fish and animal protein in timor leste - Food and Agriculture ...

FISH AND ANIMAL PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AND AVAILABILITY IN TIMOR-LESTE

National Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Supported by the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia Timor-Leste 2011

REGIONAL FISHERIES LIVELIHOODS PROGRAMME FOR SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA (RFLP)

FISH AND ANIMAL PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AND AVAILABILITY IN TIMOR-LESTE (Activity Code 1.2.3; 2010-2011 work plan)

For the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia

Prepared by AMSAT INTERNATIONAL

June 2011

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Disclaimer and copyright “This publication has been made with the financial support of the Spanish Agency of International Cooperation for Development (AECID) through an FAO trust-fund project, the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (RFLP) for South and Southeast Asia. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the opinion of FAO, AECID, or RFLP.” All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational and other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2011 Bibliographic reference For bibliographic purposes, please reference this publication as: AMSAT International (2011). Fish and animal protein consumption and availability in Timor-Leste. Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia (GCP/RAS/237/SPA) Field Project Document 2011/TIM/02.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................................................... 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 11 1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 SURVEY LOCATIONS ................................................................................................................ 13 1.4 OUTPUT ................................................................................................................................... 14 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT .................................................................................................... 14

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METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 QUANTITATIVE SURVEY .......................................................................................................... 15 2.1.1 Selection of respondents .................................................................................................. 15 2.1.2 Sampling design ............................................................................................................... 16 2.1.3 Survey constraints in Oecussi .......................................................................................... 17 2.1.4 Respondents and their households ................................................................................... 17 2.1.5 Weightings........................................................................................................................ 18 2.1.6 Coastal, non-coastal and urban categories ..................................................................... 18 2.2 QUALITATIVE .......................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 ENUMERATORS ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.4 QUESTIONNAIRE ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.5 DATA ANALYSIS OF THE COLLECTIVE RESULT RELATED TO OECUSSI DISTRICT ..................... 21

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DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ...................................................................................................... 22 3.1 POPULATION PROFILE .............................................................................................................. 22 3.2 AGE DISTRIBUTION .................................................................................................................. 22 3.3 MARITAL STATUS .................................................................................................................... 23 3.4 HOUSEHOLD SIZE ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.5 GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION ................................................................................. 26 3.6 RELIGION ................................................................................................................................. 28 3.7 EDUCATION LEVEL .................................................................................................................. 28 3.8 OCCUPATION ........................................................................................................................... 31 3.9 OWNERSHIP OF CATTLE, BOATS AND GOODS .......................................................................... 33 3.10 MONTHLY INCOME ................................................................................................................ 34

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ANIMAL MEAT OR FISH CONSUMPTION IN TIMOR-LESTE ....................................... 38 4.1 HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR ................................................................................ 38 4.2 FREQUENCY OF MEAT OR FISH CONSUMPTION ........................................................................ 39 4.3 TYPES OF PROTEIN CONSUMED ................................................................................................ 43 4.4 TYPES OF FISH/SEAFOOD USUALLY CONSUMED ...................................................................... 44 4.5 COOKING PREFERENCES FOR FISH/SEAFOOD ........................................................................... 46 4.6 REASONS FOR CONSUMING FISH/SEAFOOD .............................................................................. 47 4.7 REASONS FOR NOT CONSUMING FISH/SEAFOOD ...................................................................... 49 4.8 SOURCES OF FISH/SEAFOOD ..................................................................................................... 52 4.9 DISTANCE FROM SOURCES OF FISH/SEAFOOD.......................................................................... 53 4.10 PERCEIVED EASE OF ACCESS TO FISH/SEAFOOD .................................................................... 56 4.11 FISH BUYING VOLUME ........................................................................................................... 57 4.12 FREQUENCY OF BUYING FISH ................................................................................................ 59

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4.13 CONSUMPTION OF PROCESSED FISH....................................................................................... 61 4.14 FISH AND ANIMAL MEAT CONSUMPTION ............................................................................... 63 4.14.1 Frequency of annual consumption per year .................................................................. 63 4.14.2 Weight of consumption per meal .................................................................................... 63 4.14.3 Final calculation of consumption per capita per year ................................................... 64 4.14.4 Average consumption ..................................................................................................... 64 4.14.5 Consumption by area ..................................................................................................... 66 4.14.6 Consumption by district ................................................................................................. 66 4.14.7 Fish and meat consumption by age ................................................................................ 67 4.14.8 Fish and meat consumption by marital status ............................................................... 68 4.14.9 Fish and meat consumption by level of education ......................................................... 69 4.14.10 Fish and meat consumption by level of income and family size .................................. 70 4.14.11 Meat consumption versus ownership of cattle and chicken ......................................... 71 4.14.12 Meat/fish consumption against reported preferences .................................................. 72 4.14.13 Fish supply and fish consumption ................................................................................ 72 4.15 PERCEIVED LEVEL OF CONSUMPTION .................................................................................... 73 4.16 SEASONAL AVAILABILITY OF FISH ........................................................................................ 75 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 76 5.1 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 76 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................... 78

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REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 80

APPENDIX 1. QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................................................. 81 APPENDIX 2. LIST OF SURVEYED ALDEIAS (VILLAGES) ................................................ 112 APPENDIX 3. RESULTS OF FISH AND MEAT CONSUMPTION LEVELS ........................ 115 APPENDIX 4. FINDINGS OF FGD’S AND IDI’S IN 5 DISTRICTS ........................................ 118

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. 5 districts in Timor-Leste as target survey area (map source: United Nations 2008) ................................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 2-1. Sample distribution (%) ....................................................................................... 16 Figure 3-1. Age distribution of respondents ........................................................................... 22 Figure 3-2. Age distribution of respondents by district .......................................................... 23 Figure 3-3. Age distribution by urban-coastal categorisation ................................................. 23 Figure 3-4. Marital status of respondents. .............................................................................. 24 Figure 3-5. Marriage status of respondents by district ........................................................... 24 Figure 3-6. Percentage of respondents by household size (N = 820) ..................................... 25 Figure 3-7. Distribution of household size by total (left) and by district (right) ..................... 25 Figure 3-8. Household size of respondents based on urban-coastal-non-coastal categorisation .......................................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 3-9. Age distribution of population by gender and by district .................................... 26 Figure 3-10. Percentage of schooling experience (N = 820) .................................................. 29 Figure 3-11. Level of education (N = 820) ............................................................................. 29 Figure 3-12. School experience of respondents by district ..................................................... 29 Figure 3-13. School experience of respondents by urban-coastal categorisation (excluding Oecussi)............................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 3-14. Completion of school education......................................................................... 30 Figure 3-15. Percentage of drop-out status of respondents in the past ................................... 31 Figure 3-16. Percentage of work force (N = 820) ................................................................... 31 Figure 3-17. Ownership of goods, cattle and boats ................................................................. 33 Figure 3-18. Ownership of assets by district .......................................................................... 34 Figure 3-19. Respondents worked for money a month before the survey (by district) .......... 35 Figure 3-20. Respondents worked for money a month before the survey (by urban - coastal) .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 3-21. Monthly income (USD), by district ................................................................... 35 Figure 3-22. Income level groups versus type of main job..................................................... 36 Figure 3-23. Average income groups by district .................................................................... 36 Figure 3-24. Average income groups by urban-coastal categorization .................................. 37 Figure 4-1. The way family members eat fish or seafood ...................................................... 38 Figure 4-2. Part of fish eaten by male and female members in the household ....................... 39 Figure 4-3. Part of fish eaten by age of respondent ................................................................ 39 Figure 4-4. When people have meal with fish or meat (by district and by urban-coastal) ..... 40 Figure 4-5. Frequency of consumption of meat/fish protein .................................................. 41 Figure 4-6. Past frequency of eating meat/fish by district (percent)....................................... 41 Figure 4-7. Frequency of animal protein consumption by area .............................................. 42 Figure 4-8. Frequency of animal protein consumption (by district) ....................................... 42 Figure 4-9. Types of animal protein consumed (by district) .................................................. 44 Figure 4-10. Species of fish/seafood consumed (% by area) .................................................. 46 Figure 4-11. Methods of preparing fish/seafood (by district) ................................................. 47

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Figure 4-12. Methods of preparing fish/seafood (by area) ..................................................... 47 Figure 4-13. What do you like about fish? (percentages based on all respondents = 100%) . 48 Figure 4-14. Reasons for consuming fish/seafood (%, by district)......................................... 48 Figure 4-15. Reasons for consuming fish/seafood (%, by area) ............................................. 49 Figure 4-16. What is disliked about fish (percentages based on all respondents = 100%)..... 49 Figure 4-17. What is disliked about fish (by urban-coastal) ................................................... 50 Figure 4-18. Reasons limiting consumption of fish/seafood .................................................. 51 Figure 4-19. Reasons for not eating fish or seafood (by urban-coastal) ................................. 51 Figure 4-20. Sources of fish/seafood (by district) .................................................................. 52 Figure 4-21. Sources of fish/seafood (by area) ....................................................................... 53 Figure 4-22. Distance/access to fish/seafood (by district) ...................................................... 54 Figure 4-23. Distance/access to salt water fish/seafood (by area) .......................................... 54 Figure 4-24. Availability of fish/seafood at the market the respondent goes to (by district) . 55 Figure 4-25. Availability of fish/seafood at the market the respondent goes to (by urbancoastal) ............................................................................................................................. 56 Figure 4-26. Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access to fish/seafood (by district) ................. 56 Figure 4-27. Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access to fish/seafood (by area) ..................... 57 Figure 4-28. Volume of fish/seafood bought .......................................................................... 58 Figure 4-29. Volume bought (kg) everytime buying fish ....................................................... 58 Figure 4-30. Frequency of buying fish in general (percent) ................................................... 59 Figure 4-31. Frequency of buying fish by district .................................................................. 59 Figure 4-32. Frequency of buying fish/seafood by area ......................................................... 60 Figure 4-33. Frequency of buying fish/seafood with their weight.......................................... 60 Figure 4-34. Experience in buying processed fish/seafood .................................................... 61 Figure 4-35. Processed fish/seafood bought (by urban-coastal) ............................................. 62 Figure 4-36. Frequency of buying processed fish/seafood (by type)...................................... 62 Figure 4-37. Per-capita level of consumption of protein sources in 4 districts ...................... 65 Figure 4-38. Fish and animal meat consumption level (by urban-coastal) ............................. 66 Figure 4-39. Fish and animal meat consumption level (by district) ....................................... 67 Figure 4-40. Fish and meat consumption (g) by respondent's age .......................................... 68 Figure 4-41. Fish and meat consumption level (g) by marital status. ..................................... 69 Figure 4-42. Level of fish and meat consumption based on education level .......................... 69 Figure 4-43. Level of fish and meat consumption categorised by income level .................... 70 Figure 4-44. Fish and meat consumption level categorised by household size ...................... 71 Figure 4-45. Fish and meat consumed against livestock owned ............................................. 71 Figure 4-46. Levels of fish and meat consumption categorised by what was mostly consumed .......................................................................................................................................... 72 Figure4-47. Fish supplyand consumption ............................................................................... 73 Figure 4-48. Perception on the quantity of fish consumed ..................................................... 74 Figure 4-49. Willingness to consume more fish if having more money ................................. 74 Figure 4-50. Fishing calendar 5 districts (source: RFLP Baseline Survey data, 2011) .......... 75

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LIST OF TABLES Table 0-1. Per-capita consumption of fish and meat by urban-coastal categorisation and by district .............................................................................................................................. 12 Table 2-1. Weight scores for district sampling ....................................................................... 18 Table 2-2. Locations and participants of FGDs and IDIs ....................................................... 19 Table 3-1. Population Profile (Census 2010) .......................................................................... 22 Table 3-2. Average household size by district (survey result and census) ............................. 25 Table 3-3. Gender comparison of population by age group and by district ........................... 27 Table 3-4. Distribution of gender in the sample ..................................................................... 27 Table 3-5. Meat or fish consumed grouped by religion of respondents ................................. 28 Table 3-6. Main job/occupation in respondent’s household (N = 528) .................................. 31 Table 3-7. Distribution of jobs in districts .............................................................................. 32 Table 4-1. Type of meal consumed......................................................................................... 43 Table 4-2. Type of animal protein consumed (urban, coastal and non-coastal areas) ............ 43 Table 4-3. Species of fish/seafood consumed by district (% within district) ......................... 44 Table 4-4. Species of fish/seafood consumed by area (% within area) .................................. 45 Table 4-5. Fish and animal meat consumption (summary)..................................................... 65

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LIST OF ATTACHMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4.

Questionnaire List of Aldeia Result on fish and meat consumption level Summary of key points from Focus Group Discussions and In Depth Interviews

LIST OF DATA 1. 2. 3.

IDI and FGD Records SPSS Database Summary Excel Spreadsheet

LIST OF ACRONYMS BPS FAO FGD IDI JICA MAF RFLP UNTL

Biro Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia) Food and Agriculture Organization Focus Group Discussions In-Depth Interviews Japan International Cooperation Agency Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa’e

LIST OF TERMS Aldeia

Timorese term for a sub-village grouping. In terms of size, an aldeia can be equivalent to a dusun in Indonesia or a hamlet in English. Aldeias are not formalized divisions with administrative authority. Timor-Leste has a total of 2,225 aldeias.

Animal protein Protein sourced from animals including fish, other sea or freshwater animals. Fish

Fish and other sea or freshwater animals consumed as sources of animal protein.

Meat

Non-sea or non-freshwater animal meat consumed as source of animal protein.

Suco

Sucos are the smallest administrative division. A group of sucos creates a subdistrict. According to the National Directorate of Statistics there are 442 sucos in Timor-Leste. In terms of size a suco can be equivalent to a desa/kelurahan (administrative village) in Indonesia. 9

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This report has been prepared for the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (RFLP) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) by AMSAT INTERNATIONAL. This survey of fish and animal protein consumption and availability was conducted in parallel with the Timor-Leste Baseline Survey under the RFLP programme. This report was developed by a team led by project manager Dr. Linda Christanty. Frieda Subrata, community development and nutrition specialist, led the field survey team which consisted of: Risang Rimbatmaja as survey specialist, Andreas Medah as post-harvest and marketing expert in agriculture and fisheries and Lamidi as expert in livelihoods enhancement and diversification. Jim Travers coordinated the final report analysis and report production working with the entire team. Rudy Purba assisted the team in the report analysis and report writing. The team also thanks Dr. Paul McShane for reviewing the final analysis and assisting in final editing work. We would like to thank Don Griffiths, Chief Technical Advisor RFLP, for his continuing support and guidance in finalizing the report. Also Dr. Enrique Alonso and Pedro Rodriques of the RFLP office in Dili for their continuous support in every aspect of the survey at the national and district level and specifically to Dr. Enrique Alonso for his comments and feedback in finalizing this report. We also thank the people who provided us with strong cooperation and assistance during the field survey: Alexio Gusmao Correia from the District Fisheries Officer (DFO) in Baucau, Junior Pascoal de Carvalho from the DFO in Bobonaro, Elsa de Carvalho from the DFO in Covalima and Agustinho Lao from the DFO in Oecussi. The survey included hundreds of respondents and covered large areas of five districts in Timor-Leste (Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro, Covalima and Oecussi) and would have been impossible without the strong cooperation and support of the Universidade Nacional de Timor-Leste (UNTL). We thank UNTL professors for their comments on the survey questionnaire and all senior students of the UNTL who became part of our team as enumerators in the survey and who faced the challenges of the survey including bad weather, rough seas, poor roads, accidents and inadequate facilities, with good spirits and perseverance. Lastly we thank FAO for the funding and we acknowledge the funding support of the Spanish Agency for International Development (AECID) that made this survey and report writing possible.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A survey of fish and meat consumption and its availability in Timor-Leste was undertaken during January 2011 in the five districts of Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro, Covalima and Oecussi. The survey was conducted together with a baseline livelihoods survey for the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (RFLP) in Timor-Leste. The RFLP is a 4-year programme of the FAO with activities in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam which is being implemented with financial support from Spain (US$19.4 million). The RFLP aims to “strengthen capacity among participating small-scale fishing communities and their supporting institutions towards improved livelihoods and sustainable fisheries resources management”. RFLP management is headquartered in the FAO in Bangkok and has dedicated management staff based in Dili. The survey included 820 randomly selected respondents in 80 aldeia (hamlets) in 55 suco (villages) in 5 districts. A mixed method approach was used including household survey (structured interviews), focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Interviews were conducted by enumerators recruited from the Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa’e (UNTL) who were trained and supervised by AMSAT International. The questionnaire was developed by AMSAT International in collaboration with RFLP and five professors from the Universidade Nacional de Timor Lorosa’e, and was field tested in Dili before the survey. Respondents are grouped according to age, gender, household size, marital status, educational achievement, occupation, asset ownership and monthly income. The consumption and availability data collected have been analysed by district, and also by area, i.e. urban, noncoastal and coastal. Regional coverage was affected by difficulty of access to some targeted aldeias in Oecussi (see section 2.1.3 below). Oecussi results are therefore only representative of 70% of Oecussi’s total population, covering the Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts. As a consequence the Oecussi data has been excluded from the collective survey in relation to district comparisons of fish and meat consumption levels. The results therefore reflect data from Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro and Covalima districts. However, Oecussi data has been included in the overall comparisons of urban, coastal and non-coastal areas, as these comparisons are not based on districts. As its population representativeness was quite high (70%) in many cases Oecussi results were also included in the overall, collective results and collective analysis. Key findings include:  Combined fish and meat consumption averages 19.4 kg/cap/year  Fish consumption was relatively low 6.1 kg/cap/year  There was significant variation in consumption of fish between districts ranging from 2.7 kg/cap/year in Bobonaro to 7.7 kg/cap/year in Dili.

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



There was significant variation in consumption of fish between urban, non-coastal and coastal areas with subsistence fishing and access to markets being considered as the main factors that influenced the variation. Average meat consumption was 13.3 kg/cap/year. Meat consumption was relatively even across urban, coastal and non-coastal areas, but varied greatly between districts.

Table 0-1. Per-capita consumption of fish and meat by urban-coastal categorisation and by district Area/District

Fish

Consumption (kg/capita/year) Meat Total **)

By Area Type Urban 6.0 19.1 Coastal 17.6 12.1 Non-Coastal 4.0 11.6 Mean *) 6.1 13.3 By District Baucau 5.9 11.6 Dili 7.7 18.2 Bobonaro 2.7 7.0 Covalima 5.5 6.6 Mean *) 6.1 13.3 *) Mean was generated from 4 districts, excluding Oecussi **) Values were rounded after calculating fish and meat combined

25.2 29.7 15.6 19.4 17.5 26.0 9.6 12.2 19.4

Note: In Oecussi (with data from Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts only) the fish consumption level was 9.3 kg/capita/year and the meat consumption level was 22.3 kg/capita/year. Total fish and meat consumption was 31.6 kg/capita/year.

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background With a coastline of approximately 700 km, there is considerable potential for fisheries to provide valuable protein for the Timorese people. The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF) estimated that 5,265 fishers operate along the Timor-Leste coastline, conducting mainly coastal fishing and harvest of intertidal resources. There is an opportunity to further develop coastal fisheries to improve the nutrition and well being of the people of TimorLeste. The fish and animal protein consumption and availability survey was one of the activities required by the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (RFLP) in Timor-Leste. The activity aimed to provide information about fish consumption (fresh and processed), together with demand, supply, availability and market chains. This complements baseline information on fishery product development, improving supply chains to market, and strengthening/ diversifying income opportunities of fisher families. Furthermore, a fish consumption survey would fill a gap in regards to patterns of animal protein consumption in Timor-Leste.

1.2 Objective The objectives of the survey were to estimate current levels of fish and meat consumption and obtain related information on supply, demand and availability. The survey results are expected to be used as the basis for the development of policies and strategies of TimorLeste’s fisheries and aquaculture sectors.

1.3 Survey locations The survey was conducted in five districts (Figure 1-1): 1. Baucau 2. Dili (including Atauro) 3. Bobonaro 4. Covalima 5. Oecussi (an enclave within Indonesia).

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Figure 1-1. 5 districts in Timor-Leste as target survey area (map source: United Nations 2008)

1.4 Output The outputs include information on:  Fish and meat consumption in general,  Fish consumption in coastal, non coastal and urban areas,  Fish consumption per district, and  Fish supply/availability.

1.5 Structure of the report The report consists of five Sections.  Section 1 is the introduction, covering the background, the objective and the survey locations. It also describes the broad structure of the report.  Section 2 describes the methodology of the survey.  Section 3 describes the general demographic features of the survey respondents.  Section 4 presents the results of the survey with comments and analyses where appropriate.  Section 5 presents conclusions and recommendations.

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METHODOLOGY

The study employed a mixed-method of quantitative and qualitative survey, with quantitative survey as the main focus. Data collection methods included:    

Desk review of available secondary data sources e.g. official census, existing reports and research, Household survey (structured interview), Focus group discussions (FGD), and In-depth interviews (IDI).

Finding the level and patterns of consumption of fish and other animal protein sources was the focus of the quantitative survey. The quantitative survey was also broadened to include socio-economic aspects of fish or meat consumption. The qualitative survey targeted the daily activities and socio-economic aspects of respondents that were relevant to fish or meat consumption. The qualitative survey was expected to describe the influence of livelihoods on the level of fish and meat consumption. Although there was some overlap in timing and location between the quantitative and qualitative surveys, conducted by different enumerators and/or field teams, generally the quantitative survey was conducted first followed by the qualitative survey. The quantitative survey assisted in identifying good informants to participate in the FGDs and the IDIs.

2.1 Quantitative survey 2.1.1 Selection of respondents A random survey was conducted in five districts of Timor-Leste (namely Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro, Covalima, and Oecussi). The total number of respondents was 820.     

Dili district: 332 respondents (33 aldeias) Baucau district: 164 respondents (16 aldeias) Bobonaro district: 134 respondents (13 aldeias) Covalima district: 90 respondents (9 aldeias) Oecussi district: 100 respondents (9 aldeias)

The sample distribution among the five districts was achieved based on the respective district populations and is described below (Fig. 2-1):

15

100 90 80 70 60 50

40.5

40 30

20.0

16.3

20

11.0

12.2

10 0 BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO COVALIMA

OECUSSI

Figure 2-1. Sample distribution (%)

Dili had the largest sample size with 332 respondents (41%) followed by Baucau (164 respondents, 20%), Bobonaro (134 respondents, 16%), and Oecussi (100 respondents, 12%). The district with the smallest sample size was Covalima with 90 respondents (11%). 2.1.2 Sampling design The 820 respondents were selected randomly using a two-stage random sampling procedure1 at the aldeia level. Details of available aldeia for each suco were received from local government offices and further verified in the field. Randomization was applied at aldeia level. In total there were 80 aldeias selected across 55 sucos. In each aldeia, 10 or 11 respondents were selected at random. The field team first created a list of households based on official information from the head of the aldeia and this list was then verified in the fieldwork process. In cases where lists of households were not available, the field team derived these from visits to the aldeia and made a simple map in order to list of households. Randomisation was then achieved from the final list of households through a systematic random process. First, the team selected a starting point using randomly selected tickets with numbers corresponding to individual households in the aldeia. Next, households to be interviewed were selected based on an interval number, which was calculated by dividing the total number of all households by the target number in the actual survey, which varies from 10 to 20 per aldeia. (A list of surveyed aldeias and their corresponding subdistricts and districts is presented in Table A in Appendix 2).

1

Sampling was designed using guidelines described in Magnani, R (1997). Sampling Guide. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project (FANTA). Washington: Academy for Educational Development.

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2.1.3 Survey constraints in Oecussi The field surveys were conducted in January 2011, during the rainy season in Timor-Leste. This compromised the survey in several areas of Oecussi district as some parts of the survey area were inaccessible due to flash flooding and road closures during the survey period. Random selection of aldeias was therefore conducted only in the accessible subdistricts. Thus, the results for Oecussi do not fully cover the whole district area. Nonetheless, to allow analysis with the predefined confidence level the sample size was maintained and replacement aldeias were selected in Pante Makasar (70 respondents) and Oesilo (30 respondents) subdistricts. Based on the district and subdistrict population, the respondent sample in Pante Makasar represented 54% of the district population (total population 65,524) and the Oesilo respondent sample represented 16% of the district population2. Therefore the Oecussi survey result could explain the condition and characteristics of 70% population of the district. Many of the aldeias in Pante Makasar (with 27 respondents) belong to coastal areas and are located inside or close to the city of Pante Makasar whereas all Oesilo aldeias surveyed (with 30 respondents) were inland and are non-coastal. Two other subdistricts (Nitibe and Passabe) were not surveyed given the above-mentioned constraints. 2.1.4 Respondents and their households The sampling process used households as the sampling unit. Thus, the 820 respondents were selected as representative of the whole population within five districts. Although the households were selected randomly, most people responding to the questionnaires were the wives of the heads of households. Women were generally the ones (99.3%) available for interview at the time of survey and were knowledgeable about household consumption habits. The per-person consumption data presented is based on the average consumption level of the respondent. However this consumption level was also tested and checked to compare to the average per-person consumption level of the members of the household that the respondent represented (see section 4.1). Overall, the survey design gained +/- 5% Confidence Interval (CI) at 95% Confidence Level (CL) using 50% population parameter (assumed unknown). Confidence intervals for survey data varied according to the sample size at district level (Dili = 8.1%; Oecussi= 13.8%; Covalima = 14.4%; Baucau = 10.7%; Bobonaro =11.5%). Although representativeness of the whole district was compromised by the exclusion of some subdistricts, data for Oecussi were still constructed with random selection and are considered valid since the size of sample was maintained in the survey. However data collected for Oecussi are only representative of 70% of the population of whole district.

2

Based on Census 2010 data, the total population of Oecussi district was 65,524 which comprised the population in Nitibe 11,414, Oesilo 10,717, Pante Makasar 35,159 and Passabe 8,234.

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2.1.5 Weightings The weight applied to each respondent is calculated by: [(district population) / (total population) ] x [ (total sample) / (district sample) ], where total population = 561,189 and total sample = 820. Table 2-1. Weight scores for district sampling

District

Baucau Dili Bobonaro Covalima Oecussi

District population size 111,484 234,331 89,787 60,063 65,524 561,189

% district population by total population (A) 19.8656781 41.7561641 15.9994227 10.7028114 11.6759238 100

Sample size

% sample size by total sample size

164 332 134 90 100 820

(B) 20.0000000 40.4878049 16.3414634 10.9756098 12.1951220 100

Weight (A x 1/B) 0.99328390257 1.03132694573 0.97906914751 0.97514503432 0.95742575140

2.1.6 Coastal, non-coastal and urban categories The respondent households were classified into three geographical types: coastal, non-coastal and urban. The objective of this classification was to assess differences in food consumption patterns among urban, coastal and non-coastal areas. Classification was applied at the scale of the aldeia (i.e. not at the larger village or subdistrict scales). Based on RFLP guidelines the three geographical types were defined as follows: 





Urban represents a large city e.g. Dili. All aldeias within Dili city were classified as urban (e.g. Caqueo Laran aldeia in Becora suco Cristo Rei subdistrict, Aimutin aldeia in Comoro suco Dom Aleixo subdistrict). Coastal represents aldeias that border directly with the sea. Thus, all aldeias in Dili district (e.g. all aldeias surveyed in Atauro, Fatu Cama aldeia in Meti Aut suco Cristo Rei subdistrict, Fatuisin aldeia in Camenasa suco Suai subdistrict). Most aldeias in larger villages like Liquiça, Suai or Baucau were classified as coastal. Non-coastal means aldeias that do not directly border the sea. This included all aldeias randomly selected and surveyed in Bobonaro.

Based on this classification, of the 820 respondents, 151 were from urban aldeias, 117 were from coastal aldeias, and 552 were from non-coastal areas (Table B in Appendix 2). Data from Oecussi district, covering coastal and non-coastal areas, were included in the analysis even though it did not cover the whole district due to the survey constraints for Oecussi described in section 2.1.3. The area type comparison, based on urban/coastal/noncoastal, describes the condition regardless of the districts. Therefore the Oecussi results were still included in this area type analysis.

18

2.2 Qualitative The qualitative study was conducted in all districts: Dili, Baucau, Bobonaro, Covalima, and Oecussi. It included two data collection methods: Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Indepth Interviews (IDIs). The two methods were employed independently with some overlap among participants. The standard FGDs normally required 6-12 participants to discuss relevant issues facilitated by a moderator and recorded by a dedicated note-taker. Participants had been selected from respondents to questionnaires as being information rich. In two FGDs there were only 3-5 participants, but the participants were especially information rich. Typically each FGD lasted 1 to 1.5 hours with several short breaks to energise participants. FGDs included an introductory session to arouse participation followed by easy-to-respond questions (experiential questions). When all participants were comfortable, more analytical questions were asked. FGDs were undertaken in all districts. FGDs were held at community level (aldeia/suco) with the teams facilitating 2-4 FGDs at each location. Most participants included lay persons and poor families. Although FGDs were only undertaken at aldeia/suco level, IDIs were conducted both at community level and at decision-making (i.e. district) level. The study team completed four IDIs in each district with selected FGD participants, local MAF/DFO (District Fishery Office) and household members. For deeper understanding of salient issues, each informant was interviewed several times with each session lasting 30 to 60 minutes. At community level, some IDI informants were participants in FGDs who had demonstrated richer knowledge on relevant issues, such as cultural matters regarding fish consumption. At decision-making or district level, interviews were held with key informants at local offices (District Fisheries Offices). Topics of discussions in the FGDs were designed to support the topics of questions addressed in the quantitative questionnaire, i.e. occupation; daily activities; daily household expenses; daily menu; fish and meat consumption; aspects of culture, and traditions within communities related to fish and meat consumption. The locations, types and number of participants of FGDs and IDIs are shown in Table 2-2. Table 2-2. Locations and participants of FGDs and IDIs District

Baucau Dili

Subdistrict

Type

Participants

No. of participants

Vemase

FGD

Male farmers

7

Buruma

IDI

Housewife, farmer

1

Bidau Lisidere

FGD

Mainly housewives, adult females

19

10

District

Subdistrict Lisidere and Capella Comoro, Dili city

Bobonaro

Covalima

Oecussi

Type

Participants

No. of participants

IDI

Fishers, unemployed, retired person and housewives Housewife

Bidao, Dili city

IDI

Housewife of expatriate

1

Dili city

IDI

1

Cili city

IDI

Batugade, Balibo

FGD

n/a

IDI

Maudemo, Suai

FGD

Housewife, restaurant owner Male expatriate, development organisation Fishers (2 fisher groups) Local staff of development organisation Housewives, farmers

Cassa Bauk, Suai

IDI

n/a

IDI

Oesono

FGD

Oesilo

IDI

Pante Makasar Oenoah, Bobometo, Oesilo Hoineno, Bobometo, Oesilo Noapai, Kunha, Pante Makasar Bonemese, Naimeco, Pante Makasar Baki, Naimeco, Pante Makasar Bausiu, Nipani, Pante Makasar

IDI

FGD

10 1

1 14 1 3

Housewife, farmer, wife of teacher Local staff of development organisation Housewives, some fishing helpers and reef gleaners Camat (subdistrict head)

1

Housewife, fishing and farming Housewife, farmer, wife of suco chief

1

IDI

Housewife, farmer

1

IDI

Civil servant, wife

1

IDI

Housewife, wife of suco chief

1

IDI

Housewife, farmer

1

IDI

Housewife, wife of aldeia chief

1

IDI

1 5 1

1

Information gained from qualitative surveys, such as livelihood activities and other general activities, reinforced the findings of the quantitative survey covering similar issues. Other important issues from the FGDs and IDIs, although not directly linked to the quantitative survey results, informed sources of variation on fish and meat consumption patterns within households and communities.

2.3 Enumerators The enumerator teams that conducted the field work consisted of students from Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa'e (UNTL) who spoke both Tetum and Bahasa Indonesia. Fluency in Tetum was important because most respondents were more comfortable with this language. Bahasa Indonesia was used in training sessions and in supervision because some field teams came from Indonesia. The minimum education level of an enumerator was a diploma degree. To ensure adequate skills for the survey activities, a two-day training course with practical 20

sessions was conducted for the enumerators. This included training in the conduct of interviews, random selection of respondents and survey coordination. Quality Control was applied at several levels:  Observation during the enumerator training session to ensure level of skill (all participants were observed);  Cross checking and spot checking during field work (10% of all questionnaires were checked);  Checking of data entry (100% of completed filled questionnaires were checked); and  Double check of electronic database entries (10% of entries were checked).

2.4 Questionnaire The questionnaire was developed by the consultant team and revised by RFLP together with a research advisory board comprised of five selected UNTL professors. UNTL input into the survey design was considered important as it was engaged as the principal education organisation in country in the survey process to advise on particularities and potential constraints while doing quantitative research in Timor-Leste. Before implementation of the survey, the questionnaire was also tested through a pilot survey of 29 respondents in Dili to check for appropriate wording and to ensure easy understanding of the questions by respondents. On average, each interview took 60 to 90 minutes to complete. Respondents were advised of the expected duration of interview before starting as part of the informed consent part of the questionnaire. There were no objections regarding the duration of the interview.

2.5 Data analysis of the collective result related to Oecussi district During the initial analysis, it became apparent that the results from Oecussi were distorting the average results of the survey for some issues. They were accordingly excluded from the overall analysis of consumption levels. However due to the high representativeness (70%) of Oecussi sample of total population of Oecussi district (see section 2.1.3), Oecussi district results were included when generating a collective result in many cases. They are included in the rest of the analysis where notice is given (patterns of consumption, type of animal protein and others). However, caution must be used regarding the results from Oecussi in order to avoid erroneous interpretations and extrapolations. When analysis uses categorisation of urban/coastal/non-coastal the Oecussi results were included to generate the collective results as the essence of the analysis lies in the characteristics of respondents, based on the area type, not on the district where they live. In this report, all collective results were generated mainly from 5-district results. Where 4district collective results are considered a more accurate interpretation on the subjects or the variables, the exclusion of Oecussi is mentioned in the texts, figures and tables.

21

3

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

This section describes the main demographic features of the surveyed respondents in terms of age and gender distribution, household size and marital status, educational achievement, occupation, asset ownership, and monthly income. 3.1 Population profile The District of Dili had the greatest population density (479 people/km2) and Covalima District the least (44 people/km2). Oecussi which is an enclave district separated from the mainland of Timor-Leste had the smallest household size (4.7) of all Districts (Table 3-1). Table 3-1. Population Profile (Census 2010) District name Number of subdistrict Number of suco Number of aldeia Average household size (number of people) Number of household Population size Density (people/km2)

Baucau

Dili

Bobonaro

Covalima

Oecussi

6 59 281 5.2

6 31 241 6.7

6 50 193 5.4

7 30 147 5.4

4 18 61 4.7

21,439 111,484 66.9

34,975 234,331 478.8

16,627 89,787 60.7

11,123 60,063 44.1

13,941 65,524 70.8

3.2 Age distribution Most respondents (46.7%) were aged between 30–44 years and only a very small portion (2.8%) were senior citizens (aged 65 or older) (Fig. 3-1). Some 22.1% were aged between 1729 years, and 28.4% were aged between 45 and 64 years. Younger respondents were more prominent in Oecussi (26%), Dili (25%) and Bobonaro (24.6%) (Fig. 3-2). 46.7

50 40 30

28.4 22.1

20 10

2.8

0 17-24 Y

30-44 Y

45-64 Y

Figure 3-1. Age distribution of respondents

22

65+

60 50

46.1

45.7

51

48.9

44.8

36.6

40 30

17-24 Y 25

26.5

29.1

26.7

24.6 20

20 10

26

30-44 Y

22

45-64 Y

12.8 4.9

2.4

1.5

4.4

65+ 1.0

0

BAUCAU

DILLI

BOBONARO

COVALIMA

OECUSSE

Figure 3-2. Age distribution of respondents by district

The greatest frequency of young respondents was in urban areas (Fig. 3-3).

Figure 3-3. Age distribution by urban-coastal categorisation

3.3 Marital status Most respondents (85.7%) were married and only 6.5% were single. About 7.2% were widows and 0.6% were divorcees. Oecussi had the largest percentage of married respondents (96%) and Dili and Bobonaro had the lowest (83%) (Fig. 3-4).

23

0.6 7.2 6.5

MARRIED NOT MARRIED/SINGLE DIVORCE WIDOW 85.7

Figure 3-4. Marital status of respondents.

The distribution based on urban-coastal-non-coastal classification reveals similar marital status (Fig. 3-5).

Figure 3-5. Marriage status of respondents by district

3.4 Household size Most respondents belonged to households of five members or greater (up to 22 members). Only 22.6% of respondents came from small size households (1 – 4 persons) (Fig. 3-6).

24

39.6

37.8

5 - 7 persons

8 persons or more

22.6

1 - 4 persons

Figure 3-6. Percentage of respondents by household size (N = 820)

Across all districts there were a mean of 7.0 people per household, but Baucau and Dili were positively skewed towards larger household sizes (Fig. 3-7).

Figure 3-7. Distribution of household size by total (left) and by district (right)

Among districts, the smallest household size was in Oecussi (5.6) and the highest was in Dili (7.9) (Table 3-2). The mean household sizes showed a similar trend to Census 2010 data, but were significantly higher than that of the Census data. Table 3-2. Average household size by district (survey result and census) Number of people Mean Std. Dev. N Average household size (Census 2010)

Baucau 7.01 3.19 163

Dili 7.87 3.47 342

Bobonaro 6.19 2.35 131

Covalima 5.98 2.15 88

Oecussi 5.58 1.97 96

5.2

6.7

5.4

5.4

4.7

Total 6.96 3.1 820

The District of Dili, being urban, had large household sizes (> 7 members). Results for other categories are shown in Figure 3-8. When coastal and non-coastal areas are compared, large households, with more than 7 people, tended to exist more in the non-coastal area (36%).

25

Figure 3-8. Household size of respondents based on urban-coastal-non-coastal categorisation

3.5 Gender distribution of population The gender distribution in the 5 districts derived from Census 2010 shows males 51-52% of the population in productive age groups. The percentage number of men was lower than women for old age groups (> 65 years) (Fig. 3-9). Male

Female

52%

52%

51%

51% 49%

15-29 Y

49%

48%

48%

30-44 Y

45-64 Y

65+

60% 50% 40% 30%

15-29 Y

20%

30-44 Y

10%

45-64 Y 65+ Male Female

Bobonaro

Dili

Covalima

Male Female

Male Female

Baucau

Male Female

Male Female

0%

Oecussi

Figure 3-9. Age distribution of population by gender and by district

26

Table 3-3. Gender comparison of population by age group and by district

District Baucau Bobonaro Dili Covalima Oecussi

Gender

Age Group 15-29 Y

30-44 Y

45-64 Y

65 +

Male

49%

49%

50%

48%

Female

51%

51%

50%

52%

Male

48%

49%

49%

50%

Female

52%

51%

51%

50%

Male

53%

57%

55%

47%

Female

47%

43%

45%

53%

Male

48%

50%

51%

50%

Female

52%

50%

49%

50%

Male

47%

48%

51%

50%

Female

53%

52%

49%

50%

When comparing the ratio between men and women in each age group among districts, the percentage of women were slightly higher than that of men in the age group of 15-29 years old, except for Dili where men were proportionally greater than women (Table 3-3). Most of the respondents to the survey were women. In almost all cases, based on the questionnaire test, they were considered more information rich than men in regards to food consumption in the households. This was especially so for housewives, who formed the majority in the women respondents, and traditionally undertake most of the household activities related to cooking or preparing meals for their families. This was confirmed by discussions and interviews within FGDs and IDIs. Therefore most women could be considered to be knowledgeable of household food consumption patterns. Table 3-4. Distribution of gender in the sample Sex

Respondent categorisation

Male

Total

Female

By District Baucau

1

162

163

Dili

5

337

342

Bobonaro

0

131

131

Covalima

0

88

88

Oecussi

0

96

96

6

814

820

Urban

0

156

156

Coastal

1

116

117

Non-coastal

5

542

547

6

814

820

Total By Area Type

Total

27

Section 4.1 explains how the survey data was extrapolated to make women respondents representative of the whole survey respondents for animal-protein consumption levels.

3.6 Religion The distribution of religious affiliation of the respondents showed that all districts except Dili were Catholic. Dili respondents were 97.7% Catholic, 1.5% Other Christian and 0.6% Moslem. As most respondents were Catholic, it was difficult to ascribe meat and fish consumption patterns to religion. Most respondents ate chicken and marine (seawater/saltwater) fish. Catholic and Christian respondents ate more pork than beef. A large number of respondents also ate eggs (Table 3-5). Table 3-5. Meat or fish consumed grouped by religion of respondents

Pork

Beef

Buffalo/beef

Freshwater fish

Marine fish

Eggs

Deer

Dog

Horse

Dried fish

Catholic Christian Moslem Other Total

Lamb/ goat

Religion

Chicken

Kind of meat or fish consumed

714 5 2 1 722

355 2 2 1 360

571 4 0 1 576

480 4 0 1 485

407 3 0 1 411

179 1 0 0 180

624 4 1 1 631

533 5 0 1 539

4 0 0 0 4

7 1 0 0 8

2 1 0 0 3

13 0 0 0 13

Total 756 5 2 1 764

3.7 Education level At least 66% of the respondents that were interviewed attended school, whereas the rest (34%) did not have any formal education3 (Fig. 3-10). Of those who had attended school, 39% went to elementary school, although only half of them (20%) graduated. Of those 36.8% respondents who attended high school, 30.9% graduated (Fig. 3-11).

3

If Oecussi is excluded, the percentage of respondents that attended school is 67%, which is similar to the average of 5 districts (66%).

28

100 90 80 70

66.0

60 50 34.0

40 30 20 10 0 YES

NO

Figure 3-10. Percentage of schooling experience (N = 820)

BACHELOR COMPLETED

1.1

BACHELOR NOT COMPLETED

0.6

DIPLOMA COMPLETED

1.1

DIPLOMA NOT COMPLETED

0.2 30.9

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETED

5.9

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL NOT COMPLETED

14.8

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETED

7.0

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL NOT COMPLETED ELEMENTARY COMPLETED

19.8

ELEMENTARY NOT COMPLETED

18.7 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Figure 3-11. Level of education (N = 820)

Among districts, Dili had the highest number of educated respondents (88%). As most Oecussi respondents were located in the Pante Makasar subdistrict, where the capital city of Oecussi is located, there is a relatively high proportion of school experience among respondents (62%). The other three districts had similar proportions of schooling (56%) (Fig. 3-12).

Figure 3-12. School experience of respondents by district

29

Urban-coastal classification (whilst excluding Oecussi) shows that non-coastal respondents had the highest percentage of non-schooling (39%) followed by coastal respondents (32%) (Fig. 3-13).

Figure 3-13. School experience of respondents by urban-coastal categorisation (excluding Oecussi)

In total only 31% of respondents completed high school and only 27% completed elementary school. 19% of respondents did not complete or attend elementary school (Fig.3-14). These percentages were almost equal to the averages of the 4 districts (excluding Oecussi district), e.g. elementary school not completed 17%, junior high school completed 21% and senior high school completed 32%.

Figure 3-14. Completion of school education

30

When districts were compared, school-drop-out percentages were generally high in elementary school. Drop-out rates declined from elementary to senior high school (Fig. 3-15). It should be noted, however, that data reflect mainly adult women respondents.

Schooling drop-out status of respondents (by district) 70%

61%

60%

53% 53%

50% 40%

38%

43% 35%

BAUCAU 38%

33%

27%

30%

21%

20%

DILI

33%

BOBONARO

25% 20% 21% 18% 14%

10%

20%

COVALIMA 0%

OECUSSI

0%

0% Elementary S

Junior HS

Senior HS

Diploma

Bachelor

Figure 3-15. Percentage of drop-out status of respondents in the past

3.8 Occupation Most of the main income earners in the respondent households (64.4%) worked to earn their living (Fig. 3-16), including occupations such as farmer (56.8%), shop/kiosk owner (10%), and teacher (7.6%) (Table 3-6). Almost a half (48.9%) of those working had a second occupation. 64.4

35.6

YES

NO

Figure 3-16. Percentage of work force (N = 820)

Table 3-6. Main job/occupation in respondent’s household (N = 528) Occupation Teacher Lecturer Director Medical doctor/animal doctor PNTL/F-FDTL employee

Percentage 7.6 0.2 0.4 0.2 2.5

31

Occupation Public servant Farmer Fisher Farm worker Market/shop worker Building worker Seller at market/mall/shop Informal vendor Kiosk/small shop owner Seaweed farmer Processed fish vendor/seller Tailor Home industry /handicraft Staff at private company

Percentage 7.2 56.8 0.4 0.6 1.3 0.9 1.3 3.6 10.0 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.9 2.8

In all districts farmer was the most common occupation within the households of respondents (Table 3-7). There were very few fishers because the data reflect the survey areas, which include non-coastal and urban, as well as coastal areas. Table 3-7. Distribution of jobs in districts Occupation

Baucau Teacher 5.2 Lecturer Director Medical doctor/animal doctor 0.9 PNTL/F-FDTL employee Public servant 5.2 Farmer 80.2 Fisher Farm worker 0.9 Market/shop worker Building worker Seller at market/mall/shop Informal vendor 2.6 Kiosk/small shop owner 4.3 Seaweed farmer Processed fish vendor/seller 0.9 Tailor*) Home industry /handicraft*) Staff at private company*) *): Other jobs collected during survey.

Dili 9.6 0.5 1.0 6.1 13.2 25.4 1.0 0.5 3.6 2.0 6.1 16.8 16.8 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.5 7.1

Percentage per district Bobonaro Covalima 4.4 6.6 1.6 2.2 3.3 73.6 78.7 1.1 1.1 2.2 8.8 1.6 3.3 3.3 4.9 1.6

Oecussi 11.1 3.2 66.7 1.6 3.2 9.5 4.8 -

Total 7.6 0.2 0.4 0.2 2.5 7.2 56.8 0.4 0.6 1.3 0.9 1.3 3.6 10.0 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.9 2.8

Of those earning relatively high incomes ($600 and $1,400), most were farmers, teachers and public servants. However, owning a kiosk/small shop was a common second occupation generating high income for the teachers.

32

The documented occupations are probably not complete as other job categories were not included in the questionnaire during the first survey trial. However occupations identified during the survey included: tailor, home industry/handicraft and staff at a private company.

3.9 Ownership of cattle, boats and goods Most respondents (>90%) owned their own homes. Many (75% of respondents) owned pigs and chickens (Fig. 3-17). 91.5

100.0

76.076.8

80.0

62.3

60.0 40.0 20.0

35.134.1 22.818.5 14.0

20.7 13.3 4.5 0.7 0.5

35.7 27.4 8.8

2.0 0.2 2.2

0.0

Figure 3-17. Ownership of goods, cattle and boats

Ownership of livestock is common. However the survey did not quantify the numbers of cattle and chickens owned and whether the cattle and chickens were consumed by the owners or sold to generate income. The FGD/IDIs revealed that many respondents consumed meat from their own livestock only when they held traditional family ceremonies. Some sold their livestock to generate income and some sold them to pay back creditors or relatives from which they had borrowed money. Outside of Dili, most respondents (at least 83%) in the other 4 districts owned chickens and pigs. In Dili only 52-58% owned chickens and pigs (Fig. 3-18).

33

Goods/house/animals/ownership BAUCAU

DILI

COVALIMA

OECUSSI

All Districts

9797 92 93 91 87

100.0

93 939191

77

80.0 Percent

BOBONARO

76

6060 62

60.0

48

545453

59 43

42

40.0

31

27 14

20.0 6

91 8583 77

58

52

49

96

20

20 6 4 9 2

36

5

0.0 TELEPHONE

HANDPHONE

OWN HOUSE

COW

GOAT/SHEEP

PIG

CHICKEN

Figure 3-18. Ownership of assets by district

In Bobonaro, Covalima and Oecussi districts more than half of the respondents surveyed owned cows, whereas the proportion was lower in Dili (5%) and Baucau (20%) (Fig. 3-18). More than 42% of respondents in the districts of Baucau, Bobonaro and Oecussi owned goats or sheep (Fig. 3-18). The percentage of boat owners across all districts is very low. In Bobonaro 5% of respondents owned motorised boats. Covalima had 8% respondents who owned wooden row boats. Only 1-2% of the respondents in all districts owned motorised boats, wooden sailboats or wooden rowboats. These data reflected the survey areas, which were not only coastal, but also non-coastal and urban.

3.10 Monthly income Of all respondents, 64% worked for money in the month before the survey was conducted (Fig. 3-19). This proportion was highest (69%) in non-coastal areas (Fig. 3-20).

34

Last month worked for money (by district) 80%

71%

68%

70%

68%

63%

59%

60% 50%

41%

40%

37%

32%

32%

29%

YES NO

30% 20% 10% 0% BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO COVALIMA

OECUSSI

Figure 3-19. Respondents worked for money a month before the survey (by district)

Last month worked for money 80%

69%

70% 56%

60%

53% 47%

44%

50% 40%

YES

31%

30%

NO

20% 10% 0% URBAN

COASTAL

NON COASTAL

Figure 3-20. Respondents worked for money a month before the survey (by urban - coastal)

With the exception of Dili, more than 50% of respondents in each district lived on monthly incomes of less than $100. Some 43% of respondents in Baucau lived on less than $50 per month, as did 34% of respondents in Bobonaro and 28% of respondents in Covalima (Fig. 321). Monthly income <$50 50

$50-99

33

30

10

≥$400

38

34 35

34

30 20

$200-399

43

40

Percent

$100-199

28

25 20

17 7

10

28 24

24

23

27 27

19 14

15

13 9

8 4

7 2

2

0 BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO COVALIMA OECUSSI All Districts

Figure 3-21. Monthly income (USD), by district

35

When Oecussi is excluded from the collective results of the average percentages of 4 districts were almost the same: 24% for income <$50, 25% for $50-99, 27% for $100-399, 16% for $200-399 and 8% for ≥$400. They were thus not much difference between the average percentages of all 5 districts. A comparison of income against stated occupations of the main-income earners in the households, revealed farming to be most important followed by owning a kiosk/small shop at home (Fig.3-22).

Figure 3-22. Income level groups versus type of main job

As expected the highest income groups were mostly in Dili. The lowest income groups were mostly found in Baucau (73%), followed by Bobonaro (68%) (Fig. 3-23). Average income groups ($) by district 50.0% 45.0% 43.3%

below $50

40.0% 35.0% 30.0%

37.5%

34.8% 33.3%

33.0%

29.9%

24.0% 20.5%

20.0% 15.0%

$100 - $149

27.3%

25.0% 16.9% 14.8% 11.0%

10.0%

18.8%

$150 - $199 $200 - $249 $250 - $299

10.6%

9.9%

$50 - $99

$300 - $349 $350 - $399

5.0%

$400 or more

.0% BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO COVALIMA

OECUSSI

Figure 3-23. Average income groups by district

36

The highest income groups occurred in urban areas and the lowest income groups occurred in coastal and non-coastal areas (Fig. 3-24). Average income groups ($) by urban-coastal 35.0% 30.0%

29.6% 29.1%

28.2%

below $50 $50 - $99

25.0% 20.0% 15.0% 10.0%

19.7% 17.4% 15.5% 14.8%

16.8%

20.5%

$100 - $149 $150 - $199

15.4%

$200 - $249

13.0% 10.4%

9.0%

$250 - $299 $300 - $349

5.1% 5.0%

4.8%

$350 - $399 $400 or more

.0% URBAN

COASTAL

NON COASTAL

Figure 3-24. Average income groups by urban-coastal categorization

37

4

ANIMAL MEAT OR FISH CONSUMPTION IN TIMOR-LESTE

This section presents the key findings of the survey, analysed by district and by type of area category (urban, coastal, and non-coastal).

4.1 Household consumption behaviour It was considered important in this study to extend the stated fish consumption patterns of the respondent to other household members. The respondents surveyed were mostly woman and were usually housewives. The predominance of women in the sample was mainly caused by (i) them being the available adult at home during the day when the surveys were conducted and (ii) them being nominated by the household as competent to answer the full range of questions. To achieve this broader understanding of household consumption, various questions were asked concerning (i) meal time habits and organisation and (ii) part-of-fish preferences based on gender/age. The volume and frequency of meat or fish consumed was related to a per-meal consumption level. Importantly, nearly all respondents surveyed (98%) stated that all family members in their households ate meat or fish. Though patterns of fish consumption varied among family members there was no clear evidence that there was any significant imbalance in consumption shares between household members. For eating order, various respondents suggested instances where one group (older, head, child) regularly ate first. For quantities eaten, only a few respondents considered that elder/men received larger portions, but these results were generally below the confidence interval (Fig. 4-1).

Figure 4-1. The way family members eat fish or seafood

38

Parts of the fish consumed (head, trunk, tail) varied among men and women, but there was no evidence that the total volume consumed was differentiated (Fig. 4-2).

Figure 4-2. Part of fish eaten by male and female members in the household

Fish consumption patterns were similar, independent of age (Fig. 4-3); there were no significant differences in the range 17 years to over 65 years of age. Based on the consistency of the data (see chapter 4.1), similar consumption patterns could be attributed to children under 17 years old.

Figure 4-3. Part of fish eaten by age of respondent

Thus the survey results, although based on consumption patterns stated mostly by women, can be considered to be generally representative of consumption patterns for the rest of the members of the household.

4.2 Frequency of meat or fish consumption Among all districts surveyed, 77% (76% exclusive of Oecussi) of respondents stated that they consumed animal protein at parties or at traditional events and 48% (44% exclusive of

39

Oecussi) had fish or meat with everyday meals. This pattern varied among districts and among categories (urban, coastal, non-coastal) (Fig. 4-4).

Figure 4-4. When people have meal with fish or meat (by district and by urban-coastal)

In general, 45.8% of all respondents ate meat or fish4 as part of their everyday meals. About 18% ate meat or fish once a week and 15.5% of respondents ate meat or fish occasionally (Fig. 4-5). Some 12.2% of respondents stated that they ate no meat or fish and consumed only vegetable-based protein (Fig. 4-5).

4

“Meat or fish” means that consumption of at least one of them is considered as true (answer: Yes) for both meat or fish. But the answer yes for “meat or fish” gives non information on either the quantity or which one is eaten more than the other. The focus of the question was whether respondents or household members consumed any source of animal protein.

40

Percent

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

45.8

18.2

15.5 5.3

3.0 Everyday

Weekly

12.2

Twice a month

Monthly

Occasionally No meat/fish at all

Figure 4-5. Frequency of consumption of meat/fish protein

These frequency data were also corroborated by responses to other questions related to consumption habits. Surprisingly, those reporting that they did not remember the last time they consumed meat or fish was quite high (8% of all respondents) (Fig. 4-6). Baucau showed the highest percentage where people did not eat meat or fish at all (Fig. 4-6).

WITHIN THE LAST 2 WEEKS MORE THAN A MONTH AGO DO NOT EAT ANY MEAT/FISH

WITHIN THIS MONTH DO NOT REMEMBER 56.7

53.7

50.8

45.0

42.7

26.7

24.6

22.5

20.9 16.4

17.7 15.6

8.2

14.9

12.5 11.5

12.5 7.5

12.5

7.5

10.0 6.7

3.0

BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO

COVALIMA

OECUSSI

Figure 4-6. Past frequency of eating meat/fish by district (percent)

Unsurprisingly, there was a significant difference in daily animal protein consumption pattern between respondents in coastal areas (67.2%) compared with those in urban (51.7%) and non-coastal areas (39.8%). More people in coastal areas included animal protein in their daily consumption, because in addition to meat, fish was readily available (Fig. 4-7). Consumption of animal meat in urban areas was higher than in non-coastal areas, because respondents reported that it was easier to purchase meat/fish in urban markets (Fig. 4-7). Access to markets was more limited in non-coastal areas.

41

Percent

80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

67.2

URBAN

COASTAL

NON COASTAL

51.7

39.6 24.5 17.216.7

19.4 6.0 3.4 2.0

Everyday

Weekly

Twice a month

1.3 2.6

9.9

7.0

15.2 6.6 5.2

4.3

Monthly Occasionally Do not eat fish/ meat

Figure 4-7. Frequency of animal protein consumption by area 60.0 50.0 40.0

54.0

52.1 48.7

BAUCAU

34.1 30.5

30.0

DILI

26.7 22.1 20.5

20.0

19.1

10.0

8.1

25.5

BOBONARO

20.5 17.7

5.3 3.4 1.5 2.1

7.6 8.3 4.4 5.7 3.1

12.4 9.3

16.7

14.5 15.9

COVALIMA OECUSSI

7.1 3.1

0.0 Everyday

Weekly

Twice a month

Monthly

Occasionally Do not eat fish/meat

Figure 4-8. Frequency of animal protein consumption (by district)

Animal protein was consumed daily by 30-34% of respondents in Bobonaro and Covalima. Consumption of animal protein was greater in Dili (49%), Oecussi (52%), and Baucau (54%) (Fig. 4-8). The percentage of respondents who did not eat animal protein was the lowest in Oecussi (3%). However, survey results cannot be considered to be representative of the District as a whole. Rather, the survey results reflected only Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts. Respondents from Oecussi reported a high frequency of animal protein consumption daily, when compared with other districts. The aldeias of Oecussi surveyed represented mostly coastal areas where most (67%) of respondents consumed both fish and meat every day. FGD data from Oesilo subdistrict revealed that some communities in several aldeias (e.g. Sifin aldeia in Usitasae suco, Kuibaselo aldeia and Tumun aldeia in Bobometo suco) did not consume fish and other aquatic animals. This reflects cultural norms whereby respondents believe that eating aquatic animals is harmful. Similarly, one community lineage (Manu clan) abstained from consuming chicken and eggs because of perceived danger.

42

4.3 Types of protein consumed Chicken was the preferred meat consumed in Timor-Leste (54.1%), followed by saltwater (marine) fish/other seafood (14.4%), eggs (11.9%), and pork (7.6%). Other sources of animal protein were of less importance, i.e. below 5% of total animal meat consumed (Table 4-1). Table 4-1. Type of meal consumed Types of meal

# of respondents of 5 districts

Chicken Salt water fish/other seafood Eggs Pork Beef Buffalo (carabao)/beef Fresh water fish Lamb/goat Others Total

% of 5 districts

413 110 90 58 36 33 9 6 3 763

% of 4 districts (exclusive Oecussi)

54.1 14.4 11.9 7.6 4.8 4.3 1.2 0.8 0.4 100.0

58.0 14.1 12.0 7.3 3.1 3.2 1.2 0.8 0.5 100.0

When analysed by areas (urban, coastal and non coastal), fish consumption was the highest in coastal areas (45%), followed by chicken (32.4%), eggs (11.7%) and pork (6.3%). Chicken was the preferred source of animal protein consumed in both urban (68.7%) and non-coastal area (54.9%) (Table 4-2). Table 4-2. Type of animal protein consumed (urban, coastal and non-coastal areas)

Protein Type Chicken Lamb/goat Pork Beef Buffalo Fresh water fish (from river/lake) Salt water fish and other seafood Eggs Others Total

Urban (%)

Coastal (%)

68.7 4.0 2.7 2.0 6.7 14.7 1.3 100

32.4 1.8 6.3 0.9 1.8 45.0 11.7 100

Non-Coastal (%) 54.9 0.8 9.1 6.2 5.6 1.8 10.1 11.3 0.2 100

Weighted Average (%) 54.4 0.8 7.7 4.7 4.4 1.2 14.5 12.0 0.4 100

A comparison of consumption patterns among the five districts showed that chicken and pork were the main source of animal protein, followed by beef and water buffalo. Other than chicken, marine fish was favoured in Covalima (23%), followed by Dili (17%), Oecussi (17%), Bobonaro (9%), with Baucau showing the lowest proportion (7%). People in Oecussi consumed more pork, beef, and buffalo meat than other animal protein sources in Baucau, Covalima, and Dili. Pork consumption (19%), however, was the highest in Bobonaro. Egg consumption was lowest in Bobonaro (6%) compared with Covalima (10%), Oecussi (11%),

43

Baucau (14%) and Dili (14%) (Fig. 4-9). Although very few respondents consumed them “Others” included turtle, dog and horse meat.

70 60

Percent

50

5960 56 48

40

31

30 19

20 10

3 0 0 0 1

7

3

7

11

8 1 2

4

23 17

17

16

11

9 2 2 1

1 0 2

6

7

9

1414 6

1

1011 0 1 0 0 0

0

BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO

COVALIMA

OECUSSI

Figure 4-9. Types of animal protein consumed (by district)

4.4 Types of fish/seafood usually consumed The species or types of seafood most frequently consumed were: sardine (58%), longtail tuna (36%), kombong/mackerel (23%), snapper (23%) and prawn (22%) (Table 4-3). Respondents from Baucau and Bobonaro consumed relatively low amounts of snapper and mackerel. It is not known whether this reflected the supply of fish at the time of the survey or the preferences of the consumers in these districts (Table 4-3). Table 4-3. Species of fish/seafood consumed by district (% within district) Type

Baucau

Dili

Bobonaro

Covalima

Oecussi

All Districts

4 districts (excl. Oecussi)

Sardina/Sardine

74.1 (1)

49.7 (1)

81.2 (1)

41.0 (2)

53.8 (2)

58.1

58.8

Longtail Tuna

44.4 (2)

31.8 (3)

42.6 (2)

32.8 (3)

37.4 (3)

36.3

36.1

Kombong/Mackerel

16.7

15.9

5.0

52.5 (1)

59.3 (1)

23.4

17.9

Snapper

10.2

36.1 (2)

5.0

8.2

19.8

22.5

23.0

Prawn

21.3 (3)

26.7

15.8 (3)

19.7

17.6

22.3

23.1

Daun/Long Tom

5.6

10.8

13.9 (3)

37.7 (2)

12.1

13.0

13.2

Squid

2.8

15.9

1.0

4.9

2.2

8.7

9.7

Terbang/Flying Fish

11.1

7.4

6.9

16.4

2.2

8.1

9.0

Crab

7.4

9.8

3.0

6.6

6.6

7.7

7.8

Koku/Bubara/Trevally

1.9

8.4

0.0

9.8

2.2

5.4

5.9

Kitan/Spinefoot

0.0

7.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.4

4.0

Tuna

0.9

6.8

0.0

0.0

0.0

3.3

3.8

44

Type

Baucau

Dili

Bobonaro

Covalima

Oecussi

All Districts

4 districts (excl. Oecussi)

Snail

1.9

5.1

1.0

1.6

0.0

2.9

3.4

Goldfish

1.9

0.0

6.9

4.9

3.3

2.2

2.1

Anchovies

0.0

1.7

2.0

1.6

3.3

1.7

1.4

Catfish

5.6

0.0

4.0

1.6

0.0

1.6

1.9

Oyster/Clam

0.9

2.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

1.2

1.4

Grouper

0.9

1.4

1.0

0.0

1.1

0.5

0.5

Others

0.9 1.4 1.0 0.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 Note: Table is sorted based on collective results for all 5 districts. The ranks 1 to 3 given in parentheses are based on the highest percentages (grouped approximately to closest values).

Sardines were the most consumed fish in Bobonaro, Baucau and Dili, whereas mackerel/kombong (Scombridae) was the most consumed fish in Covalima and Oecussi (Table 4-3). The percentage of respondents who consumed sardine and mackerel in Oecussi was relatively high (54% and 60%, respectively). The percentage of respondents consuming long tail tuna/tongkol was relatively high in all districts. Prawn consumption was quite high in Baucau and Bobonaro (21% and 16% respectively). Table 4-4. Species of fish/seafood consumed by area (% within area) Type/Species Urban Coastal Non-Coastal Total 55.1 (1) 42.6 (1) 63.0 (1) 58.1 Sardina/Sardine 44.9 (2) 30.0 (2) 13.0 22.5 Kakap/Snapper 16.7 34.3 (2) 23.1 (3) 23.4 Kombong/Mackerel 34.8 (3) 39.2 (1) 36.1 (2) 36.3 Tongkol/Longtail Tuna 7.2 8.7 8.2 8.1 Terbang/Flying Fish 1.4 9.1 2.7 3.4 Kitan/Spinefoot 11.6 4.9 15.5 13.0 Daun/Long Tom 9.4 1.0 1.7 3.3 Tuna/Tuna 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.5 Kerapu/Grouper 5.1 15.7 3.0 5.4 Koku/Bubara/Trevally 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.6 Lele/Catfish 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.7 Teri/Anchovies 0.0 1.9 3.1 2.2 Ikan Mas/Goldfish 30.4 (3) 38.6 (1) 15.6 22.3 Prawn 8.0 15.9 5.5 7.7 Crab 18.8 21.0 (3) 2.2 8.7 Squid 0.7 12.1 1.5 2.9 Snail 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.2 Oyster/Clam 0.7 1.0 1.2 1.1 Other Note: The ranks 1 to 3 given in parentheses are based on the highest percentages (grouped approximately to closest values).

45

Fish/seafood consumed in Urban, Coastal and Non Coastal Areas SNAIL NON COASTAL

CRAB IKAN MAS

COASTAL

LELE URBAN KERAPU DAUN TERBANG KOMBONG SARDINA 0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

Figure 4-10. Species of fish/seafood consumed (% by area)

A comparison of fish consumption patterns by areas within districts showed that sardines were the most consumed fish in all three areas, with non-coastal as the highest (63%). Snapper (kakap) consumption was highest in the urban area (Dili), whereas prawns were consumed mostly by coastal and urban people (Fig. 4-10). FGD respondents informed that squid, prawn and crabs were infrequently consumed because of their high price in comparison to fish. Market availability was also stated as a factor influencing consumption frequency. In Dili, where most supermarkets offer imported frozen fish, one IDI respondent reported that the price of frozen fish was lower than the price of fresh fish. The price of frozen fish also varies according to supply and demand of fresh fish.

4.5 Cooking preferences for fish/seafood There was little variation in cooking preferences among districts and area types. Deep frying was the most popular way to cook fish/seafood in all districts, followed by grilling and steaming (Fig. 4-11). Deep frying was also the preferred cooking method of respondents from urban, coastal and non-coastal areas, followed by boiling and grilling fish/seafood (Fig. 412).

46

Cooking methods (by district) 120.0 100.0

100.0

98.3

97.6

100.0

98.1 90.0

80.5

80.0

69.9

71.2

66.7

DEEP FRY

73.1

GRILL/BROIL

63.0 55.0

60.0 49.1

43.9

STEAM

45.0

44.4

BOIL

40.0

32.7

PUT IN OVEN/SMOKE

25.4

20.0

19.5 10.0

7.3

2.9

1.9

0.0 BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO

COVALIMA

OECUSSE

Figure 4-11. Methods of preparing fish/seafood (by district) Cooking methods (by area) 120.0 100.0

97.9 96.2 97.1 80.8

80.0 63.5

63.2

61.8

URBAN

60.0

COASTAL

40.3

40.0

NON COASTAL

27.6 19.4

20.0

16.3 17.1 3.5

6.7 0.5

0.0 DEEP FRY

GRILL/BROIL

STEAM

BOIL

PUT IN OVEN/SMOKE

Figure 4-12. Methods of preparing fish/seafood (by area)

4.6 Reasons for consuming fish/seafood Most respondents (46%) reported the taste of fish as the main reason for consuming fish/seafood (Fig. 4-13).

47

Figure 4-13. What do you like about fish? (percentages based on all respondents = 100%)

This result was reflected by respondents in all districts (86-92%) who considered taste to be the main reason for eating fish (Fig. 4-14). Only 26% of respondents considered nutrition as a reason for preferring fish or seafood. Similarly, only 14% of respondents chose to eat fish/seafood for health reasons (Fig. 4-14).

Reasons for eating fish/seafood by Districts THE TASTE

FOR HEALTH

NUTRITIOUS/HAVING PROTEIN

INCREASE INTELLIGENCE

PRICE

SMELL

SHAPE

FAMILY LIKES TO EAT IT

100

92

86

90

89

86

88

80 Percent

63

60

51 40

40 20

33

3344

38 30 21

21 16

17

1210

45

39

4727

9

6

11 55

6

26 18

7

14 3

8

2

5

0 BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO

COVALIMA

OECUSSI

Figure 4-14. Reasons for consuming fish/seafood (%, by district)

48

All Districts

Reasons for eating fish in Urban, Coastal and Non Coastal Area 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

83.8 75.6

68.2 47.9

44.2 36.5 17.2 13.5 9.7

33.8

22.2 14.1 6.5 7.1 4.5 1.7 0.9 1.8

2.6

1.3

5.2 6.8

URBAN 3.5

COASTAL NON COASTAL

Figure 4-15. Reasons for consuming fish/seafood (%, by area)

These consumption preferences were reflected in data from different areas (Fig. 4-15). Taste and “family like to eat fish” were the primary reasons why people eat fish. Only respondents from urban area (44%) chose fish because of its perceived nutrition/protein content (Fig. 415).

4.7 Reasons for not consuming fish/seafood Some 55% of all respondents declared they didn’t like the smell of the fish. Price was also something that around 37% of respondents disliked (Fig. 4-16).

Figure 4-16. What is disliked about fish (percentages based on all respondents = 100%)

49

The criteria that respondents disliked about the fish were largely similar across urban, coastal and non-coastal areas (Fig. 4-17).

Figure 4-17. What is disliked about fish (by urban-coastal)

However, when respondents are asked about the reasons for not consuming fish, the smell is disregarded as a reason. On the contrary, price and availability remained consistently reported as reasons limiting the consumption of fish and seafood. This result was corroborated in FGDs and in in-depth interviews with qualitative survey respondents. Some 53% of Bobonaro respondents considered fish/seafood to be too expensive, as did 43% of Covalima respondents and 41% of Baucau respondents (Fig. 4-18). At least 39% in each district of Baucau, Bobonaro and Covalima considered fish/seafood availability in the market to be a constraint in consuming fish/seafood. Distance to market was a negative factor influencing 16% of Covalima respondents in consuming fish/seafood (Fig. 4-18).

50

Reasons why people do not eat fish/seafood EXPENSIVE NOT AVAILABLE IN MARKET/NO ONE SELLS DO NOT LIKE DIFFICULT TO COOK TASTE NOT GOOD NOT FRESH NOT GOOD FOR CHILDREN’S HEALTH BRING BAD LUCK FAR FROM MARKET/PASAR

53% 41%

43%

40%

39%

35%

39% 29% 21% 16%

13%

11% 6% 2%

BAUCAU

1%

1%

3%

DILI

5% %

7% 2%

BOBONARO

COVALIMA

OECUSSI

Figure 4-18. Reasons limiting consumption of fish/seafood

When tabulated against area categorisation it is obvious that availability in the market (56%) was a bigger constraint in non-coastal areas than in urban and coastal area areas. This result was also likely affected by the distance between home and market (12%). People in the urban (94%) and coastal (94%) areas reported that the price prohibits consumption of fish/seafood (Fig. 4-19). Surprisingly, respondents from coastal area also reported price as a negative factor. Thus, levels of supply and market locations could still be limiting for people from coastal areas. Dili was the district where many respondents (14%) avoided eating fish because of negative perceptions of freshness (Fig. 4-19).

Figure 4-19. Reasons for not eating fish or seafood (by urban-coastal)

51

Results of FGDs and IDIs suggested that participants avoid processed fish because of concerns of allergies and high blood pressure. It was unclear from the qualitative surveys if these concerns were species specific. One case from an IDI showed a respondent who avoided kombong (Scombridae/mackerel) fish even when fresh and even though the allergies did not occur when she consumed frozen kombong. It was quite common that older people reported avoiding fish consumption because they believed that it would exacerbate high blood pressure. High blood pressure was also reported as a reason for avoiding consumption of meat. However, it was unclear from the qualitative surveys as to how widespread these health concerns were and whether they were a significant deterrent to fish/meat consumption. There are some customary/traditional practices governing the catching and consumption of fish. Some groups in Oecussi, such as the Tano, Elo, Abi, Nusin, Nono and Abi Siki, avoid fish because they believe that eating fish will bring them negative consequences. Some respondents adhere strictly to this tradition, whereas others compromise by cooking fish outside the house and/or not keeping the utensils used to cook fish in the house.

4.8 Sources of fish/seafood Most respondents (72%, or 73% excluding Oecussi district) purchased fish/seafood at local markets. 28% respondents purchased fish/seafood from peddlers. Many also indicated that they purchased seafood through fish auctions (21%) and directly from fishers (20%). However, because there were no fish auctions in Timor-Leste at the time of this survey, it was likely that the respondents understood a fish auction to be a fish market where only fish and other seafood were sold. It could also be understood to be a landing centre, where fishing boats arrive and where respondents can buy fish from small traders or directly from fishers (Fig. 4-20). Where people source their fish/seafood AT FISH AUCTION/LANDING CENTRE/COASTAL FISH MARKET

DIRECT FROM FISHERMEN

AT THE MARKET

AT FOOD VENDORS

FROM NEIGHBOURS

FROM MY OWN CATCH AS FISHERMAN

BUY AT FOOD STALL (READY TO EAT)

PEDDLERS

89 78

74 Percent

73

72

65

64

47 35 30 12

27

16 7

1 1

5

BAUCAU

0

34

5 8 6 6

DILI

14

9

0 2 2 0

BOBONARO

29

2

22 0

8 7

1

COVALIMA

0

5 4

OECUSSI

2 5 5 3

0

All 5 districts

Figure 4-20. Sources of fish/seafood (by district)

52

28

2120

1516

25

2221 3 6 5 3

4 districts (excl. Oecussi)

Where do people source their fish/seafood (by area) 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

79.0

URBAN 64.1

62.2

49.0

COASTAL

47.9

NON COASTAL

15.9 6.8

28.2 27.7

21.8 10.1

26.5

15.4 5.2

1.6 0.9

5.2

12.8 5.2

3.3

3.3

9.0 2.6

0.5

Figure 4-21. Sources of fish/seafood (by area)

People from urban areas (i.e. Dili) bought their fish at the market (62%) and at the fish auction/fish landing centre/coastal market (49%) (Fig. 4-21). People from coastal areas bought fish directly from fishers (64%), but many (48%) reported that the market was also a source of fish (Fig. 4-21). Most people (79%) from non-coastal areas bought fish from the market. Small/mobile vendors were a significant source of seafood in all types of area serving 26-28% of respondents (Fig. 4-21).

4.9 Distance from sources of fish/seafood Across all respondents, access to sources of fish/seafood was relatively evenly divided in terms of ease and distance. Respondents having the best access, with sources nearby or within 30 minutes walk/ride, were those from Dili (49%) and Oecussi (40%). This high percentage of Oecussi’s likely reflected respondents who lived closer to coastal areas and also close to the capital city of Oecussi in Pante Makasar. Other districts were in the range 24-32% (Fig. 422). Respondents having the greatest constraints of access to seafood were from Bobonaro, where journeys of greater than one hour by public transport (40%) or by walking/bike (18%) were required to buy fish from the market (Fig. 4-22).

53

Distance from sources of fish/seafood (by district) 45

40

40 33

35

Percent

30

27

25

24 25

25

26

24 21

20

17

17

17

18 16

15

5

5

8

6

2

2

6

4

18 14

12

11

10 7

16

16

1313

15 10

25

24

5

15

10

6

6 3

0 BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO

COVALIMA

OECUSSI

All Districts

CLOSE BY/NEXT DOOR

WALK/BICYCLE LESS THAN HALF AN HOUR

WALK/BICYCLE 30 – 60 MINUTE

WALK/BICYCLE MORE THAN ONE HOUR

PUBLIC TRANSPORT LESS THAN 30 MINUTE

PUBLIC TRANSPORT 30 – 60 MINUTES

PUBLIC TRANSPORT MORE THAN ONE HOUR

Figure 4-22. Distance/access to fish/seafood (by district)

Predictably, people in coastal areas bought fish very near to their home i.e. close by/next door (36%), walk less than 30 minutes (29%), and walk between 30-60 minutes (21%) (Fig. 4-23). This situation was similar in urban areas i.e. close by/next door (26%), walk less than 30 minutes (30%), and walk between 30-60 minutes (15%). Those respondents living in non-coastal areas varied in access to fish/seafood. About half had reasonable access i.e. close by/next door (16%), walk less than 30 minutes (10%), and walk between 30-60 minutes (19%). But significant numbers reported difficulty in accessing seafood, requiring travel by public transport for 30-60 minutes (17%) or more than one hour (22%) (Fig. 4-23). Distance from sources of fish/seafood (by area) 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0

35.6 29.9 26.0

28.8 21.5

21.2 18.7 14.9

16.1 10.3

16.9 12.1 3.24.8

16.8 9.1

4.5 1.0

3.8

4.8

URBAN COASTAL NON COASTAL

Figure 4-23. Distance/access to salt water fish/seafood (by area)

By district, 47% respondents in Dili reported that fish was always available in their market. Daily availability of seafood in Covalima (20%) and Oecussi (19%) was much higher than

54

that of Baucau (10%) and Bobonaro (6%) (Fig. 4-24). Although Bobonaro had the lowest daily availability of seafood, respondents from this district also reported irregular availability (82%). Respondents from Oecussi reported weekly availability (18%), but this could reflect the respondents’ locations, which were close to its capital city (Fig. 4-24).

Figure 4-24. Availability of fish/seafood at the market the respondent goes to (by district)

The three areas (urban, coastal and non coastal) showed a similar trend in factors influencing purchase/consumption (Fig. 4-25). However many respondents (about 55%) reported that the availability of fish in the market was uncertain and irregular and that this influenced their buying behaviour (Fig. 4-25). Improvements in market availability should be made on a priority basis in non-coastal areas.

55

Figure 4-25. Availability of fish/seafood at the market the respondent goes to (by urban-coastal)

4.10 Perceived ease of access to fish/seafood In addition to reported distance and transport issues, subjective perceptions of ease/difficulty of access to fish/seafood were examined. Overall 52% of respondents rated access to seafood as fairly or very difficult, whereas 28% rated access as very or quite easy. 20% were neutral (Fig. 4-26). Perceived access to fish/seafood (by district) VERY EASY

QUITE EASY

MEDIUM

FAIRLY DIFFICULT

VERY DIFFICULT

60 49

50

41

40

Percent

40 30

26

20 10

16

37

36

35 28

25

14

29

27

24

23

19 20

12 13 13 8

4 5

7 6

23

9

7 2

1

0 BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO

COVALIMA

OECUSSI

All Districts

Figure 4-26. Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access to fish/seafood (by district)

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Access was easiest for those living in Oecussi and Dili, as many respondents lived close to cities, but significantly more difficult in Baucau, Bobonaro and Covalima (Fig. 4-26). Perceived access to buy fish/seafood in urban, coastal and non coastal areas 40.0

35.5

33.6

35.0

31.1

29.7

30.0

25.8 25.0

25.0

25.0 20.0

18.7

23.2 URBAN

17.7

COASTAL

12.8

15.0

5.0

NON COASTAL

8.6

10.0 2.9

7.8

2.6

0.0 VERY EASY

QUITE EASY

MEDIUM

FAIRLY DIFFICULT VERY DIFFICULT

Figure 4-27. Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access to fish/seafood (by area)

Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access across urban, coastal and non-coastal areas were quite clear. Urban and coastal respondents indicated generally easy/moderate access. However, this was not so in non-coastal areas, where there was a strong indication of difficult access (Fig. 4-27).

4.11 Fish buying volume About 62% of respondents bought less than 1 kg of fish per purchase, 29% purchased more than 1 kg but less than 2 kg, and only 9% bought more than 2 kg of fish per purchase (Fig. 428).

57

Figure 4-28. Volume of fish/seafood bought

The average volume of fish in each purchase varied by district, but in general most respondents only bought less or equal to 1 kg per purchase (Fig. 4-29). About 41% respondents in Dili bought between 1 kg and 2 kg each purchase. This finding could reflect larger household sizes in Dili compared with other districts or can be considered a reflection of the higher purchasing power and access to electricity, and fridges/freezers of the urban respondents (Fig. 4-29). LESS OR EQUAL TO 1 KG MORE THAN 1 KG, LESS THAN 2 KG MORE THAN 2 KG OTHERS

63.4

66.7

63.0

52.9 41.3

40.7 33.3 25.9

24.4

25.5 21.6

16.9 7.3

11.1 4.9

BAUCAU

1.2

DILI

BOBONARO

COVALIMA

OECUSSI

Figure 4-29. Volume bought (kg) everytime buying fish

Even so, respondents from the surveyed areas of Oecussi showed a high percentage of buying more than 2 kg (22%), even though household sizes were generally lower than other districts. This finding could reflect the relatively high per-person fish consumption in Oecussi, however, methodological constraints must be considered as stated above.

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4.12 Frequency of buying fish Fewer than 5% of all respondents bought fish more than once per day/every day. About 1718% bought fish several times a week, once a week, and several times a month. 31.2% bought fish once a month and 6% of respondents reported that they did not remember how often they bought fish (Fig. 4-30). Frequency of buying fish 31.2

17.9

18.1

17.0

6.0

4.9 1.1 MORE THAN ONCE PER DAY

ONCE A DAY/EVERYDAY

SEVERAL TIMES IN A WEEK

ONCE A WEEK

SEVERAL TIMES ONCE A MONTH IN A MONTH OR LESS

DO NOT REMEMBER

Figure 4-30. Frequency of buying fish in general (percent)

More than 50% of respondents in Bobonaro and Covalima bought fish only once a month. In contrast, respondents from Dili were more likely to buy fish several times a week compared with other districts (Fig. 4-31). Frequency of buying fish per district BAUCAU

DILI

BOBONARO

COVALIMA

OECUSSI 57 59

32

30

18 7

12

10 4

1 1 1 3

17

15

22

19 19 10

24

23 18

22

14 16

13

4

2

MORE THAN ONCE A SEVERAL TIMES ONCE PER DAY DAY/EVERYDAY IN A WEEK

14

ONCE A WEEK

SEVERAL TIMES ONCE A MONTH IN A MONTH OR LESS

7 2 2

DO NOT REMEMBER

Figure 4-31. Frequency of buying fish by district

By urban/coastal/non-coastal categorisation, coastal people (14%) bought fish/seafood more frequently in daily purchase (once or more in a day) compared to urban people (5%) and noncoastal people (5%) (Fig. 4-32). This was also the case for frequency within a week (once to several times in a week) where coastal people (57%) bought most frequently from all categories. As availability and distance to market were some of the main constraints, noncoastal people purchased fish/seafood very rarely with almost a half (41%) buying fish/seafood only once in a month.

59

Figure 4-32. Frequency of buying fish/seafood by area

When frequency of buying fish is cross-tabulated against the volume of fish purchased, the “1 kg or less” occurred mostly in the multiple buying per day (94%) category. Buying between 1 and 2 kg took place mostly at the category of “several times in a week” (41%) or several times in a month (36%). Buying more than 2 kg at a time was reported mostly at the category of “once a day/every day” (44%) (Fig. 4-33).

Figure 4-33. Frequency of buying fish/seafood with their weight

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4.13 Consumption of processed fish From 657 respondents who indicated consuming processed fish, 31% preferred dried fish/seafood or grilled fish/seafood (17%) (Fig. 4-34).

Figure 4-34. Experience in buying processed fish/seafood

Only urban respondents from Dili consumed the four main types of processed fish in amounts significantly higher than those consumed by people living in coastal and non-coastal areas: dried (52%), salted (37%), grilled (37%) and fried (27%) (Fig. 4-35). Dried fish/seafood was popular in coastal (49%) and non-coastal (45%) areas. Surprisingly, respondents from coastal areas did show higher consumption rates of processed fish products than non-coastal areas (Fig. 4-35). Based on the data, the consumption of dried fish (the most common processing in the country) was not significantly different in the coastal and non-coastal areas. It has to be noted that a part of the dried fish available is imported fish from Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara) and other parts of Indonesia, while the remainder is captured in Timor-Leste.

61

Figure 4-35. Processed fish/seafood bought (by urban-coastal)

Dried fish products (22%-25%) and salted (12%-19%) fish/seafood were purchased more frequently (once to several times a week) than other processed fish products (Fig. 4-36). Smoked (47%) and boiled/steamed (17%) fish/seafood were the least frequently (> 1 month) purchased processed fish products (Fig. 4-36). Frequency of buying processed fish/seafood 47%

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35

33% 28%

0.3

25% 22% 20%19%

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05

13%

20% 19%

22%23% 19% 15% 12% 10%

6%

5% 3%

6%

6% 2%

28%

4%

21% 18% 15% 12%

21%

21%

11% 8% 6%

17% 14% 10%

6%

7% 2%

0 SMOKED DRIED several times a day once a week > 1x a month

SALTED GRILLED everyday several times a month

FRIED BOIL/STEAM several times a week once a month

Figure 4-36. Frequency of buying processed fish/seafood (by type)

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4.14 Fish and animal meat consumption Respondents were questioned on their consumption of (i) marine fish and (ii) freshwater fish. Meat consumed was recorded as either: chicken, beef (cow), pork, buffalo meat, goat meat and lamb. Eggs were also presented as a food choice. Fish and meat consumption from a specific protein source (e.g. chicken, beef, pork, freshwater fish, and sea fish) was calculated from two variables, which were recorded in the survey questionnaires:  Frequency (of meals with fish or meat per interval time; e.g. day, week, month, year) converted to an annual rate.  Weight (of fish or meat consumption per one-time consumption or per meal [in grams]) obtained by multiplying the fish size consumed (most of the time based on sample tools used by the enumerators) with the number of pieces or slices, unless the respondent answered with a specific weight in grams. The total consumption per year per respondent was obtained by multiplying the annual frequency by the weight. 4.14.1 Frequency of annual consumption per year The conversion to annual frequency was defined based on the time-interval frequency answered by the respondents (selection of 1 or 2 or 3 below is used only if consumed every day):  3 x a day = 3 x 365 = 1,095 times  2 x a day = 2 x 365 = 730 times  1 x a day = 365 times  Several times per week = 96 times  Once a week = 48 times  Several times per month = 24 times  Once a month = 12 times  Several times a year = 4 times  Very rarely = 2 times.

4.14.2 Weight of consumption per meal Where the respondent did not explicitly answer in grams or kg, the weight was derived from basic conversion based on sample tools which the interviewer showed to the respondent e.g. ½ of the size of the fish sample, 1 small piece of chicken, 1 large piece of meat. The conversion of the fish samples to grams was:  ½ of fish = 40 g  1 whole piece = 80 g  1 small piece = 35 g  1 medium piece = 75 g

63



1 big piece = 115 g.

The basic conversion of the meat samples to grams was: Meat Chicken Goat/lamb Pork Beef Water buffalo

Small (g)

Medium (g) 35 20 30 15 15

Large (g) 55 40 50 35 35

75 60 80 55 55

Example calculation of what one specific respondent ate per meal:  Chicken “small piece” with quantity = 2, then per meal he/she ate 35 g x 2 = 70 g, and if he/she also ate;  Pork “medium size” with quantity = 3 then per meal he/she ate 50 g x 3 = 150 g, and if s/he also ate;  Marine (saltwater) fish “whole piece” with quantity = 1 then per meal he/she ate 80 g x 1 = 80 g.

4.14.3 Final calculation of consumption per capita per year The averages of grams or kg consumed/capita/year per specific group in question (e.g. fish/beef/chicken/egg, urban/coastal/non-coastal, 5 districts) were obtained as weighted means that were based on the number of respondents in that specific group (area category, district). 4.14.4 Average consumption The aggregate and average results calculated from the survey data were based on samples from four districts: Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro and Covalima. Data from Oecussi were excluded in the calculation of total mean but are presented for district comparison. Of all protein sources, chicken was the most consumed with 8.3 kg/capita/year followed by pork (2.2 kg/cap/year). Marine (seawater) fish was consumed at 5.8 kg/cap/year. Egg consumption was relatively high at 4.8 kg/cap/year. Total meat consumption was 13.3 kg/cap/year and total fish consumption was 6.1 kg/cap/year (Fig. 4-37).

64

Figure 4-37. Per-capita level of consumption of protein sources in 4 districts

Of four districts surveyed inTimor-Leste 19.4 kg/capita/year of fish and animal meat was consumed. This is comprised of 6.1 kg/capita/year fish and 13.3 kg/capita/year of meat. Further details on consumption rates per district with their sum values and standard deviations of the means are presented in Appendix 3 (Fish and meat consumption levels). Table 4-5. Fish and animal meat consumption (summary) Area/District

Fish

Consumption (kg/capita/year) Meat Total **)

By Area type Urban 6.0 Coastal 17.6 Non-Coastal 4.0 Mean *) 6.1 By District Baucau 5.9 Dili 7.7 Bobonaro 2.7 Covalima 5.5 Mean *) 6.1 *) Mean was generated from 4 districts, excluding Oecussi **) Values were rounded after calculating fish and meat combined

19.1 12.1 11.6 13.3

25.2 29.7 15.6 19.4

11.6 18.2 7.0 6.6 13.3

17.5 26.0 9.6 12.2 19.4

In Oecussi, where data only includes Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts, the fish consumption level was 9.3 kg/capita/year and the meat consumption level was 22.3 kg/capita/year. Total fish and meat consumption was 31.6 kg/capita/year. These results are

65

not included in the table and the average calculations, since they have to be considered with caution. There was a significant correlation between levels of meat consumption and levels of fish consumption (Pearson correlation 0.275 with p significance <0.001, 2-tailed). This one-toone correlation could be explained by single or multiple factors that can be further investigated based on multivariate relationships on variables such as age and income, which are described in the following sections. 4.14.5 Consumption by area As expected, coastal communities consumed more fish (17.6 kg/cap/year) than meat (12.1 kg/cap/year). In contrast, non-coastal communities consumed almost three times more meat (11.6 kg/cap/year) than fish (4.0 kg/cap/year) reflecting difficulty in regularly accessing convenient, fresh product. Urban communities consumed much more meat (19.2 kg/cap/year) than fish (6.0 kg/cap/year) (Fig. 4-38). Fish and Meat consumption (kg/capita/year)

NON COASTAL

11.6

COASTAL

12.1

4.0

17.6

Total Meat Total Fish

URBAN

19.2

0.0

5.0

10.0

6.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Figure 4-38. Fish and animal meat consumption level (by urban-coastal)

The relatively high fish consumption by coastal people reflected the availability of fish and access to markets. Some respondents also caught fish and therefore did not need to spend their limited incomes to buy fish. For urban and non-coastal people, who were mostly nonfishers, fish could only be obtained by purchasing, and their level of consumption was influenced by income. The existence (or lack of) of suitable infrastructure for transporting fish in usable condition from coastal areas to non-coastal areas was a significant factor affecting fish consumption by non-coastal people. 4.14.6 Consumption by district Total fish and animal meat consumption varied markedly across the four surveyed districts, exclusive of Oecussi, in the range 9.7 - 25.9 kg/cap/year (Fig. 4-39).

66

Fish and Meat consumption (Kg/capita/year)

COVALIMA

6.6

BOBONARO

7.0

5.6

2.7

Total Meat Total Fish DILI

18.2

BAUCAU

11.6

0.0

5.0

7.7

5.9

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

Figure 4-39. Fish and animal meat consumption level (by district)

Fish consumption in Bobonaro district was very low (2.7 kg/cap/year) compared to other districts. The highest level of fish consumption occurred in Dili (7.7 kg/cap/year), which is almost 3 times greater than fish consumption in Bobonaro (Fig. 4-39). In addition to being the consumers of fish, the people of Bobonaro were also the second lowest meat consumers among districts of Timor-Leste. (Fig. 4-39). Based on only Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts, Oecussi people had relatively high rates of meat consumption (22.3 kg/cap/year) and high rates of fish consumption (9.3 kg/cap/year), however, as explained above this cannot be considered as representing all the district and as such must be considered with caution. One study on social structural influences on meat consumption (Gossard and York, 2003) found that meat consumption could be affected by several factors: gender, race, ethnicity, location (urban-non-urban), social class and physiological variables (e.g. body weight, age). A similar study could be applied and adjusted for meat and fish consumption in Timor-Leste to identify sources of variation. Factors such as age, education level, marital status and income level are discussed in the following sections. 4.14.7 Fish and meat consumption by age Fish and meat consumption levels decline with the age of respondent. This trend was stronger for meat compared with fish (Fig. 4.40). 67

Figure 4-40. Fish and meat consumption (g) by respondent's age

Some FGD results revealed that older people (>55 years of age) consumed relatively little meat, preferring vegetables. Meat was reportedly not eaten because it was considered hard to chew and to cause health problems related to high blood pressure. Similarly, fish was avoided because of perceived negative effects related to high blood pressure. Contrary to the consideration that adults and elders eat more proteins, it seems that the data shows that younger people (children are excluded, but there is evidence of a similar consumption patterns –see chapter 4.1) have the highest consumption. 4.14.8 Fish and meat consumption by marital status There was no significant difference between single (not married) and married respondents in the level of consumption of meat. However single respondents ate fish more than married respondents (Fig. 4-41), in accordance with the age-consumption trend mentioned above.

68

Figure 4-41. Fish and meat consumption level (g) by marital status.

Divorcees and widows ate less animal protein than married or single respondents. 4.14.9 Fish and meat consumption by level of education There was a significant correlation between fish consumption level and education level (Pearson correlation 0.11 with p significance <0.01 2-tailed).

Figure 4-42. Level of fish and meat consumption based on education level

69

Educated persons (Bachelor degree) ate comparatively higher levels of fish and meat (Fig. 442) which may reflect increased purchasing power and nutritional awareness. 4.14.10

Fish and meat consumption by level of income and family size

Income correlated positively only with the level of meat consumption (Pearson correlation 0.125, p <0.001 2-tailed), but not with fish consumption level (Fig. 4-43). Thus, other factors such as access to market or fish availability and education of respondents could serve to increase fish consumption levels.

Figure 4-43. Level of fish and meat consumption categorised by income level

There was no correlation between the per capita consumption of meat or fish and household size (Fig. 4-44).

70

Figure 4-44. Fish and meat consumption level categorised by household size

4.14.11

Meat consumption versus ownership of cattle and chicken

Only pig and chicken owners, who were also categorised mainly as farmers, reported high levels of pork and chicken meat consumption when compared to other types of meat consumed (Fig. 4-45). Most chicken and pig owners consumed their own livestock. In contrast, FGDs and IDIs results show that most cow and goat/lamb owners did not consume their own livestock. Rather, their livestock was mostly sold to generate income, to repay debt, or to educate their children.

Figure 4-45. Fish and meat consumed against livestock owned

71

4.14.12

Meat/fish consumption against reported preferences

Levels of fish and meat consumption were compared with stated preferences (Fig. 4-46). The results show a close correlation with the exception of pork (Fig. 4-46). This could be because pork eaters also ate chicken throughout the year and chicken was preferred to pork.

Figure 4-46. Levels of fish and meat consumption categorised by what was mostly consumed

4.14.13 Fish supply and fish consumption In previous studies, fish supply5 in Timor-Leste was calculated based on secondary data from FAO (2005)6 as 0.3 kg/cap/year, and using tertiary data7 as 3.03 kg/cap/year. Both these supply levels are significantly lower than the per capita fish consumption rates for Indonesia (20.5 kg/cap/year), the average for Asian countries (17.8 kg/cap/year) and the world average (16.4 kg/cap/year) (Fig. 4-47).

5

The data on fish supply in Timor-Leste shows a positive trend from 2005-2009. However, the data on which the other studies are based is different. The data was mostly from estimations of fish catch reported by the National Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture (NDFA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, which at that time of collection were unreliable. 6 FAO: Yearbook of Fishery and Aquaculture 2007. 7 JICA 2009: Interim Report of the Study on Project for Promotion of Agribusiness in Timor-Leste.

72

14

NTT Province / Indonesia 2007 (BPS, 2009)

16.4

World 2005 (FAO, 2007)

17.8

Asian countries 2005 (FAO, 2007)

20.5

Indonesia 2005 (FAO, 2007) 0.3

Timor Leste 2005 (FAO, 2007)

3

Timor Leste 2009 (Tertiary Data) Timor Leste 2011 (RFLP Survey)

6.1 0

5

10

15

20

25

kg/capita/year Fish Supply

Fish Consumption

Figure4-47. Fish supplyand consumption

The survey results show that per capita levels of fish consumption in Timor-Leste are lower than the world per capita fish supply level, the Asian fish supply level and the level of fish supply in East Nusa Tenggara province (Indonesia) which borders with Timor-Leste (Fig. 447). In 2007 the fish supply in East Nusa Tenggara reached 14 kg/cap/year8. Only in the coastal areas of Timor-Leste was fish consumption (17.6 kg/cap/year) similar to Asian countries (17.8 kg/cap/year) and to world averages (16.4 kg/cap/year). In non-coastal and urban areas, per capita fish consumption was well below world per capita consumption rates. However, in all areas (urban: 6.0, coastal: 17.6 and non-coastal: 4.0) per capita fish consumption significantly exceeds current estimates of domestic per capita fish supply (3 kg/cap/year).

4.15 Perceived level of consumption About half (49.8%) of all respondents reported that they did not eat enough fish (Fig. 4-48).

8

BPS: NTT dalam Angka (ENT in Numbers), 2009

73

Figure 4-48. Perception on the quantity of fish consumed

However, many respondents (71%) who did not consume fish would purchase fish if funds permit. This trend was similar in all urban (84%), coastal (62%) and non-coastal (70%) areas. The willingness to consume more fish was lower in coastal areas than in the other areas, which was consistent with the greater availability of fish and also the higher frequency of fish in their meals compared with non-coastal areas (Fig. 4-49).

Figure 4-49. Willingness to consume more fish if having more money

74

4.16 Seasonal availability of fish Almost all fish caught in Timor-Leste by small-scale fishers was consumed inside the country. Thus, the availability of fresh fish was dependent on seasonal variations in weather and sea conditions. From the results of the RFLP Baseline Survey, conducted together with this Fish and Animal Protein Survey, fishing activity in Oecussi and Bobonaro is greatest in March-October, but then decreases because of adverse weather between November-February. In Covalima, where fishing areas are situated on the southern side of Timor island, fishing activity is at its lowest level in March-June, increasing between June-February and peaks in September-October and in January-February. There is a slight decrease in fishing activity between October-January during the rainy season (Fig. 4-50). Fishing calendar from March to February in 5 districts 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% % MAR

APR

Baucau

MAY

Dili

JUN

JULY

AUG

Bobonaro

SEP

OCT

Covalima

NOV

DEC

Oecussi

JAN

FEB

Average

Figure 4-50. Fishing calendar 5 districts (source: RFLP Baseline Survey data, 2011)

Changes in the total fish catch were perceived last year (2010/2011) with 40% of fishers in Oecussi and Bobonaro noting a decrease in fish catch, whereas 51% of fishers in Dili, Baucau and Covalima districts reported no change in the total fish catch. Reported factors influencing catch rates were bad weather and high waves, inadequate fishing gear and competition among fishers.

75

5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions 1. Animal protein (fish/meat) was an important component of the daily diet of 45.8% of respondents in the five districts of Timor-Leste. Among those who ate fish/meat less frequently 18% ate fish/meat once a week, 16% ate fish/meat occasionally, 5% ate fish/meat once a month and 3% ate fish/meat twice a month. 2. There was a significant difference in daily animal protein consumption patterns between respondents in coastal areas (67%) - which includes urban/small urban settings such as Suai, Baucau or Liquiça - compared with those respondents from urban (52%) and non-coastal areas (40%). 3. Consumption of animal protein in urban areas was higher than in non-coastal areas, because it was easier to purchase fish/meat in urban markets. In particular, the urban areas of Dili are located close to the coast with access to fresh fish markets. Access to markets is more limited in non-coastal areas. 4. Animal protein was consumed daily by 30-34% of respondents in Bobonaro and Covalima. Consumption of animal protein was greater in Dili (49%), Oecussi (52%), and Baucau (54%). 5. Traditional ceremonies are the main occasions when animal protein is consumed in the districts outside of Dili, including all of Oecussi’s surveyed area. In the districts of Baucau, Bobonaro and Covalima an average of 89% of respondents ate animal protein during traditional ceremonies, while 29% declare they eat animal protein in every day meals. In Dili respondents take animal protein both during ceremonies and daily meals in the same percentages. 6. The percentage of respondents who did not eat animal meat and fish was the lowest in Oecussi (3%), which reflects local circumstances where fish are sold direct to consumers and taking into account that the locations where data gathering was carried out were close to Pante Makasar, the capital city of Oecussi district. 7. Chicken remained the preferred form of animal protein consumed in Timor-Leste (54.1%), followed by marine (seawater) fish/other seafood (14.4%), eggs (11.9%) and pork (7.6%). Other sources of animal protein were of less importance, i.e. below 5% of total meat and fish consumed. 8. Consumption patterns between the five districts show that chicken was the main source of meat in all districts. Other than chicken, marine (marine/seawater) fish was favoured in Covalima (23%) followed by Dili (17%), Oecussi (17%), Bobonaro (9%) with Baucau showing the lowest proportion (7%) of marine fish in diets. People in Oecussi consumed more pork, beef, and buffalo meat compared with those meat sources in Baucau, Covalima, and Dili. Pork consumption (19%), however, was the highest in Bobonaro. Egg consumption was lowest in Bobonaro (6%) compared with Covalima (10%), Oecussi (11%), Baucau (14%) and Dili (14%). 9. Of the fish consumed in Bobonaro, Baucau and Dili, sardines were preferred, whereas mackerel/kombong (Scombridae) was the most consumed fish in Covalima and Oecussi. The percentage of sardine and mackerel consumed in Oecussi was relatively

76

high (54% and 60%, respectively). The percentage of long tail tuna/tongkol consumed was relatively high in all districts. Prawn consumption was the highest in Baucau (21%) and Bobonaro (16%). 10. Deep frying was the most popular way to prepare fish/seafood in all districts, followed by grilling and steaming. Deep frying was also preferred by urban, coastal and non-coastal people, followed by boiling and grilling. 11. Across all districts, respondents consistently (86-92%) considered taste to be the main reason for eating fish. 12. Price and availability were consistently reported as the main reasons limiting the consumption of fish and seafood. Many (53%) Bobonaro respondents considered fish/seafood to be too expensive, as did 43% of Covalima respondents and 41% of Baucau respondents. 13. Most (71%) respondents purchased fish/seafood at local markets. Significant numbers also purchased from peddlers (28%) and through fish auctions/fish coastal market/fish landing centres (21%) and directly from fishers (20%). 14. Respondents having the best access to fish/seafood, with sources nearby or within 30 minutes walk/ride, were those from Dili (49%) and surveyed areas of Oecussi (40%). Respondents having the greatest constraints were from Bobonaro, where journeys of greater than one hour by public transport (40%) or by walking/bicycle (18%) were required. Predictably, people in coastal areas buy fish very near to their home i.e. close by/next door (36%) walk less than 30 minutes (29%), and walk between 30-60 minutes (21%). 15. Those respondents living in non-coastal areas had varied access to fish/seafood. About half had reasonable access i.e. close by/next door (16%), walk less than 30 minutes (10%), and walk between 30-60 minutes (19%). But many respondents reported difficult access requiring travel by public transport for 30-60 minutes (17%) or more than one hour (22%). 16. Overall 52% of respondents rated access to fish/seafood as fairly or very difficult. Access was easiest for those living in Oecussi (mainly because Pante Makasar and Oesilo subdistricts are close to the district capital city) and in Dili, but much more difficult in Baucau, Bobonaro and Covalima districts. 17. Perceptions of ease/difficulty of access across urban, coastal and non-coastal areas were quite clear. Urban and coastal respondents reported easy/moderate access in contrast to those respondents from non-coastal areas. 18. In four districts (Baucau, Dili, Bobonaro and Covalima) people consumed an average of 19.4 kg/capita/year of fish and animal meat (6.1 kg/capita/year fish protein and 13.3 kg/capita/year of meat protein). 19. Coastal communities consumed more fish (17.6 kg/cap/year) than meat (12.1 kg/cap/year). In contrast, non-coastal communities consumed much more meat (11.6 kg/cap/year) than fish (4.0 kg/cap/year) because of difficulty of access to convenient fresh product. Urban communities ate more meat (19.2 kg/cap/year) than fish (6.0 kg/cap/year).

77

20. Fish consumption in Bobonaro district was very low (2.7 kg/cap/year) compared with other districts. The highest level of fish consumption occurred in Dili (7.7 kg/cap/year. 21. Fish and particularly meat consumption levels declined with age. 22. Fish consumption was positively correlated with education level. 23. Income level was positively correlated with meat consumption, but not with fish consumption level. 24. The mean per-capita level of fish consumption in Timor-Leste (6.1 kg/cap/year) was significantly lower than the World value (16.4 kg/cap/year). 25. Only in the coastal areas of Timor-Leste did fish consumption (17.6 kg/cap/year) approximate Asian fish consumption level (17.8 kg/cap/year). 26. More than half (57.5%) of respondents ate together and divided the fish equally among family members. When it comes to order, only 26.8% gave priority to men/head of households, whereas 21.4% gave priority to children, allowing them to eat before adults. When referred to the quantity, there is not significant evidence of differences between members of the households in the share of the proteins consumed. 27. Perceived changes in the total fish catch were associated with bad weather and high waves, inadequate fishing gear and competition among fishers. 28. Customary /traditional rules affect consumption of fish in some areas. Some believe that eating fish will bring bad luck. Some respondents adhered strictly to this tradition, while others compromised by cooking fish outside the house and/or not keeping the utensils used to cook fish within the house.

5.2 Recommendations 1. This survey has provided a good snapshot of fish and meat consumption patterns in Timor-Leste. The survey should be repeated at a suitable interval to determine changes in behaviours particularly those influenced by custom, market access, and particularly income. 2. Fish supply in Timor-Leste had variously been estimated at 0.3 and 3.0 kg/cap/year. Given the different methodologies used there is a great divergence from the current estimate; additional research should be undertaken to determine the current fish supply in Timor-Leste and sources of variation in this supply. 3. Given the very low levels of fish consumption in non-coastal areas due to distance and access issues, a clear opportunity exists for increasing the quality of the diets of inland communities while increasing the incomes of coastal fishers. Investment in improved cold chain facilities and distribution systems is recommended particularly in those areas remote from Dili and other large towns. 4. Consumption avoidance, reflecting traditional and “supernatural” beliefs in the communities, could be addressed with targeted community education programmes. These programmes could emphasise the nutritional benefits of eating fish in particular and stimulate growth in the seafood industry of Timor-Leste. Perceptions relating to

78

poor product quality could also be addressed by improved supply chain management and processing facilities. This could serve to further develop the seafood industry of Timor-Leste and potentially develop export markets with obvious economic and social benefits.

79

6

REFERENCES

AMSAT International (2011), Notes on the Focus Group Discussions and In-Depth Interviews for the Fish and Animal Protein Consumption Survey. Canberra: Amsat International. Biro Pusat Statistik of Indonesia (2009). NTT dalam Angka (East Nusa Tenggara in Numbers). Do Amaral, J.X. (2010), Current Fisheries and Aquaculture Policies Relevant to RFLP in Timor-Leste. Dili: FAO-RFLP. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2007). Yearbook of Fishery and Aquaculture 2007. Gossard, M.H. and R. York (2003). Social Structural Influences on Meat Consumption. Human Ecology Review, Vol. 10 (No.1), page 9. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (2009): Interim Report of the Study on Project for Promotion of Agribusiness in Timor-Leste. Magnani, R (1997). Sampling Guide. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project (FANTA). Washington: Academy for Educational Development.

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APPENDIX 1. QUESTIONNAIRE KUESIONER SURVEI KONSUMSI DAGING DAN KETERSEDIAAN IKAN – TIMOR-LESTE 2011 NO KUESIONER : PEWAWANCARA:

1. DISTRIK: __________________________________ 2. SUB DISTRIK

: __________________________________

3. SUKO : _______________________________ 4. ALDIEA: ________________________________ 5. NOMOR RUMAH: ____________ 6. NAMA KEPALA RUMAH TANGGA: _____________________________________

INFORMED CONSENT – WAJIB DIBACAKAN Selamat pagi/siang/sore, saya ................ Kami dari Program Mata Pencaharian Perikanan Daerah sedang melakukan survei rumah tangga yang berhubungan dengan konsumsi ikan dan daging. Hasil survai ini akan dimanfaatkan pemerintah untuk menyusun program-program. Informasi dari Ibu/ Bapak bersifat rahasia dan tidak diberikan pada orang lain. Lama wawancara sekitar 30 menit. Sifatnya sukarela, tidak ada paksaan dan kami tidak memberi bantuan apapun. Apakah kami boleh mewawancarai Ibu/ Bapak?

LANJUTKAN HANYA BILA JAWABANNYA YA

NO

PERTANYAAN

JAWABAN RESPONDEN

KE

GAMBARAN UMUM A1

JENIS KELAMIN

LAKI-LAKI .................................................................................... 1 PEREMPUAN .............................................................................. 2

Berapa usia Ibu/ Bapak?

TAHUN

A2

PERHATIKAN SITUASI A3

Kapan Ibu/ Bapak lahir? BULAN - TAHUN

PERHATIKAN SITUASI

A4

ORANG

Berapa orang tinggal di rumah ini? SIAPAPUN, ASALKAN SEHARI-HARI TIDUR DI RUMAH YANG DIWAWANCARA, TERMASUK PEMBANTU

81

A5

Agama anut?

yang

Ibu/

Bapak

KATOLIK ...................................................................................... 1 KRISTEN ..................................................................................... 2 ISLAM .......................................................................................... 3 HINDU .......................................................................................... 4 BUDHA ........................................................................................ 5 LAINNYA (TULISKAN)_______________________________ ... 6

A6

Apakah Ibu/ Bapak menikah?

MENIKAH ..................................................................................... 1 BELUM MENIKAH ....................................................................... 2 DUDA/ JANDA KARENA CERAI.................................................. 3 DUDA/ JANDA KARENA DITINGGAL MATI ................................ 4

LATAR BELAKANG SOSIAL EKONOMI B1

B2

Apakah Ibu/ Bapak pernah bersekolah?

YA ................................................................................................ 1

Tingkat pendidikan apa yang diselesaikan?

SD TIDAK SELESAI ..................................................................... 1

TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2

SD SELESAI ................................................................................ 2 SMP TIDAK SELESAI .................................................................. 3 SMP SELESAI ............................................................................. 4 SMA TIDAK SELESAI .................................................................. 5 SMA SELESAI ............................................................................. 6 D3 TIDAK SELESAI ..................................................................... 7 D3 SELESAI................................................................................. 8 S1 TIDAK SELESAI ..................................................................... 9 S1 SELESAI ............................................................................... 10 LAINNYA, TULISKAN_____________________________....... 11

82

 B3

B3

Apakah Ibu/ Bapak atau orang di rumah ini memiliki barang-barang sbb? MOHON SOPAN. BILA MERASA KURANG NYAMAN, LOMPATI SEMENTARA ATAU LAKUKAN OBSERVASI (BUAT CATATAN BILA OBSERVASI)

SEPEDA ..................................................................................... A SEPEDA MOTOR ....................................................................... B MOBIL ........................................................................................ C MOBIL PICK UP ......................................................................... D TRUK .......................................................................................... E RADIO/ TAPE ............................................................................. F TV ............................................................................................... G PARABOLA ................................................................................ H DVD/ VCD/CD PLAYER ............................................................... I KULKAS ...................................................................................... J TELEPHONE .............................................................................. K HANDPHONE ............................................................................. L RUMAH SENDIRI ....................................................................... M SAPI/ KERBAU .......................................................................... N KAMBING/ DOMBA ................................................................... O BABI ........................................................................................... P AYAM ......................................................................................... Q KAPAL MOTOR ......................................................................... R PERAHU LAYAR........................................................................ S PERAHU DAYUNG .................................................................... T

B4

B5

Dalam sebulan terakhir, apakah Ibu/ Bapak bekerja untuk mendapatkan uang? Apa pekerjaan utama Ibu/ Bapak ?

YA ........................ 1 TIDAK .................. 2

 B6

GURU ........................................................ 11

BURUH TANI .................................................. 32

DOSENTE .................................................. 12

PELAYAN PASAR/ TOKO .............................. 33

DIRETOR ................................................... 13

BURUH BANGUNAN ...................................... 34

MENISTRU MEMBRU PARLEMENTU ...... 14

PEDAGANG PASAR/ PERTOKOAN .............. 41

DOKTER UMUM/ HEWAN......................... 15

PEDAGANG DI TEMPAT INFORMAL ............ 42

FUNGSIONARIA PNTL/ F-FDTL ............... 21

PUNYA KIOS .................................................. 43

FUNGSIONARIO EMPRESARIU ............... 22 NELAYAN/ PESKADOR ............................ 23

PENGEPUL/PEMBELI IKAN DARI PESKADOR ................................................................... 51

PETANI ...................................................... 24

PETANI BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT ............. 52

BURUH NELAYAN/ PESKADOR ............... 31

PENGOLAH HASIL IKAN/ LAUT .................... 53 PENGUMPUL IKAN DLL DI SAAT AIR SURUT ........................................................................ 54 LAINNYA (TULISKAN)_________________ . 55

83

B6

Apa kerja lain yang Ibu/ Bapak lakukan untuk mendapt kan uang?

GURU ......................................................... A

BURUH TANI ................................................... K

DOSENTE ................................................... B

PELAYAN PASAR/ TOKO ................................ L

DIRETOR ....................................................C

BURUH BANGUNAN ....................................... M

MENISTRU MEMBRU PARLEMENTU .......D

PEDAGANG PASAR/ PERTOKOAN ............... N

DOKTER UMUM/ HEWAN.......................... E

PEDAGANG DI TEMPAT INFORMAL ............. O

FUNGSIONARIA PNTL/ F-FDTL ................ F

PUNYA KIOS ................................................... P

FUNGSIONARIO EMPRESARIU ............... G NELAYAN/ PESKADOR .............................H

PENGEPUL/PEMBELI IKAN DARI PESKADOR .................................................................... Q

PETANI ........................................................ I

PETANI BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT .............. R

BURUH NELAYAN/ PESKADOR ................ J

PENGOLAH HASIL IKAN/ LAUT ..................... S PENGUMPUL IKAN DLL DI SAAT AIR SURUTT LAINNYA (TULISKAN)_________________ .. U

B7

Apa pekerjaan anggota rumah tangga yang lain untuk mendapatkan uang?

GURU ......................................................................................... A DOSENTE ................................................................................... B DIRETOR .................................................................................... C MENISTRU MEMBRU PARLEMENTU ....................................... D DOKTER UMUM/ HEWAN .......................................................... E FUNGSIONARIA PNTL/ F-FDTL ................................................ F FUNGSIONARIO EMPRESARIU ................................................ G NELAYAN/ PESKADOR ............................................................ H PETANI ......................................................................................... I BURUH NELAYAN/ PESKADOR................................................ J BURUH TANI .............................................................................. K PELAYAN PASAR/ TOKO ........................................................... L BURUH BANGUNAN .................................................................. M PEDAGANG PASAR/ PERTOKOAN .......................................... N PEDAGANG DI TEMPAT INFORMAL ........................................ O PUNYA KIOS .............................................................................. P PENGEPUL/ PEMBELI IKAN DARI NELAYAN/ PESKADOR... Q PETANI BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT ........................................ R PENGOLAH HASIL IKAN/ LAUT ............................................... S PENGUMPUL IKAN DLL DI PANTAI SAAT AIR SURUT ......... T LAINNYA (TULISKAN)_______________________________ .. U

B8

B9

Apakah ada perempuan yang menjadi nelayan/ peskador (menangkap ikan di laut)? BILA YA, siapakah dia?

ISTRI KEPALA KELUARGA ....................................................... A ANAK KEPALA KELUARGA ....................................................... B TIDAK ADA ____________________________ ....................... C LAIN-LAIN, TULIS ____________________________ .............. D

Kira-kira, dalam sebulan berapa banyak uang yang dihasilkan Ibu/ Bapak dan anggota rumah tangga ini? RUJUK BULAN TERAKHIR

KONSUMSI IKAN

84

.............................$

Hari ini atau kemarin, apakah Ibu/ Bapak memakan daging atau ikan? C1

C2

YA ................................................................................................ 1

BILA DI TANYA, JELASKAN, DAGING APA SAJA: IKAN, AYAM, SAPI, KAMBING, BABI, DLL

Dalam seminggu terakhir?

TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2

YA ................................................................................................ 1 TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2

C3

Kapan Ibu/ Bapak terakhir makan daging/ikan?

 C4A

 C4A

DALAM DUA MINGGU INI ........................................................... 1 DALAM SEBULAN INI ................................................................. 2 LEBIH DARI SEBULAN LALU...................................................... 3 TIDAK INGAT............................................................................... 4 TIDAK MAKAN DAGING/IKAN APAPUN ..................................... 5

C4

C4b

C5

C6

 C5

Apakah semua anggota keluarga di sini makan daging/ikan?

YA ................................................................................................ 1 TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2

 C5

Kapan biasanya keluarga makan daging/ ikan?

DI WAKTU PESTA ...................................................................... A

 C6

DI WAKTU MAKAN SEHARI-HARI ............................................. B

 C6

LAINNYA ______________________________________ ........ C

 C6

MAHAL ........................................................................................ A

 C21

TIDAK ADA DI PASAR/ TIDAK ADA YANG JUAL ...................... B

 C21

TIDAK SUKA ............................................................................... C

 C21

SUSAH MEMASAK ..................................................................... D

 C21

RASA TIDAK ENAK .................................................................... E

 C21

TIDAK SEGAR ............................................................................ F

 C21

TIDAK BIASA .............................................................................. G

 C21

LAINNYA, TULISKAN_________________________________ H

 C21

MAKAN TELUR SAJA ATAU YANG LAIN __________________I

 C21

Kenapa Ibu/ Bapak/ anggota keluarga di sini tidak makan daging/ikan?

Daging/ikan apa saja yang Ibu/ Bapak/ anggota keluarga makan?

AYAM .......................................................................................... A

GALI, ada lagi? BILA MENJAWAB IKAN, ikan apa?

SAPI ............................................................................................ D

KAMBING/ DOMBA .................................................................... B BABI ............................................................................................ C KERBAU ..................................................................................... E IKAN DARAT/AIR TAWAR .......................................................... F IKAN LAUT ................................................................................. G TELUR ........................................................................................ H LAINNYA, TULISKAN_____________________________.......... I

85

C7A

Dari daging-daging/ikan yang Ibu/ Bapak makan itu SEBUTKAN JAWABAN PERTANYAAN DI ATAS mana yang paling sering Ibu/ Bapak makan?

AYAM ........................................................................................... 1 KAMBING/ DOMBA ..................................................................... 2 BABI ............................................................................................. 3 SAPI ............................................................................................. 4 KERBAU ...................................................................................... 5 IKAN DARAT/AIR TAWAR ........................................................... 6 IKAN/ BINATANG LAUT .............................................................. 7 TELUR ......................................................................................... 8 LAINNYA, TULISKAN_____________________________......... 9

C7B

C7C

Seberapa sering Ibu/ Bapak memakan daging/ikan-ikan itu?

A) AYAM ..................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

B) KAMBIING/ DOMBA ...........

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

C) BABI ...................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

1 = 3 x sehari 2 = 2 x sehari 3 = 1 x sehari 4 = beberapa kali per minggu 5 = seminggu sekali 6 = beberapa kali sebulan 7 = sekali sebulan 8 = beberapa kali dalam setahun 9 = sangat jarang

D) SAPI ....................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

E) KERBAU .............................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

F) IKAN DARAT/AIR TAWAR .

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

G) IKAN/ BINATANG LAUT ....

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

H) TELUR ................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

Seberapa banyak yang Ibu/ Bapak makan setiap kali makan?

A) AYAM ..................................

JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......

B) KAMBING/ DOMBA ............

JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......

C) BABI ...................................

JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......

AYAM 1 – Satu potong kecil 2 – Satu potong besar

D) SAPI ....................................

JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......

E) KERBAU .............................

JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......

F) IKAN DARAT/AIR TAWAR .

JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......

KAMBING – KERBAU 1 – Satu potong kecil 2 – Satu potong besar

G) IKAN/ BINATANG LAUT ............................................................... JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ...... H) TELUR ........................................................................................... JENIS POTONGAN ......., JUMLAH ......

IKAN (=C15) 1 - ½ EKOR 2 - 1 EKOR UTUH 3 - 1 POTONG KECIL 4 - 1 POTONG SEDANG 5 - 1 POTONG BESAR C8

Apakah Ibu/ Bapak pernah makan ikan/ hewan laut? JELASKAN HEWAN LAUT ADALAH SPT IKAN LAUT, UDANG, CUMI, TIRAM, KEPITING DLL

YA ................................................................................................ 1 TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2

86

C21

C9

Kapan terakhir kali Ibu/ Bapak/ anggota keluarga rumah di sini makan ikan/ hewan laut?

KEMARIN ..................................................................................... 1

C11

DALAM MINGGU INI ................................................................... 2

C11

DALAM DUA MINGGU INI ........................................................... 3 DALAM SEBULAN INI ................................................................. 4 LEBIH DARI SEBULAN LALU...................................................... 5 TIDAK INGAT............................................................................... 6 LEBIH DARI SETAHUN TIDAK MAKAN IKAN/ BINATANG LAUT ................................................................................................ 7

C10

Kenapa Ibu/ Bapak tidak/ jarang makan ikan/ hewan laut?

MAHAL ........................................................................................ A TIDAK ADA DI PASAR/ TIDAK ADA YANG JUAL ...................... B TIDAK SUKA ............................................................................... C SUSAH MEMASAK ..................................................................... D RASA TIDAK ENAK .................................................................... E TIDAK SEGAR ............................................................................ F KURANG BAIK UNTUK KESEHATAN ANAK ............................. G BAWA SIAL ................................................................................. H LAINNYA, TULISKAN_____________________________.......... I

C11

Biasanya, seberapa sering Ibu/ Bapak makan ikan/ hewan laut?

LEBIH DARI SEKALI DALAM SEHARI ........................................ 1 SEKALI SEHARI/ SETIAP HARI .................................................. 2 BEBERAPA KALI DALAM SEMINGGU ....................................... 3 SEKALI SEMINGGU .................................................................... 4

HATI-HATI PERHATIKAN KONSISTENSI JAWABAN C9 C12

Ikan/ hewan laut apa saja yang biasanya Ibu/ Bapak makan?

BEBERAPA KALI DALAM SEBULAN .......................................... 5 SEBULAN SEKALI ATAU LEBIH JARANG ................................. 6 TIDAK INGAT............................................................................... 7

IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________A IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________B IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________C UDANG .................................................................................... D KEPITING ................................................................................ E CUMI ......................................................................................... F SIPUT ..................................................................................... G KIMA/TIRAM ............................................................................ H LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________.... I

87

C10 LALU KE C21

C13

Ikan/ hewan laut apa yang paling Ibu/ Bapak sukai?

IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ A IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ B IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ C UDANG ....................................................................................... D KEPITING ................................................................................... E CUMI ........................................................................................... F SIPUT ......................................................................................... G KIMA/TIRAM ............................................................................... H LAINNYA, TULISKAN ____________________________ .......... I

C14

Untuk kebanyakan anggota keluarga, ikan/ hewan laut apa yang paling disukai?

IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ A IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ B IKAN, TULIS NAMA IKAN _____________________________ C UDANG ....................................................................................... D KEPITING ................................................................................... E CUMI ........................................................................................... F SIPUT ......................................................................................... G KIMA/ .......................................................................................... H LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________....... I

C15

Berapa besar biasanya yang dimakan orang di rumah ini? TUNJUKKAN ALAT BANTU

UKURAN 1 : ½ EKOR ................................................................ 1 UKURAN 2 : 1 EKOR UTUH ........................................................ 2 UKURAN 3 : 1 POTONG KECIL .................................................. 3 UKURAN 4 : 1 POTONG SEDANG ............................................. 4 UKURAN 5 : 1 POTONG BESAR ................................................ 5

C16

Mana saja bagian dari ikan yang dimakan anggota rumah tangga ini? TUNJUKKAN GAMBAR

KEPALA ...................................................................................... A PERUT ........................................................................................ B BUNTUT ..................................................................................... C KULIT .......................................................................................... D TELUR ........................................................................................ E TULANG ..................................................................................... F LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________..... G

C17 a

Bagaimana biasanya ikan/ hewan laut itu dimasak?

DIGORENG................................................................................. A DIBAKAR/ DIPANGGANG ......................................................... B DIKUKUS .................................................................................... C DIREBUS .................................................................................... D DIOVEN/DIASAP ........................................................................ E LAINNYA, TULISKAN_____________________________ ...... F

88

C17 b

Bagaimana biasanya keluaraga memakan ikan?

ORANG YANG BERUSIA TUA MEMAKAN LEBIH DAHULU... A KEPALA KELUARGA MAKAN TERLEBIH DAHULU ............... B PEREMPUAN MAKAN BELAKANGAN .................................... C ANAK-ANAK MAKAN BELAKANGAN ..................................... D ORANG BERUSIA TUA DAPAT LEBIH BANYAK .................... E KEPALA KELUARGA DAPAT LEBIH BANYAK ....................... F PEREMPUAN DAPAT LEBIH SEDIKIT ..................................... G ANAK-ANAK DAPAT LEBIH SEDIKIT ...................................... H LAINNYA ____________________________________.............. I LAINNYA ____________________________________............. J

C18 a

C18 b

Setiap kali membeli, biasanya, berapa banyak yang Ibu/ Bapak beli? GALI berapa kilo? BILA UKURAN ADALAH BEBERAPA EKOR IKAN/ HEWAN, BANTU UNTUK MENGHITUNG KE KG

KURANG ATAU SAMA DENGAN 1 KG....................................... 1

Apakah Ibu/ Bapak pernah membeli ikan sudah diolah?

TIDAK ......................................................................................... A

Apakah Ibu/ Bapak pernah membeli yang...?

DIKERINGKAN ........................................................................... C

LEBIH DARI 1 KG, KURANG DARI 2 KG .................................... 2 LEBIH DARI 2 KG ........................................................................ 3 LAINNYA, TULIS___________________________________ .... 4

DIASAP ....................................................................................... B DIASINKAN ................................................................................. D DIBAKAR .................................................................................... E DIGORENG................................................................................. F DIREBUS/ DIKUKUS .................................................................. G

C18 c

Seberapa sering biasanya Ibu/ Bapak membeli ikan di atas?

TIDAK ............................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

DIASAP..........................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

DIKERINGKAN ..............

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

1 = beberapa kali sehari 2 = setiap hari 3 = beberapa kali seminggu 4 = seminggu sekali 5 = beberapa kali sebulan 6 = sebulan sekali 7 = > 1x sebulan

DIASINKAN ...................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

DIBAKAR .......................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

DIGORENG ...................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

DIREBUS/ DIKUKUS .....

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

89

C19

Apa yang Ibu/ Bapak sukai dari makanan ikan/ hewan laut?

RASANYA ................................................................................... A MANFAATNYA, TULIS________________________________ B MANFAATNYA, TULIS________________________________ C HARGANYA ................................................................................ D

BILA DIJAWAB MANFAAT, GALI APA MANFAATNYA?

BAUNYA ..................................................................................... E BENTUKNYA .............................................................................. F KELUARGA SUKA MEMAKANNYA ........................................... G LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________..... H

C20

Apa yang Ibu/ Bapak kurang atau tidak disukai dari makanan ikan/ hewan laut?

RASANYA ................................................................................... A HARGANYA ................................................................................ B BAUNYA ..................................................................................... C BENTUKNYA .............................................................................. D KELUARGA TIDAK SUKA MEMAKANNYA ................................ E BAWA SIAL ................................................................................. F MENGURANGI KESEHATAN ..................................................... G LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________..... H

C21

Di mana orang-orang di lingkungan sini mendapatkan/ membeli ikan / hewan laut?

BELI DI PELELANGAN IKAN...................................................... A

BILA PERLU JELASKAN KEMBALI MACAM-MACAM IKAN/ HEWAN LAUT

BELI DI SUPER MARKET .......................................................... D

BELI DI NELAYAN LANGSUNG ................................................. B BELI DI PASAR........................................................................... C BELI DI TETANGGA ................................................................... E MENGAMBIL SENDIRI/ SAYA NELAYAN .................................. F BELI DI WARUNG (JADI/ SIAP SANTAP) .................................. G LAINNYA, TULISKAN ______________________________..... H

C22

Biasanya, seberapa sering Ibu/ Bapak membeli ikan/ hewan laut?

LEBIH DARI SEKALI DALAM SEHARI ........................................ 1 SEKALI SEHARI/ SETIAP HARI .................................................. 2 BEBERAPA KALI DALAM SEMINGGU ....................................... 3 SEKALI SEMINGGU .................................................................... 4 BEBERAPA KALI DALAM SEBULAN .......................................... 5 SEBULAN SEKALI ATAU LEBIH JARANG ................................. 6 TIDAK INGAT............................................................................... 7

C23

Berapa jauh jaraknya untuk mencapai tempat itu? AMBIL YANG TERDEKAT SAJA

DEKAT SAJA/ DI SEBELAH RUMAH .......................................... 1

GALI, lama?

JALAN KAKI/SEPEDA LEBIH DARI SEJAM ............................... 4

naik

apa?

Berapa

JALAN KAKI/ SEPEDA KURANG DARI SETENGAH JAM .......... 2 JALAN KAKI/SEPEDA 30 – 60 MENIT ....................................... 3 NAIK KENDARAAN UMUM KURANG DARI 30 MENIT .............. 5 NAIK KENDARAAN UMUM 30 – 60 MENIT ............................... 6 NAIK KENDARAAN UMUM LEBIH DARI SEJAM........................ 7

90

C25

C24

Apakah ikan/ hewan laut selalu tersedia di tempattempat itu?

YA SELALU TERSEDIA SETIAP HARI ...................................... 1 TERSEDIA BEBERAPA KALI SEMINGGU ................................ 2 TERSEDIA SEMINGGU SEKALI ................................................ 3 TERSEDIA BEBERAPA KALI DALAM SEBULAN .................... 4 TIDAK TERATUR, KADANG ADA, KADANG TIDAK ................ 5

C25

Menurut Ibu/ Bapak, seberapa mudahkah orangorang di sini mendapatkan ikan/ hewan laut?

SANGAT MUDAH ........................................................................ 1 CUKUP MUDAH .......................................................................... 2 BIASA SAJA ............................................................................... 3 CUKUP SULIT ............................................................................. 4 SANGAT SULIT........................................................................... 5

C26

Apakah Ibu/ Bapak merasa jumlah ikan/ hewan laut yang dimakan keluarga sudah cukup?

BERLEBIH ................................................................................... 1 CUKUP ........................................................................................ 2 SEDANG-SEDANG SAJA ........................................................... 3 KURANG ..................................................................................... 4 SANGAT KURANG ..................................................................... 5

C27

Andaikan di masa datang Ibu/ Bapak mendapat uang, apakah Ibu/ Bapak berkeinginan untuk makan lebih banyak ikan/ hewan laut?

YA ................................................................................................ 1 TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2 TIDAK TAHU ............................................................................... 3

PENGGUNAAN SUMBER DAYA LAUT > KHUSUS UNTUK NELAYAN/PESKADOR D1

D2a

Apakah Ibu/ Bapak mengambil menangkap ikan atau binatang atau tumbuhan laut untuk penghidupan?

YA ................................................................................................ 1

Apa saja yang Ibu/ Bapak ambil dari laut?

IKAN............................................................................................ A

TIDAK .......................................................................................... 2

UDANG ....................................................................................... B KEPITING ................................................................................... C CUMI ........................................................................................... D RUMPUT LAUT........................................................................... E SIPUT ......................................................................................... F KIMA / TIRAM ............................................................................. G HASIL LAIN, TULISKAN ______________________________ . H

D2b

Jenis ikan apa saja yang diambil?

TULISKAN ____________ /NAMA LOKAL________________

BANTU DENGAN TULIS

TULISKAN____________ / NAMA LOKAL________________

GAMBAR

TULISKAN____________ /NAMA LOKAL________________ TULISKAN____________ / NAMA LOKAL_________________ TULISKAN___________ / NAMA LOKAL _________________

91

 E1

D3

Seberapa sering Ibu/ Bapak pergi melaut/ ke laut?

SETIAP HARI .............................................................................. A DUA HARI SEKALI ..................................................................... B TIGA HARI SEKALI ..................................................................... C SEKALI SEMINGGU ................................................................... D LAINNYA, TULIS......................................................................... E LAINNYA, TULIS......................................................................... F

D4

D5

Di mana biasanya Ibu/ Bapak menangkap ikan/ binatang/ tumbuhan laut?

PANTAI/ PESISIR ....................................................................... A

BERIKUTNYA BINATANG/ LAUTNYA

SEBUT TUMBUHAN

LAINNYA, TULIS ________________________________ ........ D

Berapa jauh itu letaknya dari pantai?

A) ...... METER - ........... METER - ............. METER-............ METER

Berapa jam perjalanan ke tempat itu?

Berapa lama perjalanan dari rumah ke pantai?

DAERAH KARANG ..................................................................... B LAUT DALAM.............................................................................. C LAINNYA, TULIS ________________________________ ........ E

B)

........MENIT...............MENIT..............MENIT

...............

MENIT

-

C) ............... MENIT

BANTU KONVERSIKAN KE SATUAN TERCANTUM DAN BILA DIJAWAB DALAM RANGE AMBIL YANG TERJAUH/TERLAMA D6

Berapa lama biasanya Ibu/ Bapak gunakan sekali melaut/ ke laut?

KURANG DARI 6 JAM ................................................................. 1 6 – 12 JAM ................................................................................... 2 12 – 24 JAM ................................................................................. 3 1 – 2 HARI ................................................................................... 4 3 – 5 HARI ................................................................................... 5 6 – 10 HARI ................................................................................. 6 LEBIH DARI 10 HARI................................................................... 7

92

D7

Pada bulan-bulan apa saja Bapak/ Ibu melaut/ ke laut?

JANUARI ..................................................................................... A FEBRUARI .................................................................................. B MARET ....................................................................................... C APRIL.......................................................................................... D MEI.............................................................................................. E JUNI ............................................................................................ F JULI ............................................................................................ G AGUSTUS ................................................................................... H SEPTEMBER ................................................................................ I OKTOBER ................................................................................... J NOPEMBER................................................................................ K DESEMBER .................................................................................. I

D8

Dalam beberapa bulan terakhir, sekali melaut/ ke laut, biasanya berapa banyak tangkapan/ hasil laut yang Ibu/ Bapak dapatkan?

A) IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ______EMBER IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ______EMBER IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ______EMBER IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ______EMBER IKAN, TULIS_____________ : ______EKOR; ______EMBER B) NON IKAN : TULIS _______; ____KG; _____EKOR;_____IKAT; ___EMBER TULIS _______; ____KG; _____EKOR; ____ IKAT ;___EMBER TULIS _______; ____KG; _____EKOR; ____ IKAT; ___EMBER TULIS _______; ____KG; _____EKOR; ____ IKAT;___EMBER TULIS _______;____KG; _____EKOR; ____ IKAT;____EMBER

D9

Biasanya berapa banyak hasil tangkapan/ hasil laut yang Ibu/ Bapak makan untuk keluarga sendiri?

A) IKAN, TULIS_____________

: ______EKOR; ____EMBER

IKAN, TULIS_____________

: ______EKOR; ____EMBER

IKAN, TULIS_____________

: ______EKOR; ____EMBER

IKAN, TULIS_____________

: ______EKOR; ____EMBER

IKAN, TULIS_____________

: ______EKOR; ____EMBER

B) NON IKAN : TULIS _______; _____KG;____EKOR;_____IKAT; ___EMBER TULIS _______; _____KG; ___ EKOR;_____IKAT; ___EMBER TULIS _______; _____KG;____EKOR; _____IKAT; ___EMBER TULIS ______; _____KG; ____EKOR;_____IKAT;____EMBER TULIS ______; _____KG;____EKOR; _____IKAT;____EMBER D10

Apakah jumlah hasil tangkapan/ hasil laut yang didapat berubah dari tahun ke tahun?

YA, MENURUN ............................................................................ 1 TETAP SAJA ............................................................................... 2 YA, BERTAMBAH ....................................................................... 3 YA, IKAN MENURUN DAN NON IKAN BERTAMBAH ............... 4 YA, IKAN BERTAMBAH DAN NON IKAN MENURUN ............... 5

93

D11

Sejak kapan Ibu/ mengalaminya?

Bapak

SETAHUN TERAKHIR ................................................................. 1 2 TAHUN TERAKHIR ................................................................... 2 3 – 4 TAHUN TERAKHIR ............................................................. 3 LEBIH DARI 5 TAHUN LALU ....................................................... 4

D12

Kira-kira, apa penyebabnya?

CUACA BURUK/ OMBAK BESAR .............................................. A KAPAL RUSAK/ KURANG BAGUS ............................................ B ALAT TIDAK MEMADAI .............................................................. C MODAL KERJA KURANG .......................................................... D PERSAINGAN ANTARNELAYAN/ PESKADOR ......................... E IKAN BERKURANG .................................................................... F LAINNYA, TULISKAN ________________________________ . G LAINNYA, TULISKAN ________________________________ . H

D13

Kira-kira apa yang perlu dilakukan agar hasil yang didapat lebih banyak?

___________________________________________________A ___________________________________________________B ___________________________________________________C ___________________________________________________D

PENGAMATAN E1

E2

LIHAT DINDING MENENTUKAN TIPE SECARA UMUM

UNTUK RUMAH

LIHAT WILAYAH TERBANYAK BAHAN LANTAI RUMAH

PERMANEN (SEMEN, BATA, BATAKO) ..................................... 1 SEMI PERMANEN (SETENGAH TEMBOK) ................................ 2 TIDAK PERMANEN (BAMBU, PAPAN, GEDEK DLL) ................. 3 TANAH ......................................................................................... 1 BAMBU ........................................................................................ 2 PAPAN ......................................................................................... 3 SEMEN ........................................................................................ 4 UBIN ............................................................................................ 5 KERAMIK ..................................................................................... 6 LAINNYA (TULIS) ______________________ ........................... 7

E3

E4

NILAI KONDISI VENTILASI SECARA SUBYEKTIF. CUKUP = TIDAK TERASA SUMPEK = TERASA ADA ANGIN LOKASI ALDEA

CUKUP ...................................1 TIDAK CUKUP ....................... 2

BERBATASAN DENGAN PANTAI ................................................................................. 1 BERBATASAN DGN ALDEA YG DIPINGGIR PANTAI ................................................. 2 JAUH DARI PANTAI ...................................................................................................... 3

E5

E6

LIHAT KONDISI JALAN DEPAN RUMAH

TANAH ......................................................................................... 1

ALAT TRANSPORTASI DARI IBU KOTA DISTRIK KE ALDEA

ADA TRANSPORTASI UMUM ..................................................... 1

DI ASPAL/ SEMEN/ PAVING BLOCK .......................................... 2

TIDAK ADA TRANSPORTASI UMUM ......................................... 2

94

E7

JARAK DARI IBU KOTA DISTRIK KE ALDEA

KURANG DARI 1/2 JAM DENGAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR ................................... 1 ½ - 1 JAM DENGAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR.......................................................... 2 LEBIH DARI 1 JAM DENGAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR ........................................... 3 LAINNYA, TULISKAN_________________________________________ ................... 4 KURANG DARI $3 (MURAH) ....................................................... 1

E8

ONGKOS DARI DISTRIK KE ALDEA

IBUKOTA

ANTARA $3-5 (SEDANG) ............................................................ 2 LEBIH DARI $5 (MAHAL) ............................................................ 3 SAMPAH IKAN/ HASIL LAUT .................................................................... A SAMPAH HASIL PENGOLAHAN IKAN/ HASIL LAUT ............................... B

E9

SAMPAH

SAMPAH DI DALAM RUMAH .................................................................... C SAMPAH DI HALAMAN RUMAH ............................................................... D SAMPAH DI LUAR RUMAH ....................................................................... E

E10

TEMPAT PELELANGAN IKAN, TULIS__________ .................................. 1 TEMPAT PENDARATAN KAPAL, TULIS ______________...................... 2 KONDISI INFRASTRUKSTUR PERIKANAN YANG ADA (BAIK, RUSAK RINGAN, RUSAK BERAT), BERFUNGSI ATAU TIDAK

COLD STORAGE, TULIS____________________ ................................... 3 TEMPAT PENJEMURAN IKAN, TULIS __________................................. 4 TEMPAT PENGOLAHAN IKAN, TULIS __________ ................................ 5 LAINNYA, TULISKAN__________________ ............................................ 6 ____________________________________ ........................................... 7 ____________________________________ ........................................... 8

95

ENGLISH TRANSLATION QUESTIONNAIRE ON FISH/ANIMAL PROTEIN CONSUMPTION AND FISH AVAILABILITY SURVEY – TIMOR-LESTE 2011 QUESTIONNAIRE NO: INTERVIEWER:

1.

DISTRICT: __________________________________ 2. SUB-DISTRICT: ___________________________________

3.

SUCO: _______________________________ 4. ALDEIA: _________________________________________

5.

HOUSE NO: ____________ 6. NAME OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD: _____________________________________

INFORMED CONSENT – MUST READ Good Morning/ Afternoon/Evening. My name is ..........................., I am from the Regional Fisheries Livelihood Program. We are currently conducting a survey to identify and obtain understanding on Community’s knowledge, understanding and perception on various aspects of fish consumption and animal protein consumption. The results of this survey will be used as inputs to develop programs on the above aspects. All information will be kept as confidential and for the purpose of our survey only. Are you willing to participate in this survey?

CONTINUE ONLY IF THE ANSWER IS YES

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

GENERAL ILLUSTRATION

A1

SEX

MALE.............................................................................. 1

(DON’T ASK JUST WRITE)

FEMALE ......................................................................... 2

How old are you? A2

PLEASE BE POLITE AND LOOK AT THE SITUATION

A3

When is your birthdate?

YEAR

MONTH - YEAR

PLEASE BE POLITE AND LOOK AT THE SITUATION

96

TO

NO

QUESTIONS

A4

How many people live in this house?

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

TO

ANYBODY, AS LONG AS THE PERSON STAYS/SLEEPS IN THE HOUSE, INCLUDING SERVANTS.

A5

What is your religion?

CATHOLIC ..................................................................... 1 CHRISTIAN .................................................................... 2 MOSLEM ........................................................................ 3 HINDU ............................................................................ 4 BUDDHIST ..................................................................... 5 OHTER, WRITE_______________________________ 6

A6

What is your marriage status?

MARRIED ....................................................................... 1 NOT MARRIED/SINGLE ................................................ 2 DIVORCE 1 (BY DIVORCE) ........................................... 3 DIVORCE 2 (BY DEATH) ............................................... 4

SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND

B1

Have you attended school?

YES ................................................................................ 1 NO .................................................................................. 2

B2

What level has been completed?

ELEMENTARY NOT COMPLETED ............................... 1 ELEMENTARY COMPLETED ........................................ 2 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL NOT COMPLETED ................ 3 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETED ......................... 4 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL NOT COMPLETED ................ 5 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETED ........................ 6 DIPLOMA NOT COMPLETED........................................ 7 DIPLOMA COMPLETED ................................................ 8 BACHELOR NOT COMPLETED .................................... 9 BACHELOR COMPLETED .......................................... 10 OTHERS, WRITE_____________________________ 11

97

 B3

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

B3

Are you or those living in this house own the following goods? PLEASE TRY TO BE REAL POLITE AND IF FEEL THAT YOU STILL FEEL AWKWARD, DO AN OBSERVATION ONLY (MAKE A NOTE IF YOU DO OBSERVATION ONLY) AND MOVE TO THE NEXT QUESTIONS.

BICYCLE ........................................................................A

TO

MOTORBIKE ..................................................................B CAR ............................................................................... C CAR PICK UP................................................................ D TRUK ..............................................................................E RADIO ............................................................................ F TV ................................................................................. G PARABOLE ................................................................... H DVD/ VCD/CD PLAYER .................................................. I REFRIGERATOR ........................................................... J TELEPHONE ..................................................................K HANDPHONE................................................................. L OWN HOUSE ................................................................ M COW/KERBAU .............................................................. N GOAT/SHEEP ............................................................... O PIG .................................................................................P CHICKEN ...................................................................... Q MOTORISED BOAT ...................................................... R WOODEN SAILBOAT ....................................................S WOODEN ROW BOAT .................................................. T

B4

In the last month, did you work for money?

YES ................................................................................ 1 NO .................................................................................. 2

98

 B6

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

B5

What is your main job/occupation?

TEACHER .................................................................... 11

TO

LECTURER .................................................................. 12 DIRETOR ..................................................................... 13 MENISTRU MEMBRU PARLEMENTU ........................ 14 MEDICAL DOCTOR/ANIMAL DOCTOR ...................... 15 FUNGSIONARIA PNTL/ F-FDTL .................................. 21 FUNGSIONARIO EMPRESARIU ................................. 22 FISHERMAN ................................................................ 23 FARMER ...................................................................... 24 FACTORY WORKER ................................................... 31 FISH WORKER ............................................................ 31 FARM WORKER .......................................................... 32 MARKET/SHOP WORKER .......................................... 33 BUILDING WORKER ................................................... 34 SELLER AT MARKET/MALL/SHOP ............................. 41 INFORMAL VENDOR ................................................... 42 OWN KIOSK/SMALL SHOP AT HOME ........................ 43 FISH COLLECTOR ...................................................... 51 SEAWEED FARMER ................................................... 52 COLLECT FISH/MARINE BIOTA DURING LOW TIDE .......................................... 53 PROCESSED FISH VENDOR/SELLER ....................... 54 OTHER, WRITE______________________________ 55

B6

B7

B6

What other job do you do to make money?

What is the other family member job to make money?

99

B7

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

TEACHER ......................................................................A LECTURER ....................................................................B DIRETOR ..................................................................... C MENISTRU MEMBRU PARLEMENTU ......................... D MEDICAL DOCTOR/ANIMAL DOCTOR ........................E FUNGSIONARIA PNTL/ F-FDTL .................................... F FUNGSIONARIO EMPRESARIU .................................. G FISHERMAN/ PESKADOR ........................................... H FARMER ......................................................................... I FISH WORKER/ PESKADOR ........................................ J FARM WORKER ............................................................K MARKET/SHOP WORKER ............................................ L BUILDING WORKER .................................................... M SELLER AT MARKET/MALL/SHOP .............................. N INFORMAL VENDOR .................................................... O OWN KIOSK/SMALL SHOP AT HOME ..........................P FISH COLLECTOR/BUYER FROM FISHER / PESKADOR .............................................................. Q SEAWEED FARMER .................................................... R PROCESSED FISH VENDOR/SELLER .........................S COLLECT FISH/MARINE BIOTA DURING LOW TIDE/ REEFGLEANER ........................................................ T OTHER, (WRITE)_____________________________ U

B6

IF RESPONDENT IS NOT HEAD OF HOUESEHOLD (SEE A7) What is the head of household job/occupation?

GOVERNMENT CIVIL SERVANT ................................ 11 POLICE/ARMY ............................................................. 12 ENTREPRENEUR ........................................................ 13 PROFESSIONAL (LAWYER/DOCTOR ETC) .............. 14 EMPLOYEE (MANAGERIAL/CLERICAL) .................... 15 FISHERMAN ................................................................ 21 FARMER ...................................................................... 22 FACTORY WORKER ................................................... 31 FISH WORKER ............................................................ 32 FARM WORKER .......................................................... 33 MARKET/SHOP WORKER .......................................... 34 BUILDING WORKER ................................................... 35 SELLER AT MARKET/MALL/SHOP ............................. 41 INFORMAL VENDOR ................................................... 42 OWN WARUNG/SMALL SHOP AT HOME .................. 43 FISH COLLECTOR ...................................................... 44 SEAWEED FARMER ................................................... 45 PROCESSED FISH VENDOR/SELLER ....................... 46 OTHER, WRITE______________________________ 47

100

TO

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

B8

Is there a woman in the house working as fisher/peskador? IF YES, who is she?

WIFE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD ......................................A

TO

DAUGHTER HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD ...........................B NONE ____________________________ ................... C OTHER, (WRITE) ____________________________ . D

B9

What is the average income received by you and your family in a month? REFER TO LAST MONTH

.............................

FISH CONSUMPTION Today or yesterday, do/did you eat meat or fish? C1

C2

IF ASKED, EXPLAIN ANY KIND OF MEAT: CHICKEN, PORK, BEEF, LAMB, FISH ETC

In last week?

YES ................................................................................ 1

 C4A

NO .................................................................................. 2

YES ................................................................................ 1

 C4A

NO .................................................................................. 2

C3

When was the last time you eat meat/fish?

WITHIN THE LAST 2 WEEKS ........................................ 1

 C4

WITHIN THIS MONTH ................................................... 2

 C4

MORE THAN A MONTH AGO........................................ 3

C4

DO NOT REMEMBER .................................................... 4 DO NOT EAT ANY MEAT/FISH ..................................... 5

C4

C4b

C5

 C5

Do all family members in the house eat meat/fish?

YES ................................................................................ 1 NO .................................................................................. 2

 C5

When do your family usually eat meat/fish?

AT PARTY .....................................................................A

 C6

EVERYDAY MEAL .........................................................B

 C6

OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ C

 C6

EXPENSIVE ...................................................................A

 C21

NOT AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET/NO ONE SELL ......B

 C21

DO NOT LIKE ................................................................ C

 C21

DIFFICULT TO COOK ................................................... D

 C21

TASTE NOT GOOD .......................................................E

 C21

NOT FRESH ................................................................... F

 C21

NOT REGULAR FOOD ................................................. G

 C21

OTHERS, WRITE______________________________H

 C21

ONLY EAT EGG OR OTHERS ___________________ . I

 C21

Why don’t you/family member in this house do not eat meat/fish?

101

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

C6

What kind of meat/fish do you have for meal?

CHICKEN .......................................................................A

EXPLORE, any other? IF ANSWER FISH, what kind of fish?

PORK ............................................................................ C

TO

LAMB/GOAT ..................................................................B BEEF ............................................................................. D KERBAU/BEEF .............................................................E FISH (FROM RIVER/LAKE) ........................................... F FISH (FROM SEA) ........................................................ G EGG ............................................................................. H OTHERS, WRITE_____________________________ .. I

C7A

From the meat/fish that you eat (READ ANSWERS FROM THE ABOVE QUESTION), which is the most often you have during meal?

CHICKEN ....................................................................... 1 LAMB/GOAT .................................................................. 2 PORK ............................................................................. 3 BEEF .............................................................................. 4 KERBAU/BEEF .............................................................. 5 FISH (FROM RIVER/LAKE) ........................................... 6

 C9

FISH (FROM SEA)/OTHER SEAFOOD ......................... 7 EGG ............................................................................... 8 OTHERS, WRITE_____________________________ . 9

C7B

How frequent do you eat those meat/fish?

A) CHICKEN ........................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

B) LAMB/GOAT ...................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

1 = 3 x a day 2 = 2 x a day 3 = 1 x a day 4 = several times per week 5 = once a week 6 = several times per month 7 =once a month 8 = several times a year 9 = very rarely

C) PORK .............................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

D) BEEF ..............................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

E) KERBAU/BEEF ...............................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

F) FISH (FROM RIVER/LAKE) ............

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

G) FISH (FROM SEA)/OTHER SEAFOOD ......................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

H) TELUR ............................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9

102

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

C7C

How much/size of the fish you/family members usually eat at a meal? SHOW EXAMPLE/TOOLS

A) CHICKEN ..............................................

SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....

B) LAMB/GOAT .........................................

SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....

C) PORK ...................................................

SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....

D) BEEF ....................................................

SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....

CHICKEN 1 – One small piece 2 – one big piece

E) KERBAU/BEEF .....................................

SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....

LAMB - BEEF 1 – One small piece 2 – one big piece

F) FISH (FROM RIVER/LAKE) .................. G) FISH (FROM SEA)/OTHER SEAFOOD ............................................................. H) TELUR ..................................................

TO

SIZE ....., QUANTITY ..... SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....

SIZE ....., QUANTITY .....

FISH (=C15) 1 - ½ OF FISH 2 - 1 WHOLE FISH 3 - 1 SMALL PIECE 4 - 1 MEDIUM PIECE 5 - 1 BIG PIECE

C8

C9

Have you eaten fish/other seafood? EXPLAIN SEAFOOD ARE INCLUDING FISH, PRAWN,SQUID,OYSTER,CRA B ETC

YES ................................................................................ 1 NO .................................................................................. 2

 C21

When was the last time you/family member here ate fish/seafood?

YESTERDAY .................................................................. 1

 C11

WITHIN THIS WEEK ...................................................... 2

 C11

WITHIN THE LAST TWO WEEKS ................................. 3 WITHIN THIS MONTH ................................................... 4 MORE THAN A MONTH AGO........................................ 5 DO NOT REMEMBER .................................................... 6 MORE THAN A YEAR DO NOT EAT FISH/SEAFOOD . 7

 C10, THEN

TO C21

C10

Why do you not eat fish/seafood?

EXPENSIVE ...................................................................A NOT AVAILABLE IN MARKET/NO ONE SELLS ............B DO NOT LIKE ................................................................ C DIFFICULT TO COOK ................................................... D TASTE NOT GOOD .......................................................E NOT FRESH ................................................................... F NOT GOOD FOR CHILDREN’S HEALTH .................... G BRING BAD LUCK ...................................................... H OTHERS, WRITE______________________________ I

103

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

C11

Usually, how often do you eat fish/seafood?

MORE THAN ONCE PER DAY ...................................... 1 ONCE A DAY/EVERYDAY ............................................. 2 SEVERAL TIMES IN A WEEK........................................ 3

BE CAREFUL, SEE ANSWER NO C9

ONCE A WEEK .............................................................. 4 SEVERAL TIMES IN A MONTH ..................................... 5 ONCE A MONTH OR LESS ........................................... 6 DO NOT REMEMBER .................................................... 7

C12

What kind of fish/seafood do you usually eat?

FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________A FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________B FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________C PRAWN ......................................................................... D CRAB .............................................................................E SQUID ........................................................................... F SNAIL ........................................................................... G OYSTER/CLAM ............................................................. H OTHERS, WRITE ______________________________ I

C13

Which fish/seafood is your favourite or you like most?

FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________A FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________B FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________C PRAWN ......................................................................... D CRAB .............................................................................E SQUID ............................................................................ F SNAIL ........................................................................... G OYSTER/CLAM ............................................................. H OTHERS, WRITE ______________________________ I

C14

For other family members, which fish/seafood are their favourite or they like most?

FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________A FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________B FISH, WRITE THE NAME _______________________C PRAWN ......................................................................... D CRAB .............................................................................E SQUID ............................................................................ F SNAIL ........................................................................... G OYSTER/CLAM ............................................................. H OTHERS, WRITE ______________________________ I

C15

How much/size of the fish you/family members usually eat at a meal? SHOW EXAMPLE/TOOLS

SIZE 1 : ½ OF FISH ..................................................... 1 SIZE 2 : 1 WHOLE FISH ................................................ 2 SIZE 3 : 1 SMALL PIECE ............................................... 3 SIZE 4 : 1 MEDIUM PIECE ............................................ 4 SIZE 5 : 1 BIG PIECE..................................................... 5

104

TO

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

C16

What part of the fish do you eat? SHOW PICTURE

HEAD .............................................................................A FILLET/MIDDLE .............................................................B TAIL OR FINS ............................................................... C SKIN .............................................................................. D EGG ...............................................................................E BONES .......................................................................... F OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ G

C17a

How do you cook the fish/seafood?

DEEP FRY .....................................................................A GRILL/BROIL .................................................................B STEAM .......................................................................... C BOIL .............................................................................. D PUT IN OVEN/SMOKE ...................................................E OTHER, WRITE_____________________________ .... F

C17b

How do family usually eat fish/seafood?

OLDER MEMBER OF THE FAMILY EAT FIRST/PRIORITY ......................................................A HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD EAT FIRST/PRIORITY ...........B WOMEN EAT LATER .................................................... C CHILDREN EAT LATER ................................................ D OLDER MEMBER OF THE FAMILY GET BIGGER PORTION ..................................................................E HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD GET BIGGER PORTION ....... F WOMEN GET SMALLER PORTION ............................. G CHILDREN GET SMALLER PORTION ......................... H OTHER, WRITE _______________________________ I OTHER, WRITE _______________________________J

C18a

C18b

Everytime you buy, how much do you usually buy? EXPLORE, how many kilos? IF ANSWER BY QUANTITY/PIECE, HELP CONVERT TO KG

LESS OR EQUAL TO 1 KG ............................................ 1

Have you ever bought processed fish/seafood?

NO ..................................................................................A

Have you ever bought fish/seafood that.......?

DRIED ........................................................................... C

MORE THAN 1 KG, LESS THAN 2 KG .......................... 2 MORE THAN 2 KG ......................................................... 3 OTHERS, WRITE______________________________ 4

SMOKED ........................................................................B SALTED ........................................................................ D GRILLED ........................................................................E FRIED............................................................................. F BOIL/STEAM ................................................................. G

105

TO

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

C18c

How frequent do you usually buy the above processed fish?

NO .......................................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

SMOKED .............................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

1 = several times a day 2 = everyday 3 = several times a week 4 = once a week 5 = several times a month 6 =once a month 7 = > 1x a month

DRIED ................................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

SALTED ..............................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

GRILLED .............................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

FRIED..................................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

BOIL/STEAM .......................................

1–2–3–4–5–6–7

What do you like from fish/seafood?

THE TASTE ....................................................................A

IF ANSWER IS BENEFIT, EXPLORE WHICH BENEFIT

THE BENEFIT, WRITE__________________________C

C19

TO

THE BENEFIT, WRITE__________________________B PRICE ........................................................................... D SMELL ............................................................................E SHAPE ........................................................................... F FAMILY LIKES TO EAT IT ............................................ G OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ H

C20

What don’t you like or not really like from fish/seafood?

THE TASTE ....................................................................A PRICE ............................................................................B SMELL ........................................................................... C SHAPE .......................................................................... D FAMILY DOES NOT LIKES TO EAT IT..........................E OTHER, WRITE _______________________________F

C21

Where do people in this area get/buy fish/seafood? IF NEEDED, EXPLAIN AGAIN TYPES OF FISH/SEAFOOD

AT FISH AUCTION.........................................................A DIRECT FROM FISHERMEN.........................................B AT THE MARKET .......................................................... C AT FOOD VENDORS .................................................... D FROM NEIGHBOURS ....................................................E FROM MY OWN CATCH AS FISHERMAN .................... F BUY AT FOOD STALL (READY TO EAT) ..................... G OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ H

C22

How often do you buy fish/seafood?

MORE THAN ONCE PER DAY ...................................... 1 ONCE A DAY/EVERYDAY ............................................. 2 SEVERAL TIMES IN A WEEK........................................ 3 ONCE A WEEK .............................................................. 4 SEVERAL TIMES IN A MONTH ..................................... 5 ONCE A MONTH OR LESS ........................................... 6 DO NOT REMEMBER .................................................... 7

106

 C25

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

C23

How far is the place to buy/get your fish/seafood? TAKE THE CLOSEST ONE

CLOSE BY/NEXT DOOR ............................................... 1

EXPLORE, how? How long?

WALK/BICYCLE MORE THAN ONE HOUR .................. 4

TO

WALK/BICYCLE LESS THAN HALF AN HOUR............. 2 WALK/BICYCLE 30 – 60 MINUTE ................................ 3 PUBLIC TRANSPORT LESS THAN 30 MINUTE ........... 5 PUBLIC TRANSPORT 30 – 60 MINUTES .................... 6 PUBLIC TRANSPORT MORE THAN ONE HOUR ......... 7

C24

Are fish/seafood always available in those places?

YES, ALWAYS EVERYDAY ........................................... 1 AVAILABLE SEVERAL TIMES A WEEK ........................ 2 AVAILABLE ONCE A WEEK .......................................... 3 AVAILABLE SEVERAL TIMES A MONTH ..................... 4 NOT ALWAYS, SOMETIMES AVAILABLE, SOMETIMES NOT..................................................... 5

C25

In your opinion, how easy the people in this area obtain fish/seafood?

VERY EASY ................................................................... 1 QUITE EASY .................................................................. 2 MEDIUM ......................................................................... 3 FAIRLY DIFFICULT........................................................ 4 VERY DIFFICULT .......................................................... 5

C26

Do you feel that the quantity of fish/seafood eaten by family members is enough?

MORE THAN ENOUGH ................................................. 1 ENOUGH ........................................................................ 2 JUST RIGHT/MEDIUM ................................................... 3 NOT ENOUGH ............................................................... 4 VERY LESS .................................................................. 5

C27

If in the near future you have more money, are you planning/willing to eat more fish/seafood?

YES ................................................................................ 1 NO .................................................................................. 2 DO NOT KNOW ............................................................. 3

SEA RESOURCES UTILISATION ---SPECIAL FOR FISHERMEN

D1

Do you catch fish/other marine resources for a living?

YES ................................................................................ 1 NO .................................................................................. 2

107

 E1

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

D2a

What sea resources/animal do you utilise from the sea?

FISH ...............................................................................A SHRIMP/PRAWN ...........................................................B CRAB ............................................................................ C SQUID ........................................................................... D OYSTER .........................................................................E SEAWEED ..................................................................... F SNAIL ........................................................................... G OYSTER/CLAM ............................................................. H OTHER, WRITE _______________________________ I

D2b

What kind of fish do you catch? HELP WITH TOOL/PICTURE

WRITE______________ /LOCAL NAME_____________ WRITE______________ /LOCAL NAME_____________ WRITE______________ /LOCAL NAME_____________ WRITE______________ /LOCAL NAME_____________ WRITE______________ /LOCAL NAME_____________

D3

How frequent do you go to the sea/fishing?

EVERYDAY ....................................................................A ONCE EVERY TWO DAYS ............................................B ONCE EVERY THREE DAYS ...................................... C ONCE A WEEK ............................................................ D OTHER, WRITE .............................................................E OTHER, WRITE ............................................................. F

D4

Where do you usually fish? FOR FOLLOWING QUESTIONS, SAY THE SEA ANIMAL/RESOURCES

ALONG THE COAST .....................................................A IN THE REEF AREA ......................................................B DEEP SEA .................................................................... C OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ D OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ .E

D5 How far is it from coast?

A) ............... METRE

How long does it take to get there??

B) ............... MINUTES

How long does it take from your house to coast?

C) ............... MINUTES

HELP CONVERT WITH THE DESIGNATED MEASUREMENT AND IF ANSWER IN RANGE WRITE THE FARTHEST/LONGESTTIME D6

How long usually one fishing trip takes?

LESS THAN 6 HOURS ................................................... 1 6 – 12 HOURS ............................................................... 2 12 – 24 HOURS (1/2-1 DAY) ......................................... 3 2 DAYS ........................................................................... 4 3 – 5 DAYS ..................................................................... 5 6 – 10 DAYS ................................................................... 6 MORE THAN 10 DAYS .................................................. 7

108

TO

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

D7

Which month of theyear do you usually go fishing?

JANUARY .......................................................................A

TO

FEBRUARY ....................................................................B MARCH ......................................................................... C APRIL ............................................................................ D MAY................................................................................E JUNE .............................................................................. F JULY ............................................................................. G AUGUST ....................................................................... H SEPTEMBER .................................................................. I OCTOBER ...................................................................... J NOVEMBER ...................................................................K DECEMBER ................................................................... L

D8

In the last few months, everytime you go fishing, how much do you catch per trip?

A) FISH : ______KG; ______PIECE; ____PILE; ______BUCKET B) NON FISH : ____KG; _____PIECE; ____PILE; ______BUCKET

D9

Usually, how much of your catch do you consume for yourself/family?

A) FISH : ______KG; ______PIECE; ____PILE; ______BUCKET B) NON FISH : ____KG; _____PIECE; ____PILE; ______BUCKET

D10

Is there a change in the amount of fish you catch over the year?

YES, DECREASING....................................................... 1 THE SAME ..................................................................... 2 YES, INCREASING ........................................................ 3 YES, FISH DECREASING AND NON FISH INCREASING ............................................................ 4 YES,FISH INCREASING AND NON FISH DECREASING ........................................................... 5

D11

Since when have you experienced it?

WITHIN THE LAST YEAR .............................................. 1 THE LAST TWO YEARS ................................................ 2 THE LAST THREE – FOUR YEARS .............................. 3 MORE THEN FIVE YEARS AGO ................................... 4

D12

What do you think the reason for this?

BAD WEATHER/HIGH WAVE ........................................A BOAT TROUBLE/NOT GOOD .......................................B FISHING GEAR NOT ADEQUATE ................................ C CAPITAL NOT ENOUGH .............................................. D COMPETITION AMONG FISHERS................................E FISH DECREASING....................................................... F OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ G OTHER, WRITE ______________________________ H

109

E1

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

D13

What needs to be done to get more income?

____________________________________________ A ____________________________________________ B ____________________________________________ C ____________________________________________ D

OBSERVATIONS E1

SEE HOUSE WALL TO DETERMINE TYPE OF HOUSE

PERMANENT (CEMENT, BRICK, CONBLOCK) ...................... 1 SEMI PERMANENT (HALF CEMENT) ..................................... 2 NON PERMANENT (BAMBOO, WOOD ETC) .......................... 3

E2

SEE THE DOMINANT FLOORING IN THE HOUSE

GROUND ................................................................................. 1 BAMBOO ................................................................................. 2 WOOD ..................................................................................... 3 CEMENT .................................................................................. 4 CEMENT FLOORING .............................................................. 5 CERAMIC ................................................................................ 6 OTHER, WRITE _________________________________ ...... 7

E3

E4

OBSERVE VENTILATION CONDITION SUBJECTIVELY. MEDIUM = FEEL THE BREEZE, HOT= NOT ENOUGH

MEDIUM .................................................................................. 1

LOCATION OF ALDEA

RIGHT BY THE COAST ................................................. 1

NOT ENOUGH ......................................................................... 2

NEXT TO ALDEA BY THE COAST ............................... 2 FAR FROM COAST ....................................................... 3

E5

E6

CONDITION OF ROAD IN FRONT OF HOUSE

GROUND ....................................................................... 1

MODE OF TRANSPORTATION FROM DISTRICT CAPITAL TO ALDEA

PUBLIC TRANSPORT ................................................... 1

ASPHALT/ CEMENT/ PAVING BLOCK ......................... 2

NO PUBLIC TRANSPORT ............................................. 2

LESS THAN 1/2 HOUR BY MOTORISED VEHICLE ..... 1

E7

DISTRANCE FROM DISTRICT CAPITAL TO ALDEA

1/2-1 HOURS BY MOTORISED VEHICLE ..................... 2 MORE THAN 1 HOUR BY MOTORISED VEHICLE ....... 3 OTHERS, WRITE ___________________________ .... 4 LESS THAN $ 3 (CHEAP). ............................................ 1

E8

FARE FROM DISTRICT CAPITAL TO ALDEA

AROUND $ 3-5 (MEDIUM) ............................................. 2 MORE THAN $ 5 (EXPENSIVE) .................................... 3

110

TO

NO

QUESTIONS

RESPONDENT ANSWERS

FISH/SEA PRODUCT GARBAGE ..................................A GARBAGE FROM FISH/SEA PRODUCT PROCESSING ...........................................................B

E9

GARBAGE

GARBAGE INSIDE HOUSE .......................................... C GARBAGE IN THE YARD ............................................. D GARBAGE OUTSIDE HOUSE .......................................E FISH AUCTION, WRITE_________________________1 BOAT PARKING LOCATION,WRITE ______________ 2

E10

CONDITION OF EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE (GOOD, LIGHTLY DAMAGE, SEVERELY DAMAGE), FUNCTIONAL OR NOT

COLD STORAGE,WRITE_______________________ . 3 FISH DRYING PLACE, WRITE ___________________ 4 FISH PROCESSING PLACE, WRITE ______________ 5 OTHER, WRITE_______________________________ 6 OTHER, WRITE_______________________________ 7 OTHER, WRITE_______________________________ 8

111

TO

APPENDIX 2. LIST OF SURVEYED ALDEIAS (VILLAGES) A. List of Subdistricts and Aldeias in the Questionnaire Survey No. 1

District

Subdistrict

BAUCAU

Venilale

#

Aldeia

1

Venilale

2

2

Betu Nau

3

3

Cai Hula

4

Ague

5

Macadai Desima

6

Boleha

7

7

Larifano

8

8

Lari Ledana

9

9

Alasafa

10

10

Iasula

11

Sialimo

12

12

Caranu

13

13

Tabere

14

14

Waule

15

15

Lebenei

16

16

Telah

4

Baucau

5 6

Laga

11

17

Quelicai

DILI

Atauro

1

Lliticaraquia

2

Ilimanu

3

Toko Baru II (Antigo ASLS)

20

4

Darlau

21

5

Caqueo Laran

22

6

Hali Dolar

23

7

Lacoto

24

8

Tancae

25

9

Namalai

26

10

Terminal

27

11

Fatu Cama

12

Zero Um

29

13

Fuslam

30

14

Hale Mutin

31

15

Laloran

32

16

Frecat

33

17

5 De Outubro

34

18

Hamahon

35

19

Naroman B.T

36

20

Aimutin

18 19

28

Cristo Rei

Dom Aleixio

112

No.

District

Subdistrict

#

Aldeia

37

21

Anin Fuic

38

22

Terra Santa

39

23

Badiak

40

Metinaro

24

Behocir

41

Nain Feto

25

Donoge

42

26

Baba Liu Rai Oeste

43

27

Becoe

44

28

Lecidere

29

Terus Nain

46

30

Sacoco

47

31

Fatu Naba

48

32

Fila Beba Tua

49

33

Coalu II

1

Lolocolo

51

2

Fatu Rasi

52

3

Rai Robu

53

4

Mohac

5

Gumer

55

6

Atu-Manaro

56

7

Butuk

8

Biateho

9

Bereleu

45

50

Vera Cruz

BOBONARO

54

Atabae

Bobonaro

57

Cailaco

58 59

Lolotoe

10

Tepa

60

11

Gole

61

12

Rai Mean

Maliana

13

Moleana

Maukatar

1

Soga

2

Loloba

3

Fatuisin

66

4

Mane Icun

67

5

Bibi Atan

6

Halamean

7

Nikir

8

Bau Lolo

9

Mape Canua

1

Oenoah

2

Webaha

3

Osapikolen

4

Tulaica

5

Nefobai

62 63

COVALIMA

64 65

Suai

68

Tilomar

69 70

Zumalai

71 72

OECUSSI

Oesilo

73 74 75 76

Pante Makasar

113

No.

District

Subdistrict

#

Aldeia

77

6

Noafafo

78

7

Noeninen

79

8

Baqui

80

9

Teinae

B. List of Aldeias grouped in Category [Urban/Coastal/Non-coastal]

114

APPENDIX 3. RESULTS OF FISH AND MEAT CONSUMPTION LEVELS

A. Fish and Meat Consumption per District and Total Total KG Total KG

Total KG

of Fish +

DISTRICT

of Fish

of Meat

Meat

________

__________

__________

__________

963.724

1883.266

2846.990

5.916

11.561

17.477

163

163

163

19.221

30.052

38.064

2648.994

6243.695

8892.689

7.737

18.235

25.972

342

342

342

17.782

31.297

40.464

350.732

914.862

1265.594

2.673

6.973

9.647

131

131

131

7.930

11.721

15.218

487.299

583.068

1070.368

5.552

6.644

12.196

88

88

88

19.472

15.267

26.973

886.366

2138.324

3024.690

9.258

22.334

31.592

96

96

96

13.744

46.476

53.854

Total KG

Total KG

of Fish +

DISTRICT

of Fish

of Meat

Meat

________

__________

__________

__________

5337.115

11763.215

17100.330

6.509

14.345

20.854

820

820

820

16.760

30.226

38.382

BAUCAU Sum Mean N StdDev DILI Sum Mean N StdDev BOBONARO Sum Mean N StdDev COVALIMA Sum Mean N StdDev OECUSSI Sum Mean N StdDev

Grand Total 5 Districts Total KG

Sum Mean N StdDev

115

Grand Total 4 Districts (excluding Oecussi) Total KG DISTRICT

Sum Mean N StdDev

Total KG

Total KG

of Fish +

of Fish

of Meat

Meat

4450.749

9624.891

14075.641

6.145

13.289

19.435

724

724

724

17.094

27.240

35.651

B. Meat and Fish Consumption per Urban-Coastal-Non Coastal and Total

Consumption Level by Urban-Coastal-Non

Total (Kg)

Coastal (5

Total (Kg)

Total (Kg)

of Fish +

districts)

of Fish

of Meat

Meat

__________

__________

__________

937.239

2984.299

3921.538

6.018

19.163

25.182

156

156

156

8.877

27.923

32.320

1988.395

2201.849

4190.244

17.026

18.854

35.880

117

117

117

30.079

44.973

58.562

2411.481

6577.067

8988.548

4.405

12.013

16.418

547

547

547

13.372

26.524

33.348

5337.115

11763.215

17100.330

6.509

14.345

20.854

_________________

URBAN Sum Mean N StdDev

COASTAL Sum Mean N StdDev

NON COASTAL Sum Mean N StdDev

Grand Total 5 Districts

Sum Mean N StdDev

820

820

820

16.760

30.226

38.382

116

Consumption Level by Urban-Coastal-Non

Total (Kg)

Coastal (4

Total (Kg)

Total (Kg)

of Fish +

districts)

of Fish

of Meat

Meat

__________

__________

__________

937.239

2984.299

3921.538

6.018

19.163

25.182

_________________

URBAN Sum Mean N StdDev

156

156

156

8.877

27.923

32.320

1601.289

1103.892

2705.181

17.609

12.139

29.749

91

91

91

33.154

22.903

43.016

1912.221

5536.700

7448.921

4.004

11.593

15.597

COASTAL Sum Mean N StdDev

NON COASTAL Sum Mean N StdDev

478

478

478

13.444

27.560

34.563

Grand Total 4 Districts (excluding Oecussi)

Sum Mean N StdDev

4450.749

9624.891

14075.641

6.145

13.289

19.435

724

724

724

17.094

27.240

35.651

117

APPENDIX 4. FINDINGS OF FGD’S AND IDI’S IN 5 DISTRICTS Findings of FGDs and IDIs for Fish and Animal Protein Consumption and Availability Survey BAUCAU FGD

Aldeia/suco/sub district

Occupatio ns

Family status

Key findings

Note

Vemase

Farmers

--

Most of the respondents planted corn and rice. Just very few of the farmers also fished to the sea. Daily family expenses ranged from $0.25 to $3 per day, but they still could have 3 times meals per day. Weekly income in average $60 although some could earn below that. Fish and meat consumed if they had extra money left. If they don't eat meat/fish they only eat dry rice or rice with vegetables. Although fish was available in the area everyday but the price was still considered expensive. Types of fish available usually koku/trevalli, sardines, layang and daun/long tom. Respondents would like to have government assistance in farming fresh water fish in their local areas. The assistance was in the form of providing the farmers with fries ("nener") of Bandeng fish. This fish farming activity helped increase the farmers' income in the past in the Indonesian time.

118

DILI FGD

Aldeia/suco/sub district

Occupatio ns

Family status

Key findings

Bidau Lisidere

Mainly housewives

Families with 4 up to 17 family members. Average around 7 people per household.

In average daily expenses per family was around $5. Majority consumed vegetables everyday but meat or fish or egg or sausages (sosis) were consumed only around 1-2 times per week. Some households did not consume fish or meat. Some respondents consumed tahu (tofu) and tempe (fermented soy beans).

Women

Note

Fish commonly consumed were sardines and combon/kembung/mackerel. Squid, prawn and craps were considered expensive. The main obstacle why not consuming fish was because it was considered expensive. Small fish such as sardine already cost them $5 per one time buying for one family and bigger fish were usually more expensive. Mixed

Lecidere and Capella

Housewive s, fisher, unemploye d and pensioners

Families and single persons.

Families usually had 4-7 people per household.

Fish was considered expensive. In average 1x per week fish consumption. Only buying fish when they think they have money left. Price of fish ranged from $6-15 per kilo. Mostly women respondents avoided eating meat because they think meat can increase their blood pressure. Fish types consumed by the respondents were sardines, kombong/mackerel, daun/long tom, tongkol/tuna.

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The housewives in the FGD respondents were mostly quite old and they seldom ate meat.

IDI

Aldeia/suco/sub district

Occupatio ns

Family status

Key findings

Note

Dili

Housewife and a hotel owner

Family with 8 members

Almost everyday the family could eat meat/fish/chicken. Fish consumed 3x per week.

As a restaurant owner, the fish consumed is assumed from the fresh fish supplied to the restaurant

1

Priority of choice to consume: chicken first, then fish and then meat. This was based on the availability of the products. Consumed all sorts of fish. Frozen fish consumed, especially kombong/mackerel to avoid problems with fish allergies. Availability and price of fish were depending on the fishing seasons. Dili 2

Man, expatriate

Did not consume fish in Dili because restaurants he visited do not provide fish in the menu. Actually he preferred to eat fish rather than meat, but the availability was the main obstacle. He also complained that price of food in Dili was very expensive.

BOBONARO IDI 1

Aldeia/suco/sub district

Occupatio ns

Family status

Key findings

Note

Bobonaro

Staff of Nutrition department of NGO CARE

--

The organisation provided assistance to give additional food or nutrition to children under 5 years old, to pregnant women and to women who were still breastfeeding. Especially targeting those who were malnourished.

Target areas were Atabae and its coastal areas due to frequent failures in farming harvest in those areas.

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NGO CARE considers that poverty is common in the coastal areas of Atabae and also in mountain areas.

COVALIMA Aldeia/suco/sub district

Occupatio ns

Family status

Key findings

Note

FGD

Maudemo Suai. A farming area

Housewive s

--

Housewives

People generally consumed meat or fish 1 or 2 times per week. The main constraint to buy fish was the price (considered expensive).

The head of the village (aldeia) is also a woman.

Meat and eggs were more easily available in the area where respondents lived because the area was mostly used for farming and breeding stock. The women groups in the area were trained how to plant vegetables for their daily needs.

IDI

Aldeia/suco/sub district

Occupatio ns

Family status

Key findings

Covalima

Staff of Nutrition department of NGO CARE

--

The organisation provided assistance to give additional food or nutrition to children under 5 years old, to pregnant women and to women who were still breastfeeding. Especially targeting those who were malnourished.

1

Cassa Bauk Suai 2

Housewife

Note

Target areas were Suai and its coastal areas due to frequent failures in farming harvest in those areas.

NGO CARE considers that poverty is common in Covalima, especially in the mountain areas.

Consumed fish 1-2 times per week. Fish was bought from the fish peddlers who walked around the village.

Location of the area is far from the sea. People in the area are mostly farmers. They mostly consume rice, corn and vegetables. Respondent is active in the village organisation.

Source of protein was eggs as she was a farmer and owning chickens and pigs. Weekly market in the area did not always provide fish to buy. Fish was considered expensive and only buying when there was extra money left in the family.

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OECUSSI FGD

Aldeia/suco/sub district

Occupatio ns

Fishers' wives

Oesono suco, Costa Oecusse

Housewive s

Family status

Key findings

Note

Types of fish caught mostly sardines, kombong/mackerel, tongkol/tuna, ikan merah, ikan parang. Fish was consumed by the families and also sold. The women had ever been trained by the government to produce (postharvest) fish balls, fish “abon”, salty fish, but they became not enthusiastic to do the activities as they did not know where to sell the products and also because the amount of fish they caught was not economical enough. Monthly income of the families was in average $180. Several days in week the families consumed fish. The amount of fish caught was usually not enough if they wanted to process the fish for other products.

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Aldeia/suco/sub district

Occupatio ns

Family status

Key findings

Bobometo, Usitasae, Usitakeno

Subdistrict head

7 children (9 members)

Sakato, Pante Makasar

Housewife, a fisher's wife

5 members

Oenoah, Bobometo, Oesilo

Housewife and wife of chefe suco

6 members

3

Majority of people in the area were farmers. Also cattle farmers of cows, pigs and buffaloes. Main staple food was rice and corn. The wealth of the people was considered quite good as they were farmers and they owned land. People in some aldeias did not consume fish, such as in aldeias: Sifin in Usitasae suco; Kuibaselo, Usapikelen, Tumun in Bobometo suco. They didn't eat any animal that live in water. Also Manu tribe could not consume chicken and eggs. Beside fisher, they were also doing farming and breed cows, pigs and chickens. The husband, a fisherman went to the sea fishing everyday. Monthly income from fishing was around $150. With income from farming, total monthly income could be $240. Fish usually caught: kombong/mackerel, sardines, terbang/flying fish, young tongkol/tuna, ekor kuning/yellow tail, delolo. At the time of interview the family daily expenses were considered quite high due to high prices. Fish was consumed 3x per week. Consumed mostly pork for meat and also eggs once a week. The family did not consume fish because of traditional believe on legends inherited generation to generation in the family and in some other tribes (Tano, Elo, Abi, Nusin) that if they consume fish they will get problems (e.g. becoming ill, having accidents, cattle will die, etc.). So far being aware of, there had not been a counselling done about fish consumption in the suco.

Hoineno, Bobometo, Oesilo

Housewife and farmer

6 members

4

Noapai, Kunha, Pante Makasar

Civil servant

4 members

Bonemese, Naimeco, Pante Makasar

Housewife and wife of chefe suco

8 members

IDI 1

2

5

6

Note

Fish sellers were seldom coming to the aldeia, even difficult to have fish consumed once in a month. Supply of meat was considered better in the aldeia as they were farmers. In fact the family's preference was to consume fish rather than meat. Thus supply was the problem. The family usually consumes fish when there were traditional ceremonies. Meat consumed: chicken and pork. Meat consumption was at least once per month. Family consumed fish quite often (more than twice a week). In Kunha suco there were more people consuming fish rather than not. The family (due to husband's belief) did not eat fish because of the traditional believe based on a mythology story/legend. Had ever broken the belief of her husband and consumed fish and got a goat from their cattle died. Thus the belief became stronger. Consumed meat: pork, chicken, beef and goat. Although there was a government counselling about fish consumption she still would not consume fish because of fear on the implications.

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7

8

Baki, Naimeco, Pante Makasar

Housewife and farmer

8 members

The family did not consume fish because of the traditional belief. The tribe name is Nono. Uniquely the children were allowed to eat fish until they get married. When they got married then they must stop eating fish. In several tribes such as Abi Siki, a cultural wisdom had been agreed toward this traditional belief that when someone consumes fish and gets a problem (accident, ill, etc.) then the person has to stop consuming fish but if not then the person can continue eating fish. This wisdom was brought due to the influence of Catholic teaching to the people. The respondent did not receive any counselling from the government regarding fish consumption.

Bausiu, Nipani, Pante Makasar

Housewife and chefe aldeia

8 members

Fish consumption at least once a week. Also consumed other seafood. Before married actually the respondent believed in the traditional (mythology) legend not to eat fish/seafood. The husband actually did not have traditional belief against fish consumption. To compromise they still could eat fish, but the cooking and preparation were done outside the house and after cooking all cooking gears should be washed clean before bringing them into the house. Fishing gears also could not be brought into the house. In term of taste the family preferred fish than meat. They also sold grilled fish at the market. They seldom ate meat unless there were traditional ceremonies.

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