MEMBANGUN DEMOKRASI TIMOR LESTE DALAM PERSPEKTIF TEORI RASIONALITAS KOMUNIKATIF JURGEN HABERMAS
SKRIPSI Diajukan Kepada Fakultas Filsafat Universitas Katolik Widya Mandira Kupang Sebagai Salah Satu Persyaratan Guna Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Filsafat
OLEH GUI MANUEL DE JESUS BABO 611 12 059
FAKULTAS FILSAFAT UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK WIDYA MANDIRA KUPANG 2017
KATA PENGANTAR
Pertama-tama puji syukur kepada Tuhan yang Maha Esa dan Maha Tahu, karena hanya dengan berkat dan rahmat-Nya penulis bisa membuat Skripsi karya sederhana ini. Penulis tahu dan sadar bahwa karya sederhana ini dapat diselesaikan karena adanya bantuan dari banyak pihak. Oleh sebab itu dengan tulus hati penulis ini mengucapkan limpah terima kasih kepada: 1. Orangtua dan saudara-saudari yang sudah mendukung penulis dalam berbagai bantuan seperti material maupun spiritual. 2. Suster Lucia de Deus (Wakil Provinsial Kanosa) yang telah membantu saya dalam pembiayaan kuliah selama ini. 3. Pater Rektor UNWIRA-Kupang dan semua jajarannya, serta Civitas Akademika Fakultas Filsafat Agama-UNWIRA: kepada Romo Dekan, Romo wakil Dekan, beserta jajaran strukturalnya. 4. Dosen pembimbing: Dr. Phil. Norbertus Jegalus, MA dan Rm. Drs. Mikhael Valens Boy, Pr. Lic.Bib. 5. Penguji Pertama Rm. Drs. Oktavianus Kosat 6. Teman-teman seperti Norbertus Binsasi, Hipolitus Asa Nahak, Fr. Aditia, dan seluruh teman seangkatan saya.
7. Rm. Drs. Mateus Afonso Pr (Diosis Dili) yang telah bersedia memberi gambaran mengenai tulisan ini dan juga bersedia untuk diwawancarai melalui Via e-mail. Akhirnya, penulis menyampaikan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang dengan caranya masing-masing telah memberi dukungan demi terlesainya penelitian ini. Untuk semua jasa baik dan dorongan yang membangun, penulis mengucapkan limpah terima kasih, semoga berkat Tuhan senantiasa tercurah atas kita semua.
Kupang, 20 Mei 2017
Penulis
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................................
i
HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN ............................................................................
ii
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .............................................................................
iii
KATA PENGANTAR .........................................................................................
iv
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................
v
ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................viii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang.................................................................................................
1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ...........................................................................................
9
1.3 Tujuan Penulisan .............................................................................................
10
1.3.1 Inventarisasi .................................................................................................
10
1.3.2 Evaluasi Kritis ..............................................................................................
10
1.3.3 Pemahaman Baru .........................................................................................
11
1.4 Kontribusi Penulisan .......................................................................................
11
1.4.1 Civitas Akademika Fakultas Filsafat Unwira ..............................................
11
1.4.2 Pemimpin dan Masyarakat Timor Leste ......................................................
12
1.4.3 Penulis ..........................................................................................................
12
1.5. Sistematika Penulisan .....................................................................................
12
BAB II DEMOKRASI TIMOR LESTE 2.1 Demokrasi........................................................................................................
14
2.1.1 Demokrasi Ala Athena .................................................................................
14
2.1.2 Demokrasi Modern .......................................................................................
15
2.2 Sistem Pemerintahan Yang Diterapkan di Timor Leste ..................................
18
2.2.1 Zaman Portugal (1515-1974) .......................................................................
18
2.2.2 Zaman Indonesia (1975-1999) .....................................................................
20
2.2.3 Zaman Merdeka (2002-2016) .......................................................................
24
2.3 Dampak Demokrasi Timor Leste ....................................................................
26
2.3.1 Positif ............................................................................................................
26
2.3.2 Negatif ..........................................................................................................
31
BAB III LANDASAN TEORITIS 3.1 Informasi yang Tersedia ..................................................................................
35
3.1.1 Biografi Intelektual .......................................................................................
35
3.1.2 Konteks Kehidupan yang Melatarbelakangi Pemikirannya .........................
38
3.1.2.1 Mazhab Frankfurt ......................................................................................
38
3.1.2.2 Teori Kritis ................................................................................................
44
3.2 Latar Belakang Pemikiran Habermas Tentang Rasionalitas Komunikatif ......
46
3.3 Rasionalitas Komunikatif Menurut Habermas ................................................
50
3.4 Dunia Kehidupan (Lebenswelt) .......................................................................
53
3.5 Interaksi Sosial ................................................................................................
57
3.5.1 Tindakan Komunikatif..................................................................................
58
3.5.2 Tindakan Strategis ........................................................................................
61
3.6 Diskursus .........................................................................................................
62
3.7 Diskursus Praktis .............................................................................................
64
3.8 Ruang Publik ...................................................................................................
69
3.9 Ruang Publik di Wilayah Politisi ....................................................................
72
BAB IV RELEVANSI RASIONALITAS KOMUNIKATIF TERHADAP DEMOKRASI TIMOR LESTE 4.1 Berkomunikasi Secara Rasional ......................................................................
77
4.2 Berpolitik Tanpa Kekerasan ............................................................................
81
4.3 Aktivitas Politik Harus Bersikap Ruang Publik .............................................
86
4.4 Diskursus Demokrasi Deliberatif ....................................................................
91
BAB V PENUTUP 5.1 Kesimpulan ......................................................................................................
96
5.2 Rekomendasi ...................................................................................................
99
DAFTAR PUSTAKA RIWAYAT HIDUP PENULIS
ABSTRACT Based on Timor Leste’s social problems and what have been formulated in the introduction of the first chapter of this discertation. The author concern that since Timor Leste gained its independent up to now, democratic system has not been going properly in accordance to the constitution. Yet, the country is not be done well due to facing many shortcomings especially with regard to human resources. Besides that, the human experiences of war lead to people characters become a rampart. Therefore,
Psychologically, we understand that timorese
characters could be formed based on two main factors; namely hereditary factors and environmental factors. Inherentlly, Timorese are good in characters however, the environment factors have changed people personality. Its could be said that those Timorese who were born in the five century, they were living under high pressure of the state of war, bullied or supressed, tortured and killed which led to human character become a rampart. As the result, after the independent, country has been suffering on facing with many differences characters and violences such as murder and rioting. That’s all happen because of people less educated, unconciousness, behavior toward problems are dominanted by instincts instead of using their rational in communication. In fact that to settle of
problems, we always come up with
violence, without going through a dialogue or reconciliation and rarely communicate racionally in a commun sense. Sometimes, we approach to settle problems with racional communication, however, it is simple
implemented by using a hidding comunication strategy in which forces by a leader who has more influential and absolute powerful, he forces others to follow its policy despite his policy is still questionable. The strategy is based on a leader background of the ordeal, he acts from arbitrary detention even though his actions are dictators, big brother and criminalis. This is due to the fatal background of a leader who is a survivor. Although the country embranced a democratic system with the very essence of sovereignty which means the power is the hands of people whereas, the big brother acts without respect and considering to entire people as well as constitution. In this kind of circumstances (dictactor), people lose their right and the country could not achieve its goal as to what Aristotle said that the purpose of the state is to allow a good life and happiness of the citizens. In this situation, if the country wants to acomplish its objectives of commun interest of being welfare to the society, it is important to have awareness by all timorese people. Awareness emphasized here is the ratio of communicative. Timorese people need to realize that the ratio of human being is not just prolific ratio and cognotif instrumental aims but also human communicative dimensional ratio. Because, there is only ratio communicative that could be unified the whole population and enable timorense people to solve their social problems and personal problems. Furthermore, with a rational timorese people enable to find the best solution for the sake of building up their country. Thus the state will run properly in accordance with its purpose. In addition, those
leaders who always act from arbitrary detention will realize that state sovereignty is not only in his own hands but there is sovereignty in the hands of all entire people. In such way, the essence of democracy is being realized that the state sovereignty in the
hand’s
of entire
people/citizens. On the other hand,There is also exiting a disadvantage on democracy itself. The sovereignty in the hands of the people, with the country which is lack of people comprehensive of democracy, it will also bring negative impact to the country due to people act in arbitrary detention. Therefore, the communication theory of Habermas it is very important to be integrated into the system of democracy. Because, ratio communicative guide communicative action to achieve the goal, that is, agree on something or achieve consensus rationally about the being welfare and the happiness of its citizens. Personally, i am aware that, this theory communication of Jurgen Habermas is not consider as the primary goal that must be achieved in a country. Habermas’s theory of communication is a communication procedures, where humans can use of it to achieve the goal of living of the true of the state. Habermas himself said that in politics that was already secularizised perfectly, state law is only possible and can survive with a radical democracy is sustained. Radical democracy that’s well known as deliberative democracy. This deliberative democracy emphasizes the importance of the
communication procedures. This communication procedure is not so far than the popular sovereignty as a communication procedures.
