring of aquifers relies on nucleic acid biomarker analysis, which is typically performed with biomass recovered from groundwater samples; however, it is unclear what fraction of the target population(s) is associated with groundwater (i.e., planktonic cells) or is attached to solid phases (i.e., biofilms). Understanding how the titer of target organism(s) in groundwater correlates with the true cell titers of the target organism in the aquifer (i.e., planktonic plus attached cells) is critical for a meaningful interpretation of the data, the prediction of bioremediation performance, and the implementation of site management strategies. To evaluate the distribution of active cells between resident solid phase and the aqueous phase, one-dimensional columns were packed under water-saturated conditions with Bio-Dechlor INOCULUM, a PCE-to ethene-dechlorinating bacterial consortium containing both multiple Dehalococcoides (Dhc) strains and Geobacter lovleyi strain SZ (GeoSZ). The columns were packed with two distinct solid matrices: a low organic content sandy Federal Fine Ottawa soil or Appling soil with higher organic matter content. Influent reduced mineral salts medium supplied at a groundwater pore-water velocity of 0.3 m/day contained both 10 mM lactate as electron donor and 0.33 mM PCE as electron acceptor. Routine collection of biomass from column side ports and effluent samples measured the titers of target cells in the aqueous phase and determined when steady state conditions had been reached. A second set of column experiments evaluated delivery and filtration effects by the solid matrix (i.e., Federal Fine Ottawa sand versus Appling soil) under the same conditions except that electron donor or acceptor were omitted (no growth conditions). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis using Dhc and GeoSZ 16S rRNA gene-targeted primer and probe sets determined the planktonic cell counts, and destructive sampling of the columns allowed measurement 405. High performance of solvothermally prepared VO2(B as anode for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) MiloÅ¡ević Sanja 2015-01-01 Full Text Available The VO2 (B was synthesized via a simple solvothermal route at 160oC in ethanol. The initial discharge capacity of VO2 (B anode, in saturated aqueous solution of LiNO3, was 177 mAh g-1 at a current rate of 50 mA g-1. After 50 cycles capacity fade was 4%, but from 20th-50th cycle no capacity drop was observed. The VO2 (B has shown very good cyclability at current rate of even 1000 mA g-1 with initial discharge capacity of 92 mAh g-1. The excellent electrochemical performance of VO2 (B was attributed to the stability of micro-nano structures to repeated intercalation /deintercalation process, very good electronic conductivity as well as the very low charge transfer resistance in the aqueous electrolyte. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III45014 406. A numerical investigation into factors affecting gas and aqueous phase plumes in the subsurface Science.gov (United States) Thomson, N. R.; Sykes, J. F.; Van Vliet, D. 1997-10-01 An investigation into the face and transport of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the subsurface requires the consideration of contaminant mass in both the aqueous and soil gas phases. As a result of water/gas phase partitioning, contaminated by partitioning from underlying ground water pollution. Conversely, soil gas can be contaminated by partitioning from underlying ground water VOC plumes. This soil gas and aqueous phase interaction has motivated the popularity of soil gas sampling technology as a method of characterizing ground water VOC contamination. A finite-element-based numerical model was developed to accurately simulate the interaction between the soil gas phase and the aqueous phase. This interaction is complicated since the saturation of the aqueous phase varies dramatically across the capillary fringe. The two-phase flow equations for gas and water are used to describe the flow regime, while the advective-dispersive transport of the VOC is considered in both phases. Dissolution and volatilization from a non-mobile non-aqueous phase liquid is included as a volatile organic contaminant source. A deforming mesh allows the model to accurately track the water table movement, and a Eularian-Lagrangian formulation is used to control some of the numerical difficulties associated with the numerical solution of the advection-dispersion equation. An investigation into diffusion of a VOC from below the water table demonstrated that both the frequency and the magnitude of water table fluctuations have a profound influence on the degree of soil gas contamination. Twodimensional large-scale, long-term simulations were performed to estimate the aqueous and soil gas phase plumes resulting from an immobilized trichloroethylene residual located in the unsaturated zone. The simulation results indicate that these plumes are very sensitive to the vertical position of the contaminant source. In addition, it was determined that seasonal fluctuations in soil gas VOC 407. Ion Movement in Polypyrrole/Dodecylbenzenesulphonate Films in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Vidanapathirana, K.; Careem, M.A.; Skaarup, Steen 2002-01-01 . Investigations were carried out using aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes to study the effect of solvent on the ion movement during redox processes. When PPy films are cycled in aqueous electrolytes transport of both anion and cation occurs during oxidation and reduction. However, when cycled in the nonaqueous...... electrolyte propylene carbonate (PC) only anion movement takes place.... 408. Behaviour of iodide, iodate and periodate in TLC with alcohol-aqueous ammonia eluent International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Benes, J. 1979-01-01 The behaviour of I - , IO 3 - and IO 4 - in silica gel thin layer chromatography and their separation with ammonia-alcohol eluents (saturated open-chain C1 to C5 alcohols were used) were studied using radioisotopes. Changes in Rsub(F) values of the studied anions caused by changes in the alcohol, ratio of the organic to aqueous phases in the mixture, and overall analytical concentration of ammonium ions were determined. The effect of alcohol on the kinetics of development of the chromatograms with the alcohol-water mixtures was also studied. (author) 409. Resolved multisite OH-attack on aqueous aniline studied by pulse radiolysis International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Solar, S.; Solar, W.; Getoff, N. 1986-01-01 The individual formation and decay kinetics as well as the absorption characteristics of the simultaneously formed primary species by OH attack on aniline in aqueous solution (pH 89.6), saturated with N 2 O, have been determined by pulse radiolysis combined with a computer optimization procedure. Further the rate constant of e - sub(aq) with aniline was determined to (3.0+-0.1) x l0 7 dm 3 mol -1 cm -1 . Qualitative analysis of final products were also performed. (author) 410. Removal of Cd+2 from aqueous solutions onto polypyrrole coated reticulated vitreous carbon eletrodes OpenAIRE Tramontina Jucelânia; Machado Giovanna; Azambuja Denise S.; Piatnicki Clarisse M.S.; Samios Dimitrios 2001-01-01 The development of simple methods for removal of heavy metals from aqueous samples is a relevant field of research. In this connection, the electrodeposition of the Cd+2 ion, one of the most toxic species for animals and human beings, was investigated in aerated pH 4.8 sulfuric-sulfate solutions. In potentiostatic conditions, the maximum rate of cadmium deposition at a neutral polypyrrole (PPy0) coated reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) working electrode occurs at -3.0 V vs. the saturated calo... 411. Saturation behaviour of the LHC NEG coated beam pipes CERN Document Server Porcelli, T; Lanza, G; Baglin, V; Jimenez, J M 2012-01-01 In the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), about 6 km of the UHV beam pipe are at room temperature and serve as experimental or utility insertions. TiZrV non-evaporable getter (NEG) coating is used to maintain the design pressure during beam operation. Molecular desorption due to dynamic effects is stimulated during protons operation at high intensity.

This phenomenon produces an important gas load from the vacuum chamber walls, which could lead to a partial or total saturation of the NEG coating. To keep the design vacuum performances and to schedule technical interventions for NEG reactivation, it is necessary to take into account all these aspects and to regularly evaluate the saturation level of the NEG coating. Experimental studies of a typical LHC vacuum sector were conducted in the laboratory in order to identify the best method to assess the saturation level of the beam pipe. Partial saturation of the NEG was performed and the effective pumping speed, transmission and capture probability are analysed. 412. Transport of E. coli in saturated and unsaturated porous media ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) G Madumathi transport of pathogenic bacteria through a porous medium. Such studies will aid in policy decisions for protecting drinking groundwater sources from improper sanitation systems. Therefore, in this study, saturated and unsaturated, sand and soil column experiments were conducted with active and inactive E. coli bacteria. 413. particle size distribution and control on bitumen saturation of some African Journals Online (AJOL) vicadmin Sedimentological analysis of some Afowo oil sands was carried out with the aim of characterising the reservoirs vis-à -vis their bitumen saturation and recovery efficiencies. Fourtyfour samples of tar sands of the Afowo formation (collected at three different localities namely; Idiobilayo, Idiopopo and. Igbotako) were subjected ... 414. Atmospheric sugar alcohols: evaporation rates and saturation vapor pressures DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Bilde, Merete; Zardini, Alessandro Alessio; Hong, Juan are allowed to evaporate in a laminar flow reactor, and changes in particle size as function of evaporation time are determined using a scanning mobility particle sizer system. In this work saturation vapor pressures of sugar alcohols at several temperatures have been inferred from such measurements using... 415. Reliable monitoring of oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry: Which ... African Journals Online (AJOL) This study focuses on identifying the best site for placement of pulse oximeter probe accurate measuring of oxygen saturation. Twenty-three healthy male volunteers aged 20 to 40 years old were recruited in this study. Cold pressor test was done to stim 460 measurements of SpO2level were obtained throughout the study. 416. Central venous oxygen saturation during hypovolaemic shock in humans DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Madsen, P; Iversen, H; Secher, N H 1993-01-01 We compared central venous oxygen saturation and central venous pressure (CVP) as indices of the effective blood volume during 50 degrees head-up tilt (anti-Trendelenburg's position) induced hypovolaemic shock in eight healthy subjects. Head-up tilt increased thoracic electrical impedance from 31... 417. Simple adaptive control for quadcopters with saturated actuators Science.gov (United States) Borisov, Oleg I.; Bobtsov, Alexey A.; Pyrkin, Anton A.; Gromov, Vladislav S. 2017-01-01 The stabilization problem for quadcopters with saturated actuators is considered. A simple adaptive output control approach is proposed. The control law "consecutive compensator" is augmented with the auxiliary integral loop and anti-windup scheme. Efficiency of the obtained regulator was confirmed by simulation of the quadcopter control problem. 418. Assessment of the Severity of Acid Saturations on Soils Collected ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal ... from agricultural fields of the soil surfaces (0-20 cm) depth and analyzed at Nekemte and Holleta Soil Research Center Laboratory for soil pH, Aluminum saturation, exchangeable hydrogen, exchangeable acids and bases as well as soil available and total phosphorus. 419. Effect Of Intraruminal Infussion Of Saturated And Unsaturated Fatty ... African Journals Online (AJOL) This study describes the effect of intraruminal infusion of diferent proportions of palmitic (saturated fatty acid) and linolenic (unsaturated fatty acid) on rumen degradability of organic matter fraction of Pennisetium purpureum, total volatile fatty acid and total methane productions in West African Dwarf sheep. Five combination ... 420. Transport of E. coli in saturated and unsaturated porous media ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Saturated and unsaturated sand and soil column experiments were conducted to study the complex interaction between the effects of biological and hydrological factors on the transport of bacteria through a porous medium. These experiments were conducted with continuous input of bacteria and substrate at the inlet to ... « 19 20 21 22 23 » « 20 21 22 23 24 » 421. Effect of soil saturation on denitrification in a grassland soil Science.gov (United States) Maritza Cardenas, Laura; Bol, Roland; Lewicka-Szczebak, Dominika; Gregory, Andrew Stuart; Matthews, Graham Peter; Whalley, William Richard; Misselbrook, Thomas Henry; Scholefield, David; Well, Reinhard 2017-10-01 Nitrous oxide (N2O) is of major importance as a greenhouse gas and precursor of ozone (O3) destruction in the stratosphere mostly produced in soils. The soil-emitted N2O is generally predominantly derived from denitrification and, to a smaller extent, nitrification, both processes controlled by environmental factors and their interactions, and are influenced by agricultural management. Soil water content expressed as water-filled pore space (WFPS) is a major controlling factor of emissions and its interaction with compaction, has not been studied at the micropore scale. A laboratory incubation was carried out at different saturation levels for a grassland soil and emissions of N2O and N2 were measured as well as the isotopocules of N2O. We found that flux variability was larger in the less saturated soils probably due to nutrient distribution heterogeneity created from soil cracks and consequently nutrient hot spots. The results agreed with denitrification as the main source of fluxes at the highest saturations, but nitrification could have occurred at the lower saturation, even though moisture was still high (71 % WFSP). The isotopocules data indicated isotopic similarities in the wettest treatments vs. the two drier ones. The results agreed with previous findings where it is clear there are two N pools with different dynamics: added N producing intense denitrification vs. soil N resulting in less isotopic fractionation. 422. A characterization of saturated fusion systems over abelian 2-groups DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Henke, Ellen 2014-01-01 Given a saturated fusion system FF over a 2-group S, we prove that S is abelian provided any element of S is F-conjugate to an element of Z(S). This generalizes a Theorem of Camina–Herzog, leading to a significant simplification of its proof. More importantly, it follows that any 2-block B... 423. Article size distribution and control on Bitumen saturation of some ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Sedimentological analysis of some Afowo oil sands was carried out with the aim of characterising the reservoirs vis-à -vis their bitumen saturation and recovery efficiencies. Fourtyfour samples of tar sands of the Afowo formation (collected at three different localities namely; Idiobilayo, Idiopopo and Igbotako) were subjected ... 424. Dispersive surface waves along partially saturated porous media NARCIS (Netherlands) Chao, G.; Smeulders, D.M.J.; Van Dongen, M.E.H. 2006-01-01 Numerical results for the velocity and attenuation of surface wave modes in fully permeable liquid/partially saturated porous solid plane interfaces are reported in a broadband of frequencies (100?Hz–1?MHz). A modified Biot theory of poromechanics is implemented which takes into account the 425. The Saturation of Several Universal Inequalities in Information-Processing International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zhang Lin; Wu Jun-De; Fei Shao-Ming 2015-01-01 In this paper, we characterize the saturation of four universal inequalities in quantum information theory, including a variant version of strong subadditivity inequality for von Neumann entropy, the coherent information inequality, the Holevo quantity, and average entropy inequalities. These results shed new light on quantum information inequalities. (paper) 426. Saturating time-delay transformer for overcurrent protection. [Patent application Science.gov (United States) Praeg, W.F. 1975-12-18 Electrical loads connected to dc supplies are protected from damage by overcurrent in the case of a load fault by connecting in series with the load a saturating transformer that detects a load fault and limits the fault current to a safe level for a period long enough to correct the fault or else disconnect the power supply. 427. Enhancement of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbon by modified ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Three sediment samples collected from the Qua Iboe River System and eighteen different column packing ratios of silica gel and alumina were used in this investigation. The variation of the composition of the stationary phase (silica gel and alumina, SA) gave different yields of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons. In all the ... 428. Double shock dynamics induced by the saturation of defocusing nonlinearities KAUST Repository Crosta, Matteo 2012-01-01 We show that the saturation of defocusing nonlinearities leads to qualitative changes in the onset of wave breaking, determining double shock formation whose regularization occurs in terms of antidark solitons. In a given material, the crossover between different regimes can be controlled by changing the input intensity. © 2012 Optical Society of America. 429. Upscaling soil saturated hydraulic conductivity from pore throat characteristics Science.gov (United States) Upscaling and/or estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity Ksat at the core scale from microscopic/macroscopic soil characteristics has been actively under investigation in the hydrology and soil physics communities for several decades. Numerous models have beendeveloped based on different approac... 430. Mulching an Arenic Hapludult at Umudike: Effects on saturated ... African Journals Online (AJOL) A study was carried out over two cropping seasons on an Arenic Hapludult at Umudike, southeastern Nigeria, to investigate and determine the quantity and type of mulch material that would optimize the rhizome yield of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) and improve the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The turmeric ... 431. Significance of saturation index of certain clay minerals in shallow ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) The study reveals that pH has a significant role in the saturation index (SI) of .... reasons exist that may cause systems to behave dif- ferently than ... Marine alluvial formation is found parallel to the coast. (figure 2). The subsurface lithology of the study area shows six types of geological formations which include sand, clayey ... 432. Effect of soil saturation on denitrification in a grassland soil Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) L. M. Cardenas 2017-10-01 Full Text Available Nitrous oxide (N2O is of major importance as a greenhouse gas and precursor of ozone (O3 destruction in the stratosphere mostly produced in soils. The soilemitted N2O is generally predominantly derived from denitrification and, to a smaller extent, nitrification, both processes controlled by environmental factors and their interactions, and are influenced by agricultural management. Soil water content expressed as water-filled pore space (WFPS is a major controlling factor of emissions and its interaction with compaction, has not been studied at the micropore scale. A laboratory incubation was carried out at different saturation levels for a grassland soil and emissions of N2O and N2 were measured as well as the isotopocules of N2O. We found that flux variability was larger in the less saturated soils probably due to nutrient distribution heterogeneity created from soil cracks and consequently nutrient hot spots. The results agreed with denitrification as the main source of fluxes at the highest saturations, but nitrification could have occurred at the lower saturation, even though moisture was still high (71 % WFSP. The isotopocules data indicated isotopic similarities in the wettest treatments vs. the two drier ones. The results agreed with previous findings where it is clear there are two N pools with different dynamics: added N producing intense denitrification vs. soil N resulting in less isotopic fractionation. 433. Saturating Stiffness Control of Robot Manipulators with Bounded Inputs Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) RodrÃguez-Liñán MarÃa del Carmen 2017-03-01 Full Text Available A saturating stiffness control scheme for robot manipulators with bounded torque inputs is proposed. The control law is assumed to be a PD-type controller, and the corresponding Lyapunov stability analysis of the closed-loop equilibrium point is presented. The interaction between the robot manipulator and the environment is modeled as spring-like contact forces. 434. Surface waves in a cylindrical borehole through partially-saturated ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) M D Sharma published online 14 February 2018. Propagation of surface waves is discussed in a cylindrical borehole through a liquid-saturated porous solid of infinite extent. ...... 1992). In the dictionary of exploration geophysics, pseudo-Rayleigh waves are identified as the ground roll, which is a particular type of surface wave that. 435. Facilitated transport of copper with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in saturated sand Science.gov (United States) Saturated packed column experiments were conducted to investigate the facilitated transport of Cu with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAP) at different pore water velocities (0.222.2 cm min–1), solution pH (6.2-9.0), and fraction of Fe oxide coating on grain surfaces (', 0-0.36). The facilitated tr... 436. Effect of dietary lipid saturation on the production performance of ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Patron Saint of Ladybugs DM) diets were formulated, using a control diet (50 : 50 blend of fish- and linseed oil), fish oil (poly- unsaturated ... Dietary lipid saturation level had no effect on daily feed intake of hens, hen-day egg production, egg output and live ... Supplementary fats and oils are often used in poultry diets due to their numerous nutritional. 437. Shear weakening for different lithologies observed at different saturation stages Science.gov (United States) Diethart-Jauk, Elisabeth; Gegenhuber, Nina 2018-01-01 For this study, samples from different lithologies ("Leitha"-limestone, "Dachstein"-limestone, "Haupt"-dolomite, "Bunt"-sandstone, Grey Berea sandstone, granite, quartzite and basalt) were selected. Samples were dried at 70 °C, respectively 105 °C and were saturated with brine. Mass, porosity, permeability, compressional and shear wave velocity were determined from dry and brine saturated samples at laboratory conditions, based on an individual measurement program. Shear modulus was calculated to find out, if shear weakening exists for the dataset. Shear weakening means that shear modulus of dry samples is higher than of saturated samples, but it is assumed that shear modulus is unaffected by saturation. "Dachstein"-limestone and basalt show shear weakening, quartzite samples show both weakening and hardening. Granite samples are affected by temperature, after drying with 105 °C no change can be observed anymore. "Bunt"-sandstone samples show a change in the shear modulus in a small extent, although they may contain clay minerals. The other lithologies show no effect. Explanations for carbonate samples can be the complicated pore structure, for basalt it could be that weathering creates clay minerals which are known as causes for a change of the shear modulus. Fluid viscosity can also be an important factor. 438. Asymmetric gain-saturated spectrum in fiber optical parametric amplifiers DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Lali-Dastjerdi, Zohreh; Rottwitt, Karsten; Galili, Michael 2012-01-01 We demonstrate experimentally and numerically an unexpected spectral asymmetry in the saturated-gain spectrum of single-pump fiber optical parametric amplifiers. The interaction between higher-order four-wave mixing products and dispersive waves radiated as an effect of third-order dispersion... 439. Simulation of consolidation in partially saturated soil materials International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Narasimhan, T.N. 1982-03-01 Partially saturated soil materials undergo consolidation, heave, collapse and failure due to changes in pore fluid pressure. The precise nature of the mechanics of such deformations is only poorly understood at present. Experimental evidence has shown that the volume change behavior of unsaturated soils cannot be adequately explained through changes in effective stress, even when a saturation dependent parameter is incorporated into the definition of effective stress. Two independent stress-state variables, involving combinations of total stress, pore air pressure and pore water pressure, are required to characterize volume changes and saturation changes in the partially saturated state. In general, two coupled conservation equations, one for the water-phase and the other for the air-phase need to be solved in order to predict the deformation behavior of unsaturated soils. If directional displacements and changes in the stress-field are required, then the conservation equations are to be integrated with an additional set of multi-dimensional force balance equations. For lack of a sufficient understanding of elastic constants such as Poisson's Ratio and Lame's constants as applied to unsaturated soils, little has been achieved so far in integrating the conservation equations and the force balance equations. For the long-term modeling of consolidation with respect to uranium mill tailings, it may be acceptable and economical to solve a single conservation equation for water, assuming that the air-phase is continuous and is at atmospheric pressure everywhere in the soil. The greatest challenge to modeling consolidation in the unsaturated zone at the presnt time is to develop enough experimental data defining the variation of void ratio and saturation with reference to the two chosen stress-state variables 440. Self-Assembly of Bilayer Vesicles Made of Saturated Long Chain Fatty Acids. Science.gov (United States) Douliez, Jean-Paul; Houssou, Bérénice Houinsou; Fameau, A-Laure; Navailles, Laurence; Nallet, Frédéric; Grélard, Axelle; Dufourc, Erick J; Gaillard, Cédric 2016-01-19 Saturated long chain fatty acids (sLCFA, e.g., C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0) are potentially the greenest and cheapest surfactants naturally available. However, because aqueous sodium soaps of sLCFA are known to crystallize, the self-assembly of stable bilayer vesicles has not been reported yet. Here, by using such soaps in combination with guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl), which has been shown recently to prevent crystallization, we were capable of producing stable bilayer vesicles made of sLCFA. The phase diagrams were established for a variety of systems showing that vesicles can form in a broad range of composition and pH. Both solid state NMR and small-angle neutron scattering allowed demonstrating that in such vesicles sLCFA are arranged in a bilayer structure which exhibits similar dynamic and structural properties as those of phospholipid membranes. We expect these vesicles to be of interest as model systems of protocells and minimal cells but also for various applications since fatty acids are potentially substitutes to phospholipids, synthetic surfactants, and polymers. « 20 21 22 23 24 » « 21 22 23 24 25 » 441. Crystallisation of materials from aqueous solutions NARCIS (Netherlands) Witkamp, G.J.; Vrijenhoef, J.P.; De Graauw, J.; Van der Ham, F. 2001-01-01

The invention is directed to a process for recovering a crystalline material from an aqueous solution, which solution also contains organic contaminants, in which process the material is crystallised from the aqueous solution by freeze crystallising at a eutectic freezing point of the solution. 442. 27 CFR 21.96 - Ammonia, aqueous. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Ammonia, aqueous. 21.96 Section 21.96 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE BUREAU, DEPARTMENT... Ammonia, aqueous. (a) Alkalinity. Strongly alkaline to litmus. (b) Ammonia content. 27 to 30 percent by... 443. Comparative evaluation of aqueous humor viscosity. Science.gov (United States) Davis, Kyshia; Carter, Renee; Tully, Thomas; Negulescu, Ioan; Storey, Eric 2015-01-01 To evaluate aqueous humor viscosity in the raptor, dog, cat, and horse, with a primary focus on the barred owl (Strix varia). Twenty-six raptors, ten dogs, three cats, and one horse. Animals were euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. Immediately, after horizontal and vertical corneal dimensions were measured, and anterior chamber paracentesis was performed to quantify anterior chamber volume and obtain aqueous humor samples for viscosity analysis. Dynamic aqueous humor viscosity was measured using a dynamic shear rheometer (AR 1000 TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) at 20 °C. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, unpaired t-tests, and Tukey's test to evaluate the mean ± standard deviation for corneal diameter, anterior chamber volume, and aqueous humor viscosity amongst groups and calculation of Spearman's coefficient for correlation analyses. The mean aqueous humor viscosity in the barred owl was 14.1 centipoise (cP) ± 9, cat 4.4 cP ± 0.2, and dog 2.9 cP ± 1.3. The aqueous humor viscosity for the horse was 1 cP. Of the animals evaluated in this study, the raptor aqueous humor was the most viscous. The aqueous humor of the barred owl is significantly more viscous than the dog (P humor viscosity of the raptor, dog, cat, and horse can be successfully determined using a dynamic shear rheometer. © 2014 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. 444. Soft matter at aqueous interfaces CERN Document Server Liu, Yi 2016-01-01 This book covers the science of interfaces between an aqueous phase and a solid, another liquid or a gaseous phase, starting from the basic physical chemistry all the way to state-ofthe-art research developments. Both experimental and theoretical methods are treated thanks to the contributions of a distinguished list of authors who are all active researchers in their respective fields. The properties of these interfaces are crucial for a wide variety of processes, products and biological systems and functions, such as the formulation of personal care and food products, paints and coatings, microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip applications, cell membranes, and lung surfactants. Accordingly, research and expertise on the subject are spread over a broad range of academic disciplines and industrial laboratories. This book brings together knowledge from these different places with the aim of fostering education, collaborations and research progress. 445. Aqueous supercapacitors on conductive cotton KAUST Repository Pasta, Mauro 2010-06-01 Wearable electronics offer the combined advantages of both electronics and fabrics. In this article, we report the fabrication of wearable supercapacitors using cotton fabric as an essential component. Carbon nanotubes are conformally coated onto the cotton fibers, leading to a highly electrically conductive interconnecting network. The porous carbon nanotube coating functions as both active material and current collector in the supercapacitor. Aqueous lithium sulfate is used as the electrolyte in the devices, because it presents no safety concerns for human use. The supercapacitor shows high specific capacitance (~70-80 F·g-1 at 0.1 A·g-1) and cycling stability (negligible decay after 35,000 cycles). The extremely simple design and fabrication process make it applicable for providing power in practical electronic devices. © 2010 Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 446. Glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer in human lumbar intervertebral discs: Effect of saturation pulse and relationship with low back pain. Science.gov (United States) Wada, Tatsuhiro; Togao, Osamu; Tokunaga, Chiaki; Funatsu, Ryohei; Yamashita, Yasuo; Kobayashi, Kouji; Nakamura, Yasuhiko; Honda, Hiroshi 2017-03-01 To evaluate the dependence of saturation pulse power and duration on glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST) imaging and assess the degeneration of human lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs) using this method. All images were acquired on a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The CEST effects were measured in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) phantoms with different concentrations. In the human study, CEST effects were measured in the nucleus pulposus of IVD. We compared the CEST effects among the different saturation pulse powers (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 μT) or durations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 sec) at each Pfirrmann grade (I-V). The relationship between the CEST effects and low back pain was also evaluated. The phantom study showed high correlations between the CEST effects and GAG concentration (R 2  = 0.863, P low back pain were significantly lower than those in the groups without pain (P pain (P = 0.0216). The contrast of gagCEST imaging in the lumbar IVDs varied with saturation pulse power and duration. GagCEST imaging may serve as a tool for evaluating IVD degeneration in the lumbar spine. 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:863-871. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 447. Metal separations using aqueous biphasic partitioning systems International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Chaiko, D.J.; Zaslavsky, B.; Rollins, A.N.; Vojta, Y.; Gartelmann, J.; Mego, W. 1996-01-01 Aqueous biphasic extraction (ABE) processes offer the potential for low-cost, highly selective separations. This countercurrent extraction technique involves selective partitioning of either dissolved solutes or ultrafine particulates between two immiscible aqueous phases. The extraction systems that the authors have studied are generated by combining an aqueous salt solution with an aqueous polymer solution. They have examined a wide range of applications for ABE, including the treatment of solid and liquid nuclear wastes, decontamination of soils, and processing of mineral ores. They have also conducted fundamental studies of solution microstructure using small angle neutron scattering (SANS). In this report they review the physicochemical fundamentals of aqueous biphase formation and discuss the development and scaleup of ABE processes for environmental remediation 448. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Science.gov (United States) Hooper, Lee; Martin, Nicole; Abdelhamid, Asmaa; Davey Smith, George 2015-06-10 Reducing saturated fat reduces serum cholesterol, but effects on other intermediate outcomes may be less clear. Additionally it is unclear whether the energy from saturated fats that are lost in the diet are more helpfully replaced by polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, carbohydrate or protein. This review is part of a series split from and updating an overarching review. To assess the effect of reducing saturated fat intake and replacing it with carbohydrate (CHO), polyunsaturated (PUFA) or monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and/or protein on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, using all available randomised clinical trials. We updated our searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid) and EMBASE (Ovid) on 5 March 2014. We also checked references of included studies and reviews. Trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised with appropriate control group; 2) intention to reduce saturated fat intake OR intention to alter dietary fats and achieving a reduction in saturated fat; 3) not multifactorial; 4) adult humans with or without cardiovascular disease (but not acutely ill, pregnant or breastfeeding); 5) intervention at least 24 months; 6) mortality or cardiovascular morbidity data available. Two review authors working independently extracted participant numbers experiencing health outcomes in each arm, and we performed random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression, subgrouping, sensitivity analyses and funnel plots. We include 15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (17 comparisons, Ëœ59,000 participants), which used a variety of interventions from providing all food to advice on how to reduce saturated fat. The included long-term trials suggested that reducing dietary saturated fat reduced the risk of cardiovascular events by 17% (risk ratio (RR) 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 to 0.96, 13 comparisons, 53,300 participants of whom 8% had a cardiovascular event, I² 65%, GRADE moderate quality of 449. TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION OF HEMOGLOBIN OXYGEN SATURATION IN CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) S. Yu. Petrov 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Oxygen content in body fluids and tissues is an important indicator of life support functions. A number of ocular pathologies, e.g. glaucoma, are of presumable vascular origin which means altered blood supply and oxygen circulation. Most oxygen is transported in the blood in the association with hemoglobin. When passing through the capillaries, hemoglobin releases oxygen, converting from oxygenated form to deoxygenated form. This process is accompanied by the changes in spectral characteristics of hemoglobin which result in different colors of arterial and venous blood. Photometric technique for the measurement of oxygen saturation in blood is based on the differences in light absorption by different forms of hemoglobin. The measurement of saturation is called oximetry. Pulse oximetry with assessment of tissue oxygenation is the most commonly used method in medicine. The degree of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the eye blood vessels is the most accessible for noninvasive studies during ophthalmoscopy and informative. Numerous studies showed the importance of this parameter for the diagnosis of retinopathy of various genesis, metabolic status analysis in hyperglycemia, diagnosis and control of treatment of glaucoma and other diseases involving alterations in eye blood supply. The specific method for evaluation of oxygen concentration is the measurement of pressure of oxygen dissolved in the blood, i.e. partial pressure of oxygen. In ophthalmological practice, this parameter is measured in anterior chamber fluid evaluating oxygen level for several ophthalmopathies including different forms of glaucoma, for instillations of hypotensive eye drops as well as in vitreous body near to the optic disc under various levels of intraocular pressure. Currently, monitoring of oxygen saturation in retinal blood vessels, i.e. retinal oximetry, is well developed. This technique is based on the assessment of light absorption by blood depending on 450. Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy. Science.gov (United States) Jacobson, Mark Z; Archer, Cristina L 2012-09-25 Wind turbines convert kinetic to electrical energy, which returns to the atmosphere as heat to regenerate some potential and kinetic energy. As the number of wind turbines increases over large geographic regions, power extraction first increases linearly, but then converges to a saturation potential not identified previously from physical principles or turbine properties. These saturation potentials are >250 terawatts (TW) at 100 m globally, approximately 80 TW at 100 m over land plus coastal ocean outside Antarctica, and approximately 380 TW at 10 km in the jet streams. Thus, there is no fundamental barrier to obtaining half (approximately 5.75 TW) or several times the world's all-purpose power from wind in a 2030 clean-energy economy. 451. Thermodynamically coupled mass transport processes in a saturated clay International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Carnahan, C.L. 1984-01-01 Gradients of temperature, pressure, and fluid composition in saturated clays give rise to coupled transport processes (thermal and chemical osmosis, thermal diffusion, ultrafiltration) in addition to the direct processes (advection and diffusion). One-dimension transport of water and a solute in a saturated clay subjected to mild gradients of temperature and pressure was simulated numerically. When full coupling was accounted for, volume flux (specific discharge) was controlled by thermal osmosis and chemical osmosis. The two coupled fluxes were oppositely directed, producing a point of stagnation within the clay column. Solute flows were dominated by diffusion, chemical osmosis, and thermal osmosis. Chemical osmosis produced a significant flux of solute directed against the gradient of solute concentration; this effect reduced solute concentrations relative to the case without coupling. Predictions of mass transport in clays at nuclear waste repositories could be significantly in error if coupled transport processes are not accounted for. 14 refs., 8 figs 452. Saturated virtual fluorescence emission difference microscopy based on detector array Science.gov (United States) Liu, Shaocong; Sun, Shiyi; Kuang, Cuifang; Ge, Baoliang; Wang, Wensheng; Liu, Xu 2017-07-01 Virtual fluorescence emission difference microscopy (vFED) has been proposed recently to enhance the lateral resolution of confocal microscopy with a detector array, implemented by scanning a doughnut-shaped pattern. Theoretically, the resolution can be enhanced by around 1.3-fold compared with that in confocal microscopy. For further improvement of the resolving ability of vFED, a novel method is presented utilizing fluorescence saturation for super-resolution imaging, which we called saturated virtual fluorescence emission difference microscopy (svFED). With a point detector array, matched solid and hollow point spread functions (PSF) can be obtained by photon reassignment, and the difference results between them can be used to boost the transverse resolution. Results show that the diffraction barrier can be surpassed by at least 34% compared with that in vFED and the resolution is around 2-fold higher than that in confocal microscopy. 453. A Parallel Saturation Algorithm on Shared Memory Architectures Science.gov (United States) Ezekiel, Jonathan; Siminiceanu 2007-01-01 Symbolic state-space generators are notoriously hard to parallelize. However, the Saturation algorithm implemented in the SMART verification tool differs from other sequential symbolic state-space generators in that it exploits the locality of ring events in asynchronous system models. This paper explores whether event locality can be utilized to efficiently parallelize Saturation on shared-memory architectures. Conceptually, we propose to parallelize the ring of events within a decision diagram node, which is technically realized via a thread pool. We discuss the challenges involved in our parallel design and conduct experimental studies on its prototypical implementation. On a dual-processor dual core PC, our studies show speed-ups for several example models, e.g., of up to 50% for a Kanban model, when compared to running our algorithm only on a single core. 454. Influence of mineral colloids and humic substances on uranium(VI) transport in water-saturated geologic porous media. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Qing; Cheng, Tao; Wu, Yang 2014-12-01 Mineral colloids and humic substances often co-exist in subsurface environment and substantially influence uranium (U) transport. However, the combined effects of mineral colloids and humic substances on U transport are not clear. This study is aimed at quantifying U transport and elucidating geochemical processes that control U transport when both mineral colloids and humic acid (HA) are present. U-spiked solutions/suspensions were injected into water-saturated sand columns, and U and colloid concentrations in column effluent were monitored. We found that HA promoted U transport via (i) formation of aqueous U-HA complexes, and (ii) competition against aqueous U for surface sites on transport media. Illite colloids had no influence on U transport at pH5 in the absence of HA due to low mobility of the colloids. At pH9, U desorbed from mobile illite and the presence of illite decreased U transport. At pH5, high U transport occurred when both illite colloids and HA were present, which was attributed to enhanced U adsorption to illite colloids via formation of ternary illite-HA-U surface complexes, and enhanced illite transport due to HA attachment to illite and transport media. This study demonstrates that the combined effects of mineral colloids and HA on contaminant transport is different from simple addition of the individual effect. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 455. Dietary behaviors associated with total fat and saturated fat intake. Science.gov (United States) Capps, Oral; Cleveland, Linda; Park, Jaehong 2002-04-01 To estimate percentages of US adults who have adopted behaviors promoted by dietary guidance about how to reduce fat intake, and to assess relationships between these behaviors and intake of energy from total and saturated fat. Relationships were examined between intake of total and saturated fat from two 24-hour recalls in the US Department of Agriculture's 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and responses to 19 fat-related behavior questions on the follow-up Diet and Health Knowledge Survey (DHKS). Data are from a national sample of 5,649 individuals 20 years of age and older. Multiple regression models are used to identify dietary behaviors, demographic factors, and personal characteristics that are determinants of fat intake. In this study, the percentage of US adults who consistently followed the low-fat behaviors ranged from 8% to 70%. The most highly adopted behaviors (45% or more of adults) included trimming fat from meat, removing skin from chicken, and eating chips infrequently. The least highly adopted behaviors (15% or less of adults) included eating baked or boiled potatoes without added fat, avoiding butter or margarine on breads, eating low-fat instead of regular cheeses, and having fruit for dessert when dessert is eaten. Together, the 19 fat-related behavior questions on the DHKS formed a statistically significant predictor for total fat and saturated fat intake, expressed as a percent of energy (Pfried. Predicted effects of these key behaviors in terms of lowering fat intake as a percentage of energy were > or = 1.5 percentage points for total fat and > or = 0.5 percentage point for saturated fat. Results have applications for designing brief fat assessment instruments and for identifying key nutrition education messages that promote important fat-lowering behaviors. 456. Aeolian sans ripples: experimental study of saturated states OpenAIRE Andreotti, Bruno; Claudin, Philippe; Pouliquen, Olivier 2005-01-01 We report an experimental investigation of aeolian sand ripples, performed both in a wind tunnel and on stoss slopes of dunes. Starting from a flat bed, we can identify three regimes: appearance of an initial wavelength, coarsening of the pattern and finally saturation of the ripples. We show that both initial and final wavelengths, as well as the propagative speed of the ripples, are linear functions of the wind velocity. Investigating the evolution of an initially corrugated bed, we exhibit... 457. Predicting saturated hydraulic conductivity using soil morphological properties OpenAIRE Karahan, Gülay; ErÅŸahin, Sabit 2016-01-01 Many studies have been conducted to predict soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) by parametric soil properties such as bulk density and particle-size distribution. Although soil morphological properties have a strong effect on Ks, studies predicting Ks by soil morphological properties such as type, size, and strength of soil structure; type, orientation and quantity of soil pores and roots and consistency are rare. This study aimed at evaluating soil morphological properties to predict ... 458. Mutual boosting of the saturation scales in colliding nuclei International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kopeliovich, B.Z.; Pirner, H.J.; Potashnikova, I.K.; Schmidt, Ivan 2011-01-01 Saturation of small-x gluons in a nucleus, which has the form of transverse momentum broadening of projectile gluons in pA collisions in the nuclear rest frame, leads to a modification of the parton distribution functions in the beam compared with pp collisions. The DGLAP driven gluon distribution turns out to be suppressed at large x, but significantly enhanced at x sA 2 , in AA compared with pA collisions. 459. Nonlinear saturation of the trapped-ion mode International Nuclear Information System (INIS) LaQuey, R.E.; Mahajan, S.M.; Rutherford, P.H.; Tang, W.M. 1974-11-01 A nonlinear model of the collisional trapped-ion mode in tokamak geometry is presented, in which the energy in long wavelength instabilities is transferred to short wavelength modes which are then damped by ion bounce resonances. Near marginal stability, the saturation of a single unstable Fourier mode is computed. Far from marginal stability, steady state nonlinear solitary waves containing many Fourier modes are found. Particle transport is computed in both cases. (auth) 460. Transport of engineered nanoparticles in saturated porous media International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Tian Yuan; Gao Bin; Silvera-Batista, Carlos; Ziegler, Kirk J. 2010-01-01 Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) can be released into soils as emerging groundwater contaminants because many of them show toxic effects to the ecosystems; however, their fate and transport in soils are largely unknown. The present work examined the transport behavior of two NPs, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), in saturated porous media. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), an anionic surfactant, was used to disperse the engineered NPs to enhance their stabilities in water. The solubilized NPs were then applied to laboratory columns packed with two types of water-saturated quartz sand to obtain their breakthrough curves. The experimental results showed that the surfactant-solubilized NPs were highly mobile in the saturated porous media. The transport of CNTs in the column was similar to that of colloidal montmorillonite and their recovery rates were around 100%. Less than 15% of the AgNPs were retained in the saturated column during the breakthrough experiments. However, most of the retained AgNPs were released when a SDBS-free water pulse was used to flush the sand column. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory and a colloid transport model were used to simulate the fate and transport of the engineered NPs in the sand columns. The DLVO theory worked well with AgNPs, but failed to represent the interactions between CNTs and the two sand media. Predictions of the transport model matched the experimental breakthrough data of the two engineered NPs well. Our results indicate that theories and models of colloid transport in porous media may be applicable to describe the fate and behavior of engineered NPs under certain circumstances. « 21 22 23 24 25 » « 21 22 23 24 25 » 461. Adaptive control of ROVs with actuator dynamics and saturation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ola-Erik Fjellstad 1992-07-01 Full Text Available A direct model reference adaptive controller (MRAC is derived for an underwater vehicle with significant thruster dynamics and limited thruster power. The reference model decomposition (RMD technique is used to compensate for the thruster dynamics. A reference model adjustment (RMA technique modifying the reference model acceleration is used to avoid thruster saturation. The design methods are simulated for the yawing motion of an underwater vehicle. 462. Surface wave propagation in a fluid-saturated incompressible ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Surface wave propagation in a fluid-saturated incompressible porous medium157 where Ë™xiË™xiË™xi and ¨xi¨xi¨xi(i = F,S) denote the velocities and accelerations of solid and fluid phases respectively and p is the effective pore pressure of the incompressible pore fluid. ÏS and ÏF are the densities of the solid and fluid phases ... 463. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) in relation to some soil ... African Journals Online (AJOL) The results of the study showed that the particle size fractions of the soils varied from sandy loam to clay loam. Bulk density and particle density were low to moderate with mean values of 1.44 gcm-3 and 2.34 gcm-3. Total porosity was low with mean value of 38.06% and a coefficient of variation of 9.56%. Saturated hydraulic ... 464. Saturated versus unsaturated hydrocarbon interactions with carbon nanostructures Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Deivasigamani eUmadevi 2014-09-01 Full Text Available The interactions of various acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons in both saturated and unsaturated forms with the carbon nanostructures (CNSs have been explored by using density functional theory (DFT calculations. Model systems representing armchair and zigzag carbon nanotubes (CNTs and graphene have been considered to investigate the

effect of chirality and curvature of the CNSs towards these interactions. Results of this study reveal contrasting binding nature of the acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons towards CNSs. While the saturated molecules show stronger binding affinity in acyclic hydrocarbons; the unsaturated molecules exhibit higher binding affinity in cyclic hydrocarbons. In addition, acyclic hydrocarbons exhibit stronger binding affinity towards the CNSs when compared to their corresponding cyclic counterparts. The computed results excellently corroborate the experimental observations. The interaction of hydrocarbons with graphene is more favourable when compared with CNTs. Bader’s theory of atoms in molecules has been invoked to characterize the noncovalent interactions of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Our results are expected to provide useful insights towards the development of rational strategies for designing complexes with desired noncovalent interaction involving CNSs. 465. Sticky traps saturate with navel orangeworm in a nonlinear fashion Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) L.P.S. Kuenen 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Trapping is an essential tool used to decide the need for and/or timing of an insecticide application. The assumption is that the information is accurate, but accuracy is dependent on trap reliability and efficacy. One factor that affects reliability is trap saturation, defined as the measurable decrease in trap capture due to reduced trapping effectiveness caused by the accumulation of insects already in a trap. In this study, we used unmated female navel orangeworm (NOW, Amyelois transitella (Walker as sex pheromone baits in wing traps that varied by color and glue/trapping surface in order to evaluate saturation thresholds and quantify trap effectiveness. Effectiveness decreased in each type of sticky trap as the number of insects caught increased, because of the accumulation of scales and insect bodies on the glue surface. The continued accumulation of insects further reduced trap capture, and this decrease in capture could be described by a regression using a power transformation. The resulting saturation equations that we calculated will help pest control advisers and growers interpret their trap data by better estimating the relationship between the number of males trapped versus those that visited the trap. 466. Results of neutron irradiation of liquid lithium saturated with deuterium International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Tazhibayeva, Irina; Ponkratov, Yuriy; Kulsartov, Timur; Gordienko, Yuriy; Skakov, Mazhyn; Zaurbekova, Zhanna; Lyublinski, Igor; Vertkov, Alexey; Mazzitelli, Giuseppe 2017-01-01 Highlights: • The results on neutron irradiation of liquid lithium saturated with deuterium at the IVG.1M research reactor are described. • At temperatures below 573 K the efficiency coefficient of tritium release is well described by the expression K = 0.015 exp(−14/RT), and above 623 K − K = 10 9 exp(−144/RT). • The T 2 molecules contribution into the overall tritium release becomes apparent at temperatures higher than 673 K and increases with the temperature rise. - Abstract: This paper describes the results on neutron irradiation of liquid lithium saturated with deuterium at the IVG.1 M research reactor. The neutron flux at the reactor core center at 2 MW was 5 10 −13 cm −2 s −1 . The efficiency coefficients of helium and tritium release from lithium saturated with deuterium were calculated. The tritium interaction with lithium atoms (formation and dissociation of lithium tritide) has an effect on tritium release. An increment of sample’s temperature results in tritium release acceleration due to rising of the dissociation rate of lithium tritide. At temperatures below 573 K the efficiency coefficient of tritium release is well described by the expression K = 0.015 exp(−14/RT), and above 623 K − K = 10 9 exp(-144/RT). The T 2 molecules contribution into the overall tritium release becomes apparent at temperatures higher than 673 K and increases with the temperature rise. 467. Saturation of the hydroxyapatite mineral phase using radioactive fluorine International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Flores de la Torre, J.A.; Badillo A, V.E.; Lopez D, F.A. 2005-01-01 With the purpose of knowing the Anion exchange capacity (CIA) of the hydroxyapatite mineral phase, marketed by BIO-RAD, becomes necessary to saturate the surface of the mineral with an anion specie that possesses a strong affinity by this solid as it is the case of the fluorine. Moreover it takes advantage that offers the radioactive tracer technique, using the radioactive isotope of the fluorine, 18 F, produced in the cyclotron of the UNAM. This saturation is obtained in terms of the quantity of retained fluorine (mmol/ 100 g) in the synthetic hydroxyapatite in function of the concentration of the solution of NaF that oscillates from 0.7 M up to 0.16 M to fixed values of pH of 9.2. Those results demonstrate that to this fixed pH value the saturation of the surface of the hydroxyapatite is achieved in approximately 30 mmol/ 100 g, using important concentrations of NaF that correspond to 0.14 M from now on. This result demonstrates the high capacity of the solid considered to retain considerable quantities of fluorine even to basic pH values. (Author) 468. Cardiac arrhythmias during fiberoptic bronchoscopy and relation with oxygen saturation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hassan G 2005-01-01 Full Text Available To evaluate the occurrence of electrocardiographic abnormalities during fiberoptic bronchoscopy, in relation to specific stages of the procedures, patients′ age, sex, smoking, pre-existing lung disease, premedication and oxygen saturation, a prospective study was conducted on 56 patients aged 35 to 75 (mean 62 years without pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Patients were connected to a 12-lead computerized electrocardiographic recorder and pulse oximeter. Fall of oxygen saturation from mean of 95.12% before the procedure to below 80% was observed in 12 (21.4% patients and below 75% in 5 (8.9% patients, at various stages. Statistically highly significant (p < 0.001 fall of oxygen saturation was observed during the procedures while bronchoscope was introduced into the airways and tracheobronchial tree examined. Major disturbances of cardiac rhythm (i.e. atrial, ventricular or both developed in 23 (41.07% patients. Out of these, sinus tachycardia was noted in 16 (69.5%, ventricular premature complexes in 5 (21.7% and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in 2 (8.6% patients. Arrhythmias were most frequent in association with periods of maximum oxygen desaturation in 18 (78.2% of these 23 patients. Oxygen desaturation persisted for more than half an hour in 38 (67.8% of the 56 patients. However, no correlation was observed between the frequency of arrhythmias during bronchoscopy and patients′ age, sex pre-medication or pre-existing pulmonary disease. 469. Core-shell N-doped active carbon fiber@graphene composites for aqueous symmetric supercapacitors with high-energy and high-power density Science.gov (United States) Xie, Qinxing; Bao, Rongrong; Xie, Chao; Zheng, Anran; Wu, Shihua; Zhang, Yufeng; Zhang, Renwei; Zhao, Peng 2016-06-01 Graphene wrapped nitrogen-doped active carbon fibers (ACF@GR) of a core-shell structure were successfully prepared by a simple dip-coating method using natural silk as template. Compared to pure silk active carbon, the as-prepared ACF@GR composites exhibit high specific surface area in a range of 1628-2035 m2 g-1, as well as superior energy storage capability, an extremely high single-electrode capacitance of 552.8 F g-1 was achieved at a current density of 0.1 A g-1 in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. The assembled aqueous symmetric supercapacitors are capable of deliver both high energy density and high power density, for instance, 17.1 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 50.0 W kg-1, and 12.2 Wh kg-1 at 4.7 kW kg-1 with a retention rate of 71.3% for ACF@GR1-based supercapacitor. 470. Retinal oxygen saturation in relation to retinal thickness in diabetic macular edema DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Blindbæk, Søren Leer; Peto, Tunde; Grauslund, Jakob .4 and 3.8 years. Median HbA1c was 61.5 mmol/mol and 22.2% were women. Mean oxygen saturation was higher in retinal macular venules as compared to global venous oxygen saturation (76.7% vs. 66.3%, p=0.0001), whereas there was no difference between macular and global arteriolar oxygen saturations (94.8% vs......Purpose: Retinal oximetry is a noninvasive measure of retinal metabolism. Diabetic retinopathy is associated with increased oxygen saturation in retinal venules. Hence, we examined if there are regional differences in retinal oxygen saturation, and if retinal oxygen saturation is correlated...... with DME had higher retinal oxygen saturation in macular venules as compared to the global retinal venous oxygen saturation. No correlation was demonstrated between retinal thickness and retinal oxygen saturation. Retinal oximetry may become an important clinical tool to monitor disease activity... 471. Graphene Oxide Affects Mobility and Antibacterial Ability of Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Saturated and Unsaturated Porous Media Science.gov (United States) Kaixuan, S. 2017-12-01 Understand the fate and impact of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) in soil and groundwater systems is critical to the safety of ecosystem and public health. In this work, laboratory batch sorption, column transport, and bacterial growth experiments were conducted to improve current understanding of the interactions between two typical FQs (levofloxacin (LEV) and ciprofloxacin (CIP)) and graphene oxide (GO) in quartz sand media under various conditions. Studies showed that both GO and quartz sand adsorbed LEV and CIP in aqueous solutions and sand was capable to compete with GO for the antibiotics. While GO showed much larger sorption capacity, the sand had stronger sorption affinity to the two antibiotics. As a result, neither LEV nor CIP showed any signs of breakthrough in saturated or unsaturated porous media. When the two antibiotics were premixed with GO, their mobility in porous media increased for both saturate and unsaturated conditions and the amount of LEV or CIP in the effluents increased with the increasing of initial GO concentration. During their transport in saturated porous media, some of the GO-bound antibiotics, especially those sorbed via relatively weak interactions, transferred from GO to the quartz sand. Under unsaturated conditions, GO-bound LEV might also transfer from GO to the air-water interface due to the strong affiliation between LEV and air-water interface. Sorption onto GO reduced the antibacterial ability of LEV and CIP, however, the GO-bound antibiotics still effectively inhibited the growth of E coli. Findings from this work indicated that mobile GO affected not only the mobility but also the ecotoxicity of LEV and CIP in porous media. 472. Seismic Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Saturation in Deep-Water Reservoirs Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Michael Batzle 2006-04-30 During this last period of the ''Seismic Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Saturation in Deep-Water Reservoirs'' project (Grant/Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-02NT15342), we finalized integration of rock physics, well log analysis, seismic processing, and forward modeling techniques. Most of the last quarter was spent combining the results from the principal investigators and come to some final conclusions about the project. Also much of the effort was directed towards technology transfer through the Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators mini-symposium at UH and through publications. As a result we have: (1) Tested a new method to directly invert reservoir properties, water saturation, Sw, and porosity from seismic AVO attributes; (2) Constrained the seismic response based on fluid and rock property correlations; (3) Reprocessed seismic data from Ursa field; (4) Compared thin layer property distributions and averaging on AVO response; (5) Related pressures and sorting effects on porosity and their influence on DHI's; (6) Examined and compared gas saturation effects for deep and shallow reservoirs; (7) Performed forward modeling using geobodies from deepwater outcrops; (8) Documented velocities for deepwater sediments; (9) Continued incorporating outcrop descriptive models in seismic forward models; (10) Held an open DHI symposium to present the final results of the project; (11) Relations between Sw, porosity, and AVO attributes; (12) Models of Complex, Layered Reservoirs; and (14) Technology transfer Several factors can contribute to limit our ability to extract accurate hydrocarbon saturations in deep water environments. Rock and fluid properties are one factor, since, for example, hydrocarbon properties will be considerably different with great depths (high pressure) when compared to shallow properties. Significant over pressure, on the other hand will make the rocks behave as if they were shallower. In addition to the physical properties, the scale and 473. Synthesis of Activated Carbon Mesoporous from Coffee Waste and Its Application in Adsorption Zinc and Mercury Ions from Aqueous Solution Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Liliana Giraldo 2012-01-01 Full Text Available We obtain activated carbons with high portion of meso pores using coffee residues as precursor for the application of adsorption of large adsorbates. Because of its natural properties, the coffee residue exhibited a large pore size. In this work, the coffee residue were impregnated with ZnCl2 and KOH, and then carbonized under the nitrogen conditions and activated with CO2 respectively. Obtained activated carbons are used in the adsorption of ions Hg(II and Zn(II. These adsorbents are efficacious to remove these ions from aqueous solution, with monocomponent equilibrium adsorption capacities ranging from from 0.002 to 0.380 mmol∙g-1 for Hg on ACK3 and from 0.002 to 0.330 mmol∙g-1 for ACZ3. For Zn(II on ACK2 from 0.002 to 0.300 mmol∙g-1, and from 0.001 to 0.274 mmol∙g-1 for ACZ2. 474. Electrochemistry in aqueous solution at high temperature and under pressure: study of nickel in a highly alkaline environment International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Forestier, Michel 1981-01-01 This research thesis reports the study of the corrosion resistance and anodic behaviour of various metals and alloys used in conventional thermal or nuclear power stations, more particularly the case of nickel in a highly alkaline environment (KOH 5 N) which is widely used for hydrogen production by water electrolysis. The author studied the influence of temperature and pressure on the electrochemical behaviour of nickel, and more particularly the first-oxidation kinetics. The report discusses the physicochemical and thermodynamic properties of aqueous systems at high temperature and under pressure, presents the general techniques of high-temperature electrochemistry, describes the experimental installation, and reports the development of a reference electrode which can operate in those experimental conditions. The author reports the study of the electrochemical behaviour of nickel in alkaline environment and at high temperature, reports a surface analysis performed by Auger spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis or ESCA, and scanning electronic microscopy, reports the study of the electrochemical behaviour of nickel in a potassium hydroxide solution under normal temperature and pressure, but also in acid environment. Results are interpreted with respect to temperature [fr 475. Dissipative finite degrees of freedom dynamical system and description of optical systems with saturable amplification, saturable losses and filtering Science.gov (United States) Uzunov, Ivan M. 2010-04-01 Single-mode fiber optical system with saturable amplification, saturable losses and spectral filtering as proposed by Rozanov and Fedorov (1998) [10] is studied. The system of ordinary differential equations (ODE's) that can help investigation of the original physical system is proposed. It allows calculation of linear and nonlinear fixed points as well as the study of their stability, so it can be used for analysis of coherent structures and their classification. Derived system of ODE's extends the earlier one proposed by van Saarloos and Hohenberg (1992) [2], for the analysis of coherent structures of the qubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation, by including additionally the temporal dependences of the gain and losses. In order to verify it, it was applied to the earlier considered cases of fast and slow changes in the amplification and losses. Earlier obtained localized structures namely pulses, have been observed via numerical solution of the proposed system. In addition, new families of fronts have been identified. 476. Mercury separation from aqueous wastes International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Taylor, P.A.; Klasson, K.T.; Corder, S.L. 1995-07-01 This project is providing an assessment of new sorbents for removing mercury from wastes at US Department of Energy sites. Four aqueous wastes were chosen for lab-scale testing; a high-salt, acidic waste currently stored at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL); a high-salt, alkaline waste stored at the Savannah River Site (SRS); a dilute lithium hydroxide solution stored at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant; and a low-salt, neutral groundwater generated at the Y-12 Plant. Eight adsorbents have been identified for testing, covering a wide range of cost and capability. Screening tests have been completed, which identified the most promising adsorbents for each waste stream. Batch isotherm tests have been completed using the most promising adsorbents, and column tests are in progress. Because of the wide range of waste compositions tested, no one adsorbent is effective in all of these waste streams. Based on loading capacity and compatibility with the waste solutions. the most effective adsorbents identified to date are SuperLig 618 for the INEL tank waste stimulant; Mersorb followed by lonac SR-3 for the SRS tank waste stimulant; Durasil 70 and Ionac SR-3) for the LIOH solution; and lonac SR-3 followed by lonac SR-4 and Mersorb for the Y-12 groundwater 477. Gluon saturation and baryon stopping in the SPS, RHIC, and LHC energy regions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Li Shuang; Feng Shengqin 2012-01-01 A new geometrical scaling method with a gluon saturation rapidity limit is proposed to study the gluon saturation feature of the central rapidity region of relativistic nuclear collisions. The net-baryon number is essentially transported by valence quarks that probe the saturation regime in the target by multiple scattering. We take advantage of the gluon saturation model with geometric scaling of the rapidity limit to investigate net baryon distributions, nuclear stopping power and gluon saturation features in the SPS and RHIC energy regions. Predictions for net baryon rapidity distributions, mean rapidity loss and gluon saturation feature in central Pb + Pb collisions at the LHC are made in this paper. (authors) 478. Sensor Saturation Compensated Smoothing Algorithm for Inertial Sensor Based Motion Tracking Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Quoc Khanh Dang 2014-05-01 Full Text Available In this paper, a smoothing algorithm for compensating inertial sensor saturation is proposed. The sensor saturation happens when a sensor measures a value that is larger than its dynamic range. This can lead to a considerable accumulated error. To compensate the lost information in saturated sensor data, we propose a smoothing algorithm in which the saturation compensation is formulated as an optimization problem. Based on a standard smoothing algorithm with zero velocity intervals, two saturation estimation methods were proposed. Simulation and experiments prove that the proposed methods are effective in compensating the sensor saturation. 479. Impact of sample saturation on the detected porosity of hardened concrete using low temperature calorimetry DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Wu, Min; Johannesson, Björn 2014-01-01 pores is further depressed compared with that when the pores are fully saturated. The study of the experimental data on hardened concrete samples showed that for a same concrete mix, the total pore volume detected from the capillary saturated samples was always lower than that of the vacuum saturated...... samples and a higher proportion of pores with small radii were found in the capillary saturated samples. In addition, the observed hysteresis between the freezing and melting curves of ice content of the capillary saturated samples was more pronounced than that of the vacuum saturated samples. The major... 480. Sorption of As(V) from aqueous solution using acid modified carbon black. Science.gov (United States) Borah, Dipu; Satokawa, Shigeo; Kato, Shigeru; Kojima, Toshinori 2009-03-15 The sorption performance of a modified carbon black was explored with respect to arsenic removal following batch equilibrium technique. Modification was accomplished by refluxing the commercial carbon black with an acid mixture comprising HNO(3) and H(2)SO(4). Modification resulted in the substantial changes to the inherent properties like surface chemistry and morphology of the commercial carbon black to explore its potential as sorbent. The suspension pH as well as the point of zero charge (pH(pzc)) of the material was found to be highly acidic. The material showed excellent sorption performance for the removal of arsenic from a synthetic aqueous solution. It removed approximately 93% arsenic from a 50mg/L solution at equilibration time. The modified carbon black is capable of removing arsenic in a relatively broad pH range of 3-6, invariably in the acidic region. Both pseudo-first-order and second-order kinetics were applied to search for the best fitted kinetic model to the sorption results. The sorption process is best described by the pseudosecond-order kinetic. It has also been found that intra-particle diffusion is the rate-controlling step for the initial phases of the reaction. Modelling of the equilibrium data with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms revealed that the correlation coefficient is more satisfactory with the Langmuir model although Freundlich model predicted a good sorption process. The sorption performance has been found to be strongly dependent on the solution pH with a maximum display at pH of 5.0. The temperature has a positive effect on sorption increasing the extent of removal with temperature up to the optimum temperature. The sorption process has been found to be spontaneous and endothermic in nature, and proceeds with the increase in randomness at the solid-solution interface. The spent sorbent was desorbed with various acidic and basic extracting solutions with KOH demonstrating the best result ( approximately 85% desorption). « 21 22 23 24 25 » « 21 22 23 24 25 » 481. Inhibitory effects of Ledebouria ovaltifolia (hyacithaceae) aqueous ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Inhibitory effects of Ledebouria ovaltifolia (hyacithaceae) aqueous root extract on contractile responses of Rat Vas deferens to K and adrenaline, pendular movement of isolated rabbit jejunum and acetic acid induced pain in Mice. 482. Chemical composition of Clinopodium menthifolium aqueous extract ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Chemical composition of Clinopodium menthifolium aqueous extract and its influence on antioxidant system in black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) seedlings and mortality rate of whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) adults. 483. Mars Aqueous Processing System, Phase I Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — Mars Aqueous Processing System (MAPS) is an innovative method to produce useful building materials from Martian regolith. Acids and bases produced from the regolith... 484. Mars Aqueous Processing System, Phase II Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — The Mars Aqueous Processing System (MAPS) is a novel technology for recovering oxygen, iron, and other constituents from lunar and Mars soils. The closed-loop... 485. Immunostimulating Effect of Aqueous Extract of Amphypterygium ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Immunostimulating Effect of Aqueous Extract of Amphypterygium Adstringens on Immune Cellular Response in Immunosuppressed Mice. ... agent in lymphoma bearing mice and we demonstrated evidence to support the traditionally use of cuachalalate in conditions in which the immune system is depressed. 486. Aqueous phase processing of secondary organic aerosols Science.gov (United States) Liu, Yao; Tritscher, T.; Praplan, A. P.; Decarlo, P. F.; Temime-Roussel, B.; Quivet, E.; Marchand, N.; Dommen, J.; Baltensperger, U.; Monod, A. 2011-07-01 The aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) by photooxidation in the aqueous phase was experimentally investigated. To simulate multiphase processes, the following experiments were sequentially performed in a smog chamber and in an aqueous phase photoreactor: (1) Gas-phase photooxidation of three different volatile organic compounds (VOC): isoprene, α-pinene, and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) in the presence of NOx, leading to the formation of SOA which was subjected to on-line physical and chemical analysis; (2) particle-to-liquid transfer of water soluble species of SOA using filter sampling and aqueous extraction; (3) aqueous-phase photooxidation of the obtained water extracts; and (4) nebulization of the solutions for a repetition of the on-line characterization. SOA concentrations in the chamber measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) were higher than 200 μg m-3, as the experiments were conducted under high initial concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and NOx. The aging of SOA through aqueous phase processing was investigated by measuring the physical and chemical properties of the particles online before and after processing using a high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA). It was shown that, after aqueous phase processing, the particles were significantly more hygroscopic, and contained more fragmentation ions at m/z = 44 and less ions at m/z = 43, thus showing a significant impact on SOA aging for the three different precursors. Additionally, the particles were analyzed with a thermal desorption atmospheric pressure ionization aerosol mass spectrometer (TD-API-AMS). Comparing the smog chamber SOA composition and non processed nebulized aqueous extracts with this technique revealed that sampling, extraction and/or nebulization did not significantly impact the chemical composition of SOA formed from isoprene and α-pinene, whereas it 487. Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of aqueous ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Furthermore, total phenolic content in aqueous extract (0.66 ± 0.02 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than methanol extract (0.52 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalent/g). In addition, inhibition of lipid peroxidation by aqueous extract (80.60 ± 0.28%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than methanol ... 488. Stabilized aqueous gels and uses thereof Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Swanson, B.L. 1978-08-29 New improved aqueous gels, and methods of using same in contacting subterranean formations, are provided. The gels are prepared by gelling an aqueous brine having incorporated therein a water-soluble cellulose ether such as a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and are rendered more stable to decomposition by incorporating a sulfoalkylated tannin stabilizing agent, such as a sulfomethylated quebracho (SMQ), in the gel during the preparation thereof. 489. Aqueous foam toxicology evaluation and hazard review Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Archuleta, M.M. 1995-10-01 Aqueous foams are aggregates of bubbles mechanically generated by passing air or other gases through a net, screen, or other porous medium that is wetted by an aqueous solution of surface-active foaming agents (surfactants). Aqueous foams are important in modem fire-fighting technology, as well as for military uses for area denial and riot or crowd control. An aqueous foam is currently being developed and evaluated by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) as a Less-Than-Lethal Weapon for the National Institute of Justice (NIJ). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of the aqueous foam developed for the NIJ and to determine whether there are any significant adverse health effects associated with completely immersing individuals without protective equipment in the foam. The toxicity of the aqueous foam formulation developed for NIJ is determined by evaluating the toxicity of the individual components of the foam. The foam is made from a 2--5% solution of Steol CA-330 surfactant in water generated at expansion ratios ranging from 500:1 to 1000:1. SteoI CA-330 is a 35% ammonium laureth sulfate in water and is produced by Stepan Chemical Company and containing trace amounts (<0.1%) of 1,4-dioxane. The results of this study indicate that Steol CA-330 is a non-toxic, mildly irritating, surfactant that is used extensively in the cosmetics industry for hair care and bath products. Inhalation or dermal exposure to this material in aqueous foam is not expected to produce significant irritation or systemic toxicity to exposed individuals, even after prolonged exposure. The amount of 1,4-dioxane in the surfactant, and subsequently in the foam, is negligible and therefore, the toxicity associated with dioxane exposure is not significant. In general, immersion in similar aqueous foams has not resulted in acute, immediately life-threatening effects, or chronic, long-term, non-reversible effects following exposure. 490. Stabilization of aqueous alkali metal aluminate solutions Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Allenson, S.J. 1988-03-29 A method of stabilizing an aqueous solution of alkali metal aluminate is described comprising: admixing an aqueous solution of alkali metal aluminate having a pH of at least 10 with a sufficient amount of vinyl polymer having pendant carboxylate groups to form a solution containing from 0.1 to 2.0 weight percent of an anionic vinyl polymer based on alkali metal aluminate solids. The anionic vinyl polymer has an average molecular weight of at least 500,000. 491. EXTRACTION OF URANYL NITRATE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS Science.gov (United States) Furman, N.H.; Mundy, R.J. 1957-12-10 An improvement in the process is described for extracting aqueous uranyl nitrate solutions with an organic solvent such as ether. It has been found that the organic phase will extract a larger quantity of uranyl nitrate if the aqueous phase contains in addition to the uranyl nitrate, a quantity of some other soluble nitrate to act as a salting out agent. Mentioned as suitable are the nitrates of lithium, calcium, zinc, bivalent copper, and trivalent iron. 492. Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions in Aqueous Media OpenAIRE Kitanosono, Taku; Kobayashi, ShÅ« 2013-01-01 Mukaiyama aldol reactions in aqueous media have been surveyed. While the original Mukaiyama aldol reactions entailed stoichiometric use of Lewis acids in organic solvents under strictly anhydrous conditions, Mukaiyama aldol reactions in aqueous media are not only suitable for green sustainable chemistry but are found to produce singular phenomena. These findings led to the discovery of a series of water-compatible Lewis acids such as lanthanide triflates in 1991. Our understanding on these be... 493. AQUEOUS HOMOGENEOUS REACTORTECHNICAL PANEL REPORT Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Diamond, D.J.; Bajorek, S.; Bakel, A.; Flanagan, G.; Mubayi, V.; Skarda, R.; Staudenmeier, J.; Taiwo, T.; Tonoike, K.; Tripp, C.; Wei, T.; Yarsky, P. 2010-12-03 Considerable interest has been expressed for developing a stable U.S. production capacity for medical isotopes and particularly for molybdenum- 99 (99Mo). This is motivated by recent re-ductions in production and supply worldwide. Consistent with U.S. nonproliferation objectives, any new production capability should not use highly enriched uranium fuel or targets. Conse-quently, Aqueous Homogeneous Reactors (AHRs) are under consideration for potential 99Mo production using low-enriched uranium. Although the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has guidance to facilitate the licensing process for non-power reactors, that guidance is focused on reactors with fixed, solid fuel and hence, not applicable to an AHR. A panel was convened to study the technical issues associated with normal operation and potential transients and accidents of an AHR that might be designed for isotope production. The panel has produced the requisite AHR licensing guidance for three chapters that exist now for non-power reactor licensing: Reac-tor Description, Reactor Coolant Systems, and Accident Analysis. The guidance is in two parts for each chapter: 1) standard format and content a licensee would use and 2) the standard review plan the NRC staff would use. This guidance takes into account the unique features of an AHR such as the fuel being in solution; the fission product barriers being the vessel and attached systems; the production and release of radiolytic and fission product gases and their impact on operations and their control by a gas management system; and the movement of fuel into and out of the reactor vessel. 494. Aqueous electrodeposition of Ge monolayers. Science.gov (United States) Liang, Xuehai; Kim, Youn-Geun; Gebergziabiher, Daniel K; Stickney, John L 2010-02-16 The electrodeposition of germanium on Au(111) in aqueous solutions has been investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry, Auger electron spectroscopy, and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The data yield a picture of germanium deposition, which starts with the formation of two well-ordered hydroxide phases, with 1/3 ML and 4/9 ML coverages upon initial reduction of the Ge(IV) species (probably H(2)GeO(3) at pH 4.7). Those structures appear to result from a three-electron reduction to form surface-limited structures with (square root(3) x square root(3))R30 degrees or (3 x 3) unit cells, respectively. Further reduction, probably in a two-electron process from the hydroxide structures, resulted in a germanium hydride structure, again surface-limited, with a coverage of close to 0.8 ML. The hydride structure is very flat, though with the periodic modulation characteristic of a Moiré pattern. Longer deposition times and lower potentials resulted in increased coverage of Ge in some cases, but with apparently limited coverage as a function of pH. The maximum Ge coverage, about 4 ML, was observed using a pH 9.32 deposition solution. At potentials negative of the Moiré pattern, about -850 mV versus Ag/AgCl, a "corruption" of the smooth Moiré pattern occurred. This roughening appears to mark the initial formation of a Au-Ge alloy, accounting for the observation of coverage in excess of that needed to form the Moiré pattern at some pH values. 495. Radiolysis of Aqueous Benzene Solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Christensen, H. 1964-05-01 Aerated and deaerated aqueous solutions of benzene have been irradiated with 60 Co γ-rays. The products of radiolysis in deaerated, unbuffered or acid, solutions were phenol, biphenyl, hydrogen and in acid solutions also hydrogen peroxide with the following yields: G(phenol) = 0. 37 (0. 37), G(biphenyl) = 1.3 (1.7), G(H 2 ) = 0.44 (0. 43) and G(H 2 O 2 ) = 0 (0.60), the figures in brackets giving the results for acid solutions. The results are shown to agree with the conclusion that k(e - aq + H 2 O 2 ) >> k(H + H 2 O 2 ). Furthermore, the results indicate that a competition takes place between the reactions: 2 C 6 H 6 OH · -> dimer -> biphenyl. C 6 H 7 · + C 6 H 6 OH · -> dimer -> biphenyl. The yields in aerated, unbuffered or acid, solutions were: G(phenol) = 2.1 (2.3), G(biphenyl) = 0 (0), and G(H 2 O 2 ) = 2.2 (3.1), the figures in brackets being valid for acid solutions. The ratio k(H + C 6 H 6 )/k(H + O 2 ) was 1.4x10 -2 . The results indicate that peroxides, or more probably hydroperoxides, take part in the reactions. After the addition of Fe 2+ or Fe 3+ to aerated acid solutions G(phenol) was increased to 6.6 and 3.4 respectively. Oxygen was consumed more rapidly in the presence of Fe. Reaction mechanisms are discussed 496. Solubility behavior of narcotic analgesics in aqueous media: solubilities and dissociation constants of morphine, fentanyl, and sufentanil. Science.gov (United States) Roy, S D; Flynn, G L 1989-02-01 The pH dependence of the aqueous solubility of morphine, fentanyl, and sufentanil was investigated at 35 degrees C. Dissociation constants and corresponding pKa' values of the drugs were obtained from measured free-base solubilities (determined at high pH's) and the concentrations of saturated solutions at intermediate pH's. Morphine, fentanyl, and sufentanil exhibited pKa' values of 8.08, 8.99, and 8.51, respectively. Over the pH range of 5 to 12.5 the apparent solubilities are determined by the intrinsic solubility of the free base plus the concentration of ionized drug necessary to satisfy the dissociation equilibrium at a given pH. Consequently, the drug concentrations of saturated aqueous solutions fall off precipitously as the pH is raised and ionization is suppressed. Further, at low pH's the aqueous solubility of morphine increased in a linear fashion with increases in the molar strength of citric acid which was added to acidify the medium, suggesting the formation of a soluble morphine-citrate complex. 497. Magnetic composite nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning of Fe3O4/gelatin aqueous solutions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wang, Shuhong; Sun, Zhiyao; Yan, Eryun; Yuan, Jihong; Gao, Yang; Bai, Yuhao; Chen, Yu; Wang, Cheng; Zheng, Yongjie; Jing, Tao 2014-01-01 Graphical abstract: Superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 /GE composite nanofibers with saturation magnetization of 12.87 emμ g −1 were prepared from gelatin aqueous solution at an elevated temperature by electrospinning. - Highlights: • Electrospinning GE aqueous solution at higher temperature. • Presenting a simple and effective technique, combining wet blending with high temperature electrospinning to prepare magnetic composite nanofibers. • Developing composite nanofibers with higher superparamagnetic properties is expected to be useful in application for the biomedical field. - Abstract: We have fabricated magnetic composite nanofibers containing superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles by the electrospinning method. Highly dispersed Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by one-step co-precipitation of Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ under an alkaline condition with 4 wt% poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) aqueous solution as the stabilizer. Gelatin (GE) was used as a polymeric matrix for fabricating the nanocomposites. The prepared Fe 3 O 4 /GE composite nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. These composite nanofibers show uniform and continuous morphology with the Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles embedded in the nanofibers. By studying the magnetic properties of the Fe 3 O 4 /GE composite nanofibers, we confirm that the composite nanofibers possess superparamagnetic properties with a high saturated magnetization (M s = 12.87 emμ g −1 ) at room temperature. The features of this approach for getting one-dimensional magnetic nanostructure are its simplicity, effectiveness and safety. The Fe 3 O 4 /GE nanofibers with superparamagnetic properties would be potentially applied in biomedical field 498. Results of neutron irradiation of liquid lithium saturated with deuterium Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tazhibayeva, Irina, E-mail: [email protected] [Institute of Atomic Energy, National Nuclear Center of RK, Kurchatov (Kazakhstan); Ponkratov, Yuriy; Kulsartov, Timur; Gordienko, Yuriy; Skakov, Mazhyn; Zaurbekova, Zhanna [Institute of Atomic Energy, National Nuclear Center of RK, Kurchatov (Kazakhstan); Lyublinski, Igor [JSC «Red Star», Moscow (Russian Federation); NRNU «MEPhI», Moscow (Russian Federation); Vertkov, Alexey [JSC «Red Star», Moscow (Russian Federation); Mazzitelli, Giuseppe [ENEA, RC Frascati, Frascati (Italy) 2017-04-15 Highlights: • The results on neutron irradiation of liquid lithium saturated with deuterium at the IVG.1M research reactor are described. • At temperatures below 573 K the efficiency coefficient of tritium release is well described by the expression K = 0.015 exp(−14/RT), and above 623 K − K = 10{sup 9} exp(−144/RT). • The T{sub 2} molecules contribution into the overall tritium release becomes apparent at temperatures higher than 673 K and increases with the temperature rise. - Abstract: This paper describes the results on neutron irradiation of liquid lithium saturated with deuterium at the IVG.1 M research reactor. The neutron flux at the reactor core center at 2 MW was 5 10{sup −13} cm{sup −2} s{sup −1}. The efficiency coefficients of helium and tritium release from lithium saturated with deuterium were calculated. The tritium interaction with lithium atoms (formation and dissociation of lithium tritide) has an effect on tritium release. An increment of sample’s temperature results in tritium release acceleration due to rising of the dissociation rate of lithium tritide. At temperatures below 573 K the efficiency coefficient of tritium release is well described by the expression K = 0.015 exp(−14/RT), and above 623 K − K = 10{sup 9} exp(-144/RT). The T{sub 2} molecules contribution into the overall tritium release becomes apparent at temperatures higher than 673 K and increases with the temperature rise. 499. Inertial flywheel resistance training and muscle oxygen saturation. Science.gov (United States) Timón, Rafael; Ponce-González, Jesús G; González-Montesinos, José L; Olcina, Guillermo; Pérez-Pérez, Alejandro; Castro-Piñero, José 2017-07-24 The inertial flywheel device causes an increase in eccentric overload during training. The aim was to study muscle oxygen saturation produced during an inertial flywheel squat training, comparing it with a barbell squat training. Twelve male adults performed a barbell squat training (3 x 8 reps, 75-80% 1RM) and a flywheel squat training (3 x 8 reps, allout). Muscle oxygen saturation (%SmO2), total hemoglobin (tHb), reoxygenation, heart rate (HR), lactate, vertical jumps, maximal voluntary isometric contraction and rated perceived exertion (RPE) were studied. Both protocols produced a significant decrease in %SmO2 and tHB during the sets of squats, and a significant increase in HR, lactate sdand RPE after training. The flywheel squat protocol caused a greater decrease in %SmO2 than the barbell squat protocol in each of the sets of exercises (1st set:- 67.5 ± 7.2vs -53.7 ± 16.2 %; 2nd set: - 67.2 ± 13.5vs -53.6 ± 15.4 %; 3rdset: -68.1 ± 13.0vs -55.0 ± 17.0 %), as well as a longer reoxygenation after finishing the training (61.7 ± 12.6 vs 55.7  ± 13.7 s.). Although no differences were found on a muscle fatigue level, the flywheel training brought on greater physiological stress than the barbell squat training, observing a greater decrease in muscle oxygen saturation and a longer reoxygenation. 500. Decentralized control of discrete-time linear time invariant systems with input saturation NARCIS (Netherlands) Deliu, Ciprian; Deliu, C.; Malek, Babak; Roy, Sandip; Saberi, Ali; Stoorvogel, Antonie Arij 2009-01-01 We study decentralized stabilization of discrete time linear time invariant (LTI) systems subject to actuator saturation, using LTI controllers. The requirement of stabilization under both saturation constraints and decentralization impose obvious necessary conditions on the open-loop plant, namely « 21 22 23 24 25 » Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. Their policies may differ from this site. Website Policies/Important Links