INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
THE INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE STATUS OF THE VILLAGE ADMINISTRATION TO KELURAHAN AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT INTO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN WEST JAVA PROVINCE Nuryanto Doctoral Candidate on Graduate Program of Government Science Institute of Public Administration
The transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan remains a strategic issue and attractive to continue to be studied academically in line with the development of decentralized governance. Similarly, the change of the organizational structure of government should certainly still carry the public welfare purposes. Therefore, organizational transformation should be in line with the appropriate process of community empowerment in improving the capacity of communities to develop more dynamically to meet the needs of a prosperous life. This research was conducted to determine the effect from the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan empowerment toward community development in west java province. The formulation of the problem are: (1) how much the influence the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan empowerment towards development; (2) how much the influence on the development of community empowerment; (3) how much the influence the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan and community empowerment simultaneously towards community development; and (4) how the theoretical explanation or new concepts influence the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan and empowerment of communities simultaneously towards community development. The concept developed in peeling organizational transformation based on the organizational transformation theory that rests on the 4R interrelated dimensions, namely: (1) Reframing; (2) Restructuring; (3) Revitalization; and (4) Renewing. While the concept of empowerment is focused on five dimensions: (1) enabling; (2) empowering; (3) protecting; (4) supporting; and (5) fostering. The concept of community development is set at six major dimensions of human life, namely development: (1) social; (2) economy; (3) politic; (4) culture; (5) environment; and (6) personnel as well as spiritual. The design of the research used explanatory survey method with quantitative analysis approach through path analysis techniques. The research proves that the findings of the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan and empowerment have a significant effect with the amount of positive influence on the development of communities in the province of West Java. This implies that the transformation model village status into kelurahan followed by the appropriate community empowerment in West Java can be a positive influence on the variation change in community development. Keywords: Organizational Transformation, Empowerment, and Community Development
the village into kelurahan. The law of this condition is protected by the determination of law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages in Article 11 paragraph (1), namely: "The village can be changed to become kelurahan by village administration initiatives and village consultative body is concerned with regard the advice and opinion of the villagers".
A. Introduction Village point of view in the context of the government enforcement is always shifting in every regime, ranging from the Dutch colonial rule until the current reform. As with the administrative position as the region in kelurahan tend to be more stable, because kelurahan is a local governance institution as the regional work units (SKPD), which is authorized to provide public services provided by the government. Normatively, when there is a change of values, norms, cultural and social ties among the people, there may be a shift in the status of the community, such as changes in the rural into urban population. It can encourage the village community initiative to change the status of
The establishment of village laws currently is not only for village transformation into kelurahan but kelurahan is possible to return to be village (the deternination of law Republic of Indonesia No. 6/2014, article 11 and 12). The transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan is not always
53
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
followed by value changes of rural into urban population. The village status transformation to become an kelurahan in social terms is often identified with the transformation of the organization, the whole change of government organizational village system into kelurahan administration organizations.
have social values of rural. Besides the village has a role and a very strategic position in terms of development and national defense because the majority of Indonesian people are in rural areas. Embodiment of a strong village will directly affect the implementation of regional autonomy for village administration is the leading unit in service to the community and become a major milestone for the success implementation from regional government. Strengthening village is a necessity that cannot be postponed in order to accelerate the realization of public welfare. According to data from the General Directorate of Administration of Villages and Kelurahan Empowerment (2013), it shows that over the years the status transformation from village into kelurahan is growing up. In 2008 there were 67,241 villages and 7,955 kelurahan, in 2011 there were 69,249 villages and 8,216 kelurahas, and in 2013 there were 72,944 villages and 8,309 kelurahan, as shown in Table 1 as follows.
The transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan is obviously has an impact and it has consequences on changes in institutional governance, including the dynamics of public empowerment will affect the variations in the community life development in the new government organizational system (kelurahan), both from the aspect of social, economic, political, culture, environment, and personal/spiritual. In the context of status transformation of village into kelurahan, the organizational transformation is often happened since their regional expansion or creation of new autonomous regions to meet the administrative requirements. The village status changed into kelurahan, although the villagers still
Table 1 Number of village and countryside in 2008, 2011, and 2013 Information Number Village Kelurahan
No.
Year
1
2008
67,241
7,955
2
2011
69,249
8,216
3
2013
72,944
8,309
A changing trend in the number of village or increased during the period 2008 – 2013
Source: Director General of Village Community Empowerment (2013). The transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan is a policy or government efforts to form a new village with the aim of achieving effectiveness and efficiency of service to the community (Kurniasih, 2011: 23). Achieving this goal is in line with the determination of Law No. 23 Year 2014 on Regional Government that the regional administration is directed to accelerate the realization of public welfare through the improvement of service, empowerment, and community participation, as well as improving the competitiveness of local and regional work units.
2013 on Codes and Data Administration Area, West Java province as a whole is composed of 17 districts, 9 cities, 626 districts, 639 kelurahan, and 5,295 villages. From the number of kelurahan distribution of villages as the implications of transformation village status into kelurahan is more prevalent in district division into the city by 76% or some 486 out of 639 kelurahan, namely in Bogor (68 kelurahan), Sukabumi (33 kelurahan), Bandung (151 kelurahan), Cirebon (22 kelurahan), Bekasi (56 kelurahan), Depok (63 kelurahan), Cimahi (15 kelurahan), Tasikmalaya (69 kelurahan), and Banjar (9 kelurahan).
The increased accretion of the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan at the national level is also occurred in West Java Province, particularly in the division of the district into the city. Based on the attachment of Minister Regulation No. 18 of
The fact that the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan is expected to improve public services effectively and efficiently. The effective and efficient public service is something that can be seen from the dynamic development of its people. The develop
54
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
people in social life system cannot be separated from the bureaucratic system services. Therefore, the position of community is absolutely important in the process of structural organization transformation of village into kelurahan. In many cases, it was found that the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan frequently determined by the local government expansion, also ignore the people interests and aspirations. The other interesting thing in the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan is the difference in government's treatment to people in rural and urban areas. Kelurahan being served directly by the government, while the rural communities served by the local government of kelurahan to the principle of mutual assistance and self-sufficiency. The differences in public services ultimately provide community development tendency of variation both in government village or different from each other.
Revitalization Institutional and Village Government in the Village Bentek, District Ganges, West Lombok regency of West Nusa Tenggara; and Sadu Wasistiono (1996), Organizational Development of the village government. (Case Study on the Rural District of Situradja The District of Sumedang). Some results of these studies still show problems related to the development of village governance and the dynamics of their forest, while the results of a study evaluating the effect of transforming the village into a village status and empowerment of communities together had an impact on community development has not been found. Thus, this study provides novelti (novelty) associated with the transformation of the status of village government who once expected to be able to predict the formation of the transformation of the village into the village ahead. By having this, deepening is needed in people’s dynamics response in regards with the status transformation of village administration into kelurahan. It is also become an essential dynamics of community empowerment in the process of status transformation of village into kelurahan because of the structural alteration and governance functions without the necessary community empowerment process will be less significant in realizing the expected dynamics of community development. At least the deepening in here is the way to contribute in treatment of village and kelurahan, community development process, strengthening the village regulation, and community development in Indonesia’s governance system. This is the phenomenon of village and kelurahan administration that occur in most of Indonesia, including West Java Province. The dynamics of these changes are highly contextualized within a governance framework that researchers interested in studying further how the influence effect of the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan and community empowerment to community development that is expected as part of the governance process in West Java province which is oriented towards improving the welfare of society through improving services, empowerment and community participation, as well as the competitiveness of the region as a destination of local autonomy and decentralization.
From the issuance of determination of law of Republic of Indonesia No. 6 of 2014 on the village, opening space for the brand news position and institutional, the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan or the contrariwise which has an implication for the dynamics of government institutions in the village. The transformation in terms of village governance exist on its program to become kelurahan that process a different publicservices. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of village status transformation is still had a say with the dynamics of rural governance institutions at this time, whether the village administration is a community organization that runs the government functions or village administration is an autonomous region as part of system and structural governance in Indonesia. There are some researches that related to village governance and empowerment of rural communities, such as Bambang Giyanto (2013), Changes of Village into Kelurahan: A Study of Institutional Change in Sub Kelapa Dua Tangerang Regency and Serang District of Taktakan; Yudi Rusfiana (2011), The Influence of Organizational Transformation to the performance of Village Government Performance in Bandung regency; Kurniasih Goddess (2011), Status Change Village Become village in Bandung regency; Entang Adhy Muhtar (2008), Influence of the Rural Development Institute for Community Empowerment in Rural Development in Cianjur, West Java; Purbathin Agus Hadi (2003), Community Empowerment through Community
West Java province as a research location is based on the people characteristic which is very dynamic and geographically it is contiguous to the
55
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
central government of the Republic of Indonesia, as well as a supporting zone that allows the achievement of access to economic, political, social, culture and the establishment of village status into kelurahan increased as well. In addition, West Java province with geographic characteristics and accessibility towards economic growth center in the center of the state capital by the economic growth acceleration in Jabodetabekjur region have pushed the acceleration status alteration from village into kelurahan, so that gradually spread to the development area in West Java in order to accelerate the development of society in political, economic and socio-cultural according to the characteristics of the population and territory. Based on the problem’s background, identification of problems compiled in this study are:
B. Literature Review The grand theory of this research is placed on the theory of bureaucracy and administration, by Max Weber (1864-1920) in his book entitled: "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalist". Weber's bureaucracy theory explains that the bureaucracy is originally derived from the legalrational. Organization can be called as rational in terms of goal setting and planning organizations to achieve the goal. There are 6 characteristics of bureaucratic organization in the most efficient form, namely: the division of labor, hierarchical authority, rational program, system procedures, the rules system of rights and obligations, and interpersonal relationships as an impersonal as well. Then, Finer (1949: 79) developed a theory of bureaucracy via modern theory of government approach that the government show the actions and activities of executive government administrators are permanently subject to the rule of law being applied and are guarded by a court of law independently and impartially. Furthermore, MacIver (1965: 241) describes the administration turbulence indicated by their tendency but the government’s problem of bureaucracy still remains. In Generally bureaucracy assign more value in maintaining the institution as a representation scheme, whereas individual bureaucracy enlarge function in it and keep it from any disturbances by other functionaries. The government science basically work on study of the type of social life that have special properties, which is a social life by Aristotle is categorized as political, in the sense now means the state and its parts (Labolo, 2008:6).
1. During the process of transformation of the village administration into kelurahan organizations is often determined based on the process of regional expansion or creation of new autonomous regions to meet administrative requirements, and not entirely based on the interests also aspirations of rural communities. 2. The transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan in West Java province is tend to shows a relative high number as result of a strategic supports for the state capital. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of the empowerment and development of people's lives in the province of West Java are not achieved. 3. The empowerment of rural community is essential to promote the dynamics of rural communities which are experiencing the transformation process in the administration to become kelurahan. The Transformation of the village administration into kelurahan is not just a structural alteration of government, but also has implications for the readiness, mentality, and capacity to adapt and develop in the new system of governance structure. Until this time, the process of empowerment is not a major concern in the transformation of the village administration into kelurahan. Besides, the community development is the best way to the people development both from the aspect of social, economic, political, cultural, and environmental.
The role of sociology in the context of government science is a part that cannot be separated and has a very close relationship in the development process. According to Ndraha (2003: 97) is the idea of bringing the government science administration to the concept of the government and the governed, and relation between the two side is the government relations. The sociology science aims to study the society that includes people's behavior and human social behavior by observing the behavior of the group that built (Haryanto and Nugrohadi, 2011: 1-2). Reflection of the explanation has implications for the management of government that involves a series of parties who govern and the governed who established a relationship in governance to achieve a particular purpose of organizing. According to Braam (1988: 19) the government sociology has
4. The community development in West Java Province is relatively still indicates inequality of income distribution in urban (medium inequality, GR = 0,425) and rural (mild lameness, GR = 0,3 in 2012).
56
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
been sharpened to the problems solving behavior, particularly solving the group problems.
In the institutional context, Osborne and Gaebler (1992: 252-253) explained that the decentralized institution has a number of advantages, such as: (1) the decentralized institution is more flexible than centralized. The institution that capable to respond quickly to the environment and changing customer needs; (2) the decentralized agencies is more effective than centralized; (3) decentralized agencies is more innovative than centralized; and (4) the decentralized institutions generate higher morale, more commitment and greater productivity. The alteration of government institutions in the context of the bureaucracy ethics described by Suradinata (2013: 35) that the ethics reform of government bureaucracy in the context of the life process of the fourth wave of world civilization in the era of globalization today is the creative potential of featured owned by government-based culture, whether in the form of goods or services performance-oriented and community needs.
Wasistiono and Simangungsong (2010: 111) explained that in the new paradigm is named as good governance, a change in the position and role of the government as one of the stakeholders in a State. In the old paradigm, the government (the ruling) based on the position of the hierarchy and the people (the governed). In the good governance paradigm, status and position of the government is a hierarchy with other stakeholders such as the private sector and the public sector. The paradigm transformation by Effendy (2010: 39) begins with an intention to initiate a change. On the other hand, Cheema and Rondinelli (1988: 14) explained that the meaning of decentralization as: "decentralization can be a means of Overcoming the serve limitations of centrally controlled national planning by delegating greater authority for development planning and management to officials who are working in the field, closer to the problems. Decentralization to regional or local level allows officials to disaggregate and tailor development plans and programs to the needs of heterogeneous regions and groups". Decentralization is a process of establishing the autonomous regions and or delivering certain powers to someone by the central government. The concept of decentralization contains two meanings, namely: (1) the establishment of an autonomous region that once given certain powers to him to set up and taken care of themselves; and (2) giving an additional right to autonomous regions that have been formed (Hoessein, 1993: 12). According to Rashid (2002: 21), decentralization to regional autonomy is basically a correction of the failure and the centralized system of governance during uni-information that valid thru this time.
This bureaucratic theory is also applied in the village administration. Any changes of the village into kelurahan administration, bureaucracy persists in ensuring objectives and planning organizations to achieve the purpose of public welfare. According to Effendy (2010: 90), the essence of a government bureaucracy system runs by the government officials who stand in the hierarchy and position path. Bureaucracy is also known as a slow way to work and a lot of his detours. Bureaucracy also interpreted by separation expenses strategic bodies that in principle can drive organizational hierarchy. The village administration has now become a hot and strategic topic. Theoretically, the sense of the village has been interpreted by Widjaja (2003: 3) as the legal community unit which has the original order based on rights origins that are special. A comprehension of the village contains the values of autonomy is a community which has the authority to regulate themselves, manage their own household, as well as manage the interests of its people independently in accordance with the potential and the social, economic, cultural and local environment. Village with genuine autonomy status is very strategic position in the structure of regional autonomy and decentralization in the context of Act No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government and the determination of law, Republic of Indonesia No. 6 of 2014 concerning the village. According to Effendy (2010: 35), the important context that encourages autonomy
The meaning of the decentralization from various experts as the transfer of power (authority, rights, obligations and responsibilities) a few numbers of government affairs of the central government to autonomous regions so that the autonomous regions that can perform decisionmaking, planning, implementation, and oversight in the management issues of development to encourage and improve development performance (Salam, 2004: 82). Today, decentralization has many approaches and being accommodated in various forms of understanding of the state. According to Smith (2012: 25), when viewed from the context of political theory, decentralization has always been assumed as a form of politics.
57
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
among other villages provide room for the area and develop local initiatives including the synergy of different rules with different potentials and culture locally owned and village administration.
comprehensive manner. This is also confirmed by Suradinata (2013: 69) that change in the structure of government, should be able to accommodate the development of society's demands on social welfare and regional development as part of national development.
Regional autonomy, including the village autonomy is one of the administration system concepts that put the independence of local governments and communities in achieving the goals of development activities. Given the ultimate goal of development activities is the people welfare, then it needs to be aligned with development paradigm that prioritizes community (people centered development paradigm). According to Iskandar (1998: 100-101) models and people-centered development is actually an antithetic of the development model centered on production (production centered development). According Corten as quoted Iskandar (1998: 107) explained that there are three grounds for changes in structural and normative in the development of people-centered, namely: (1) focusing the thoughts and actions of government policy on creating conditions that encourage and support people's efforts to meet their own needs and to solve their own problems at the level of individual, family, and community; (2) developing the structures and processes of organizations that function according to the principles of the principle system selforganization; and (3) developing production systems that are organized territorially based on the principles of ownership and local control.
The transformation process should also be in line with the principle of local autonomy and decentralizations. The paradigm of development in line with local autonomy can generate advantages for each region through improving the performance of government and local community empowerment. This should be in line with the functions of regional autonomy, the independence of local governments and community empowerment. Indications that characterized the goal of regional autonomy, namely improved welfare through achieving: (1) improvement of services; (2) empowerment and community participation; and (3) to increase regional competitiveness. Then the transformation of the village into a village status should be understood as the end of the process in creating a building that is the welfare of society. The major theories (grand theory) were further developed with middle range theory which is based on the theory of social change and the structural functional theory. The theory of social change is put on the concept of the community as a community (rural) and as a society (urban). The greatest works of rural and urban community changes introduced by Ferdinand Tonies (1855 1936) in Veeger (1993: 128) by mapping the community in two types, namely gemeinschaft (community associations) and gesellschaft (society patembayan). According to Ferdinand Tonnies perspective society is not an organism produced by biological processes, also not a mechanism consisting of individual parts, each of which stands alone. Society is a human effort to establish and maintain relations of reciprocity steady. This relation has a style and characteristics of the interaction of people in a group or community in two types, gemeinschaft and geselscaft. Furthermore, Tonnies gemeinschaft differentiate into three types, first, gemeinschaft of blood (blood ties) that gemeinschaft which bases itself on the bond of blood or descent. For example: kinship, local communities; second, gemeinschaft of place (where), namely gemeinschaft basing itself on a place to stay close to each other so it is possible to be able to help each other. Example: Neighborhood (RT), Rukun Warga (RW), and a social gathering;
The principal theory which contained in the paradigm of people-centered development is very proper to be placed in terms of the transformation of the status of the village administration into kelurahan. The transformation process is certainly not based on the needs of government on it but it is much more precise and effective when based on a consideration of the needs and capacity to change towards the better in the new structural changes. The new structure with a form of kelurahan must surely evolve and function in accordance with the rules of positive change by not ignoring the culture of mutual help and self-reliance. Use and control of the development of local potential in the production process and the system of public consumption should be one of the characteristics that should be considered in the process of transforming the village into a village status. Transformation is not just a change in the structure, but also must contain a process of empowerment and purpose to the achievement of community development in a
58
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
and third, gemeinschaft of mind (soul-mind), that gemeinschaft basing itself on the ideology or the same mind, for instance, relationship, neighborhood, and friendship (Soekanto, Soerjono, 2009:116-120). In Indonesia, some people have tried to build a middle range and micro theory to ground studies Tonnies and other sociologists. Studies on this village previously explained Selo Sumardjan (1981). Aside from Soemardjan, also known Sajogyo (1982) as the pioneer of the rural sociology study in Indonesia, Sajogyo idea can be seen in two books have been established, like the "Anthology of Economy Village" (1982) and "Ecological Village" (1983). The idea of the village can be seen in the book "Eco-sociology: DeIdeology Theory”, Restructuring Actions Farmers and Rural Areas as a Test Case (2006). He un earth sociology and produce 'knowledge' and 'action on the' village or a rural area.
society transformation into a four stages, like: (1) traditional society, a small community, homogeny, very integrated, high solidarity, simple delegation for work, has the behaviour to think massively for analyze, assess, and connecting symptoms with the other, (2) village society, a simple community that has a touch or connection to the urban society, so they are affected by the modern society, (3) small urban community, a society that develop in the urban area. The lifestyle of this society is very developed because they have been affected by the various cultures from around the globe, and (4) metropolitan/modern society, a society that has a complexity and a huge number of population that caused to the less sensitivity. From those stages in terms of community transformation, Redfield concluded that the sign that can be shown by the simple community and village society are the type of little tradition. Where the people is often affected and supplies the things that needed by the small urban or modern society. On other side, small urban society, and modern society are categorized as the great tradition. This society is the society that promote something that does not exist on the traditional and village society.
Other works are described by Emile Durkheim (1964) as a well-known theory of social solidarity, to build a society typology in two forms of solidarity, solidarity mechanical (mechanical solidarity) and organic solidarity (organic solidarity). Mechanical solidarity is a form of solidarity based individuals who have the same properties, conscience and religion, as well as the patterns of the same norms as well. In line with Durkheim, Doyle Paul Johnson (1986) said that the mechanical solidarity can only survive when society has a high degree of homogeneity in the trust, sentiment and so on. Homogeneity is possible only if the division of labor is minimal. This is where the significance, the dissipation of mechanical solidarity is slowly replaced (transformed) with organic solidarity. Related to the village, means a mechanical solidarity shown in the village explanation in the unity of the legal and political and sociological. According to Tim Lapera (2000) that the village is reviewed on legal and political stress to rules and regulations on which the setting of a society that has a legal entity, power and hold their own government. In line with Tim Lapera, Tamarasari (2002) revealed that the conditional can be found in villages that still has local knowledge. Local wisdom, then translated in the form of customary law.
Basic theories that explain changes in the structure and function are taken from Talcot Parson (1938) which was famous for his work "The Structure of Social Action". Identification of functional requirements faced by the social system is the subject matter of the work Talcot Parson (Johnson, 1981: 124-133). According to Scott (2012: 171), Talcott Parson is the theoreticians that based on his formative and devise a systematic discussion about the normative organization of social activities. Since beginning his career as a sociologist, Parson suggested by a disordered state called "society". Some community-related proposition explained that integration of society caused by cultural values that are shared, institutionalized widened social norms and internalized by individuals into the motivations (Veeger, 1993: 199). Interest Parson with functional analysis is to examine the process or mechanism that produces the suitability ie internalization refers to the personality system, and institutionalization refers to the social system (Iskandar, 1999: 397-398). Form the all Parson’s statement has been formulated in four functional subsystems called model A-G-I-L (AdaptationGoal Attainment-Integration-Latent Pattern Maintenance). The fundamental thinking of Parson is a functional structure. Adaptations, means the necessity for social systems to deal with a good
Conception of community separation also mentioned by Robert Redfield (1982) with the popular work by the theory of the little tradition and the great tradition that mapped the transformation of society from the small to the urban society. Linearly, Redfield separated the
59
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
environment. Goal attainments, means the functional requirements that arise from the view that the action was directed at the purpose-purpose. Integration means the requirements relating to the interrelation antarpara members of the social system. Latent Pattern Maintenance, mean latency pattern maintenance as a concept that shows the cessation of interaction (Wirawan, 2013: 53). This explained the theory of structural modification on mechanism discussion of economic transformation experienced by developing countries, firstly are subsystems and focused on the agricultural sector towards a more modern economic structure and is dominated by the industrial and services sectors (Todaro, 1991: 68). This is where the theory of structural change has a very important role in using a variety of methods and how to run the process of change towards a better structure and advanced.
(1) reframing corporate direction, namely the reestablishment of the policy directions include the achievement indicators for resource mobilization; preparation of the mission, vision, and purpose; and build a proper measurement system; (2) restructuring the company, namely the restructuring of administration include indicators of economic model building systems; integrating the physical infrastructure systems; redesigning the architecture of the work; (3) revitalizing the enterprise, which includes indicators of achievement revitalization program focused public services; innovation program of activities; development of information technology systems; and (4) renewing people, namely the renewal of society include indicators create reward structures; build individual learning; and the development of institutional capacity.
Next, applied theory used in this research is based on the theory of organizational transformation (4R) by Francis J. Gouillart and James N. Kelly (1995), the theory of community development work Mardianto (2010), and the theory of community development work of Ife and Tesoriero (2008). Explanation of applied theory that is used as the operationalization of variables in this study is described as follows:
The theory of the four organizations transformation is realized in general at each dimension is that reframing includes the conversion back framework of thinking (what will be the initial conception of a business organization, and the which concept can be achieved). Meaning of restructuring is realized as changing the structure include strengthening the organizational structure of the company to bring to wilayahh competitive work. Revitalization is rebuilding everything that includes linking the condition of the company with the development of the existing environment and create new business performance. While renewal can dipahai as a process of renewal of individuals and organizations, and individuals in the organization so that it is possible inividu organization and become an integral part of a world community that is constantly connected and responsible (Simangungsong, 2014: 35).
Variable of the Transformation from the Village into kelurahan administration: In this research theory applied (applied theory) which used to operate the variable Transformation of the village administration into kelurahan administration is the theory of Organizational Transformation (4R) by Francis J. Gouillart and James N. Kelly (1995). Organizational transformation by Gouillart and Kelly (1995: 7) is known as: "the orchestrated redesign of the genetic architecture of the corporation, achieved by working simultaneously-Although at different speeds." The definition of organizational transformation in the concept of Gouillart and Kelly that contains the understanding that a fundamental change in the construction of an organization in order to achieve a thorough job in various local government organizations that work at different speeds. According to Gouillart and Kelly (1995: 7) an organization's success in transforming is when it using four fundamental framework, that reframing, restructuring, revitalization and renewal. Organizational transformation theory proposed by Gouillert and Kelly in the context of the science of government can be understood in various indicators, namely:
The transformation demand of the organization in accordance with Soejitro (2014: 1) an attempt to make changes in the organization has become the real needs of each organization. Organizations must develop its capacity to learn patterns, values, and new employment strategies so that the elements can be transformed into the life of the organization more capable of answering any organizational challenge. Similarly, the status transformation governance is a part of the development process and the achievement of organizational goals better. In Indonesia, the issue of the transformation of the village into a village status or contrariwise is regulated in determination of law No. 6 of 2014 on the village as part of the setup process of the village. Structuring the village based on evaluation of the development level on
60
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
the village administration in accordance with the provisions of the legislation in force. The aims of structuring village are: (1) to enhance the effectiveness of the administration of the village; (2) accelerating the improvement of rural welfare; (3) accelerating the improvement of the quality of public services; and (4) improve the quality of village governance. Change the status of the village into kelurahan in accordance with Sudjatmiko (2014: 8-9) is realized as a form of change or development organization that adapts to changes in the communities it serves. Characteristics of social change in a region characterized by rural lifestyle mutual cooperation, community (gemeinschaft), with shared values high undergoing a process of change to the patembayan shape (gesellschaft), which tends individualistic course, certainly could affect the change of government system. According to Wasistiono (2001: 39) that the government organization set up at least for two reasons, which are: (1) to serve the interests of society as a citizen who plays as a consumer and stakeholders; and (2) the specific mission that must be executed in order to achieve the objectives and not just run its laws.
Variable of Community Empowerment: Theoretically, empowerment is an interpretation of the term "empowerment". The concept of empowerment pioneered by Friedman (1992: 124) gives a rise to the two major premises, which is "failure and hope". The failure in question is the failure of economic models of development earlier in tackling poverty and ensure sustainable environmental sustainability. The concept of empowerment in community development is always associated with the concept of independence, participation, networking, and justice. Basically, empowerment placed on the power of individual and social level (Wisdom, 2004: 3). It is also described in Sumaryadi (2005: 95) that the concept of empowerment is always meaningful public participation in the planning and implementation conducted. The empowerment understanding inspired by the thought Rubins (1993: 432) that: "empowerment encourages community members to share in the self-esteem that Occurs as a neighborhood that companies have abandoned takes on a new life". The concept of empowerment emerged and developed due to the deprivation of power owned by the people as a result of inequality and injustice in the process of social change (development), especially in developing countries due to the approach to development-oriented economic growth and development oriented basic needs that are assistencialism, so occurred inequality in possession of power resources and the dependence of the people were great to state intervention. In order to set the distribution of power resources may occur properly, it is required an effort of "empowerment of the condition of powerlessness into power, strength, and ability (Djaelangkara, 2000: 168). Centralization initiative development planning and implementation on the government to do structurally, so that people are always in a position as an object of development, while the government and all activities relating to the implementation of its policies played a role as the subject of development, resulting in community faces a shortage of building initiatives, the active role and more than it took the decision to determine the steps in solving its problems (Mariadjang, 2000: 200).
The strategic issue of the transformation of village into kelurahan administration in organizational context is a part of organizational transformation process. This statement was strengthened by the thoughts of Gouillart and Kelly (1996: 7) the organizational transformation process can be derived as a biological process, which a dynamic life process, grow and gain, turn to be saturated and culminating with through the transition. The organizational transformation process showed indications of a development structure in accordance with the changing dynamics that are formed and the demands of social change that occurred in a particular community. The development is shown by Simangungsong (2014: 36) that the organization of the village and kelurahan organizations likened to a man originally born and then grow and get into the trouble, improve, grow up with nature and the environment and then be old. Organization in a certain context is always changing changing times and social conditions of people's lives that exist in the system of the organization. When there is an organization doing a transformation, then all systems that exist in the organization are encouraged to achieve the goal, including organizational transformation of the village administration into kelurahan.
The concept of community empowerment by Sumodiningrat (1997: 165), is an effort to enhance the dignity of society which in the present condition do not have an ability to escape the poverty trap and underdevelopment. Meanwhile, in the perspective of meeting the basic needs
61
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
described by Berger and Neuhaus (1996: 61) that: "... along another dimension, communities can be empowered to act in ways that promote the common goods as defined by theirs collectively members". Collectively, the communities can be empowered to perform a particular action through the fulfillment of basic needs of the entity as part of a community group. In other words, empowering people is to improve the ability, independence and fulfillment of basic needs.
empowerment as a process not only has three dimensions (enabling, empowering, and protecting) but added to the dimensions of the provision of support (supporting), and maintaining a favorable climate (fostering). In accordance with Suharto (2005: 59-60) the process of empowerment in the context of the fifth dimension is a series of activities to strengthen the powers or the empowerment of vulnerable groups in society, including individuals who experience poverty. This perception was built because in fact the goal of empowerment is to strengthen the powers of society, especially vulnerable groups have a disability, either because of internal conditions (eg, their own perception) as well as external conditions (such as oppressed by unjust social structures).
The objective of empowerment as the aim is often used as an indicator of successful empowerment as a process by Suharto (2005: 5960). Therefore, the process of empowerment requires strategy which is a comprehensive approach includes three main elements (Djaelangkara, 2000: 169), namely: (1) the existence of good will from all levels of society and the country manager in the form of self-awareness, public will and political will of the government in changing or improving social order inequitable and exploitative; (2) the policy, strategy, program development, and an institutional system that actually lead and show partiality to the poor; and (3) the creation of a conducive environment that allows people to improve the ability or capacity itself. In the context of the government science, community empowerment can be explained through the concept from Sumaryadi (2006: 38-39) that the community empowerment can be identified through four areas of empowerment, such as structural empowerment, whole political, by economists, and socio-cultural. According to Anthony Bebbington (in Mardikanto, 2010: 43-45), "empowerment is a process through roomates Reviews those excluded are Able to Participate more fully in decisions about forms of growth, strategies of development, and distribution of Reviews their product". That view implies that the community empowerment is an effort to improve the dignity of society which in the present conditions cannot able to escape the trap of poverty and underdevelopment. In other words, is to enable and empower the community's independence.
Variable of Community Development: Theoretically, community development put forward by August Comte (in Veeger, 1993: 20) through the theory of evolution society stating the similarities in the structure of the senses and the intellect produces perceptions and logical conclusions are the same. Through these similarities, human development in the world shows an order that not considered as a law is everywhere. The people mindset and interpret are always fit with the stage being achieved. Interestingly, discussion on community development in the science of sociology, the theory of community development in the context of the society evolution is also expressed by Herbert Spencer (in Veeger, 1993: 39). Spencer theory of the evolution of society is part of a more general theory of the evolution of the entire universe. In his book, Social Statics (1851) likened society to an organism. The characteristics imposed on live bodies shall also be subject to the public body. According to Spencer, society is an organism that evolved its own standalone and separated from the will and responsibility of its members, and under the authority of a law. Literally as the fundamental of the word, community development is consisted of two concepts of development and society. In a simple develop can be realized as a joint venture and planned to improve the quality of human life. This is confirmed by Kartasasmita (1996: 286) that all ideologies, all systems, both the political system and the economic system speaks about effort to repair and build human life. Distinguish by one with the other is a matter of how and at what position the man placed. Definition of the public in view of Iskandar (1999: 256) is known as a community, the residents of an area that could be a
Regarding that, Mardikanto (2010: 43-45) explained that in empowerment can be seen in three dimensions, namely: (1) create an atmosphere or climate that allows the potential of developing societies (enabling); (2) strengthen the potential of community-owned or power (empowering); and (3) empowers also contains the meaning of protecting (protecting). This theory was later developed by Edi Suharto (in Witaradya, 2010: 3) which said that
62
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
realization of all human life activities group. Meanwhile, according to Mayo (under Suharto, 2005: 39) can be realized as a share, and common interests. Society as a place together conceived as a same geographical area, while meaning as the common interest is the interest similarity based culture and identity. The term of people in the development community is often positioned in a social service function. Therefore, the development community is often defined by the free social services and self-help that can occur as a response to the widening gap between the declining numbers of service providers by increasing the number of people who need the service. These services are often positioned through social work approach, as described by Suharto (2005: 37) that community development can be understood as one of the methods of social work whose main purpose is to improve the quality of life through the utilization of the resources that exist on them and stresses on the principle of social participation.
dimensions of the community development not only put on a single aspect, but also must be juxtaposed with other key dimensions that play a dominant role in meeting the needs of society. According to Ife and Tesoriero (2008: 410), there are nine dimensions of community development that can be identified, and six overall dimensions of which is very important in human life and intertwined with each other. Keernam dimensions of community development conceived by Ife and Tesoriero with the social development, economic development, political development, cultural development, environment, as well as personnel and spiritual. All dimensions are interrelated and interact with one another in complex forms. In certain situations, not all of these dimensions will have equal priority. Any society will develop the six dimensions of different levels. That view can be illustrated, for example, a community may have a strong economic base, a healthy political participation and a strong cultural identity, but at the same time have a humanitarian service poor, poor physical environment, low self-esteem and a high level of seclusion. In such a society, the environment and the development of personal/spiritual will be the highest priority in the community development program. It can occur in contrast to other communities that will reflect the picture is different and requires different priorities in the development process.
Perceptions of community development as a process to help the ordinary or poor in improving their communities through the efforts of the collective action described by Twelvetrees (1991: 1) that the development community is defined as: "the process of assisting ordinary people to improve Reviews their own communities by undertaking collective action". The explanation implies that the focus of the development community is to help members of the community and the community who have a common interest to work together, identifying needs together and then perform activities together to meet those needs. Urgency in the community development process is confirmed by Ife and Tesoriero (2008: 356-357) that one important aspect of the process of community development is that the process cannot be forced. So, that the process goes well, the necessary steps are natural to begin with, and to encourage the process of aligning with the move. Based on the theory of Community Development is conceived by Ife and Tesoriero (2008: 409), can be explained that the understanding of the development community to deliver a similar concept that the purpose of community development is essentially rebuild the community as a vital experience of man, meet human needs, and build back structures of the welfare state, the global economy, bureaucracy, professional elite, and so the less humane and less accessibility.
C. Methods This research was designed using descriptive verification research approach, the research to test the hypothesis. The method used in this research is explanatory survey method, the research done to obtain the facts - facts of the presenting symptoms and seek factual information through meaningful explanation. This study focuses on the independent variable (independent variable) or abbreviated variable X, which consists of variables X1 and X2, and the dependent variable (dependent variable) or abbreviated variable Y. In this research, Variable X1 (transformation of the status of village into kelurahan) in accordance with the demands of the purpose and speed of service the village government organizations that include the dimensions of reframing, restructuring, revitalization, and renewing. While X2 (empowerment) operationally defined as the process of a series of activities to strengthen the empowerment of citizens or community groups are weak, including limited accessibility, which includes dimensions enabling, empowering,
The community development has a complex dynamic by its purpose. Therefore, the
63
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
protecting, supporting, and fostering. The dependent variable, the variable Y (community development) operationally defined in this study as a process to improve the quality of life of citizens or community groups in meeting their needs through initiatives and or its own initiative, which includes the dimensions of social development, economic development, political development, development culture, development environment, and personal or spiritual development.
The target population in this study is 494 people which are the unit of analysis (the respondents) made up of kelurahan apparatus (266 people), community leaders (76 people), youth leaders (76 people); and religious leaders (76 people). The population is spread across 38 kelurahan were established through sampling fraction of 20% of the total as many as 188 villages in six districts selected research locations (the city of Bogor, Tasikmalaya, Bogor, Subang, Cirebon and Kuningan District). The samples of research conducted with three stage cluster random sampling through simple random sampling technique pattern iteration produces minimal sample totaling 140 people then spread to proportionally includes the kelurahan apparatus (74 people), community leaders (22 people), youth leaders (22 people), and religious leaders (22 people).
In order to obtain empirical data for the sake of testing the hypothesis, then the variable needs to be used based on dimensions, indicators, sub-indicators, measurements and the measuring scale. Variable for the transformation of the status of village administration into kelurahan is used in the four assessment dimensions, 12 indicators and 46 sub-indicators of research. The operational of community development variables covering five dimensions of the study, 20 indicators and 54 subindicators of research. While community development variables used in the six dimensions of the study, 16 indicators and 35 sub-indicators of research. Over all composed of 135 sub-indicators that serve as the research influence research questionnaires item status transformation of village status into urban community and community empowerment to the development of communities in the province of West Java. The scale used for the preparation of these questionnaires is the Likert Scale to be used as the primary data collection tool to study a sample of respondents.
Data analysis and hypothetical testing is done by using path analysis. The use of path analysis is intended to test a model of the theory that has been built and determine causal relationships between variables and how much influence among variables either directly or indirectly by using partial test (individual) or simultaneously (overall). The process of using path analysis should first described paradigm models are built in this study in accordance with the framework that describes the relationship between these variables illustrated on the following structure (Figure 1):
Structure Diagram Research on Variables Transformation Path of the Status of the Village Administration into Kelurahan (X1) and the Community Empowerment (X2) towards Community Development (Y)
Figure 1
64
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
Description: X1 (Transformation of the village administration into kelurahan); X2 (Community Empowerment); Y (Community Development); E (variables which are not measured); PYX1 (Coefficient X1 influence on Y); PYX2 (Coefficient of influence of X2 to Y); and PYE (Coefficient of influence of E on Y).
revitalization program (Revitalization) responded by respondents with a score of 4,718 (67.74%) with categories Agree and fourth sub variable namely organizational renewal (Renewing) got a score of 5,814 (75.51%) with a category Agree. The findings in the variable of Community Empowerment: Based on data recapitulation total score sub variable on community development variables, it appears that on average respondents agree respond to community empowerment variables in this study with a score of 25 320 (66.98%), which in its sub variable consists of five sub variables. At first sub variable namely, development potential (enabling) received responses from respondents with a score of 7815 (74.43%) with a category Agree; The second sub variable Strengthening potential (empowering) received responses from respondents with a score of 6647 (73.04%) with a category Agree; The third variable is sub Protection (protecting) responded by respondents with a score of 3,822 (54.60%) with the category Fairly Agree; sub variable fourth namely Development Support (supporting) got a score of 3,759 (67.13%) with a category Agree; and fifth sub variable namely Climate Conducive (fostering) with a score of 3,277 (58.52%) with the category Fairly Agree. The findings in the variable of Community Development: Based on the recapitulation total score sub variable on community development variables, it appears that on average respondents agree respond to variable community development with a score of 17 580 (71.76%), which in sub variable consists of five sub variables. Sub variable who score the highest score is on the first item sub variable namely social development with a value of 4,513 (80.59%) with the agreed categories and sub variable which has the lowest value is sub variable sixth item is personnel and spiritual with a value of 2,236 (63.89%) with a category quite agree. Other sub variable indication shown agreed, namely economic development with a score of 3,312 (78.86%); political development with a score of 1,934 (69.07%); cultural development with a score of 3,843 (68.63%), and the environment with a score of 1,698 (60.64%).
D. Result and Discussion Generally, these research findings produce novelty that the transformation of the status of village into kelurahan which was followed by community empowerment gave an exact a positive influence on the variation change community development, especially in the province of West Java. It also found the novelty of the model generated in this study through the most powerful relation between the dimensions of the transformation of village status into kelurahan with community development in West Java province is between dimensions revitalization (revitalization) with dimensions of social development and the dimensions of the development of each culture reached 0353, while the weakest correlation was found between the dimensions of governmental restructuring (restructuring) with dimensions of cultural development (0.167). Novelty models that produced in this study are also found in the relation between the variables empowerment dimension to community development in West Java province. Relations between the dimensions of the most powerful among the two variables are the dimensions of the strengthening of the potential (empowering) with dimensions of political development reached by 0520, while the weakest correlation was found between the dimensions of protection (protecting) with dimensions of economic development, which amounted to 0,201. The findings in the variable of Transformation of the Status of Village into Kelurahan: Based on data recapitulation total score sub variable on variable transformation into a rural village status, it is found that on average respondents agree respond to variable transformation of the village into the village status with a score of 24 613 (76.44%), in its sub variable comprising four sub variables. At first sub variable namely, the re-establishment policy (Reframing) received responses from respondents with a score of 6.978 (83.07%) with a category Strongly Agree; sub variable both governmental restructuring (Restructuring) received responses from respondents with a score of 7.103 (78.10%) with a category Agree; The third sub-variables that
Hypothesis Testing and Discussion of Research Results Based on the concepts and framework that has been described previously, the research hypothesis is as follows: (1) the transformation of village status into kelurahan have significant
65
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
influence with the amount of positive influence on the development of society; (2) significantly affects community empowerment with the amount of positive influence on the development of society; and (3) the transformation of the status of village into kelurahan and community empowerment significant influence with the amount of positive influence on the development of society.
percent. It implies that the variation of the amount of change in community development by empowering people affected by 36.48 percent, while the remaining 63.52 percent is influenced by other factors. The third hypothesis states that the Transformation of the status of village into kelurahan (X1) and community empowerment (X2) significantly with the amount of positive influence on the development of society (Y). Hypothesis testing is done in two stages, namely simultaneous testing and continued with partial testing. Based on the research results can be explained that simultaneously both variable transformation into a village status and empowerment of village communities together significantly influence the development of society. This can be demonstrated by the test results F-count reached 79.511 or greater than the value of the F-table (0.05) of 3.91. The coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.537 was obtained. This means that the variation change of community development is largely determined by two variables of the study, namely the transformation of village status into kelurahan and community empowerment by 53.70 percent, while the remaining 46.30 percent is influenced by other variables, such as the factor of leadership, the environment, the value system of society and the quality of human resources.
To test the hypothesis of the research mentioned above, it will be a description of statistical analysis in sequence according to the description in research methodologies. The first hypothesis says that the transformation of village status into kelurahan (X1) significantly with the amount of positive influence on the development of society (Y). Hypothesis testing results indicate that the coefficient reached 0.691 PYX1 path, and PYE reached 0.556. Other test results indicate that the tcount value generated reached 11,220 or greater than t-table (0025) of 1,977. Similarly, the F-count value generated reached 125.89 or greater than the value of the F-table (0:05) of 3.91. Calculation of testing this hypothesis produces the coefficient of determination (R2) reached 0.4775. Indications testing this hypothesis meant that variable transformation of the status of village into kelurahan significantly influence the development of society, with the amount of influence, both directly and in total reached a value of 0.4775, or by 47.75 percent. This implies that the variation amount of changes in community development is influenced by the transformation of the status of village into kelurahan by 47.75 percent, while the remaining 52.25 percent is influenced by other factors.
By looking at the test results that the partial test through t-student test needs to be done. Partial hypothesis testing showed that both variables transform villages into village status significantly influence the development of society. Variables influence the transformation of village status into kelurahan to the development of community acquired t-count of 7.138 or greater than t-table (0.025) of 1.977.
The second hypothesis stated that empowerment (X2) significantly with the amount of positive influence on the development of society (Y). Hypothesis testing results indicate that the value of the coefficient paths PYX2 reached 0604, and PYE reached 0.629. Other test results indicate that the t-count value generated reached 8.908 or greater than t-table (0025) of 1,977. Similarly, the F-count value generated reached 79.349 or greater than the value of the F-table (0:05) of 3.91. Calculation of testing this hypothesis produces the coefficient of determination (R2) reached 0.3648. Indications testing this hypothesis explaining that the community empowerment variables significantly influence the development of society, with the amount of influence, both directly and in total reached a value of 0.3648, or by 36.48
This means that the transformation of the status of village into kelurahan administration variables significantly influence the development of society. The next test is the variable of community empowerment to the community development variable obtained by value t count of 4,219 or larger than t-table (0.025) of 1.977. It means that the effect on the community empowerment community development variables. Given these two variables (X1 and X2) were analyzed statistically affect the community development variables (Y), then the two variables are maintained and not changed, so that the research paradigm intact and unchanged.
66
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
Variables that has the bigger contribution (influence) to the community development variables is the transformation of the status of village into kelurahan with a total value amounted to 35.42 percent influence, while the variable empowerment reaching influence value of 18.28 per cent, so that if the sum total effect of these two variables amounted to 53.70 percent. This value is equal to the value of the coefficient of determination (R2), which amounted to 53.70.
social development and cultural development dimension respectively reached 0.353. The test results of other correlation analysis between the dimensions in the variable dimensions of empowerment by the community development variables indicate that the correlation is formed entirely on a significant level. This is evident from the test results that show the value of α = 0:05 two-sided (2-tailed) is greater than the probability of significant value or sig. (2-tailed). The correlation value is generated showing the smallest indication is found in the relationship dimension of protection (protecting) the empowerment by variable dimensions of economic development in the community development variables, which is equal to 0.201. While the greatest correlation value indication is found in the relationship between the dimensions of strengthening the potential (empowering) with dimensions of political development in community development variables, that is equal to 0.520.
Based on the results of hypothesis testing are then systematically carried out discussion of results for the research described in sequence according to the explanation of testing the hypothesis, the hypothesis significance testing results, relation to the theoretical implications and concept model field findings. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, particularly in the first hypothesis seems that either simultaneously or partially variable transformation of status of village into kelurahan statistically affect the development of society.
New Concept The findings of this research resulted in a new concept from the development of theoretical basis on operational plan of the study variables as following:
Overall, the two independent variables of the study (X1 and X2) are statistically analyzed variables affect the community development (Y). Qualitatively, the hypothesis testing results meant that the transformation of the status of the village into a generous nature which is followed by the process of community empowerment is right to be very significant in determining the dynamics of the variation of community development, especially in the province of West Java.
1.
Based on the test results of analysis correlation between the variable dimensions in the transformation of the status of village into kelurahan with variable dimensions in the development of society showed that the correlation is formed entirely on a significant level. This is evident from the test results that show the value of α = 0:05 two-sided (2-tailed) is greater than the probability of significant value or sig. (2-tailed). The correlation value is generated showing the smallest indication is found in the relationship dimension of governmental restructuring (restructuring) in a variable transformation of the village into the village status with variable dimensions of cultural development in the development of society, that is equal to 0.167. While the greatest correlation value indication is found in the relationship between the dimensions of revitalization (revitalization) with dimensions of
67
Transformation of the status of village into kelurahan significant effect with the amount of positive influence on the development of society. Theoretically meaning of organizational transformation by Gouillart and Kelly (1995: 7) is known as: "the orchestrated redesign of the genetic architecture of the corporation, Achieved by working simultaneouslyAlthough at different speeds." Understanding transformation organization in concept Gouillart and Kelly contains understanding that a fundamental change in the construction of an organization in order to achieve simultaneous work in various local government organizations that work at different speeds. Explanation of the definition of the organizational transformation is basically a structural change developing in accordance with the demands of the purpose and speed of service in different areas of government organizations. The organizational changes take place gradually and systematically planned and directed to achieve the
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
purpose of service in accordance with changes in the dynamics of socio-cultural, economic, political and environmental specific communities. The organization's success in transforming when using four fundamental framework, that reframing, restructuring, revitalization and renewal. The concept of the transformation of the organization in this study was found in the process of changing the governance structure of the status of the village into a village in West Java province which give effect to the development of society. Indeed any change in the structure of the organization is to achieve the degree of well-being are represented among others by the people who developed better social, economic, political, cultural, environmental, personnel and spiritual in meeting their needs as shelled by Ife and Tesoriero (2008 : 409) that the purpose of community development among others, is to meet human needs. 2.
and protecting) but with the added dimension of the provision of support (supporting), and maintaining a favorable climate (fostering). In the process, empowerment is needed to realize the development of a better society, that society is weak, including people who experience poverty to be strengthened empowerment, good social, economic, political, cultural, environmental, personnel and spiritual, in accordance views Ife and Tesoriero (2008 : 409) that the purpose of community development is not just to meet human needs but also build their welfare.
Empowering community has a significant influence with the amount of positive influence on the development of communities in West Java province. Theoretically, empowerment in the perspective of meeting the basic needs understood by Berger and Neuhaus (1996: 61) that: "... along another dimension, communities can be empowered to act in ways that promote the common goods as defined by theirs Collectively members". Collectively, communities can be empowered to perform a particular action through the fulfillment of basic needs of the entity as part of a community group. In other words, empowering people is to improve the ability, independence and fulfillment of basic needs. In this regard, Mardikanto (2010: 43-45) argues that the empowerment efforts can be seen in three dimensions, namely: (1) create an atmosphere or climate that allows the potential of developing societies (enabling); (2) strengthen the potential of community-owned or power (empowering); and (3) empowers also contains the meaning of protecting (protecting). Furthermore Edi Suharto (in Witaradya, 2010: 3) explains that empowerment as a process not only has three dimensions (enabling, empowering,
68
3.
The transformation of village status into kelurahan and community empowerment give the significant influence with the amount of positive influence on the development of communities in West Java province. Positive findings of any study variables either transformation or the status of the village into the village community empowerment effect partially contributed to the development of society, was also found progressively better effect if it done simultaneously. This means that if the transformation of the status of village into kelurahan followed by an effort to empower the community, the impetus to realize a variety of community development can be better in West Java province. Theoretically, Parson (1938) in the structural-functional theory suggests that the transformation of the organization per se is not just a structural transformation but also a functional transformation occurring therein. This functional transformation requires the accessibility community to take action on your own through empowerment. It is thought supported by Berger and Neuhaus (1996: 61) that collectively, communities can be empowered to perform a particular action through the fulfillment of basic needs of the entity as part of a community group. In other words, empowering people is to improve the ability, independence and fulfillment of basic needs.
4.
Theoretically research findings prove that the transformation model of village status into community and community empowerment which is run together that
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
provide a stronger influence on the variation of community development in West Java province. The research model is also supported by a strong relation between the dimension of transformation of the status of the village into kelurahan and community empowerment to community development. Strength of these effects are shown predominantly by the correlation between dimensions is formed, namely the strengthening of the relationship between the dimensions of the potential in the variable dimension of community empowerment with political
development on community development variables that generate the correlation value of 0.520. While other findings seen from the relationship between the dimensions of the revitalization program in the variable transformation of village status into urban community with the dimensions of social development and cultural development in the community development variables that produces a correlation value of 0.353 as can be seen in Table 4.1 below.
Table 4.1 The Number of Relation Among Variable of Transformation Status of the Village into Kelurahan (X1), Variable of Community Empowerment (X2), and Variable of Community Development (Y) VARIABEL Y (Community Development)
VARIABLE X1 (Transformationof the Status of Village into Kelurahan)
VARIABLE AND DIMENSION X1-1 X1-2 X1-3 X1-4
VARIABEL X2 (Community Empowerment)
X2-1 X2-2 X2-3 X2-4 X2-5
Y-1 .201*
Y-2 .284**
Y-3 .194*
Y-4 .227**
Y-5 .201*
Y-6 .343**
.343**
.284**
.277**
.167*
.210*
.202*
.353**
.288**
.229**
.353**
.343**
.227**
.200*
.283**
.333**
.202*
.209*
.219**
.315**
.365**
.482**
.310**
.264**
.337**
.257**
.399**
.520**
.307**
.214*
.376**
.256**
.201*
.235**
.232**
.482**
.365**
.262**
.380**
.417**
.364**
.234**
.370**
.287**
.210*
.287**
.219**
.225**
.235**
1.
E. Conclusions and Sugestions Conclusions Based on hypothesis testing and discussion of the results presented in the previous chapter, the conclusions of this research can be structured as follows:
69
The transformation of the status of village into kelurahan has a positive significant effect on the development of communities in the West Java province. This suggests that if a local government, particularly in the province of West Java conduct and establish transformation policies of village status into kelurahan appropriately, it will
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
have a positive impact on the development of society. This means that every one unit of the changes brought by the Transformation of the village administration into kelurahan administration can provide a positive potential to change certain unit in the development of communities in the province of West Java. The magnitude of the effect of the transformation of the status of village into kelurahan to the development of communities in the province of West Java in total were found in this study was 47.75 percent. While the remaining 52.25 percent is influenced by the other factors. It is also found that the relation between dimensions that provide the strongest correlation in both variables are the dimensions of the revitalization program (revitalization) in a variable Transformation of the village administration into kelurahan with the social development dimension and the dimension of cultural development in the community development variables. While the relation between the lowest match dimensions is the dimensions of organizational renewal (renewing) in the transformation of village into village status with dimensions of social development in community development variables. 2.
influenced by other factors. It is also found that the relationship between dimensions that provide the strongest correlation in both variables are the dimensions of the strengthening of the potential (empowering) in variable dimensions of empowerment by the political development in community development variables in the province of West Java. While the relation between the lowest match dimensions is the dimensions of protection (protection) in the variable dimension of community empowerment with economic development in a community development variables.
Community empowerment has a significant positive effect on community development in West Java province. This provides an explanation that the community empowerment process provides a positive effect to the community development in the process of transformation of the status of village into kelurahan in West Java province. This means that every one unit of the changes brought by the process of community empowerment in policy implementation of the Transformation of the village administration into kelurahan in West Java province can support the positive changes in community development in specific units. The magnitude of the effect of empowering the community to the development of communities in the province of West Java in total were found in this study amounted to 36.48 percent. While the remaining 63.52 percent is
70
3.
Transformation of the status of village into kelurahan and community empowerment has a significant effect simultaneously positive to community development in West Java province. The magnitude of the effect of the transformation of village into kelurahan and community empowerment simultaneously towards community development in West Java found in this research was 53.70 percent. While the remaining 46.30 percent is influenced by other factors. Value effect simultaneously relatively strong, and this indicates that variable transformation of village into kelurahan and community development variables have a positive impact on the development of society as a whole. The magnitude of the effect of the transformation of the status of the village into kelurahan shows the results is bigger than the magnitude of the effect of community empowerment for the communitydevelopment in the province of West Java.
4.
The findings of this research generally produce novelty that the transformation of village into kelurahan model followed by appropriate community empowerment in West Java can be a positive influence on the variation change community development. This gives the theoretical implication that people can develop positive dynamics when the transformation of the status of village into kelurahan simultaneously supported community empowerment process. Thus, the following two variables are the various
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
dimensions as an important factor for realizing the demands of a growing community to the appropriate service needs and strategic environment both internally and externally in the administrative area of West Java Province. Novelty models found in this study also showed the strength of the relationship between the dimensions of revitalization (revitalization) in the Transformation of the village administration into kelurahan with the dimensions of social development and the dimensions of cultural development in community development variable, as well as strengthening dimension potential (empowering) in the transformation of village into kelurahan variables with the development dimension of politics in community development variables. This provides an explanation that the strength of the relation between dimension of revitalization programs with social and cultural development, as well as the dimensions of strengthening the potential for the development of politics becoming a factor that should be noted and considered further because it could give effect more positively to any changes that occur under the influence of the Transformation of the village administration into kelurahan and community empowerment to the community development in the province of West Java.
No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government and Law No. 6 in 2014 on the village to become a strategic reference in the process of transformation of the status of village into kelurahan in the future. 2.
Considering the results, which show the influence of factors that were not studied and relatively also potentially impact the community development in line with the transformation of the status of the village into kelurahan, then to consider other factors such as leadership factor, the factor of community participation, and policy factors village budget and villages in the research model that will come.
3.
The community development in the province of West Java can be further enhanced by improving relations of reshaping the policy direction dimensions (reframing) with dimensions of political development; dimensions of governmental restructuring (restructuring) with dimensions of cultural development; strengthening dimension of potential with the environmental dimension, the dimension of protection with economic development dimension, and a dimension of climate conducive to economic development dimension.
4.
The power of the relation in dimension of revitalization programs with social and cultural development, as well as strengthening the potential with the development dimension of politics in our model village status transformation into keluragan should be noted and considered further in the future because it can provide a more positive effect in realizing the well transformation towards people welfare.
Suggestions Conclusions based on the results of this study, the authors suggested academically some of the recommendation as follows: 1.
The research on the transformation of village administration into kelurahan that are associated with social transformation, including the community development is still rare. Therefore, similar research needs to be developed with a variety of assumptions, methodologies, and different locations to obtain a model that can be generalized scientifically valid for development interest of the science of government, particularly with the theory of the village administration in the system of decentralized governance in Indonesia in accordance the determination of law
Practical advice related to the implementation of the statement of science, particularly in the field of village administration/kelurahan from results in this dissertation, the authors give some recommendation as follows: 1.
71
Commitment of the central government is needed, provincial government and district/city governments in order to meet the public expectations to develop and have an access in the process of
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
2.
3.
4.
www.Tijoss.com
transformation of the status of the village into kelurahan in the future.
5.
The policy of transformation of the status of village into kelurahan is no longer determined to meet the administrative requirements but to be ensured because the public needs to be empowered and grow in line with the dynamics of the regional administration.
6.
7.
8.
Community empowerment in the structure of the new administration (kelurahan) should consider the pattern of community empowerment policies that are tailored to village autonomy (Determination of law, Republic of Indonesia No. 6 of 2014 on Villages).
9.
10.
Community development must be supported by the process of transformation of the status village into kelurahan, so that structural changes of village organizations also encourage changes in society through changes in public services that can faster, accurate, and inexpensive.
11.
12.
13. 5.
There should be a policies adjustment, particularly those related to government regulation on kelurahan that is aligned with the determination of law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government with concerning the rules of village administration as stipulated in Law No. 6 of 2014 about the village and Government Regulation, and Law No.43 of 2014 concerning the Implementation Regulations UU6 / 2014 about the village.
14.
15.
16.
Bibliography 1.
2.
3.
4.
17.
Abidin, Said Zainal. 2002. Perspektif Baru Dalam Sistem Pengelolaan Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Millennium Publisher. Adimihardja, Kusnaka, dan Hikmat, Harry. 2004. Participatory Research Appraisal: Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. Bandung: Humaniora. Adisasmita Rahardja. 2008. Pengembangan Wilayah : Konsep dan Teori. Yogyakarta : Graha Ilmu. __________________. 2006. Membangun Desa Partisipatif.Yogyakarta:Graha Ilmu.
18.
19.
72
__________________. 2006. Pembangunan Pedesaan dan Perkotaan. Yogyakarta:Graha Ilmu. Affandi, Anwar dan Setia Hadi. 1996. Perencanaan Pembangunan Wilayah dan Pedesaan.Jakarta:Prisma. Arikunto Suharsimi. 1996. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek, Jakarta:Rineka Cipta. Albrow, Martin. 1996. Birokrasi. Terjemahan M. Rusli Karim, Totok Daryanto. Cetakan Ketiga. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana. Allen, Louis A. 1985. Management and Organization. New York: Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company. AMA. 1993. Local Authorities and Community Development: A Strategic Opportunity for the 1990s. London: Association of Metropolitan Authorities. Arikunto, Suharsini. 1993. Prosedur Penelitian, Suatu Pendekatan Praktek, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. Beratha I Nyoman. 1982. Desa, Masyarakat Desa dan Pembangunan Desa. Jakarta : Galia Indonesia. Berger, Peter L. And Richard John Neuhaus. 1996. To Empower People: From State to Civil Society. Washington DC: The AEI Press Publisher for the American Enterprise Institute. Bintarto R. 1983. Interaksi Desa – Kota dan Permasalahannya. Jakarta : Galia Indonesia. Bhattacharya. 1972. Administrative Organization for Development. Brussel: International Institute of Administrative Science Blau, Peter M. & Marshall W. Meyer. 1987. Birokrasi Dalam Masyarakat Modern, Edisi Kedua. Terjemahan Gary R. Jusuf. Jakarta: UI-Press. Bram, Geert P.A. 1988. Sosiologi Pemerintahan. Penerjemah JRG Djopari diterbikan untuk Institut Ilmu Pemerintahan. Brusel: Samson Alphen aan den Rijn. Bryant, Coralie and White, Louise G. 1987. Manajemen Pembangunan untuk Negara Berkembang. Terjemahan Rusyanto L. Simatupang. Jakarta: LP3ES. Bunasor. 1992. Pembangunan Pedesaan Gerakan dari Bawah dan Partisipasi Masyarakat. Jakarta: Media Baru.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
20. Burhan M. Umar. 1985. Pemasaran Hasil-Hasil Pedesaan, dalam “Pembangunan Ekonomi Pedesaan”, Hadi Prayitno (editor), Yogyakarta: Liberty. 21. Buverger, Maurice. 2003. Sosiologi Politik. Terjemahan. Jakarta: Yayasan Ilmu-ilmu sosial. 22. Cernea, Michael M, 1998. Mengutamakan Manusia di dalam Pembangunan. Terjemahan Basilius Bengo Teku. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press. 23. Chambers, Robert. 1996. PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal Memahami Desa Secara Partisipatif. Penyunting Prabowo Adi Nugroho. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. 24. Cheema, G. Shabir and Dennis a. Rondinelli. 1983. Decentralizatiob and Development: Policy Implementation in Developing Countries. Beverly Hills/London/New Delhi: Sage Publications. 25. Cohen, Jacob. and Patricia Cohen. 1983. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for The Behavioral Sciences. Second Edition. New Jersey: Lawrence Earbaum Associates, Publishers Hillsdale. 26. Cohen, John M. dan Norman T. Uphoff. 1977. Rural Development Paticipation; Concept and Measures for Project Design Implementation and Evaluation. New York: Cornell University Press. 27. Conyers, Diana. 1991. Perencanaan Sosial di Dunia Ketiga: Suatu Pengantar. Terjemahan Susetiawan. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. 28. Culla, Adi Suryadi. 2006. Rekonstruksi Civil Society: Wacana dan Aksi Ornop di Indonesia. Jakarta: Pustaka LP3ES. 29. Cushway, Barry. and Derek Lodge. 1993. Perilaku dan Desain Organisasi: Struktur, Pekerjaan, Peran, Komunikasi dan Motivasi. Terjemahan Sularno Tjiptowardojo. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo. 30. Djaelangkara, R. 2000. Birokrasi untuk Pemberdayaan Rakyat. dalam Djaelangkara, R. & Sikopa, S.D. (penyunting). Perspektif Pembangunan Pemberdayaan Rakyat. Yogyakarta: UGM Press. 31. Effendy, Khasan. 2010. Sosiologi Pemerintahan. Bandung: CV. Indra Prahasta.
32. _____________. 2010. Penguatan Pemerintahan Desa. Bandung: CV. Indra Prahasta. 33. Eko, Sutoro. 2003. Kompleksitas Persoalan Otonomi Daerah di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 34. Eko, Sutoro dan Abdur Rozaki, (Ed). 2005. Prakarsa Desentralisasi dan Otonomi Desa. Cetakan II. Yogyakarta: IRE PRESS. 35. Espejo R, Schuhmann W, Schwaninger M, Bilello U. 1996. Organizational Transformation and Learning. A Cybernetic Approach to Management. 36. Faisal, Sanapiah. 1981. Menggalang Gerakan Bangun Diri Masyarakat Desa. Surabaya: Usaha Nasional. 37. __________. 1994. Format-Format Penelitian Sosial. Cetakan Keempat. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. 38. Finer, Herman. 1949. Theory and Practice of Modern Government. Revised Edition. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 39. Friedman, J. 1992.Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development”, Cambridge: Blackwell. 40. Fukuyama, Francis. 2005. Memperkuat Negara Tata Pemerintahan dan Tata Dunia Abad 21. Terjemahan A. Zaim Rofiqi. Jakarta. 41. Gaulet, Denis. 1989. Participation in Development: World Development, Vol.17, No. 2. New Avenues. 42. Garna, Yudistira K. 1996. Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, Dasar-Konsep-Posisi. Bandung: Program Pascasarjana. 43. __________.1997. Teori Pembangunan Menurut Perspektif Dunia Ketiga. Bandung: Primaco Akademika. 44. __________.1999. Teori Sosial dan Pembangunan Indonesia. Bandung: Primaco Akademika. 45. __________.1999. Metoda Penelitian: Pendekatan Kualitatif. Bandung: Primaco Akademika. 46. __________.2000. Metoda Penelitian Sosial: Penelitian Dalam Ilmu Pemerintahan I: Desain dan RencanaPenelitian. Bandung: Primaco Akademika. 47. Gibsons, James L. 1996. Organisasi: Perilaku-Struktur-Proses, Edisi Kedelapan. Terjemahan Nunuk Adiami. Jakarta: Binu Pura Aksara.
73
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
48. Giddens, Antony. 2004. The Contitution of society, Teori Strukturlisasi untuk Analisa Sosial. Terjemahan. Malang: Pedati. 49. Gouillart, Francis J. And James N. Kelly. 1995. Transforming the Organization: Reframing Corporate Direction, Restructuring the Company, Revitalizing the Enterprise, Renewing People. New York: McGrah-Hill. Inc. 50. Gulo, W. 2002. Metodologi Penelitian. Jakarta: Grasindo, Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. 51. Gunawan. 2013. Rural Talks: IkhtiarMemahami Transformasi SosialEkonomi Masyarakat Desa. Jakarta: Indonesian Human Rights Committee for Social Justice. 52. Hamdi, Muchlis. 2002. Bunga Rampai Pemerintahan, Jakarta: Yarsif Watampone. 53. Hamijoyo, Santoso S. 2005. Komunikasi Partisipatoris. Bandung: Humaniora. 54. Haryanto, Dany dan G. Edwi Nugrohadi. 2011. Pengantar Sosiologi Dasar. Jakarta: PT. Prestasi Pustakaraya. 55. Hidayat. dan Sucherly. 1986. Peningkatan Produktivitas Organisasi Pemerintah dan Pegawai Negeri. Prisma, Nomor 1 Tahun 1986. Jakarta: Prisma. 56. Hikmat, H. (ed.). 2004. Strategi Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. Edisi Revisi. Bandung:Penerbit Humaniora Utama. 57. Holmes, Douglas. 2001. eGov eBusiness Strategies for Government. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. 58. Hoogerwerf, A. 1983. Ilmu Pemerintahan. Terjemahan R. L. L. Tobing. Jakarta: Erlangga. 59. Huntington, Samuel P. dan Joan Nelson. 1994. Partisipasi Politik di Negara Berkembang. Terjemahan Sahat Simamora. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 60. __________.2004. Tertib Politik pada Masyarakat yang Sedang Berubah. Terjemahan. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada. 61. __________.2005. Benturan Peradaban. Terjemahan M. Sadat Ismail. Yogyakarta: Qalam. 62. Hoessein B. 1993, Berbagai Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Besarnya Otonomi Daerah Tingkat II, Suatu Kajian Desentralisasi dan Otonomi Daerah dari Segi Ilmu Administrasi Negara, Jakarta:
Disertasi Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia. 63. Ife, Jim dan Frank Tesoriero. 2008. Community Development: Alternatif Pengembangan Masyarakat di Era Globalisasi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 64. Iskandar, Jusman. 1998. Bahan Perkuliahan: Teori dan Isu Pembangunan. Garut: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Garut. 65. ______________. 1999. Bahan PerkuliahanTeori Sosial, Jilid I. Garut: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Garut. 66. Ismanto, I. G. N. 1995. Kemiskinan di Indonesia dan Program IDT. Jakarta: Centre For Strategic and International Studies. 67. Jayadinata Johara T. dan Pramandita IGP. 2006. Pembangunan Desa dalam Perencanaan. Bandung : Penerbit ITB. 68. Juliantara, Dadang. 2000. Arus Bawah Demokrasi (Otonomi dan Pemberdayaan Desa). Yogyakarta:Lapera Pustaka Utama. 69. Kartasasmita, Ginandjar.1996. Pembangunan Untuk Rakyat: Memadukan Pertumbuhan dan Pemerataan. Jakarta: CIDES. 70. Karsa, Ira. 2005. Bunga Rampai Partisipasi dan Politik Anggaran. Jakarta. 71. Kartohadikoesoemo, Soetardjo. 1984. Desa. Cetakan Pertama. Jakarta: PN Balai Pustaka. 72. Keban, Yeramis, T. 1995. Indikator Kinerja Pemerintahan Daerah, Yogyakarta: Fisip UGM. 73. Kertapraja, Koswara. 2012. Pemerintahan Daerah: Konfigurasi Politik Desentralisasi dan Otonomi Daerah Dulu, Kini, dan Tantangan Globalisasi. Jakarta: Inner dan Yayasan Mandiri. 74. Koentjaraningrat. 1985. Kebudayaan Mentalitas dan Pembangunan, Jakarta: Gramedia. 75. Koswara, E. 2001. Otonomi Daerah Untuk Demokrasi dan Kemandirian Rakyat. Jakarta: Sembrani Aksara Nusantara. 76. Kuhn, Alfred. 1976. The Logic of Social System – 2nd Printing, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publisher. 77. Labolo, Muhadam. 2007. Memahami Ilmu Pemerintahan. Jakarta: PT.Raja Grafindo Persada. 78. ________________. 2008. Beberapa Pandangan Dasar tentang Ilmu
74
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
Pemerintahan. Malang: Bayumedia Publishing. 79. ________________. 2011. Memahami Ilmu Pemerintahan: Suatu Kajian, Teori, Konsep, dan Pengembangan. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. 80. Machan, R. Tiban. 1989. Kebebasan dan Kebudayaan/Gagasan tentang Masyarakat Bebas. Terjemahan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. 81. Mardikanto, Totok. 2010. Model-model Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret Press. 82. Mariadjang, J. 2000. Media Masa dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Perdesaan di Sulawesi Tengah. Dalam Djaelangkara, R & Sikopa, S.D. (penyunting) Perspektif Pembangunan Pemberdayaan Rakyat. Yogyakarta: UGM Press. 83. Maskun, Sumitro. 1993. Pembangunan Masyarakat Desa. Yogyakarta:Media widya Mandala. 84. Maschab, Mashuri. 1992. Pemerintahan Desa di Indonesia.Yogyakarta:PAU Studi Sosial. 85. MacIver, R.M. 1965. The Web of Government. New York: The MacMillan Company. 86. Mc. Iver. 1992. Jaring-jaring Pemerintahan - Jilid I. Terjemahan Laila Hasyim. Jakarta: Aksara Baru. 87. __________. 1992. Jaring-jaring Pemerintahan - Jilid II. Terjemahan Laila Hasyim. Jakarta: Aksara Baru. 88. Moebyarto. 1984. Strategi Pembangunan Pedesaan. Jogyakarta: P3PK Universitas Gajah Mada. 89. __________. 1985. Partisipasi dan Demokrasi di Pedesaan. Jakarta: PB-HMI. 90. __________. 1996. Ekonomi Rakyat dan Program IDT. Yogyakarta: Aditya Media. 91. Narwoko. JJ.Dwi dan Bagong Suyanto. 2007. Sosiologi Teks Pengantar dan terapan. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. 92. Nasution, S. 1995. Metode Research. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. 93. Nazir, Moh. 1999. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia. 94. Ndraha, Taliziduhu. 1985. Peranan Administrasi Pemerintahan Desa Dalam Pembangunan Desa. Jakarta: Yayasan Karya Dharma IIP.
95. ________________. 2003. Kybernology: Ilmu Pemerintahan Baru. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 96. __________.1987. Pembangunan Masyarakat Mempersiapkan Masyarakat Tinggal Landas. Jakarta: Bina Aksara. 97. __________.1997. Metodologi Ilmu Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 98. __________.2000. Ilmu Pemerintahan Jilid I, II, III, IV dan V. Jakarta: Program Magister Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial (PM IIS) Bidang Kajian Utama (BKU) Ilmu Pemerintahan Kerjasama IIP-Unpad. 99. __________.2001. Teori Budaya Organisasi. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 100. __________.2003. Kybernology (Ilmu Pemerintahan Baru) 1. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 101. __________.2003. Kybernology (Ilmu Pemerintahan Baru) 2. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 102. __________.2005. Kybernologi Beberapa Konstruksi Utama. Tangerang: Sirao Credentia Center. 103. Nelson, Joan. 1979. Acces to Power, Politics and The Urban Poor in Developing Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 104. Ngadiyono. 1984. Kelembagaan dan Masyarakat. Jakarta: Bina Aksara. 105. Nurcholis, Hanif. 2005. Teori dan Praktik Pemerintahan dan Otonomi Daerah. Jakarta : Grasindo. 106. Osborne, David and Ted Gaebler. 1992. Reinventing Government: How The Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming The Public Sector. New York: AddisonWesley Publishing Company, Inc. 107. Pamudji, S.1980. Kepemimpinan Pemerintahan Indonesia, Jakarta: IIP Depdagri. 108. __________. 1984. Pelaksanaan Azas Desentralisasi dan Otonomi Daerah di Dalam Sistem Administrasi NKRI. Jakarta: IIP Press. 109. Payne, M. 1995. Social Work and Community Care. London: MacMillan. 110. Poelje. G.A. Van. 1978. Pengantar Ilmu Pemerintahan. Terjemahan. Jakarta: Yayasan Karya Dharma IIP. 111. Prasadja, Buddy. 1982. Pembangunan Desa dan Masalah Kepemimpinannya.Jakarta: CV. Rajawali.
75
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
112. Prastowo, A. 2010. Menguasai TeknikTeknik Koleksi Data Penelitian Kualitatif. Jogjakarta: DIVA Press. 113. Pramusinto, Agus dan Erwan Agus Purwanto. 2009. Reformasi Birokrasi, Kepemimpinan, dan Pelayanan Publik. Yogyakarta: Gava Media-JIAN UGMMAP UGM. 114. Pruitt, G. Dean. Dkk. 2004. Teori Konflik Sosial. Terjemahan, Helly P. Soetjipto, dkk. Yogyakarta. 115. Rasyid, Muhammad Ryaas. 1997. Makna Pemerintahan Tinjauan dari Segi Etika dan Kepemimpinan. Jakarta: Yarsif Watampone. 116. __________. 1997. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan. Edisi Keenam. Jakarta: IIP. 117. __________. 1999. Makna Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Yasrif Watampone. 118. __________. 2001. Penjaga Hati Nurani Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Pusat Kajian Etika Politik dan Pemerintahan (PUSKAP) dan Masyarakat Ilmu Pemerintahan. 119. Rustiadi Ernan dan Dardak Emil Elestianto. 2008. Agropolitan : strategi Pengembangan Pusat Pertumbuhan Pada Kawasan Perdesaan. Bogor : Crestpent Press. 120. Saefullah, A. Djadja. 1997. Tinjauan Pustaka Penggunaan Informasi Kepustakaan Dalam Penulisan Tesis dan Disertasi. Bandung: Program Pascasarjana Universitas Padjadjaran. 121. __________. 2002. Sumber Daya Manusia dan Pembangunan Dalam Otonomi Daerah. Bandung: Makalah Dalam Seminar Kebudayaan IndonesiaMalaysia di Kuala Lumpur, 7-11 Oktober 2002. 122. Saragi, Tumpal P. 2004. Mewujudkan Otonomi Masyarakat Desa – Alternatif Pemberdayaan Desa. Jakarta: C.V. Cipiruy. 123. Salam, D.S. 2004. Manajemen Pemerintahan Indonesia. Jakarta: Djambatan. 124. Santoso, Singgih. 2000. Buku Latihan SPSS Statistik Parametrik. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo. 125. Sastropoetro, S. 1998. Partisipasi, Persuasi dan Disiplin Dalam Pembangunan Nasional. Bandung: Rosdakarya. 126. Sedarmayanti. 1999. Restrukturisasi dan Pemberdayaan Organisasi Untuk
Menghadapi Dinamika Perubahan Lingkungan. Bandung: Mandar Maju. 127. __________.2004. Good Governance (Kepemerintahan Yang Baik). Bandung: Mandar Maju. 128. Siagian, Sondang P. 1985. Proses Pengelolaan Pembangunan Nasional. Jakarta: Gunung Agung. 129. Simangunsong, Fernandes. 2014. Transformasi Organisasi Perubahan Status Desa Menjadi Kelurahan. Bandung: Alfabeta. 130. Smith, Brian C. 2012. Decentralization: The Territorial Dimension of State. Desentralisasi Dimensi Teritorial Suatu Negara. Jakarta: Masyarakat Ilmu Pemerintahan Indonesia. 131. Soekanto. 2000. Meningkatkan Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam Pembangunan Desa. Jakarta: CSIS. 132. Soetrisno, Loekman. 1995. Menuju Masyarakat Partisipatif. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. 133. Soetjitro, Pandu. 2014. Transformasi Organisasi Menggunakan Pendekatan 4R. Semarang: Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi AKA. (dalam http://jurnal.unimus.ac.id). 134. Spencer, Sabina. 2004. The Heart of Leadership. London: Random House. 135. Steward, Aileen Mitchell. 2002. Empowering People, (PemberdayaanSumberdaya Manusia). Terjemahan: Agus M. Hardjana. Jakarta: Kanisius. 136. Sudjarwo, H. 2001. Metodologi Penelitian Sosial. Bandung: Mandar Maju. 137. Suharto, E. 2005. Membangun Masyarakat Memberdayakan Rakyat: Kajian Strategis Pembangunan Kesejahteraan Sosial dan Pekerjaan Sosial. Jakarta:PT. Refika Aditama. 138. Sumaryadi, Nyoman. 2005. Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Otonom dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. Jakarta: Citra Utama. 139. _________________. 2006. Kebutuhan Masyarakat Madani Perspektif Ilmu Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Lembaga Pengkajian Manajemen Pemerintahan Indonesia. 140. Sumodiningrat, Gunawan. 1997. Pembangunan Daerah dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. Jakarta: PT. Bina Rena Pariwara.
76
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES 15th January 2017. Vol.47. No.1 © 2012-2017 TIJOSS & ARF. All rights reserved ISSN 2305-4557
www.Tijoss.com
141. ______________________. 1999. Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan JPS. Jakarta: Gramedia. 142. Sunardjo, Unang. R. H. 1984. Tinjauan Sepintas Tentang Pemerintahan Desa dan Kelurahan. Bandung: Tarsito. 143. Supriatna, Tjahya. 1997. Birokrasi Pemberdayaan Dan PengentasanKemiskinan. Bandung: Humaniora Utama Press. 144. __________.2000. Strategi Pembangunan dan Kemiskinan. Jakarta: Penerbit Rineka Cipta. 145. Suradinata, Ermaya. 2013. Etika Pemerintahan dan Geopolitik Indonesia. Bandung: Pustaka Ramadhan. 146. ________________. 2013. Leadership: How to Build a Nation, Reformasi Organisasi dan Administrasi Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Lembaga Ketahanan Nasional Republik Indonesia dan PD Super Express. 147. Suwarsono dan Alvin Y So. 2000. Perubahan Sosial Dalam Pembangunan. Jakarta: LP3ES. 148. Suhartono. 1991. Apanage dan Bekel – Perubahan Sosial di Pedesaan Surakarta 1830-1920. Tiara Wacana Yogayakarta. 149. _________ 2000. Parlemen Desa. Lapera Pustaka Utama, Yogyakarta. 150. Syahyuti. 2006. 30 Konsep Penting dalam Pembangunan Pedesaan dan Pertanian. Jakarta : Bina Rena Pariwara. 151. Sztompka, Piotr. 2005. Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial. Jakarta: Prenada. 152. Twevetrees, A. 1991. Coomunity Work. London: MacMillan, 153. Thoha, Miftah. 1995. Birokrasi Indonesia Dalam Era Globalisas. Jakarta: Batang Gadis. 154. Tjokrowinoto, Moeljarto. 1999. Pembangunan Dilema dan Tantangan. Jakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 155. Unang Sunardjo RH. 1984 Tinjauan Sepintas tentang Pemerintahan Desa dan Kelurahan. Bandung : Tarsito. 156. Usman, Sunyoto. 2004. Pembangunan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 157. Veeger, K.J. 1993. Realitas Sosial: Refleksi Filsafat Sosial atas Hubungan Individu-Masyarakat dalam Cakrawala Sejarah Sosiologi. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
158. Wasistiono, Sadu. 1993. Kepala Desa dan Dinamika Pemilihannya. Bandung : CV. Mekar Rahayu. 159. ______________. 1996. Pengembangan Keorganisasian Pemerintah Desa (Disertasi). Sumedang:Universitas Padjadjaran. 160. ______________.2010. Metodologi Ilmu Pemerintahan. Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka. 161. Wasistiono, Sadu dan M. Irwan Tahir, 2006, Prospek Pengembangan Desa, Bandung: Fokusmedia. 162. Widjaja, HAW. 2003. Otonomi Desa. PT.Rajagrafindo Persada, Jakarta. 163. Wirawan, I.B. 2013. Teori-teori Sosial Dalam Paradigma (Fakta Sosial, Definisi Sosial, dan Perilaku Sosial). Jakarta: Kencana Pramedia Group. 164. Witaradya, Kertya. 2010. Pemberdayaan Suatu Tinjauan Teoritis. Governance Consultant.
77
