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Bombay Stock Exchange
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Stock exchange [videos]
Jump to: navigation, search The Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) is an Indian stock exchange located at Dalal Street, Mumbai (formerly Bombay).
A stock exchange is an exchange (or bourse) where stock brokers and traders can buy and sell shares of stock, bonds, …
Bombay Stock Exchange
HIST O RY BY CO UNT RY
BSE
Established in 1875, the BSE (formerly known as Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd.)[3] is Asia’s first stock exchange.[4] It claims to be the world's fastest stock exchange, with a median trade speed of 6 microseconds,[5] The BSE is the world's 12th largest stock exchange with an overall market capitalization of more than $ 2 Trillion as of July, 2017.[6]
Contents
Among many other things, the Code of Hammurabi recorded interest-bearing loans.
1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links
History Bombay Stock Exchange was founded by Premchand Roychand, he was one of the most influential businessmen in 19th-century Bombay. A man who made a fortune in the stockbroking business and came to be known as the Cotton King, the Bullion King or just the Big Bull, he was also the founder of the Native Share and Stock Brokers Association, an institution that is now known as the BSE.[7]
Type
Stock exchange
Location
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Coordinates
18.929681°N 72.833589°E
Founded
9 July 1875
Key people
Premchand Roychand (Founder) Shri S Ravi (Chairman) [1] Ashishkumar Chauhan (MD & CEO)
Currency
Indian rupee ()
No. of listings
5,749 [citation needed]
Market cap
154.01 Lakh Crore (Mar. 2016)
Volume
15401215,87,00,000 Crore (Jan 2018)[2]
While BSE Ltd is now synonymous with Dalal Indices BSE SENSEX Street, it was not always so, the first venue of S&P BSE SmallCap the earliest stock broker meetings in the S&P BSE MidCap 1850s was in rather natural environs - under S&P BSE LargeCap BSE 500 banyan trees - in front of the Town Hall, where Horniman Circle is now situated. A Website www.bseindia.com decade later, the brokers moved their venue to another set of foliage, this time under banyan trees at the junction of Meadows Street and what is now called Mahatma Gandhi Road, as the number of brokers increased, they had to shift from place to place, but they always overflowed to the streets. At last, in 1874, the brokers found a permanent place, and one that they could, quite literally, call their own, the new place was, aptly, called Dalal Street (Brokers' Street).
The term bourse is derived from the 13thcentury inn named "Huis ter Beurze" (center) in Bruges. From Dutch-speaking cities of the Low Countries, the term 'beurs' spread to other European states where it was corrupted into 'bourse', 'borsa', 'bolsa', 'börse', etc. In England, too, the term ‘bourse’ was used between 1550 and 1775, eventually giving way to the term ‘royal exchange’. Maharashtra [videos]
Maharashtra (Marathi: [mharar] (listen), abbr. MH) is a state in the western region of India and is India's …
The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in Asia,[8] its history dates back to 1855, when 22 stockbrokers[9] would gather under banyan trees in front of Mumbai's Town Hall. The location of these meetings changed many times to accommodate an increasing number of brokers, the group eventually moved to Dalal Street in 1874 and became an official organization known as "The Native Share & Stock Brokers Association" in 1875.
Dried up Godavari at Puntamba, Ahmadnagar district after a poor Monsoon
On August 31, 1957, the BSE became the first stock exchange to be recognized by the Indian Government under the Securities Contracts Regulation Act; in 1980, the exchange moved to the Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers at Dalal Street, Fort area. In 1986, it developed the S&P BSE SENSEX index, giving the BSE a means to measure the overall performance of the exchange. In 2000, the BSE used this index to open its derivatives market, trading S&P BSE SENSEX futures contracts. The development of S&P BSE SENSEX options along with equity derivatives followed in 2001 and 2002, expanding the BSE's trading platform. Historically an open outcry floor trading exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange switched to an electronic trading system developed by CMC Ltd. in 1995. It took the exchange only 50 days to make this transition, this automated, screen-based trading platform called BSE On-Line Trading (BOLT) had a capacity of 8 million orders per day. The BSE has also introduced a centralized exchange-based internet trading system, BSEWEBx.co.in to enable investors anywhere in the world to trade on the BSE platform. Now BSE has raised capital by issuing shares and as on 3rd May 2017 the BSE share which is traded in NSE only closed with Rs.999 .[10] The BSE is also a Partner Exchange of the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchange initiative, joining in September 2012.[11]
London Stock Exchange in 1810
Bramhagiri hills in sahyadri mountain range
Wardha River at Pulgaon
Indian rupee [videos] The Indian rupee (sign: ; code: INR), is the official currency of the Republic of India. The rupee is subdivided into …
BSE established India INX on 30 December 2016. India INX is the first international exchange of India.[12]
See also Stock market crashes in India Clause 49 National Stock Exchange of India List of South Asian stock exchanges List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations SAMCO Securities
Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire, known as Rūpyarūpa, 3rd century BCE.
One-rupee banknote
Government of India-1 Rupee (1917)
1835 East India Company 2 Mohurs
References 1. ^ "BSE appoints S Ravi as its new chairman | Business Standard News". Businessstandard.com. Retrieved 2017-11-26. 2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2015. 3. ^ http://www.bseindia.com/static/about/introduction.aspx?expandable=0 4. ^ http://www.bseindia.com/static/about/introduction.aspx?expandable=0 5. ^ "BSE becomes world's fastest stock exchange: Ashishkumar Chauhan - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2015-12-09. 6. ^ "Investors' wealth hits $2 trillion mark as Sensex rallies". Retrieved 10 July 2017. 7. ^ http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/R5BUHntOmItyIJ2yE4G09M/Premchand-RoychandMumbais-original-share-king.html 8. ^ https://www.bseindia.com/static/about/introduction.aspx?expandable=0 9. ^ Mishra, Ashish K. (2015-05-23). "Livemint: Business news, financial news, current affairs and analysis of stock markets and Indian economy". livemint.com/. Retrieved 2017-06-17. 10. ^ "BSEIndia". BSEIndia. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2010. 11. ^ "Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) commits to promoting sustainability". UNCTAD. Retrieved 2016-04-29. 12. ^ http://www.indiainx.com/static/about.aspx
Government of India [videos] The Government of India (GoI) is the union government created by the constitution of India as the legislative, …
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Parliament of India building
The Rashtrapati Bhawan complex, with North and South Block housing the Prime Minister's Office, Cabinet Secretariat, Ministry of Defence, and others
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Reserve Bank of India's headquarters in Mumbai, India's financial capital
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RELATED RESEARCH TOPICS 1. Stock exchange – A stock exchange or bourse is an exchange where stock brokers and traders can buy and/or sell stocks, bonds, and other securities. Stock exchanges may also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, Securities traded on a stock exchange include stock issued by listed companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds. Stock exchanges often function as continuous auction markets, with buyers and sellers consummating transactions at a central location, to be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it must be listed there. Trade on an exchange is restricted to brokers who are members of the exchange, the initial public offering of stocks and bonds to investors is by definition done in the primary market and subsequent trading is done in the secondary market. A stock exchange is often the most important component of a stock market, supply and demand in stock markets are driven by various factors that, as in all free markets, affect the price of stocks. There is usually no obligation for stock to be issued via the exchange itself. Such trading may be off exchange or over-the-counter and this is the usual way that derivatives and bonds are traded. Increasingly, stock exchanges are part of a securities market. The idea of debt dates back to the ancient world, as evidenced for example by ancient Mesopotamian clay tablets recording interest-bearing loans, there is little consensus among scholars as to when corporate stock was first traded. Some see the key event as the Dutch East India Companys founding in 1602, economist Ulrike Malmendier of the University of California at Berkeley argues that a share market existed as far back as ancient Rome. One such service was the feeding of geese on the Capitoline Hill as a reward to the birds after their honking warned of a Gallic invasion in 390 B. C. Participants in such organizations had partes or shares, a concept mentioned various times by the statesman, in one speech, Cicero mentions shares that had a very high price at the time. Such evidence, in Malmendiers view, suggests the instruments were tradable, the societas declined into obscurity in the time of the emperors, as most of their services were taken over by direct agents of the state. Tradable bonds as a used type of security were a more recent innovation, spearheaded by the Italian city-states of the late medieval. While the Italian city-states produced the first transferable government bonds, they did not develop the other ingredient necessary to produce a fully fledged capital market, the Dutch East India Company became the first company to offer shares of stock. Control of the company was held tightly by its directors, with shareholders not having much influence on management or even access to the companys accounting statements. However, shareholders were rewarded well for their investment, the company paid an average dividend of over 16 percent per year from 1602 to 1650. Financial innovation in Amsterdam took many forms, by the 1620s, the company was expanding its securities issuance with the first use of corporate bonds 2. Mumbai – Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited 3. Maharashtra – Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of 1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of 0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the 1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to 1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally 4. Chairman – The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs 5. Ashish Chauhan – Ashish Chauhan is an Indian business executive and administrator. He is the current managing director and chief officer of the Bombay Stock Exchange. Chauhan graduated from Indian Institute of Technology Bombay with a degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1989. After graduating from IIM-C in 1991, Chauhan joined IDBI Bank, the National Stock Exchange of India was set up in 1992 by a consortium of several major Indian financial institutions led by IDBI Bank. Chauhan was a member of the team that founded the NSE. He moved into a permanent role at the NSE in 1993, after leaving NSE, Chauhan joined Reliance Industries, a large Indian conglomerate. His first post in the group was as the Chief Information Officer of Reliance Communications and he later became the President and CIO of the group. Chauhan left Reliance and joined the Bombay Stock Exchange in 2009 as the Deputy CEO and he was made the MD and CEO on November 2,2012. He also serves as the Shareholder Director on the Board of Indian Clearing Corporation Limited, which provides clearing and settlement services to BSE and he also serves on the Board of Governors of IIIT Jabalpur 6. Indian rupee – The Indian rupee, is the official currency of the Republic of India. The rupee is subdivided into 100 paise, though as of 2011,25 paise is no more a legal tender, the issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act,1934. The rupee is named after the coin, rupiya, first issued by Sultan Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century. In 2010, a new symbol , was officially adopted and it was derived from the combination of the Devanagari consonant and the Latin capital letter R without its vertical bar. The parallel lines at the top are said to make an allusion to the tricolour Indian flag, the first series of coins with the new rupee symbol started in circulation on 8 July 2011. On 8 November 2016 the Government of India announced the demonetisation of 500 and 1000 banknotes with effect from midnight of the same day, a newly redesigned series of 500 banknote, in addition to a new denomination of 2000 banknote is in circulation since 10 November 2016. The new redesigned series is expected to be enlarged with banknotes in the denominations of 1000, 100. The word rupee was derived from the Sanskrit word or rupaya, the modern Indian rupee has a direct lineage from the rupiya, the silver coin, issued by Sher Shah Suri, continued by the Mughal rulers. Rūpa means to form or shape, example, Rūpyarūpa, rūpya — wrought silver, however, in the region of Bengal, the term taka has always been used to refer to currency. In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta noticed that people in the Bengal Sultanate referred to gold, today, the currency of Bangladesh is officially known as taka. The word taka in Bengali is also used generically to mean any money, currency. Thus, colloquially, a person speaking in Bengali may use taka to refer to money regardless of what currency it is denominated in, thus, in the states of West Bengal and Tripura the Indian rupee is officially known . Whereas, in the states of Assam and Odisha, the Indian rupee is known by names derived from the Sanskrit word a ka, in Assamese. During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, Sultan Sher Shah Suri issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, the silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India. Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include, the Bank of Hindustan, the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar, historically, the rupee was a silver coin. This had severe consequences in the century when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of large quantities of silver in the United States and several European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of relative to gold 7. Market capitalization – Market capitalization is used by the investment community in ranking the size of companies, as opposed to sales or total asset figures. It is also used in ranking the size of stock exchanges. In performing such rankings, the market capitalizations are calculated at some significant date, the total capitalization of stock markets or economic regions may be compared with other economic indicators. In 2014 and 2015, global market capitalization was US$68 trillion and US$67 trillion, respectively. Market cap is given by the formula M C = N × P, where MC is the capitalization, N is the number of shares outstanding. For example, if company has 4 million shares outstanding. If the closing price per share rises to $21, the cap becomes $84 million. If it drops to $19 per share, the cap falls to $76 million. This is in contrast to mercantile pricing where purchase price, average price, traditionally, companies were divided into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap. The terms mega-cap and micro-cap have also come into common use. Different numbers are used by different indexes, there is no definition of, or full consensus agreement about. The cutoffs may be defined as rather than in nominal dollars. Market cap reflects only the equity value of a company and it is important to note that a firms choice of capital structure has a significant impact on how the total value of a company is allocated between equity and debt. A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value, which gives effect to outstanding debt, preferred stock, for insurance firms, a value called the embedded value has been used 8. Crore – A crore denotes ten million and is equal to 100 lakh in the Indian numbering system. It is widely used in South Asia, and is written in Indian numbering system as 1,00,00,000 with the style of digit group separators. Large amounts of money in India are often written in terms of crores, for example,150,000,000 Indian rupees is written as fifteen crore rupees, 15 crore or Rs 15 crore. Trillions of are often written or spoken of in terms of lakh crore, the crore is known by various regional names. Kapampangan, katâ / kata-katâ Persian, Krur / Korur Tagalog, thai, kot or kot i Myriad Names of large numbers Names of numbers in English Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Crore 9. BSE SENSEX – The 30 component companies which are some of the largest and most actively traded stocks, are representative of various industrial sectors of the Indian economy. Published since 1 January 1986, the S&P BSE SENSEX is regarded as the pulse of the stock markets in India. The base value of the S&P BSE SENSEX is taken as 100 on 1 April 1979, on 25 July 2001 BSE launched DOLLEX-30, a dollarlinked version of S&P BSE SENSEX. As of 21 April 2011, the capitalisation of S&P BSE SENSEX was about 29,733 billion. During 2008-12, Sensex 30 Index share of BSE market capitalisation fell from 49% to 25% due to the rise of sectoral indices like BSE PSU, Bankex, BSE-Teck, the term Sensex was coined by Deepak Mohoni, a stock market analyst. It is a portmanteau of the words Sensitive and Index, the BSE has some reviews and modifies its composition to be sure it reflects current market conditions. The index is calculated based on a free float capitalisation method, instead of using a companys outstanding shares it uses its float, or shares that are readily available for trading. Free Floating capital implies total capitalization less Directors shareholding. As per free float capitalisation methodology, the level of index at any point of time reflects the free market value of 30 component stocks relative to a base period. The market capitalisation of a company is determined by multiplying the price of its stock by the number of shares issued by of corporate actions, the index has increased by over twenty five times from June 1990 to the present. Using information from April 1979 onwards, the rate of return on the S&P BSE SENSEX works out to be 18. 6% per annum. The following is a timeline on the rise of the SENSEX through Indian stock market history. 1000,25 July 1990 – On 25 July 1990, the SENSEX touched the figure for the first time and closed at 1,001 in the wake of a good monsoon. 3000,29 February 1992 – On 29 February 1992, the SENSEX surged past the 3,000 mark in the wake of the market-friendly Budget announced by Manmohan Singh. 4000,30 March 1992 – On 30 March 1992, the SENSEX crossed the 4,000 mark and it was then that the Harshad Mehta scam hit the markets and SENSEX witnessed unabated selling. 5000,11 October 1999 – On 11 October 1999, the SENSEX crossed the 5,000 mark, as the Bharatiya Janata Party-led coalition won the majority in the 13th Lok Sabha election. 6000,11 February 2000 – On 11 February 2000, the technology boom helped the SENSEX to cross the 6,000 mark. This record would stand for four years, until 2 January 2004. This helped the SENSEX crossed 7,000 points for the first time, however, it was on 9 December 2005 that the SENSEX first closed at over 9,000 points 10. Government of India – It is located in New Delhi, the capital of India. There is a bicameral Parliament with the Lok Sabha as a lower house, the judicial branch systematically contains an apex Supreme Court,24 high courts, and several district courts, all inferior to the Supreme Court. Similar to the government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative. The legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments is based on the English Common, the full name of the country is the Republic of India. No other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name appears on legal banknotes, in treaties. The Union Government, Central Government or Government of India are often used in an official and unofficial capacity to refer to the Government of India, because the seat of government is in New Delhi, New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Central Government. Legislative branch in India is exercised by the Parliament and a legislature consisting of the Rajya Sabha. The latter is considered the house or the House of the people. The Parliament does not have control and sovereignty, as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court of India. However, it does exercise some control over the executive branch, the members of the cabinet, including the prime minister and the Council of Ministers, are either chosen from parliament or elected there to within six months of assuming office. The cabinet as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha, the Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can only be dissolved when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. Whereas the Rajya Sabha is a permanent house which can never be dissolved though the members of the Rajya Sabha who are elected for a six-year term, the Executive Branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the idea of the separation of powers. The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, the President has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53. The President is to act in accordance with aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers remains in power during the pleasure of the President. However, in practice, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha, if a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. His/Her work is to facilitate smooth transaction of business in Ministries/ Departments of the Government, the President is de jure the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces 11. Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers – The Phiroze Jeejeebhoy Towers, popularly known by its original name of BSE Towers, is a 29 storey building in downtown Mumbai on Dalal Street, near its intersection with the Mumbai Samachar Marg. The building is owned and occupied by the Bombay Stock Exchange, prior to 1928, the Bombay Stock Exchange operated out of a building near the Town Hall. The present site near Horniman Circle was acquired by the exchange in 1928, the street on which the site is located came to be called Dalal Street in Hindi due to the location of the exchange. Construction of the current towers began in the late 1970s, with the completed and occupied by the BSE in 1980. It was initially called BSE Towers, soon after occupation, following the death of Sir Phiroze Jamshedji Jeejeebhoy, chairman of the BSE since 1966, the building was renamed in his memory. At the time of its completion, it was the tallest building in India, the building was a target of the 1993 Bombay bombings. The first of the 13 bomb blasts occurred at 13,25 hours on 12 March 1993 in the basement garage of the building, almost 50 brokers and traders were killed and 30 cars were destroyed in the attack 12. Fort (Mumbai precinct) – Fort is a business district in Mumbai, India. The area was the heart of the city during the 18th century, the area gets its name from the defensive fort, Fort George, built by the British East India Company around Bombay Castle. The area extends from the docks in the east, to Azad Maidan in the west and this area is the heart of the financial area of the city. Institutions such as the Bombay Stock Exchange, Reserve Bank of India, the Fort area was declared protected under regulations of the Maharashtra Government Urban Development Department. An advisory committee now oversees the development, repairs and renovations of structures in the precinct, dadabhai Naoroji Road is an important road in Fort area. Siddharth College of Law, J. N. Petit Library, Dawoodi Bohra Administrative office, the sidewalks are filled with vendors selling books, music cassettes, clothes, imported items such as audio equipments, digital cameras, musical instruments, calculators etc. The side streets from D. N. Road lead to schools, playgrounds, restaurants, cinemas and this street is famous for its software vendors. The area is famous for its shopping and the book stalls sell myriad books at negligible prices 13. Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative – Other key stakeholders include the World Federation of Exchanges, and the International Organization of Securities Commissions. The SSE provides a learning platform for stock exchanges, investors, regulators. In collaboration with investors, regulators, and companies, they strive to encourage sustainable investment, the Sustainable Stock Exchanges Global Dialogues are held every two years as the SSE initiative’s flagship event. They provide a unique, high-level platform to explore how the world’s exchanges can work together with investors, regulators and they are designed to analyze, promote and foster communication on stock exchanges’ sustainability-related activities. They demonstrate the progress of stock exchanges, while highlighting challenges and opportunities ahead, the 2014 Global Dialogue was held in Geneva, Switzerland, on 14 October 2014, at the United Nations Palais de Nations. The focus of this event was Capital Markets for Sustainable Development and this event was held as part of the four-day UNCTAD biennial World Investment Forum from October 13 to 17. The 2012 Global Dialogue was held on 18 June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro and it focused on the role of the world’s stock exchanges in encouraging responsible, long-term investment and creating sustainable financial markets. The event took place in the leading up to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development as part of the UN Global Compact’s Corporate Sustainability Forum. The 2010 Global Dialogue was held on 8 September 2010 in Xiamen, the 2009 Global Dialogue was held on 2 November 2009. These high-level events are open to the public and bring exchanges together with policy makers, regulators, investors, companies and other relevant stakeholders. For the SSE Regional Dialogue, LatAm & Caribbean, Latin America’s four largest stock exchanges gathered in Colombia for the first Sustainable Stock Exchanges Regional Dialogue, LatAm & Caribbean. The regional version of the flagship SSE Global Dialogue was facilitated by the SSE, hosted by the Colombian Securities Exchange, the SSE Regional Dialogue, South East Asia was held on 18 May 2015. The Sustainable Stock Exchanges Regional Dialogue South East Asia kicked off in the heart of Bangkok, afternoon workshop sessions were made possible through the support of collaborating partners GRI, CDSB, ASRIA and MSCI. During the Regional Dialogue, leaders of the Hanoi, Hochiminh, the SSE Regional Dialogue, Nordic Countries began on 4 November 2015. The Sustainable Stock Exchanges Regional Dialogue, Nordic Countries took place in Helsinki, hosted by Nasdaq Helsinki, the SSE Regional Dialogue welcomed more than 100 participants from across Nordic markets. Eight new exchanges joined the SSE initiative at the SSE Regional Dialogue, the SSE Leaders Luncheon, Climate was held in December 2015. World leaders gathered for the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference to complete a new global agreement and this summit caps a year that has seen numerous momentous international breakthroughs, from the G20 pact on climate policy to the China-USA Joint Presidential Announcement on Climate Change. As climate plays a prominent role in the development of investment policy and regulation, it also has a growing impact on capital markets, investors 14. National Stock Exchange of India – The National Stock Exchange of India Limited is the leading stock exchange of India, located in Mumbai. NSE was established in 1992 as the first demutualized electronic exchange in the country. National Stock Exchange has a market capitalization of more than US$1.41 trillion. NSEs flagship index, the NIFTY50, the 51 stock index, is used extensively by investors in India, however, only about 4% of the Indian economy / GDP is actually derived from the stock exchanges in India. NSE was set up by a group of leading Indian financial institutions at the behest of the government of India to bring transparency to the Indian capital market. Based on the laid out by the government committee, NSE has been established with a diversified shareholding comprising domestic. The key domestic investors include Life Insurance Corporation of India, State Bank of India, IFCI Limited IDFC Limited and Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited. And the key global investors are Gagil FDI Limited, GS Strategic Investments Limited, SAIF II SE Investments Mauritius Limited, Aranda Investments Pte Limited, NSE offers trading, clearing and settlement services in equity, equity derivatives, debt and currency derivatives segments. It is the first exchange in India to introduce electronic trading facility thus connecting together the investor base of the entire country, NSE has 2500 VSATs and 3000 leased lines spread over more than 2000 cities across India. NSE commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market segment in June 1994, the capital market segment of the NSE commenced operations in November 1994, while operations in the derivatives segment commenced in June 2000. Of these only 7,800 companies are listed of which only 4000 trade on the stock exchanges at BSE and NSE. Hence the stocks trading at the BSE and NSE account for only around 4% of the Indian economy, NSE was mainly set up to bring in transparency in the markets. Instead of trading membership being confined to a group of brokers, NSE ensured that anyone who was qualified, experienced, in this context, NSE was ahead of its times when it separated ownership and management in the exchange under SEBIs supervision. The price information which could earlier be accessed only by a handful of people could now be seen by a client in a location with the same ease. The paper-based settlement was replaced by electronic depository-based accounts and settlement of trades was always done on time, one of the most critical changes was that a robust risk management system was set in place, so that settlement guarantees could protect investors against broker defaults. NSE was also instrumental in creating the National Securities Depository Limited which allows investors to hold and transfer their shares. It also allows investors to hold and trade in as few as one share or bond, the futures and options segment of NSE has made a global mark. In the Futures and Options segment, trading in NIFTY50 Index, NIFTY IT index, NIFTY Bank Index, NIFTY Next 50 index, trading in Mini Nifty Futures & Options and Long term Options on NIFTY50 are also available. The average daily turnover in the F&O Segment of the Exchange during the financial year April 2013 to March 2014 stood at 1.52236 trillion 15. Geographic coordinate system – A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2ndcentury Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation 16. Calcutta Stock Exchange – Calcutta Stock Exchange, also abbreviated to CSE, located at the Lyons Range, Kolkata, India, is the oldest stock exchange in South Asia. It was incorporated in 1908 and is the second largest bourse in India, in 1830, the bourse activities in Kolkata were conducted under a neem tree. The earliest record of dealings in securities in India is the British East India Company’s loan securities, in 1908, the stock exchange was incorporated and consisted of 150 members. The present building at the Lyons Range was constructed in 1928, the Calcutta Stock Exchange Ltd was granted permanent recognition by the Government of India with effect from April 14,1980, under the relevant provisions of the Securities Contracts Act,1956. The Calcutta Stock Exchange followed the familiar outcry system for trading until 1997. The full form of CSE is Calcutta Stock Exchange, general Manager Sri Partha Sarathi Mohapatra - Dy. General Manager Sri Amit Santra - Manager Sri Asis Maity - Manager One Index is in use, CSE -40 index List of South Asian stock exchanges Official website 17. United Stock Exchange of India – The United Stock Exchange of India is an Indian stock exchange. It is the 4th pan India exchange launched for trading financial instruments in India, USE represents the commitment of 21 Indian public sector banks, private banks, international banks and corporate houses to build an institution of repute. Private Sector Banks like Axis Bank, Federal Bank, J & K Bank, HDFC Bank, corporate Institutions such as Riddhi Siddhi Bullions Limited, MMTC and India Potash are also associated with United Stock Exchange. USE launched its operations on 20 Sept 2010. e, all non-member participants can access the exchange as clients of members. Membership is therefore granted to participants with high credibility and an excellent track record. Members will need to all requirements prescribed by the Securities Exchange Board of India as also the requirements stipulated by USE itself. This is to ensure that traders are protected against any counterparty risk and also to help develop, two types of membership is available with USE Trading Membership, Trading Member has the privilege of trading on one’s own account as well as the accounts of their clients. However, they not be able to clear and settle these trades. Net worth criteria as per SEBI,1 Crore INR Clearing Membership, Clearing Members are entitled to clear and settle trades for all trading members through the Clearing House of USE, 75/Lakh each side More than Rs.5 crore up to Rs.25 crore -Rs. 4500/crore each side More than Rs.25 crore up to Rs.50 crore -Rs, 4000/crore each side More than Rs.50 crore up to Rs.75 crore -Rs. 2000/crore each side More than Rs.75 crore -Rs 18. Inter-connected Stock Exchange of India – Inter-connected Stock Exchange Ltd. is an Indian national-level stock exchange, providing trading, clearing, settlement, risk management and surveillance support to its trading members. It started its operation in 1998 in Vashi, Mumbai, and has 841 trading members and these intermediaries are administratively supported through the regional offices at Delhi, Kolkata, Patna, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore and Nagpur, besides Mumbai. The ISE is promoted by 12 regional stock exchanges namely at Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Chennai, Kochi, Coimbatore, Guwahati, Indore, Jaipur, Kanpur, Mangalore, Magadh, the participating exchanges of ISE have 4,500 members and listed securities. It is an exchange of stock exchanges, members of the stock exchanges being traders on the ISE. At a meeting of the Federation of Indian Stock Exchanges held in October 1996, ISE was launched with an objective of converting small, fragmented and illiquid markets into large, liquid national-level markets. ISE is also a professionally managed stock exchange with the Chairman of the Exchange being also a Public Representative Director from its inception, unfortunately for the RSEs, particularly small brokers, the ISE experiment did not succeed. The daily turnover, which used to be Rs.1 to 2 crore in the first six months, failure of ISE was, due to the bigger brokers of the participating RSEs failing to support any interest in trading on ISE due to commercial considerations. As a result, it virtually impossible for ISE to create any worthwhile liquidity in its markets in competition with the breadth and depth of NSE and BSE. Markers continued to be fragmented as the participating RSEs did not close down their regional segments, all the while the small fragmented and illiquid market failed to emerge. A registered Member is entitled to execute trades and to clear, iSE-DP has branches at Delhi, Kolkata, Patna, Guwahati, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Coimbatore, Tirunelveli and 155 Collection Centers across the country. ISE also offers Joint Certification Training programmes in association with its partners, the trading platform of ISE enables the Indian companies’ to access equity capital, by providing a liquid and well-regulated market. Scrips which are already being traded on stock exchanges across India are traded on the Exchange, iSE’s trading members in India trade on the scrips and provide liquidity and visibility to such scrips 19. Ahmedabad Stock Exchange – Ahmedabad Stock Exchange or ASE is the second oldest exchange of India located in the city of Ahmedabad in the western part of the country. It is recognized by Securities Contract Act,1956 as permanent stock exchange and it has adopted a Swastika in its logo which is one of the most auspicious symbols of Hinduism depicting wealth and prosperity. Ahmedabad Stock Exchange was established in 1894 and it is the oldest stock exchange after Bombay Stock Exchange in India. ASE functioned here till 1996 and it is 93 years old heritage building, the stock exchange went live on December 12,1996. Initially, ASE used a system provided by IBM, since June 1999, ASE operates on Ahmedabad Stock Exchanges Online Trading System. This system was provided to ASE by Tata Consultancy Services Pvt. Ltd, members of the ASE can also trade on the Bombay Stock Exchange through a system called IBOSS. Today the stock exchange has 333 trading members, the governing board of ASE comprises elected directors as well as directors appointed by SEBI. The governing board meets every 15 days to review the working of the stock Exchange, the executive director is the administrative head of the ASE 20. United States – Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci 21. New York Stock Exchange – The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher 22. NASDAQ – The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange. It is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, the exchange platform is owned by Nasdaq, Inc. which also owns the Nasdaq Nordic and Nasdaq Baltic stock market network and several other US stock and options exchanges. When it was founded, NASDAQ stood for the acronym of National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations, NASDAQ was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers, which divested itself of NASDAQ in a series of sales in 2000 and 2001. The Nasdaq Stock Market is owned and operated by Nasdaq, Inc. the stocks of which were listed on its own stock exchange marketing July 2,2002, when the Nasdaq Stock Market began trading on February 8,1971, it was the worlds first electronic stock market. At first, it was merely a system and did not provide a way to perform electronic trades. The Nasdaq Stock Market helped lower the spread but was unpopular among brokerages which made much of their money on the spread. As late as 1987, the NASDAQ exchange was still referred to as OTC in media. Over the years, the Nasdaq Stock Market became more of a market by adding trade and volume reporting. The Nasdaq Stock Market attracted new companies such as Microsoft, Apple, Cisco, Oracle and Dell. Its main index is the NASDAQ Composite, which has published since its inception. In 1992, the Nasdaq Stock Market joined with the London Stock Exchange to form the first intercontinental linkage of securities markets, the National Association of Securities Dealers spun off the Nasdaq Stock Market in 2000 to form a publicly traded company. In 2006, the status of the Nasdaq Stock Market was changed from a market to a licensed national securities exchange. In 2007, Nasdaq merged with OMX, an exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint. NASDAQ OMX could be looking to acquire the American exchanges cash equities business, at the time, NYSE Euronext’s market value was $9.75 billion. Nasdaq was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion. Late in the month, Nasdaq was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the Chicago Mercantile Exchange to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $11–12 billion counterbid. The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System was founded as a European equivalent to the Nasdaq Stock Market and it was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe. Operations were shut down, however, as a result of the burst of the dot-com bubble, in 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived as Equiduct, and is currently operating under Börse Berlin
Japan [videos] Japan (Japanese: Nippon [ippo] or Nihon [iho]; formally meaning "State of …
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku,
The "King of Na gold seal", said to have been granted to Na king of Wa (Japan) by Emperor Guangwu of Han in 57 CE. The seal reads " ". Tokyo National Museum
Samurai warriors facing Mongols during the Mongol invasions of Japan; Suenaga, 1293
Emperor Meiji (1868–1912), in whose name imperial rule was restored at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate
Chinese generals surrendering to the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894– 1895
China [videos] China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most …
China's First Emperor, Qin Shi Huang, is famed for having united the Warring States' walls to form the Great Wall of China. Most of the present structure, however, dates to the Ming dynasty.
A detail from Along the River During the Qingming Festival, a 12th-century painting showing everyday life in the Song dynasty's capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng)
A 19th-century depiction of the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864)
The Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China to defeat the anti-foreign Boxers and their Qing backers.
Hong Kong [videos] Hong Kong (Chinese: , Cantonese: [hœ ŋ.k ŋ]), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the …
Sung Wong Toi, believed to be a memorial to the last two boy emperors of the Southern Song dynasty, as it appeared before the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Queen's Road Central at the junction of Duddell Street, c. 1900
City of Victoria, 1860s
Liberation of Hong Kong in 1945. Picture taken at the Cenotaph in Central.
European Union [videos] The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It …
In 1989, the Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to expand further (Berlin Wall pictured).
In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into force.
EU representatives receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012
Mont Blanc in the Alps is the highest peak in the EU.
Euronext [videos] Euronext NV is a European stock exchange seated in Amsterdam, Brussels, London, Lisbon and Paris. In addition to cash …
Shenzhen Stock Exchange [videos] The Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE; Chinese: ) is one of China's three stock exchanges, alongside the Shanghai …
Shenzhen Stock Exchange (inner view)
Sculpture in front of Shenzhen Stock Exchange
Former site of Shenzhen Stock Exchange
Canada [videos] Canada ((listen); French: [kanad]) is a country which is located in the northern part of North America. Its ten …
Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe (1771) dramatizes James Wolfe's death during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec.
Canadian soldiers and a Mark II tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917
Canadian crew of a Sherman tank, south of Vaucelles, France, during the Battle of Normandy in June 1944
At Rideau Hall, Governor General the Viscount Alexander of Tunis (centre) receives the bill finalizing the union of Newfoundland and Canada on March 31, 1949
Toronto Stock Exchange [videos] Toronto Stock Exchange (often abbreviated as TSX) is one of the world's largest stock exchanges. It is the ninth …
New Toronto Stock Exchange trading floor, circa 1937-39
TMX's LED board displaying TSX information
The Art Deco façade of the former Toronto Stock Exchange building, now incorporated into the Toronto-Dominion Centre. Frieze by artist Charles Comfort.
TSX closing point displayed at Scotia Plaza
Germany [videos] Germany ((listen); German: Deutschland, pronounced [dtlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: …
The Nebra sky disk, c. 1700 BC
Foundation of the German Empire in Versailles, 1871. Bismarck is at the centre in a white uniform.
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the Protestant Reformation.
Philipp Scheidemann proclaims the German Republic from the Reichskanzlei window, on 9 November 1918.
India [videos] India, officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest …
Paintings at the Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 6th century
The granite tower of Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by Raja Raja Chola I.
Writing the will and testament of the Mughal king court in Persian, 1590–1595
The British Indian Empire, from the 1909 edition of The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Areas directly governed by the British are shaded pink; the princely states under British suzerainty are in yellow.
Switzerland [videos] Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the …
The 1291 Bundesbrief (Federal charter)
The Act of Mediation was Napoleon's attempt at a compromise between the Ancien Régime and a Republic.
The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colours are shown the subject territories.
Inauguration in 1882 of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel connecting the southern canton of Ticino, the longest in the world at the time
Australia [videos] Australia ((listen), ), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of …
Aboriginal rock art in the Kimberley region of Western Australia
Portrait of Captain James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Tasmania's Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed Australian Convict Sites.
The Last Post is played at an Anzac Day ceremony in Port Melbourne, Victoria. Similar ceremonies are held in many suburbs and towns.
Australian Securities Exchange [videos] The Australian Securities Exchange (ASX, sometimes referred to outside Australia as the Sydney Stock Exchange) is …
Sydney Exchange Centre Entrance
The Sydney Stock Exchange building in 1872
Sydney Exchange Square
Sydney Exchange Square entrance
South Korea [videos] South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (abbreviated ROK), is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the …
Seokguram Grotto from the Silla era, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Tripitaka Koreana — the Buddhist canon (Tripiaka ) carved onto roughly 80,000 woodblocks and stored (and still remaining) at Haeinsa, a World Heritage Site
Balhae and Silla, 830 CE
Changdeok Palace, one of the Five Grand Palaces built during the Joseon Dynasty and a World Heritage Site
Mumbai [videos] Mumbai (also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. …
Top to bottom: Cuffe Parade skyline, the Gateway of India (L), Taj Mahal Palace Hotel (R), Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Bandra–Worli Sea Link.
The Mumba Devi Temple, from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name
The Haji Ali Dargah was built in 1431, when Mumbai was under the rule of the Gujarat Sultanate
The Madh Fort built by the Portuguese, was one of the most important forts in Salsette.
Fort (Mumbai precinct) [videos] Fort is a business district in Mumbai, India. The area was the heart of the city during the 18th century. The area gets …
Remains of the Fort George walls
Bombay fort map 1771-1864
Building of Bombay Samachar (estb. 1822), oldest continuously published newspaper in India. London Stock Exchange [videos] The London Stock Exchange (LSE) is a stock exchange located in the City of London, England. As of December 2014, the …
Official logo
Paternoster Square; the LSE occupies the building that takes up much of the right side of this picture.
The Stock Exchange Tower pictured from atop the National Westminster Tower in 1983. Hong Kong Stock Exchange [videos] The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited, abb. SEHK, is a stock exchange located in Hong Kong. It is East Asia's and …
Hong Kong Exchange Trade Lobby in 2007
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev with exchange Chairman Ronald Arculli during a visit to Hong Kong on 17 April 2011.
Chairman [videos] The chairman (also chairperson, chairwoman or chair) is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a …
An example of a chairman in action - Sam Ervin (right), chairing the Senate Watergate hearings, 1973
As Chairman, Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson presides over the 2016 annual meeting of the Friends of the Ulriksdal Palace Theater.
National Stock Exchange of India [videos] The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE) is the leading stock exchange of India, located in Mumbai . The NSE …
NSE building at BKC, Mumbai Borsa Italiana [videos] Borsa Italiana S.p.A., based in Milan, is Italy's only stock exchange. It manages and organises domestic market, …
Shanghai Stock Exchange [videos] The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE; Chinese: ; pinyin: Shànghi zhèngquàn jiāoyì su), is a stock exchange that is …
The Shanghai (SSE) Composite Index: 1991 to start of 2009.
BSE SENSEX [videos] The S&P BSE SENSEX (S&P Bombay Stock Exchange Sensitive Index), also called the BSE 30 or simply the SENSEX, is a …
