PRESIDENT: Professor Peter Burkill SECRETARY: Dr. Mary Feeley EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Dr. Edward R. Urban Jr. Secretariat: College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Robinson Hall University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 USA
MEMORANDUM TO:
Attendees, 2013 SCOR Executive Committee Meeting
FROM:
Ed Urban, SCOR Executive Director
RE:
Background Book for Meeting
DATE:
28 October 2013
I am pleased to enclose the background book for the upcoming SCOR Executive Committee Meeting in Wellington, New Zealand. I hope that you have a chance to read it before the meeting, although I know that the time is limited and the background materials are extensive. Please be sure to review the annotated agenda following. I have tried to identify the actions that we need to consider at the meeting and have cross-referenced the issues to the pages where relevant background information can be found, so we can make the best use of our time together. Please skim the remainder of the book and focus on those sections that are most closely related to your interests and responsibilities. I hope that the book also will be a useful reference to you between SCOR meetings. The background book is also available on the Web, at http://www.scor-int.org/2013EC/2013EC.htm. We will not be able to bring many extra background books to the meeting, so please bring your copy if you requested one. Please let me know if you think other items should be made available to participants at the meeting. I look forward to seeing each of you in Wellington next month.
Phone: +1-302-831-7011
FAX: +1-302-831-7012
E-mail:
[email protected]
41st SCOR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING Wellington, New Zealand 25-28 November 2013 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS SCOR Executive Committee: President: Peter Burkill (NM) Drake Circus Plymouth University Plymouth PL4 8AA UNITED KINGDOM Email:
[email protected] Secretary: Mary (Missy) Feeley (NM) P.O. Box 4778 Exxon Mobil Exploration Company GP8 896 Houston, TX 77210-4778 USA Phone: +1-281-654-3588 Fax: +1-281-654-7751 Email:
[email protected] Past-President: Wolfgang Fennel (NM) Baltic Sea Research Institute Seestr. 15 Rostock 18119 GERMANY Phone: +49-381-51978 Fax: +49-381-51978-114 Email:
[email protected] Vice Presidents: Satoru Taguchi (NM) Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis Soka University 1-236 Tangi-Cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577 JAPAN Phone: +81 42 691 8002 Fax: +81 42 691 8002 Email:
[email protected]
John Volkman (NM) Research Program Leader Marine Biogeochemistry Program CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research GPO Box 1538 Hobart, Tasmania 7001 AUSTRALIA Phone: +61-3-62325281 Fax: +61-3-62325090 Email:
[email protected] Corina Brussaard (NM) Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, NIOZ PO Box 59 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, THE NETHERLANDS Phone: +31 222 369513 Fax: +31 222 319674 Email:
[email protected] Ex-Officio Members: Mark J. Costello (IABO) Leigh Marine Laboratory University of Auckland PO Box 349 Warkworth 0941 NEW ZEALAND Email:
[email protected] Athena Coustenis (IAMAS) LESIA (Bat. 18) Observatoire de Paris-Meudon 5, place Jules Janssen 92195 Meudon Cedex FRANCE Tel: +33145077720 Email :
[email protected]
Eugene Morozov (IAPSO) Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Pokrovka street 20 apt 27 Moscow 101000 RUSSIA
[email protected] Tel: +7 967 133 1880 SCOR Secretariat: Ed Urban Executive Director SCOR Secretariat Robinson Hall College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 USA Phone: +1-302-831-7013 Fax: +1-302-831-7012 Email:
[email protected] Other Participants: Riitta Autio (NM) Erik Palmenin aukio 1 Helsinki 00560 FINLAND Email:
[email protected] Harold (Hal) Batchelder Oregon State University 104 CEOAS Admin Bldg. Corvallis, OR, 97331-5503 USA Tel: +1-541-737-4500 Email:
[email protected] Nick D'Adamo UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Level 5 1100 Hay Street West Perth,Western Australia ,6005 AUSTRALIA Tel: +61 8 92262899 Email:
[email protected]
Colin Devey (NM) Deputy Director IFM-GEOMAR Leibniz Institute Of Marine Sciences Wischhofstr. 1-3 D-24148 Kiel, GERMANY Phone: +49 431 600 2257 Fax: +49 431 600 2924 Email:
[email protected] Robert Duce (NM) Texas A&M University 145 Pioneer Passage Bastrop, TX 78602 USA Tel: +1-979-229-3821 Email:
[email protected] Toshitaka Gamo (NM) The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8564 JAPAN Tel: +81-4-7136-6080 Email:
[email protected] Diana Greenslade ICSU 5 rue Auguste Vacquerie Paris 75012 FRANCE Email:
[email protected] Julie Hall (NM) NIWA Private bag 14901, Kilbirnie Wellington 6021 NEW ZEALANS Tel: +64275952369 Email:
[email protected] Karen Heywood (NM) Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UNITED KINGDOM Email:
[email protected]
Graham Hosie Global Alliance CPR Surveys c/- SAHFOS The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Plymouth PL1 2PB UNITED KINGDOM Email:
[email protected]
Sylvia Sander University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin, 9054 NEW ZEALAND Tel: +64-3-479-7844 Email:
[email protected]
Motoyoshi Ikeda (NM) Hokkaido University Takatsu-ku, Shimosakunobe, 6-4-20 Kawasaki 213-0033 JAPAN Tel. +81-44-844-2510 Email:
[email protected]
Sergey M. Shapovalov (NM) Russian Academy of Sciences 36 Nakhimovsky ave. Moscow 117997 RUSSIA Email:
[email protected]
Venu Ittekkot Berner Chaussee 114 Hamburg 22175 GERMANY Phone: +49406411875 Fax: +49406411875 Email:
[email protected] Raphael Kudela University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Ocean Sciences Department Santa Cruz, CA, 95064 USA Email:
[email protected] Cliff S. Law NIWA Private Bag 14-901 Kilbirnie, Wellington 6023 NEW ZEALAND Tel: +64-43860478 Email:
[email protected]
Sinjae Yoo (NM) Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology 787 Haeanro Ansan 426-744 SOUTH KOREA Email:
[email protected]
Xuelei Zhang First Institute of Oceanography, SOA 6 Xianxialing Road, Laoshan District Qingdao 266061 CHINA Email:
[email protected] Wei Zheng First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China 6 Xianxialing Road, Laoshan District Qingdao 266061 CHINA Email:
[email protected]
Agenda for 2013 SCOR Executive Committee Meeting Sun., Nov. 24 9:00 9:15 9:30 9:45 10:00 10:15 SCOR 10:30 10:45 Committee on Capacity 11:00 Building Meets 11:15 11:30 11:45
12:00 12:15 12:30 12:45
Mon., Nov. 25 Welcome, Logistics, and Introductions Pres. Report
Tues., Nov. 26
Exec. Director’s Report Preparations for 2014 SCOR Election
WG Proposals (cont.)
BREAK
BREAK
SCOR Capacity Building Activities
Current WGs – Reports will be tabled and only will cover questions on any groups
Wed., Nov. 27
Thurs., Nov. 28
GEOTRACES
IMBER IOCCP High-CO2 IQOE WG 127 Follow-on
WG Proposals – Discussion of Proposals on Short List
BREAK IOCCG InterRidge GACS IABO IAMAS IAPSO WCRP IGBP Future Earth SOOS AOSB
13:00 13:15 LUNCH LUNCH LUNCH 13:30 13:45 14:00 IOC 14:15 IIOE WG Proposals – 14:30 GESAMP WG Proposals Fine- tune advice to 14:45 WGs 15:00 PICES ICES 15:15 15:30 BREAK BREAK BREAK 15:45 SCOR 16:00 WG Proposals Executive (cont.) 16:15 Finances Committee 16:30 Report of Ad Hoc Meets in Finance Committee 16:45 Closed Session WG Proposals – GEOHAB First Discussion to 17:00 Develop Short List 17:15 17:30 SCOR Executive SOLAS 17:45 Committee 18:00 SCOR Meets in Closed Executive Session Committee Dinner
Ocean Science in New Zealand
41st SCOR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING Wellington, New Zealand 25-28 November 2013 ANNOTATED AGENDA _________________________________________________________________ 1.0 OPENING 1.1
Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements, p 1-1
Hall, Burkill, Urban
1.2 Approval of the Agenda, p. 1-6 Burkill Additions or modifications to the agenda as distributed may be suggested prior to approval of the final version. 1.3 Report of the President of SCOR, p. 1-6 Burkill The President will briefly review his activities for SCOR since the SCOR General Meeting in October 2012 in Halifax, Canada. 1.4 Report of SCOR Executive Director, p. 1-6 Urban The Executive Director will report on his activities for SCOR since the 2012 SCOR meeting, and on the current condition of SCOR. 1.5 Appointment of an ad hoc Finance Committee, p. 1-8 Burkill The SCOR Constitution requires that a Finance Committee be appointed at every SCOR meeting. It must consist of three members of SCOR who are not members of the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee approved Colin Devey (Germany), Karen Heywood (UK), and Motoyoshi Ikeda (Japan) as the three members. The Finance Committee reviews the administration of SCOR finances during the previous fiscal year and the current year, and will propose a budget for 2014 activities and dues for 2015. The Committee will report to the meeting under agenda item 8.3. 1.6 2014 Elections for SCOR Officers, p. 1-9 Fennell The SCOR Secretary and all three Vice-President positions are open for nominations for the 2014 elections. Action: Approve Nominating Committee for 2014 elections.
2.0 WORKING GROUPS 2.1
Disbanded Working Groups
2.1.1 SCOR WG 131 on The Legacy of in situ Iron Enrichment: Data Compilation and Modeling, p. 2-1 Urban 1 The group publicized its database through an article in Oceanography magazine. The co-chairs were thanked for their work and the group was disbanded. Action: None 2.1.2 SCOR/LOICZ WG 132 on Land-based Nutrient Pollution and the Relationship to Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Marine Systems, p. 2-4 Taguchi The group has two final papers in review based on its work. The group members were thanked for their work and the group was disbanded. Action: None. 2.1.3 SCOR/WCRP/IAPSO Working Group 136 On the Climatic Importance of the Greater Agulhas System, p. 2-6 Urban The group held its final meeting in conjunction with a Chapman Conference that it stimulated, on The Agulhas System and its Role in Changing Ocean Circulation, Climate, and Marine Ecosystems was held on 8–12 October 2012, in Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa (see http://www.agu.org/meetings/chapman/2012/ecall/). Group members continue their work in promoting research and observations in the Agulhas Current region. Lisa Beal, one of the group’s co-chairs, served as a SCOR Visiting Scholar in South Africa in early 2013. Action: None. 2.2 Current Working Groups The Executive Committee Reporter for each working group will present an update on working group activities and progress, and will make recommendations on actions to be taken. Any working group chairs present will be given time to make comments about their group. Meeting participants will make preliminary decisions, based on the progress of working groups and the merits of the requests, about whether funding should be provided for 2014 activities of working groups that have funds remaining. The Finance Committee will take into account the recommendations of the Executive Committee as it develops the 2014 SCOR budget, which is then subject to final approval by the meeting. 2.2.1 SCOR WG 134 on The Microbial Carbon Pump in the Ocean, p. 2-12 Urban Some group members participated in one of the three theme sessions at the IMBER IMBIZO in early 2013 as the final activity of the group. Action: Consider disbanding.
1
Boyd, P.W, D.C.E. Bakker, and C. Chandler. 2012. A new database to explore the findings from large-scale ocean iron enrichment experiments. Oceanography 25:64-71.
2.2.2 SCOR/InterRidge WG 135 on Hydrothermal energy transfer and its impact on the ocean carbon cycles, p. 2-22 Coustenis The group’s final activity will be a special session at the 2014 European Geosciences Union meeting and a final meeting of the group (this meeting was postponed from 2013). The group is preparing two publications, tentatively entitled “Coupled cycling of Fe and Corg in submarine hydrothermal plumes: potential for impact on the global deep-ocean carbon cycle” and “Hydrothermal energy transfer and the ocean carbon cycling: how to assess vent ecosystem productivity?” Action: Consider funding for 2014. 2.2.3 WG 137: Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series Observation, p. 2-26 Volkman The group met for the third time in Hiroshima, Japan during 12-14 October 2012, in conjunction with the annual PICES meeting, and will hold its next meeting on 2-4 November 2013 in San Diego, California, USA in conjunction with the Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation (CERF) November 2013. The Web site for data sets has been set up (see http://wg137.net/). The group continues to work on an ambitious set of analyses and papers. Action: Consider funding for 2014. 2.2.4 WG 138: Modern Planktic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes, p. 2-30 Feeley Working Group members have been busy in the past year working toward individual products. An open-access eBook will be produced through Copernicus Press. A Web site has been developed for the group on the eForams platform (http://www.eforams.org/index.php/WG138_Startpage) and is currently being filled with content. A taxonomic database and an annotated list of references also are being developed. The group held workshops in mid-2012 on (1) foraminifera taxonomy and (2) standardization of foraminifera collections. Action: Consider funding for 2014 meeting. 2.2.5 WG 139: Organic Ligands – A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean, p. 2-35 This group met for the second time on 16 February 2013, immediately before the ASLO meeting in New Orleans. As with the first meeting, this minimized travel costs for the meeting. The group had a special session accepted for the ASLO meeting, on “Biogeochemistry of metalbinding organic ligands in the ocean: Sources, composition and impacts on trace metal cycling.” The third meeting of the group will be held in Honolulu, Hawaii in conjunction with the Ocean Sciences meeting in February 2014, at which they will also convene a special session. Action: Consider funding for 2014 meeting. 2.2.6
WG 140: Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces, p. 2-40 Volkman The group held its first meeting in March 2013 in conjunction with the Gordon Research Conference on Polar Marine Science in Ventura, California, USA. The group has divided its work into three task groups (Methodologies and Intercomparisons, Data, and Modeling. Work is proceeding on each theme and the first papers citing the group’s work have already appeared.2 2
E.g., Meiners, K.M., et al. 2012. Chlorophyll a in Antarctic sea ice from historical ice core data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L21602, doi:10.1029/2012GL053478.
Action: Consider funding for 2014 meeting. 2.2.7 WG 141 on Sea-Surface Microlayers, p. 2-44 Volkman The group met for the first time in conjunction with the European Geosciences Union meeting in April 2013 in Vienna, Austria. The group is planning a workshop in Qingdao, China in 2014. The four-day workshop will have an open session for Chinese students, including training in microlayer sampling. A closed session of the workshop will focus on developing a paper that will highlight the role of microlayers in the changing ocean, aerosol chemistry, gas exchange, eutrophication, ecosystem health and hydrophysical modeling. This paper is intended to help communicate the topic beyond specialists. Action: Consider funding for 2014 meeting. 2.2.8 WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders, p. 2-47 Feeley The group did not meet in 2013, but is planning its first meeting in February 2014 in conjunction with the Ocean Sciences meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii. Action: Consider funding for 2014 meeting.
2.3 New Working Group Proposals Eleven working group proposals were received by the SCOR Secretariat. SCOR can probably fund two new working groups to begin in 2014, pending recommendations from the Finance Committee. 2.3.1
SCOR Working Group on Zooplankton Production Measurement Methodologies and Their Application, p. 2-48 Burkill Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group. 2.3.2 SCOR Working Group on Response of marine biota to complex global environmental change: co-ordination and harmonization of experimental approaches, p. 2-54 Brussaard Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group. 2.3.3 SCOR Working Group on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4, p. 2-62 Volkman Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group. 2.3.4 SCOR Working Group on Climate and tsunami science with green repeaters on submarine cable systems, p. 2-74 Feeley Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group. 2.3.5
SCOR Working Group Towards harmonization of global oceanic nutrient data, p. 2-86 Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group.
2.3.6
SCOR Working Group on Development of new methodologies for chemical and other branches of oceanography, p. 2-96 Volkman Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group. 2.3.7
SCOR Working Group on Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation, p. 2-103 Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group. 2.3.8
SCOR Working Group on Surface Waves in Ocean Circulation and Climate System, p. 2-110 Coustenis Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group. 2.3.9 SCOR Working Group on Standard protocols for the development of an atlas of marine plankton biogeography, p. 2-117 Costello Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group. 2.3.10 SCOR Working Group on Studying Ocean Acidification Effects on Continental Margin Ecosystems, p. 2-134 Taguchi Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group. 2.3.11 SCOR Working Group on Science and Technology Imperatives Created by Deep‐ Ocean Industrialization, p. 2-140 Fennel Action: Evaluate proposal for potential as new SCOR working group.
3.0
LARGE-SCALE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS
SCOR currently sponsors four large-scale research projects; three of them are co-sponsored by other organizations. Each project has its own scientific steering committee (SSC) to manage the project on a day-to-day basis. SCOR and other co-sponsors are responsible to oversee the projects, which they do primarily through responsibility for the project SSC memberships and terms of reference, although sponsors also oversee the results of the projects’ activities. Any proposed changes in membership or terms of reference are considered by the SCOR Executive Committee, in partnership with other co-sponsors, throughout the year. SCOR does not use discretionary funds (funds from SCOR member nation dues) for the research projects it sponsors, instead writing grant proposals to fund meetings and other activities of the research projects. The SCOR Secretariat oversees the use of grant funds provided to the projects. 3.1 SCOR/IOC Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Program, p. 3-1 Kudela, Taguchi GEOHAB held its final open science meeting in April 2013, at which was discussed accomplishments of the projects and priorities for future research. The GEOHAB SSC will meet for the final time on 3-5 December 2013 to work on synthesis products from the project and to discuss to how SCOR and IOC will work together after 2013 in relation to the topic of harmful algal blooms. Creation of publications related to GEOHAB synthesis will continue into 2014. Action: None.
3.2
SCOR/IGBP Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) Project, p. 3-28 Hall, Burkill The IMBER SSC met most recently in June 2013 in Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain. IMBER will hold its first open science meeting in Bergen on 23-27 June 2014, on “Future Oceans”. SCOR and IGBP approved the addition of Edward Allison (USA), Katrin Rehdanz (Germany), Gerhard Herndl (Austria), and Laurent Bopp (France) to the IMBER SSC in 2013. The IMBER SSC is working on its plans for project extension and determining how it might interact with the Future Earth Initiative. Action: None
3.3 GEOTRACES Project, p. 3-62 Volkman GEOTRACES cruises were conducted in the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean since the 2012 SCOR annual meeting. The GEOTRACES Scientific Steering Committee held its seventh meeting in Goa, India in November 2012, immediately after a meeting of the GEOTRACES Data Management Committee. The SSC, Data Management Committee, and Standards and Intercalibration committee met together in Bremerhaven, Germany, on 30 Sept.-4 October 2013. GEOTRACES will release its first intermediate data product in 2014, which will primarily include data from the Atlantic Ocean cruises carried out so far, as well as GEOTRACES cruises that were part of the International Polar Year. The SCOR Executive Committee approved the addition of Luidmila Demina (Russia) to the GEOTRACES SSC members in 2013, and second terms for Pinghe Cai (China-Beijing), Angela Wegener (Brazil), Andrew Bowie (Australia), and Olivier Marchal (USA) Action: None.
3.4
SCOR/IGBP/WCRP/CACGP Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study, p. 3-83 Law, Coustenis SOLAS held its sixth summer school in 2013, in a new location, at Xiamen University in China. The SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) met in Tsukuba, Japan in May 2013. The project co-sponsors approved Ilan Koren (Israel) as a new SSC member and re-appointment of Yukihiro Nojiri and Christoph Heinze. The SOLAS SSC is working on its plans for project extension and determining how it might interact with the Future Earth Initiative. Action: None
4.0 4.1
OCEAN CARBON AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
IOC/SCOR International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), p. 4-1 Fennel, Urban IOCCP is jointly sponsored and funded by SCOR and IOC. It continues to focus on coordination of carbon data, from collection through serving the data, through the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Panel (GO-SHIP), the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) project, and the GLobal Ocean Data Analysis Product (GLODAP) project. IOCCP is assisting the Global
Ocean Observing System on developing biogeochemical Essential Ocean Variables. The U.S. National Science Foundation is the primary financial sponsor of IOCCP and has asked that the project demonstrate multinational interest in IOCCP by diversifying its funding sources. (IOCCP does receive support from IOC and from in-kind support from its host institution in Poland.) Action: Discuss potential new funding sources
Volkman 4.2 Symposia on The Ocean in a High-CO2 World, p. 4-13 IGBP is leading an effort to produce a Summary for Policymakers from the 2012 symposium in Monterey, which will be released at the nineteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 19) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The SCOR Executive Committee will announce at the meeting SCOR’s desired role in a 2016 symposium. Action: Consider sponsorship of 2016 symposium.
4.3
Other Activities
4.3.1 Data Publication Activity, p. 4-13 Costello Representatives from SCOR, IOC’s International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE), the MBLWHOI Library, the British Oceanographic Data Centre, and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have been working together for the past several years on a project to promote getting data associated with research papers, as well as stand-alone data sets, into national and international data management systems in forms that can be cited. The group is conducting two pilot projects and the results of these pilot projects have been reported at meetings of ocean scientists, data managers, and ocean librarians. The group completed a “Cookbook”3 describing implementation of the two pilot projects since last year’s SCOR meeting and is looking for opportunities to implement the data publication system in new locations. Action: Consider funding for 2014. 4.3.2 SCOR/POGO International Quiet Ocean Experiment, p. 4-14 Feeley The International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE) Science Plan is in review and reviews are due by the end of October. The SCOR Executive Committee will consider adopting IQOE as a SCOR project when the response to review is completed. The next step in the project would be consideration and approval by POGO, formation of a Scientific Steering Committee (SSC), and seeking funding for the SSC’s work. Action: Discuss funding opportunities. 4.3.3 Joint Committee on Seawater (SCOR/IAPWS/IAPSO), p. 4-15 Morozov SCOR agreed to form a Joint Subcommittee on Seawater with IAPSO and the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This group is a follow-on to the SCOR/IAPSO Working Group 127 on the Thermodynamic Properties of Seawater. The SCOR Executive Committee has approved an Executive Committee and Terms of Reference for the 3
See http://www.iode.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=10574.
group, and is now considering nominations for the full group. Funding for the group is for the JCS Executive Committee to attend IAPWS meetings. They do not anticipate having the entire group meet. Actions: Consider funding for 2014.
5.0
CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES
5.1 SCOR Committee on Capacity Building, p. 5-1 Ittekkot The committee will meet in Wellington immediately before the SCOR Meeting to prepare for the SCOR meeting discussions. A meeting was hosted by the University of Namibia in early November 2012 to focus on continued extension of SCOR capacity-building activities in southern Africa. Actions: Consider any requests from the Committee’s meeting.
5.2 SCOR Visiting Scholars, p. 5-5 Ittekkot SCOR started a program of SCOR Visiting Scholars in 2009 and has now appointed 13 different Visiting Scholars. The program provides airfare and some funding for subsistence for ocean scientists to teach and mentor students for several weeks to months. Local hosts are expected to provide some support for local expenses. The program has resulted in new exposure for SCOR in countries like Ghana, Morocco, and Thailand. Action: Consider providing support for SCOR Visiting Scholars in 2014.
5.3 POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations, p. 5-7 Urban POGO and SCOR have co-funded this program since 2001 and have supported more than 100 participants so far. Both recipients and hosts have expressed that this has been a worthwhile program. Action: Consider whether to provide funding in 2014.
5.4 NSF Travel Support for Developing Country Scientists, p. 5-15 Urban The grant to SCOR from the U.S. National Science Foundation continues at a level of $75,000 per year. The grants have been an important source of support for several SCOR-related meetings in the past year. We are in the third year of a three-year grant; a renewal proposal will be submitted early next year. Action: Consider recommendations of the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building.
6.0
RELATIONS WITH INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
6.1 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, p. 6-1 D’Adamo, Burkill Peter Burkill and Ed Urban attended the IOC General Assembly in June 2013 to represent SCOR and ICSU. SCOR and IOC cooperate on several different activities, as discussed in other sections: the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Program, the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, and the Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World. IOC also partners with SCOR on capacity-building activities. IOC support for joint activities has been significantly curtailed because of drastic cuts in activity funding at IOC resulting from the United States and other nations withdrawing their funding to UNESCO. The newest area of cooperation is related to the International Indian Ocean Expedition 2. Action: None
6.2 International Council for Exploration of the Seas , p. 6-6 Fennel Much ICES work focuses on climate change and impacts on ecosystems and fisheries. ICES has been involved in various SCOR activities in the past few years, including co-sponsoring a regional program of GLOBEC. New Strategic Initiatives are on Biodiversity Science and Advice, Spatial Planning and Area-based Management, and Stock Assessment Methods. Action: None
6.3
Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), p. 6-9 Duce NSF provided support through SCOR for a meeting of GESAMP Working Group 38 on The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean in February 2013 at the University of East Anglia. As many as 8 peer-reviewed papers may result from the meeting. Action: None.
6.4 North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), p. 6-11 Batchelder, Taguchi PICES’ goals are to (1) advance scientific knowledge and capacity available for the member countries, including information on human activities affecting, and affected by, marine ecosystems, and (2) to provide a mechanism for collaboration among scientists in addressing timely and critical scientific questions. PICES conducts several activities that are relevant to SCOR interests and that implement SCOR activities in the North Pacific region and often supports members of SCOR working groups related to PICES activities. A PICES representative is a member of the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building. Action: Consider request for developing country scientist travel support and identify new areas of cooperation with PICES.
7.0
RELATIONS WITH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
7.1 International Council for Science Burkill Peter Burkill and Ed Urban met with Steven Wilson, the ICSU Executive Director, in June 2013 in conjunction with the IOC annual meeting in Paris. As part of its periodic review process, ICSU will review SCOR sometime in the next three years. ICSU awarded SCOR and SCAR a grant for 2013/2014 to fund an activity designed to identify and evaluate potential Ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables (eEOVs) that would be monitored through an enhanced Global Ocean Observing System, particularly as part of the Southern Ocean Observing System. Actions: None. 7.1.1 International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP), p. 7-1 Burkill Peter Burkill attended the 2013 IGBP Science Committee meeting in Bern, Switzerland to represent SCOR. SCOR and IGBP are co-sponsoring WG 138 on Modern Planktic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes, and SCOR contributed support for travel of developing country scientists to two IGBP Fast-Track Initiatives that completed in the past year. IGBP has initiated its final synthesis activities in preparation for the program completion at the end of 2015. SCOR and IGBP staff members have ongoing discussions in relation to co-sponsored projects. Action: Determine which SCOR decisions need to be transmitted to IGBP for comment and joint action. 7.1.2 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), p. 7-3 Fennel WCRP is focused on the climate aspects of different parts of the Earth system, including the ocean. WCRP is co-sponsoring the SOLAS project, and previously co-sponsored SCOR/WCRP/IAPSO WG 136 on Climatic Importance of the Greater Agulhas System, and development of the Southern Ocean Observing System. SCOR projects (including IOCCP) are working well with CLIVAR, the part of WCRP most relevant to SCOR. Ed Urban co-authored a paper in Oceanography magazine with Roberta Boscolo of WCRP on “Using scientific meetings to enhance the development of early career scientists.”4 Action: None. 7.1.3 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), p. 7-13 Brussaard SCAR and SCOR are co-sponsoring the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). The SOOS SSC met in May 2013 in Shanghai, China and held a meeting there to encourage Asian participation in SOOS. SCAR is sponsoring an activity on ocean acidification in the Southern Ocean. Action: Consider 2014 funding for SOOS Scientific Steering Committee. 7.1.4 Future Earth Initiative, p. 7-18 Greenslade ICSU officially launched the Future Earth initiative at the Rio+20 summit in June 2012. The initiative will bring together IGBP, DIVERSITAS, and the International Human Dimensions Programme (IHDP) in a new structure entitled Future Earth: research for global sustainability. An interim Future Earth governing body has been announced and a secretariat will be established by mid-2014. More information is available at http://www.icsu.org/future-earth/. 4 http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/26-2_urban.html.
Action: Discuss plans of SCOR-related projects in Future Earth. 7.2
Affiliated Organizations
7.2.1 International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO), p. 7-18 IABO is an association of the ICSU International Union of Biological Sciences. Action: Discuss potential areas of interaction with IABO.
Costello
7.2.2
International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS), p. 7-20 Coustenis IAMAS is an association of the ICSU International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. IAMAS is a parent of the international Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (iCACGP), which is a co-sponsor of SOLAS. Action: Discuss potential areas of interaction with IAMAS. 7.2.3
International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO), p. 7-22 Morozov IAPSO is association of the ICSU International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. SCOR and IAPSO recently co-sponsored WG 136 on Climatic Importance of the Greater Agulhas System (with WCRP) and are co-sponsoring the new IAPWS/SCOR/IAPSO Subcommittee on Seawater. SCOR and IAPSO (and its predecessors) have co-sponsored working groups for more than 50 years. Action: None.
7.3 Affiliated Programs, p. 7-26 The benefit of continued affiliation to SCOR is evaluated at each General Meeting, but annual reports are requested from the programs for information. 7.3.1 InterRidge - International, Interdisciplinary Ridge Studies, p. 7-28 Feeley InterRidge has an active program of working groups and scientific meetings, as well as significant education and outreach activities.. There are currently seven active InterRidge Working Groups, including the SCOR/InterRidge WG 135 on Hydrothermal Energy Transfer and its Impact on the Ocean Carbon Cycles. The InterRidge program office moved to Peking University at the beginning of 2013. The new chair is John Chen (School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing) and Jiabiao Li (Second Institute of Oceanography, Hangzhou) is co-chair. InterRidge has been working on its Third Decadal Plan throughout 2012. Action: None. 7.3.2 International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG), p. 7-34 Volkman IOCCG scientific activities are carried out by specialized scientific working groups which investigate various aspects of ocean-color technology and its applications, and produce a report on the topic, published in the growing IOCCG Report series (13 reports published to date). The Joint GEOHAB/IOCCG WG on Harmful Algal Blooms has met twice and is working on an IOCCG Report and a special journal issue. Over the past decade, IOCCG has played an important role in training and capacity building on a global scale. IOCCG stated a new series of
workshops called the International Ocean Colour Science (IOCS) meetings, with the first held in May 2013. Action: None. 7.3.3 Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS), p. 7-38 GACS was formed in September 2011 to foster global cooperation and coordination of the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) surveys carried out in several different parts of the world. GACS became affiliated to SCOR in 2012. Action: None
7.4
Other Organizations
7.4.1 Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO), p. 7-39 Feeley POGO is a non-profit consortium of oceanographic institutions from around the world. POGO promotes global oceanography, particularly the implementation of international and integrated global ocean observing systems. POGO has focused much of its attention in recent years on interactions with the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) to represent ocean observation issues. A new Task on “Oceans and Society: the Blue Planet” is included in the GEO Workplan, and this task draws together POGO and many of the other organizations and projects involved in ocean observations. POGO convened a kick‐off symposium for the task, held in Brazil on 19-21 November 2012. POGO and SCOR are cooperating on development of the International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE) and co-fund the POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations. Action: None. 7.4.2 IASC Marine Working Group, p. 7-39 Fennel The Marine Working Group (MWG) of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) is a non-governmental body that includes members and participants from research and governmental institutions in all 19 IASC countries. It’s predecessor, the Arctic Ocean Science Board, was established in May 1984 to fill a recognized need to coordinate the priorities and programs of countries and institutions engaged in research in the Arctic Ocean. The MWG has identified the following priority themes for 2011-2015: Arctic Ocean System: predicting and understanding rapid changes in the Arctic; sea ice structure dynamics and the Arctic system; ecosystem responses to changing physical parameters in the Arctic; understanding geochemical process in the Arctic Ocean and Sub-Arctic Seas; and improving access to the geological record of the Arctic Ocean. There may be potential interactions between some of these groups and SCOR WG 140 on Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces. Action: Discuss potential areas of interaction with the IASC Marine Working Group.
8.0 ORGANIZATION AND FINANCE 8.1
Membership
8.1.1 National Committees, p. 8-1 Urban The changes in Nominated Members since the 2012 SCOR General Meeting are given on p. 8-1. Ed Urban and Peter Burkill met with the French SCOR Committee in June 2013 and met with the UK SCOR Committee in July 2013. Ed Urban made a presentation to the U.S. SCOR Committee in August 2013. Action: None.
8.2 Publications Arising from SCOR Activities, p. 8-5 Urban SCOR-sponsored research projects have produced many peer-reviewed publications, as listed in their project reports in Tab 3. One SCOR working group completed a special issue from its work in the past year, and several other groups published articles about their work in EOS and other publications. 2012 SCOR Proceedings—The Proceedings will be distributed in electronic form only. SCOR Web site—The SCOR Web site is updated and checked for dead links regularly. Many historical documents from the SCOR files have been scanned and are available on the SCOR History page (http://www.scor-int.org/history.htm). The papers of Robert Snider (first coordinator of the International Indian Ocean Expedition) were scanned and are available on a specific page for the IIOE (http://www.scor-int.org/IIOE_History.htm). SCOR Newsletter—The SCOR Newsletter was started late in 2004, to provide more frequent updates about SCOR activities between annual meetings. Twenty-five issues have been distributed so far. (All are available on the SCOR Web site.) The Newsletter is printed in hard copy occasionally for limited distribution. A graphic designer was employed to format issue #25 and will be involved in formatting future issues of the newsletter. Action: Are additional changes needed to the Web site and/or the SCOR Newsletter? 8.3 Finances, p. 8-6 Finance Committee, Urban All SCOR staff worked to prepare information for the auditors this year. The financial records and financial controls were found to follow accepted standards. New U.S. government requirements resulted in a more expensive audit and more work for SCOR staff. SCOR received the following new or renewal grants since the 2012 SCOR meeting:
Grant from NASA for IMBER and a separate grant for the IMBER IMBIZO
Actions: (1) Approve revised 2013 SCOR budget, (2) approve 2014 SCOR budget, and (3) approve any dues increases for 2015, as recommended by the Finance Committee.
9.0 SCOR-RELATED MEETINGS 9.1
SCOR Annual Meetings
9.1.1 2013 Executive Committee Meeting – New Zealand, p. 9-1 Burkill The SCOR Executive Committee extends its thanks to the New Zealand SCOR Committee, especially to the local host, Julie Hall, for hosting the Executive Committee meeting and arranging for SCOR meeting participants to learn about marine research being conducted in New Zealand. Action: None. 9.1.2 2014 General Meeting – Bremen, Germany, p. 9-1 Fennel The SCOR Executive Committee will hold the 2014 SCOR General Meeting in Bremen, Germany on 15-17 September, with special presentations on Sept. 18 on ocean science in Germany. Action: None 9.1.3 2015 Executive Committee Meeting, p. 9-1 The SCOR Executive Committee has accepted an invitation to hold the 2015 Executive Committee meeting in Goa, India. The SCOR meeting will be held before or after the symposium on the 50th anniversary of the completion of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Action: None
Burkill
9.1.5 2016 General Meeting, p. 9-1 Burkill The SCOR Executive Committee has accepted an invitation to hold the 2016 General Meeting in Sopot, Poland. Action: None
9.2
Locations of Past SCOR Annual Meetings , p. 9-2
9.3 SCOR-Related Meetings Since the 2012 SCOR General Meeting and Planned for the Future, p. 9-3
1.0 OPENING 1.1
Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements 1.1.1 Memorials for Scientists Involved With SCOR. p. 1-1
1.2
Approval of the Agenda—Additions or modifications to the agenda may be suggested prior to approval of the final version, p. 1-6
Burkill
Report of the SCOR President—The President will briefly review activities since the SCOR General Meeting in September 2012, p. 1-6
Burkill
1.4
Report of SCOR Executive Director, p. 1-6
Urban
1.5
Appointment of an ad hoc Finance Committee, p. 1-8
Burkill
1.6
2014 SCOR Elections for SCOR Officers, p. 1-9
Fennel
1.3
Burkill, Urban
1-1 1.1
Opening Remarks and Administrative Arrangements
Hall, Burkill, Urban
1.1.1 Memorials for Scientists Involved With SCOR Burkill Five ocean scientists who were involved in SCOR activities in some way passed away since last year’s SCOR meeting. We will observe a moment of silence to remember the following people: Eberhard Fahrbach—Eberhard Fahrbach was a leader in the development of the SCAR-SCOR Southern Ocean Observing System project. Obituary for Dr. Eberhard Fahrbach (from Alfred Wegener Institute) We mourn the loss of our colleague and friend Dr. Eberhard Fahrbach, who died on 21th April 2013 at the age of 65 following a severe illness. Eberhard was a dedicated scientist. He enthusiastically championed the observation of the polar oceans, which he considered one of the foundations for understanding the Earth system. Through his scientific work he significantly advanced the international recognition of the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). We lose an amicable, honest and highly competent scientist who has helped shape the AWI for many years. After graduating with degrees in physics in Heidelberg and oceanography in Kiel and Paris, Eberhard Fahrbach did his thesis on ocean circulation in the upwelling regions off Western Africa and Peru. He held postdoctoral positions at the University of Miami (Florida, USA) and at the Oregon State University (Corvallis, USA). In 1984, he returned to Kiel to study the circulation of the North Atlantic. In 1986, Eberhard Fahrbach joined the AWI, and began investigation on circulation and water mass transformation in polar regions. He initiated long-term observations in both polar oceans, which provide a baseline for estimating the role of polar oceans in the climate system. He was head of the research Section “Observational Oceanography” and participated in 33 scientific cruises, 14 of which he served as chief scientist on the research ice breaker Polarstern. He was very aware of the central role of research vessels for marine research and thus offered his invaluable expertise to boards like the Senate Committee for oceanography of the National science research foundation. Since 2004, he was scientific coordinator of research cruises of RV Polarstern. As for all his many other tasks, he carried out this difficult task with his usual sense of duty, and with great diplomacy and fairness. Through his engagement in numerous international committees, such as the scientific steering group of the International Polar Year (2007-2008), he helped shape modern marine research. In 2007, he received the Georg Wüst Award for his merits in marine science. Even more important than marine science were the people with whom he worked – on board during expeditions, in the AWI and in the international committees. Marine scientists all over the world have lost a dear, honest and highly valued friend. Our thoughts are with his family and we join them in mourning the loss of such a wonderful person.
1-2 Carlo Heip—Carlo Heip was a Nominated Member from Belgium. In Memoriam, Carlo Heip (from NIOZ: http://www.nioz.nl/press-release-reader/carlo-heip_en) Professor Carlo Heip died in his sleep on Friday 15 February. Carlo Heip was professor at the universities of Ghent and Groningen and he was director at NIOO-CEME (Centre for Estuarine and Marine Ecology) in Yerseke and later at NIOZ (Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research). Carlo Heip (1945) studied Biology at Ghent University, where he started a research group for marine biology after he graduated. In 1987, he was appointed director of the Delta Institute in Yerseke, which was incorporated into the Netherlands Institute for Ecology (NIOO) as the Centre for Estuarine and Marine Ecology (CEME) in 1992 and has been a division of NIOZ since 2012. In 2006, Carlo Heip was appointed general director at NIOZ on Texel. He retired in 2011. After that, he stayed on as an advisor at NIOZ and he became the general editor of the Journal of Sea Research. His first research project involved population dynamics, ecology and the ecotoxicology of benthic life. Later, his focus shifted to the link between biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems. Carlo Heip has over 150 articles to his name and he has edited several books. He was a source of inspiration for many national and international initiatives in the field of marine research. He played an important part in European research into land-ocean interaction, and into ecological processes in estuaries in particular. He was responsible for numerous EU projects. The most important of these EU projects was MARBEF (Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning), in which taxonomists and ecologists worked together on a European scale to come up with scientific grounds for the protection of marine biodiversity. This project has made a significant contribution to worldwide initiatives to better describe and understand the variety of organisms in the sea. Carlo Heip was an eminent scientist and a committed intellectual who as a researcher contributed to the better preservation of the marine environment. He was a director and organiser with vision and leadership. We will remember him as a warm and dedicated person.
1-3 Tore Vorren—Tore Vorren was a Nominated Member from Norway at the time of his death. Professor Tore Vorren has passed away (translated from http://en.uit.no/ansatte/organisasjon/nyhetsartikkel?p_document_id=342012&p_dimension_id=8 8131&p_menu=28723&p_lang=2) It was with great sadness University of Tromsø received the message that Professor Tore O. Vorren passed away. Vorren was a professor at the Institute of Geology and formerly Dean at University of Tromsø. Sunday 16th June he died after a prolonged illness. He was 69 years old. The message about Tore’s death was received with great sorrow by his colleagues. Tore was employed at the University of Tromsø for over 40 years, since 1979 as a professor of marine geology. He was a driving force in national and international research and education in the high north. He combined research of international excellence with a strong commitment to science policy. As a professor of marine geology, he has produced results that have attracted international attention and developed new knowledge which today has become textbook material. He has held a number of science policy related positions both at the University of Tromsø, nationally and internationally. His work has also been of great geopolitical and industrial policy significance. Tore has also been Head of the then Department of Biology and Geology and Department of Geology, Dean of the Faculty of Science and Technology, Vice Rector of the University of Tromsø, member of the University Board and Chairman of the Board at the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS). In 2005 Tore was awarded the Fram Committee Nansen Award for excellence in polar research. In 2011 he received the Brøgger prize, an honorary award from the Norwegian Geological Society. In its motivation, the jury stated that "Tore Vorren has for decades been a leading researcher in marine geology and has combined research in international excellence with a strong commitment to research policy." C.S. Wong (from Canadian Ocean Science Newsletter: http://www.cmos.ca/scor/COSN/COSN15Jun2013.pdf) Dr. Chi-Shing Wong, known by most of his associates as CS, and widely recognized as one of Canada’s leading ocean geochemists, passed away on 6 June 2013. He came to Canada’s west coast in the early 1970s and set up an atmosphere-ocean CO2 facility, initially within Environment Canada but soon transferred to Fisheries and Oceans where he remained until he retired in 2009. CS had an exceptional capability to recognize an important science problem, to engage with the international community working on it, and to find the funding to support a meaningful contribution to that problem by Canada. In those early years, when few of us worried about time series, CS recognized the opportunity afforded by the westcoast weather-ships to initiate the first atmospheric CO2 time series at an oceanic station (Station
1-4 Papa). Perhaps this would be no surprise to those who knew him well, given that two of his heroes were Roger Revelle and Charles Keeling. This atmospheric time series was accompanied by an ocean chemistry time series, the value of which has grown exponentially with time. While maintaining the carbon-cycle work in the NE Pacific Ocean, CS recognized the emerging revolution in ocean trace-metal geochemistry toward the end of the 1970s. With impeccable foresight, he included a cutting-edge clean room as part of design of the chemistry wing in the new Institute of Ocean Science at Patricia Bay, and immediately initiated elemental research using mesocosm enclosures moored in Saanich Inlet – bag work, as it was frequently termed. This enclosure work, led by Tim Parsons, presented the opportunity of researching metal cycles as they affected – or were affected by – biological cycles. CS recognized clearly the extraordinary opportunity presented by this setting, not only to research the cycles of metals in constrained ocean systems, but also to attract a community of leading international scientists from, for example, Japan, Germany, Britain, and the USA. From this basis, CS brought about a NATO Advanced Research Institute in 1981 out of which came a turning-point book – “Trace Metals in Sea Water.” His chosen co-editors formed a cadre of who’s who in ocean geochemistry, including Ed Goldberg, Ed Boyle, Ken Bruland and JD Burton. If one pages through the papers included in that NATO book, one will find virtually the entire community who produced the first real understanding of elemental cycling in world oceans. In the early 1980s another quiet revolution was occurring consequent to the development of sequential sediment trap technology, which presented some of the first glimpses of rapid connectivity between upper ocean and abyss mediated by particle flux. Again, CS recognized the value of collecting a time series at Station Papa and, against all fiscal odds, managed to maintain that observatory from 1982 to 2006. Establishing this observatory was prescient, given the changes now occurring in the ocean’s CO2 system, and it well illustrates CS’s astute geochemical eye and remarkable tenacity. CS authored or co-authored well over 100 papers spanning several oceans and far more topics than highlighted here. He received numerous awards including Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC, 1999), but perhaps his favourite would have been the AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize for the most outstanding paper in Science (Quay, Tilbrook and Wong, 1991). This particular paper could not have been written without the time series on carbon isotopes collected by CS at Station P. Looking back on all these accomplishments, I think it fair to say that CS has firmly established himself as an icon in Canadian ocean science. A memorial award endowment has been initiated at the University of Victoria for deserving undergraduate students in the field of Earth and Ocean Sciences where donations may be made to The Dr. C.S. Wong Memorial Award in Earth and Ocean Sciences (https://extrweb.uvic.ca/page.aspx?pid=468).
1-5 Mingyuan Zhu—Mingyuan Zhu served as the Secretary of the China-Beijing SCOR Committee for many years and was a frequent participant at annual SCOR meetings. Mingyuan was also a member of SCOR WG 137 on Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series Observation. Prof. Mingyuan ZHU (1943-2013) (From First Institute of Oceanography) In the evening of Oct 11, 2013, Prof. Mingyuan Zhu suddenly hit by heart stroke and passed away in Nanaimo during the PICES 2013 Annual Meeting, in his age of seventy years. Prof. Mingyuan Zhu was born in Shanghai on August 11th, 1943. He graduated from the Department of Marine Biology, Shandong College of Oceanography (current Ocean University of China) in 1965. After twelve years of teaching at the Second High School of Penglai, he joined our institute, the First Institute of Oceanography (FIO) of SOA as researcher in 1978, and then he became a professor since 1992, and later on became the director of the Department of Marine Biology of FIO and also served as the deputy director of the SOA Key Lab for Maine Ecological Science and Engineering. Prof. Mingyuan Zhu devoted his all life to marine science research and education. He was a model of marine scientists with many deliverables that won him national and international awards and respects. He concentrated on mentoring young scientists and promoting international cooperation, and he is one of the pioneers in international cooperation in China. His research covered marine plankton, eutrophication, chemical communication, aquaculture ecophysiology, ecosystem dynamics and large marine ecosystem management. He has over 100 publications and was instrumental to develop the research in China for marine chlorophyll and primary productivity, chemo-communication of marine organisms and polar ecology. Prof. Mingyuan Zhu was very active in international cooperation. He got involved in PICES since 1995 and became the member of the Biological Oceanography Committee since 1998, and a member of Harmful Algal Blooms Section since the Section was set up and in 2013 he became a AICE member. He has served as secretary general of Chinese Committee of SCOR since 2004. He also served as Vice-Chairman of IOC-FAO Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms, Vice-chairman of Chinese Committee of SCOR-IOC Working Group on Harmful Algal Blooms. He was Head of the Regional Working Group (RWG) on Investment and Vice Head of the Regional Working Group on Ecosystem, a senior scientist of UNDP/GEF Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem program. He was also the Vice Director of the Chinese Emeritus Marine Scientists’ Society, Expert of the Chinese Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association (COMRA), and Standing Member of the Shandong Society of Limnology and Oceanography. God will bless for Prof. Mingyuan Zhu.
1-6 1.2 Approval of the Agenda (see Tab 0) Burkill The agenda can be rearranged at the meeting to accommodate the schedules of presenters and to add items to it.
1.3 Report of the SCOR President Burkill The SCOR President will present a report at the meeting that describes his activities on behalf of SCOR since the 2012 SCOR General Meeting in Halifax.
1.4 Report of SCOR Executive Director Urban This has been another busy year for the SCOR Secretariat and SCOR-supported groups continue their good work. Finances—Despite continuing global financial difficulties, SCOR’s finances are healthy. Most 2013 dues from national SCOR committees have been received on schedule, so it is likely that dues income will meet budget. Income from dues is important for funding the central administration of SCOR, namely the costs of the Secretariat and the annual SCOR meetings. Dues also fund some costs of working groups and other SCOR activities that are not funded from grants. SCOR depends on grant funding for large-scale research projects, ocean carbon activities, and some working groups. So far, the “sequestration” by U.S. government agencies has not affected SCOR, but this could be an issue in the future. National Members—The number of countries involved in SCOR has remained stable this year. I was able to meet with the French, U.K., and U.S. SCOR Committees this year. Publications—The SCOR Web site is the major vehicle for providing up-to-date information about SCOR to the international ocean science community and I make changes to the site several times each week, as I receive new information. The site is checked for “dead links” monthly. SCOR activities yielded many publications in the primary literature and other venues this year, as noted in Tab 8. Because SCOR’s reputation is significantly affected by the quality of documents resulting from SCOR activities, I spend a significant amount of my time writing, reviewing and/or editing publications. The most recent issue of the SCOR Newsletter was formatted by a graphic artist who we have worked with for several years. We plan to continue to ask her to work on the Newsletter, as she greatly improved its look and her work is priced reasonably. Meetings—Between the 2012 and 2013 SCOR annual meetings, five SCOR working groups met (WGs 137, 138, 139, 140, and 141). The Scientific Steering Committees of GEOHAB, GEOTRACES, GLOBEC, IMBER, SOLAS, and SOOS also met.
1-7 Outreach to Scientists From Developing Nations and Capacity-Building Activities—SCOR continues to invest funding and effort in expanding our capacity-building activities. In addition to the continuation of the travel grant program, SCOR appoints up to three SCOR Visiting Scholars each year. We convened a meeting in Namibia in early November 2012 to discuss SCOR’s outreach in southern Africa, as well as the possibilities for regional cooperation in graduate education in ocean sciences. In early August, I participated in a meeting sponsored by the IMBER project and funded by the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Science (APN), to discuss ideas to improve IMBER capacity building worldwide, as well as to improve capacity building in the Asia-Pacific region, which resulted in a report to APN and an article in the journal Marine Pollution Bulletin (see below). Service to International Ocean Research Projects—SCOR helps individual research projects in many different ways, including providing funds from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and other sources, providing travel support for developing country scientists and scientists from countries with economies in transition to special events of the projects, providing IPO-type support until an IPO can be funded, providing access to the Conference Manager software for management of open science meetings, and leasing the GoToMeeting system for the projects. Support of Project Offices—SCOR currently provides partial support for three project offices, as subawards to one of SCOR’s grants from NSF:
International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP)—This office is located in Sopot, Poland, at the Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. SCOR pays the salary and benefits for the project director, Maciej Telszewski. IOC helps support the cost of the office and provides activity funding for IOCCP, and the host institution provides in-kind support. GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre—This office is located at the British Oceanographic Data Centre. SCOR pays for some salary support and other expenses related to the office, for Edward Mawji, the GEOTRACES data manager. The office receives occasional support from other countries whose scientists are involved in GEOTRACES. GEOTRACES International Project Office—This office is located in Toulouse, France at the Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, SCOR support pays for about half of the office cost, including some salary support for the GEOTRACES Executive Officer, Elena Masferrer-Dodas. SCOR funds are supplemented by funds from other countries whose scientists are involved in GEOTRACES.
Partnerships With Other Organizations—Maintaining existing partnerships and developing new ones depends on SCOR having the ability to commit funding to joint activities and to send representatives to partners’ meetings. We have strong partnerships with IGBP, IOC, PICES, POGO, and SCAR. This year, Peter Burkill and I represented SCOR at the IOC General Assembly in June.
1-8 Staffing—Lora Carter, our Financial Assistant, resigned in February and Elizabeth Gross has filled in on work previously done by Lora, as well as many other financial activities. In the longer term, we are investigating hiring an accountant for about one day per week to take care of reimbursements, balancing bank statements, taking care of some other financial duties. SCOR Secretariat—The SCOR Secretariat is scheduled to move to a different office at the University of Delaware, probably in January 2014. The new office will be located in Robinson Hall, which is the home of the College of Earth, Ocean and Environment on the university’s Newark campus. The move will make it possible for SCOR staff to interact more regularly with college faculty and staff. I continue to manage all SCOR Secretariat activities and oversee the finances of SCOR activities, serve as a partial Executive Officer for one project (GEOHAB), pursue new funding for SCOR activities, represent SCOR at various meetings, help edit various publication, and work on the SCOR Web site and Newsletter. I co-authored four publications this year, related to the Data Publication project, the Southern Ocean Observing System project, and capacity building: Urban, E., A. Leadbetter, G. Moncoiffe, P. Pissierssens, L. Raymond, and L. Pikula. 2012. Pilot Projects for Publishing and Citing Ocean Data. Eos 93:425-426. Meredith, M.P., O. Schofield, L. Newman, E. Urban, M. Sparrow. 2013. The vision for a Southern Ocean Observing System. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 5(3-4):306-313 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.03.002 Urban, E.R. Jr., and R. Boscolo. 2013. Using scientific meetings to enhance the development of early career scientists. Oceanography 26(2):164–170, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.16. Morrison. R.J., J. Zhang, E.R. Urban Jr., J. Hall, V. Ittekkot, B. Avril, L. Hu, G.H. Hong, S. Kidwai, C.B. Lange, V. Lobanov, J. Machiwa, M.L. San Diego-McGlone, T. Oguz, F.G. Plumley, T. Yeemin, W. Zhu, and F. Zuo. 2013. Developing human capital for successful implementation of international marine scientific research projects. Marine Pollution Bulletin
1.5 Appointment of an ad hoc Finance Committee Burkill The Executive Committee appointed the 2013 Ad Hoc SCOR Finance Committee before the meeting, so the committee members can receive and review SCOR financial information in advance. Participation on the Finance Committee is limited to Nominated Members who are attending the meeting, but who are not members of the SCOR Executive Committee. This ensures that a group independent from the Executive Committee and SCOR Secretariat staff can make recommendations to the Executive Committee about SCOR finances. This year’s Finance
1-9 Committee includes Colin Devey (Germany), Karen Heywood (UK), and Motoyoshi Ikeda (Japan).
1.6 2014 Elections for SCOR Officers Fennel The election process for new SCOR officers will take place between the 2013 Executive Committee meeting and the 2014 General Meeting. It will be necessary to approve a Nominating Committee at the meeting.
PROCEDURES FOR THE NOMINATION AND ELECTION OF SCOR OFFICERS 1. A call for nominations must be issued more than 6 months before the General Meeting (15 March 2014). Nominations should include a suggestion of the position for which the candidate is being proposed, and a brief curriculum vitae. 2. A Nominating Committee of three SCOR members will be appointed by the Executive Committee meeting prior to each General Meeting at which an election will take place. The Nominating Committee will normally include the Past-President as its Chairperson. 3. Nominations will not be accepted later than 4 months before the General Meeting (15 May 2014) except as provided for in clause 4. 4. Between 3 and 4 months before the General Meeting (15 May-15 June 2014), the Nominating Committee, after scrutinizing the nominations received, may seek additional nominations for specific positions through direct consultations with national committees and/or affiliated organizations. This process may be needed in order to maintain the appropriate disciplinary and geographic balance on the Executive Committee. 5. The Nominating Committee will prepare a final slate of candidates, one per position, and will confirm that the members of this slate are willing to serve. 6. Three months before the General Meeting (15 June 2014) the Nominating Committee will announce its proposed slate and send it, along with all nominations received, to all voting members of SCOR as defined in Clause 21 of the SCOR Constitution (Nominated Members and Representative Members of Affiliated Organizations). Nominations received as a result of action taken under clause 4 will be identified. 7. Clause 21 of the SCOR Constitution states that when elections are held “only one Nominated Member from each Committee for Oceanic Research shall have a vote. One Representative Member from each Affiliated Organization may also vote.” 8. No further nominations be allowed.
1-10 9. If notice is given not less than 2 weeks before the start of the General Meeting (1 Sept. 2014) by any 3 national committees requesting that a formal vote take place, it will be held on the last day of the General Meeting. 10. If no vote is requested the slate proposed by the Nominating Committee will be declared elected at the end of the General Meeting (17 Sept. 2014).
2.0 WORKING GROUPS 2.1
Disbanded Working Groups, p. 2-1 2.1.1 SCOR WG 131 on The Legacy of in situ Iron Enrichment: Data Compilation and Modeling, p. 2-1 Urban 2.1.2 SCOR/LOICZ WG 132 on Land-based Nutrient Pollution and the Relationship to Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Marine Systems, p. 2-4 Taguchi 2.1.3 SCOR/WCRP/IAPSO Working Group 136 on the Climatic Importance of the Greater Agulhas System, p. 2-6 Urban
2.2 Current Working Groups— The Executive Committee Reporter for each working group will present an update on working group activities and progress, and will make recommendations on actions to be taken. Working groups expire at each General Meeting, but can be renewed at the meeting and can be disbanded whenever appropriate. 2.2.1 SCOR WG 134 on The Microbial Carbon Pump in the Ocean, p. 2- 12 Urban 2.2.2 SCOR/InterRidge WG 135 on Hydrothermal energy transfer and its impact on the ocean carbon cycles, p. 2-22 Coustenis 2.2.3 WG 137: Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series Observation, p. 2-26 Volkman 2.2.4 SCOR/IGBP WG 138: Modern Planktic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes, p. 2-30 Feeley 2.2.5 WG 139: Organic Ligands – A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean, p. 2-35 2.2.6 WG 140: Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces, p. 2-40 Volkman 2.2.7 WG 141 on Sea-Surface Microlayers, p. 2-44 Volkman 2.2.8 WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders , p. 2-47 Feeley 2.3
Working Group Proposals 2.3.1 SCOR Working Group on Zooplankton Production Measurement Methodologies and Their Application, p. 2-48 Burkill 2.3.2 SCOR Working Group on Response of marine biota to complex global environmental change: co-ordination and harmonization of experimental approaches, p. 2-54 Brussaard 2.3.3 SCOR Working Group on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4, p. 2-62 Volkman 2.3.4 SCOR Working Group on Climate and tsunami science with green repeaters on submarine cable systems, p. 2-74 Feeley 2.3.5 SCOR Working Group Towards harmonization of global oceanic nutrient data, p. 2-86 2.3.6 SCOR Working Group on Development of new methodologies for chemical and other branches of oceanography, p. 2-96 Volkman 2.3.7 SCOR Working Group on Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation, p. 2-103 2.3.8 SCOR Working Group on Surface Waves in Ocean Circulation and Climate System, p. 2-110 Coustenis 2.3.9 SCOR Working Group on Standard protocols for the development of an atlas of marine plankton biogeography, p. 2-117 Costello 2.3.10 SCOR Working Group on Studying Ocean Acidification Effects on Continental Margin Ecosystems, p. 2-134 Taguchi 2.3.11 SCOR Working Group on Science and Technology Imperatives Created by Deep‐Ocean Industrialization, p. 2-140 Fennel
2-1 2.1
Disbanded Working Groups
2.1.1
SCOR WG 131 on The Legacy of in situ Iron Enrichment: Data Compilation and Modeling Urban
Terms of Reference: Compilation of a database for open access (via the Internet) of the following experiments: o the 1999-2001 era (IronEx-1, IronEx-2, SOIREE, EisenEx, SEEDS-1), plus 1992 S.O. JGOFS; o the 2002 experiments (SOFeX-North, SOFeX-South, SERIES); and o the 2004 experiments (Eifex, SEEDS-2, SAGE, FeeP), plus natural fertilizations CROZEX, KEOPS This effort will include a commonly agreed data policy for users to best acknowledge the original data producers (e.g., by offering co-authorship and perhaps assignment of digital object identifiers for individual data sets). Obviously, a practical description of methods used, calibration etc. (so-called metadata) will also be included. In essence, the WG members are committed to send their data files to the common data centre, and encourage their colleagues in any given experiment to do the same. Finally, an official data publication or publication(s) will be placed in a suitable venue, for example, in the special issue on the SCOR WG (see item 4. below) and in Eos (Transactions Am. Geophys. Union). In 2006-2007 efforts are already underway for compilation and rescue of the EisenEx dataset, also there is very good progress for SEEDS-2, SERIES, CROZEX and KEOPS. However, the statement in the original proposal that no meeting would be necessary to achieve the first term of reference was overly optimistic. It appears that a face-to-face meeting sponsored by SCOR or some other internationally recognized organization is necessary to work out the details of bringing together the data sets in a way that will make it possible to achieve the other terms of reference. Co-chairs: Philip Boyd Centre for Chemical and Physical Oceanography Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 56, Dunedin NEW ZEALAND Tel: +(64)(03) 479-5249 Fax: +(64)(03) 479-7906 Email:
[email protected]
Dorothee Bakker School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UNITED KINGDOM Tel. +44 1603.592648 Fax. +44 1603.591327 Email:
[email protected]
2-2 SCOR WG 131 on The Legacy of in situ Iron Enrichment: Data Compilation and Modeling The original intention of this group was to quickly compile the data from the previous ocean iron enrichment e*xperiments, make the data available in a form that would be useful for modellers, and convene a modeling workshop whose focus would be to use the compiled data. It became apparent before the full working group was formed that the compilation of data and metadata from the experiments would be much harder than expected, would probably take all of the time normally allotted to a SCOR working group, and would require a different mode of operation. SCOR agreed to let the two co-chairs focus on data rescue and compilation of an openly available database, which they did by their own efforts and enlisted the aid of two post-doctoral fellows in New Zealand and the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The co-chairs held small workshops at the 2010 Ocean Sciences Meeting in Portland, Oregon and the 2010 European Geosciences Union meeting in Vienna, Austria to announce the database and explain how it could be used. The group enlisted various modellers to improve the access to the data, most notably Fei Chai of the University of Maine (USA). Finally, the two co-chairs and Cyndy Chandler of BCO-DMO published a paper in Oceanography magazine to announce the database to the international oceanographic community (see next page and http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/25-4_boyd.html).
2-3
2-4 2.1.2
SCOR/LOICZ WG 132 on Land-based Nutrient Pollution and the Relationship to Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Marine Systems Taguchi
Terms of Reference: 1. Integrate the existing IOC-HAB database and nutrient loading databases into a compatible GIS format. 2. Advance the development of a GIS coastal typology database. 3. Interrogate the above databases for relationships between HAB species, nutrient loading/forms/ratios, and coastal typology and develop broad relationships between nutrient loading and distributions of specific HABs. 4. Explore possible changes in HAB occurrences in the future (year 2030), using the relationships developed above (3.) and global nutrient export patterns under the Millennium Assessment scenarios for 2030. 5. Publish the results of these analyses in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Papers will be developed on 1) the global perspective, including the next generation of global nutrient and HAB maps; 2) regional highlights; and 3) individual case studies. We will also develop articles for the GEOHAB newsletter and for the GEOHAB and Global News websites, and a graphic-rich report (under the GEOHAB umbrella) that will be targeted for management. Co-chairs: Patricia Glibert Horn Point Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science P.O. Box 775, Cambridge MD 21613 USA Tel: +1-410-221-8422 Fax: +1-410-221-8490 E-mail:
[email protected] Other Full Members Adnan Al-Azri (Oman) J. Icarus Allen (UK) Hans Dürr (The Netherlands) Paul Harrison (China-Beijing) Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira (Mexico) Sandor Mulsow (Chile) Sybil Seitzinger (USA) Mingjiang Zhou (China-Beijing)
Lex Bouwman RIVM/ LBG P.O. Box 1 3720 BA Bilthoven THE NETHERLANDS Tel.: +31-30 2743635 Fax: +31-30 2744419 E-mail:
[email protected]
Associate Members Arthur Beusen (Netherlands) Richard Gowen (UK) Rencheng Yu (China-Beijing)
Executive Committee Reporter: Satoru Taguchi
2-5 The group has continued to work since being disbanded and have the following two papers in review: Bouwman, L., A. Beusen, P.M. Glibert, C. Overbeek, M. Pawlowski, J. Herrera, S. Mulsow, R. Yu, M.-J. Zhou. In Review. Mariculture: Significant and Expanding Cause of Coastal Nutrient Enrichment. Environmental Research Letters Glibert, P.M., J.I. Allen, Y. Artoli, A. Beusen, L. Bouwman, J. Harle, R. Holmes, and J. Holt. In Review. Climate change projected to affect expansion of different types of harmful algal blooms differentially in temperate and subtropical waters: a coupled oceanographic -biogeochemical model analysis. Global Change Biology. The committee was disbanded and the members thanked for their service.
2-6 2.1.3
SCOR/WCRP/IAPSO Working Group 136 on the Climatic Importance of the Greater Agulhas System Urban
Terms of Reference: Facilitate collaboration between existing and planned (observational and modeling) studies in the greater Agulhas Current system, such that we minimize the gaps in the research, maximize the scientific outcome, and encourage estimates on the robustness of key findings (e.g. multiple model ensembles). Write a review paper (for publication in a peer-reviewed journal) that highlights the importance of the greater Agulhas system in terms of global climate, reviewing the current levels of both understanding and uncertainty as to how changes in the system come about, how they effect climate, and vice versa. Identify key components of the circulation which deserve further study through physical/palaeo observations and/or models, some of which may act as indices/proxies (through sustained observation) that can help describe the state of the Agulhas system on decadal to climate time scales. Communicate these findings to regional and international strategic planning committees, such as CLIVAR, GOOS, GEOSS, GOSHIP etc. Write a proposal for, and organize, a Chapman Conference on the “Climatic Importance of the Greater Agulhas System”, to be held in 2012. Co-chairs: Lisa Beal (USA) RSMAS/MPO University of Miami 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149 Phone:+1- 305-421-4093
[email protected]
Arne Biastoch (Germany) Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR) FB1 Ozeanzirkulation und Klimadynamik Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel Germany phone: ++49 (0)431 600-4013 fax : ++49 (0)431 600-4012
[email protected] Associate Members Other Full Members Meghan Cronin (USA) Shekeela Baker-Yeboah (USA) Will de Ruijter (Netherlands) Jeff Book (USA) Juliet Hermes (South Africa) Tom Bornman (South Africa) Johann Lutjeharms (South Africa) Paolo Cipollini (UK) deceased Ian Hall (UK) Graham Quartly (UK) Alan Meyer (South Africa) Tomoki Tozuka (Japan) Wonsun Park (Germany) Rainer Zahn (Spain) Frank Peeters (Netherlands) Pierrick Penven (France) Herman Ridderinkhof (Netherlands) Jens Zinke (Netherlands) Executive Committee Reporter: John Compton
2-7 WG 136 on Climatic Importance of the Greater Agulhas System (with WCRP and IAPSO) The final activity of WG 136 was held shortly before the 2012 SCOR annual meeting. The working group convened the first Chapman Conference in Africa, on 8 - 12 October 2012 in Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa. The group was disbanded and members thanked for their service.
AGU Chapman Conference on The Agulhas System and its Role in Changing Ocean Circulation, Climate, and Marine Ecosystems Stellenbosch, Western Cape, Africa 8 - 12 October 2012
Conveners Will de Ruijter, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Rainer Zahn, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain Arne Biastoch, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), Germany Lisa Beal, University of Miami, U.S.A.
Program Committee SCOR WG 136 Members and Associate Members: Meghan Cronin, NOAA PMEL, Seattle, U.S.A. Francis Marsac, IRD, France Juliet Hermes, SAEON, Cape Town, South Africa Graham Quartly, NOCS, Great Britain Tomoki Tozuka, University of Tokyo, Japan Ian Hall, Cardiff University, Great Britain Pierrick Penven, IRD, France Herman Ridderinkhof, NIOZ, The Netherlands Michael Roberts, DEA Oceans and Coasts, South Africa
Local Organizing Committee David Vousden, ASCLME, Grahamstown, South Africa Juliet Hermes, SAEON, Cape Town, South Africa Michael Roberts, DEA Oceans and Coasts, South Africa
2-8 Financial Support
2-9 AGU Chapman Conference on The Agulhas System and its Role in Changing Ocean Circulation, Climate, and Marine Ecosystems Meeting At A Glance Sunday, 7 October 2012 1600h – 1900h 1700h – 1900h
Registration Welcome Reception
Monday, 8 October 2012 0830h – 0900h 0900h 1040h 1100h 1220h 1300h
– 1220h – 1100h – 1220h – 1250h – 1400h
1400h 1700h 1530h 2000h
– 1700h – 1730h – 1945h – 2200h
Opening Remarks The Deputy Minister of Science and Technology, Derek Hanekom Session 1: The Agulhas System, present and Past Coffee Break Session 1: The Agulhas System, present and Past Plenary Discussion - The Agulhas System, present and Past Group lunch and Welcoming Remarks Lawrence Mysak, Immediate Past President of International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans Organized Activity: Lawn Games 1 Session 1: The Agulhas System, Present and Past (cont.) Poster Session 1 The Agulhas System, Present and Past Reception Dinner at Moyo
Tuesday, 9 October 2012 0900h – 1220h 1040h – 1100h 1220h – 1250h 1300h – 1400h 1400h – 1700h 1700h – 1730h
1730h – 1945h 2000h – 2200h
Session 2: Effects of Agulhas System Variability on Regional Weather, Climate, Ecosystems, and Fisheries (‘regional interactions’) Coffee Break Plenary Discussion - Effects of Agulhas System Variability on Regional Weather, Climate, Ecosystems, and Fisheries (‘regional interactions’) Lunch Organized Activity – Hike on Helderberg Session 2: Effects of Agulhas System Variability on Regional Weather, Climate, Ecosystems, and Fisheries (‘regional interactions’) (cont.) Poster Session 2 - Effects of Agulhas System Variability on Regional Weather, Climate, Ecosystems, and Fisheries (‘regional interactions’) Dinner on Your Own in Stellenbosch
2-10 Wednesday, 10 October 2012 0900h – 1245h 0900h 0905h 0915h 0925h
– 0905h – 0915h – 0925h – 0940h
0940h 1100h 1120h 1300h 1400h 1800h
– 1100h – 1120h – 1245h – 1400h – 2200h – 2200h
Group Discussions: Future Research Directions and Implementation of Sustained Observations Group Discussions: Introduction - de Ruijter Group Discussions: Ongoing/Necessary Observations - Beal, Zahn Group Discussions: Modelling - Biastoch, Tozuka Group Discussions: Implementation and the WIO Strategic Alliance - Vousden Breakout for Discussion Groups Coffee Break Group Reporting and Plenary Discussion Lunch Organized Activities – Township or Table Mountain Tours Dinner on Your Own
Thursday, 11 October 2012 0900h – 1040h and 1040h – 1100h 1100h – 1210h and 1210h – 1250h 1300h – 1400h 1400h – 1700h 1700h – 1730h and 1730h – 1945h 2000h – 2200h
Session 3: Mechanisms that Link the Agulhas to Ocean Circulation Climate (‘controls’) Coffee Break Session 3: Mechanisms that Link the Agulhas to Ocean Circulation Climate (‘controls’) Plenary Discussion - Mechanisms that Link the Agulhas to Ocean Circulation and Climate (‘controls’) Lunch Organized Activity – Lawn Games 2 Session 3: Mechanisms that Link the Agulhas to Ocean Circulation Climate (‘controls’) (cont.) Poster Session 3 - Mechanisms that Link the Agulhas to Ocean Circulation and Climate (‘controls’) (cont.) Conference Dinner at the Spier Hotel
Friday, 12 October 2012 0900h – 1040h 1040h – 1100h 1100h – 1210h 1210h – 1250h 1300h – 1400h 1400h – 1530h
Session 4: Impact of Agulhas Retrof lection and Leakage on Large-scale Circulation and Climate (‘global effects’) Coffee Break Session 4: Impact of Agulhas Retrof lection and Leakage on Large-scale Circulation and Climate (‘global effects’) Plenary Discussion - : Impact of Agulhas Retrof lection and Leakage on Large-scale Circulation and Climate (‘global effects’) Lunch Poster Session - : Impact of Agulhas Retrof lection and Leakage on Large-scale Circulation and Climate (‘global effects’)
2-11 1530h – 1600h 1600h – 1615h
1615h – 1630h 1700h – 2330h
Lutjeharms Memorial Lecture Conference Outcomes: Summary and Points of Action Will de Ruijter, Lisa Beal, Arne Biastoch, Rainer Zahn and SCOR/IAPSO/WCRP WG 136 Closing Remarks Michael McPhaden, President, American Geophysical Union Cape Town Excursion and Dinner on Your Own
2-12 2.2
Current Working Groups
2.2.1 SCOR WG 134: The Microbial Carbon Pump in the Ocean (2008)
Urban
Terms of Reference: Summarize representative microbial data on biomass, production and diversity of functional groups (AAPB, CFB, Roseobacter, Archaea) and overall microbial communities, as well as DOC data focusing on the context of RDOC dynamics along environmental gradients (productivity/temperature/salinity gradient such as estuarine to oceanic waters); Establish the current state of knowledge about microbial processes that produce RDOC at the expense of DOC, and identify essential scientific questions regarding microbial carbon pump to be addressed in the future; Assess the available techniques for quantifying microbial functional groups and demonstrating the bioreactivity of marine DOC, document state-of-the-art techniques and parameters addressing microbial processing of organic carbon, and establish/standardize key protocols for the essential observation/measurements; Convene International Workshop(s) and publish a special volume in an internationally recognized peer-reviewed journal, or a protocol book (practical handbook) by a major publisher on measurements of the key parameters related to microbial processing of carbon in the ocean. Make recommendations for future research related to the microbial carbon pump in the ocean, toward development of a large-scale interdisciplinary research project. Co-chairs: Nianzhi Jiao Farooq Azam Cheung Kong Professor and Deputy Director Scripps Institution of Oceanography State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Sci. University of California, San Diego Xiamen University Tel: +1-858-534-6850 Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
[email protected] Tel & Fax: +86-592-2187869 Email:
[email protected] Other Full Members Xosé Antón Álvarez-Salgado (Spain) Arthur Chen (China-Taipei) Dennis Hansell (USA) Gerhard Herndl (Netherlands) Gerhard Kattner (Germany) Michal Koblížek (Czech Republic) Nagappa Ramaiah (India) Colin Stedmon (Denmark)
Executive Committee Reporter: Bjørn Sundby
Associate Members Ronald Benner (USA) Craig Carlson (USA) Feng Chen (USA) Sang-jin Kim (Korea) David Kirchman (USA) Ingrid Obernosterer (France) Carol Robinson (UK) Richard Sempere (France) Christian Tamburini (France) Steven Wilhem (USA) Susan Ziegler (Canada)
2-13 Final Report SCOR WG134-The Microbial Carbon Pump (MCP) in the Ocean Part I. Summary of SCOR WG134 (2009-2012) 1.
Scientific progress and outcome SCOR WG134 on the MCP was founded in 2009, led by Dr. Nianzhi Jiao (China) and Dr. Farooq Azam (USA) and joined by 26 scientists from 12 countries. It had been successfully carried on for four years by 2012, with a series of scientific achievements and terms of reference completed. The MCP theory is not only a conceptual framework which covers a broad range of disciplines, but also aims to seek a synthesis for future research on and an in-depth understanding of the kinetics and mechanistic processes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics in the oceans. Thus the core aim of WG 134 is to obtain a better understanding of microbial and biogeochemical processes causing labile DOM (LDOM) degradation and alteration, along with the microbial and chemical formation and modification of refractory DOM (RDOM) in the ocean. The MCP concept was established with the publication of a featured article in Nature Review Microbiology (NRM) 2010, volume 8. In the paper, the background, rationale and application of the MCP concept were discussed, including representative microbial data on biomass, production and diversity of marine microbial communities in the context of DOM dynamics along environmental gradients; the current state of knowledge about microbial processes that utilize, generate and transform DOM; and essential scientific questions and hypotheses regarding DOC accumulation through the MCP. Moreover, the gaps in our understanding of marine DOC and the microbial community structure in different marine regions regarding bioreactivity and future research directions were also addressed. It is noteworthy that this paper was highlighted on the cover and the contents of the issue as well as on the website of Nature Reviews Microbiology.
Diagrams showing the concept of the MCP and its relationship with the biological pump (left) and the major carbon reservoirs and carbon storage in the ocean (right) (Jiao et al. Nature Review Microbiology 2010 (8):593-599)
Not long after the publication of the MCP theory, a Science News Focus article (SCIENCE 328:14761477, 2010) made another presention about the MCP: its origin, rationale, implications, applications, impacts, and prospects. In this article, the MCP is considered as “An invisible hand behind the vast carbon reservoir”.
2-14
The so called “double-barrel pump” pointed that each year, the biological pump deposits some 300 million tons of carbon in the deep ocean sink. However, even more massive amounts are suspended in the water column as dissolved organic carbon, much of which is converted into refractory forms by the microbial carbon pump. (R. Stone. Science 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1476 -1477)
In addition, the principle of MCP has been adapted to land carbon sequestration by other colleagues in soil science and Dr. Nianzhi Jiao proposed the idea of “Increasing the microbial carbon sink in the sea by reducing chemical fertilization on the land”.
The key information delivered by the aforesaid paper: Microbial carbon processing scenarios under different environmental conditions. Figure a shows that microbial respiration of DOC is mobilized by enhanced terrestrial nutrient input, and b shows microbial carbon sequestration is enhanced by reducing terrestrial nutrient input. (Jiao, et al. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2011. 9(1):75.)
Currently, most coastal waters suffer from excessive nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) discharge, which result in eutrophication and harmful algal blooms. More importantly, when nutrients are replete, dissolved organic carbon can be mobilized for microbial degradation and respiration. That is why the estuarine waters, being productive, are often sources rather than “sinks” of atmospheric CO2. Reducing nutrient input from the land would be a realistic way to increase microbial carbon sink in such coastal waters. In correspondence, an article entitled “The microbial carbon pump and the oceanic recalcitrant dissolved organic matter pool” was published in Nature Reviews Microbiology 9, 555 (July 2011)
2-15
A representative figure from the paper indicates the successive microbial carbon pump processes for RDOM formation and subsequent contribution to the oceanic RDOM pool. ML and MSL represent those microorganisms that can use labile dissolved organic matter (LDOM) or semi-labile DOM (SLDOM), respectively. The subscript numbers indicate the numerous compounds or microbes. (Jiao et al, Nature Reviews Microbiology 9, 555, July 2011) )
A Science booklet on MCP including 10 papers previously published in Science and 10 new articles written by the WG134 members, appeared as a "Supplement to Science", and was distributed worldwide with the 13 May 2011 issue of Science. Its electronic version is available on the Science website at the following link (http://science.imirus.com/Mpowered/book/vscim11/i2/p1 ) A special section on MCP in Applied and Environmental Microbiology was published in 2011. The MCP image was published on the cover of AEM, Nov. 2011, Vol 77, No. 21.
The MCP booklet supplemental to Science (left) The AEM cover with MCP image (right)
Other representative publications and interesting research findings related to MCP by WG134 members are summarized here: Marine snow are active sites of microbial remineralization Bochdansky, A.B., H.M. van Aken, and G.J. Herndl, 2010: Role of macroscopic particles in deep-sea oxygen consumption. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107: 8287-8291. ASLO Emerging issues workshop report, Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin 20(2) June 2011, 3738.(see below )
2-16
ASLO–SCOR Workshop on the Microbial Carbon Pump (the picture above) Challenger Society for Marine Science, Challenger Wave – March 2011: 8-9 Molecular biogeochemical provinces in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Editors: Boris Koch, Gerhard Kattner, Gerhard Herndl. Special Issue in Biogeosciences, 2011. Kawasaki, N., R. Sohrin, H. Ogawa, T. Nagata, and R. Benner. 2011. Bacterial carbon content and the living and detrital bacterial contributions to suspended particulate organic carbon in the North Pacific Ocean. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 62: 165-176. Kaiser, K., and R. Benner. 2012. Organic matter transformations in the upper mesopelagic zone of the North Pacific: chemical composition and linkages to microbial community structure. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C01023, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007141.
2. Academic Meetings and Research Activities (A) SCOR WG134 workshops The first WG 134 meeting was held in Xiamen, China, from October 27 to 30, 2009, under the theme of “Bridging Biology and Chemistry in Ocean Carbon Sequestration”.
Open Science Meeting (left) and Closed Workshop (right) of WG134 1st meeting
The second meeting was held in Puerto Rico, USA during February 19-20, 2011, along with the ASLO Emerging Issue Workshop on MCP (it was selected by ASLO as an emerging issue for the 2011 Aquatic Science Meeting).
WG134 2nd meeting in conjunction with the ASLO Emerging Issues Workshop on the MCP
Our third meeting of SCOR WG134 was held in Hanse Institute for Advanced Study (HWK) of Delmenhorst in Germany, during August 26 to 29, 2012.
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WG134 3rd meeting at HWK on 27 Aug. 2012
This meeting aimed at summarizing the microbial and geochemical research progress in recent years in the context of MCP and its impact on microbial oceanography research with specialization in DOM cycling and diagenetic alterations. In addition, future research activities within the conceptual
framework of the MCP were discussed and put forward. (B) Meeting sessions hosted/chaired by WG134 members beyond the SCOR workshops The cross-disciplinary Workshop (Beijing, China, 24-26, July, 2009) The “International Training Workshop on Organic Matter Characterization Using Spectroscopic Techniques” (Granada, Spain, 1921 May 2010) A special session on microbes and carbon cycling in the ocean at the First International Conference on Marine Science and Earth System (Shanghai, China, 27-30 June 2010) Gordon Research Conference on Marine Microbes from Genes to Global Cycles (Tilton School, NH, USA, 4-9 July 2010). The image (Glynn Gorick; Roman Stocker; Justin Seymour) interpreting the microbes-DOC interaction (see right) selected for use as the cover of Science journal (Feb. 2010) A session on Microbial Roles in Marine Carbon Cycling and Ocean Acidification Impacts during the AOGS 2010 Meeting (Hyderabad, India, 5-9 July 2010) A session on Marine Microbiology at ISME 13 (Seattle, USA, 22-27 August 2010) AAPB workshop (Trebon, Czech Republic, 22-24 September 2010) The 9th International Marine Biotechnology Conference (IMBC) with session of Biotic Carbon Sequestration (Qingdao, China, 8-12 October 2010.) the ASLO Aquatic Science Meeting Special Session 55 on the Microbial Carbon Pump in the Ocean, (San Juan, Puerto Rico, 17-18 February 2011) , A Chinese Science & Technology Association Forum on Marine Carbon Sink (Sanya, China, 15-16 Dec. 2011) The 2012 Ocean Science meeting sessions of “Shedding Light on the Dark Ocean: Advances in Linking Physical and Microbial Oceanography to Biogeochemistry” and “Dissolved Organic Matter and the “Hidden’ Carbon Cycle” (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 20-24 February 2012) A special session titled “Microbes and Carbon Cycling in the Ocean” at the Second International Conference on Marine Science and Earth System (Shanghai, China, 2-4 July 2012) A session titled “The Global Ocean Ecosystem: Patterns, Drivers and Change” at the ASLO Aquatic Science Meeting (Lake Biwa, Japan, 9–13 July 2012)
2-18 (C) Meetings participated by WG134 members, mainly listed below: The AGU Chapman Conference on the Biological Carbon Pump of the Oceans (Brockenhurst, Hampshire, England, 14 September 2009) and AGU Fall Meeting (San Francisco, USA, 13-17 December 2010). The 11th International Estuarine Biogeochemistry Symposium (Atlantic Beach, NC, USA, 15-19 May 2011) The Symposium on Aquatic Microbial Ecology SAME-12 (Rostock, Germany, 28 Aug-2 Sept. 2011) The ISME 14 (Copenhagen, Denmark, 19-24 August 2012) 3. Research activities A variety of experiments were carried out through oceanographic cruises participated by our work group members, namely the 2010 Svalbard pelagic mesocosm experiment of European Project on Ocean Acidification (May 18-July 16, 2010), two cruises to the Western Pacific Warm Pool during 2010 and 2011 designed as pilot studies of the nutrient enrichment effects on MCP efficiency, and another two cruises (funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation) to the Ross Sea in January-March 2013 and the Gulf of Alaska in June-July 2013 with the aim to evaluate organic carbon dynamics in the meso- and bathypelagic ocean. As for research projects and proposals, a European Science Foundation project on the role of deep water autotrophic prokaryotes in the organic matter synthesis of the deep North Atlantic was launched in 2010, an MCP-based proposal under the grand project was sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, and also the project of “Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Processes Governing Microbial Carbon Pump in the Indian Ocean Regions” was provided by the Ministry of Earth Sciences of Government of India.
4. Academic Honors
WG134 member Ronald Benner was awarded the Einstein Professorship of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 2010 and was elected a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in 2011. WG134 member Gerhard Herndl received the Wittgenstein-Prize, the highest Austrian science honor and prize (1.5M €), 2010. WG134 chair Nianzhi Jiao was elected a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 2011. WG134 member Chen-Tung Arthur Chen was reappointed a vice chair of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme in 2011. WG134 member Virginia Edgcomb was awarded the 2012 Seymour H. Hutner Prize in Protistology by International Society for Protistologist. WG134 member Michal Koblizek has continued his service to the Czech National Committee of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO. WG 134 co-chair Farooq Azam was selected by the ASM to receive the 2013 D. C. White Award for interdisciplinary research and mentoring.
2-19 Part II. Follow-up activities of SCOR WG 134 1. Workshop at IMBER IMBIZO III conference and outputs
A workshop entitled "Impacts of anthropogenic perturbations on ocean carbon sequestration via BP and MCP" (2), was convened by Dr. Nianzhi Jiao, Dr. Farooq Azam, and Dr. Carol Robinson et al., during the 2013 IMBER IMBIZO III conference held in Goa, India. This workshop attracted scientists from multiple disciplines, including microbial ecology, biogeochemistry, organic chemistry, climate science, fisheries and marine economy. All together, we shared exciting ideas and discussed methods to integrate MCP into the oceans and global carbon cycle through innovative carbon sequestration models. Three scientific sessions in total covered topics of the nature of DOC, microbial processing of DOC and genetic diversity, the interaction between MCP and BP and their responses to anthropogenic perturbation, and large temporal and spatial scale dynamics and links to humanity. During the meeting, a keynote presentation from workshop 2 was given by Dr. Farooq Azam on “Microbial carbon pump and ecosystem connectivity.” The presentation focused mainly on the opportunity exploring the linkages and interaction between MCP and Biological Pump (BP). During the plenary session, Dr. Jiao addressed the importance of reducing the use of chemical fertilization on the land, which could lead to an enhancement of the MCP as a carbon sink in eutrophic coastal waters. Results of microbiological and photochemical transformation of organic carbon during an in situ iron and phosphate addition experiment conducted by Dr. Carol Robinson indicated that the important role of both microbial and biological carbon pump to organic carbon under changing nutrient conditions. Very importantly, a key question concerning the MCP theory received lots of attention and was well discussed by the conference attendees: how does carbon transform through both MCP and BP and how do these two pumps interact with each other? The following keywords emphasized during the discussion session of the meeting are noteworthy: anthropogenic perturbation, land and atmospheric nutrient loading, higher trophic levels, natural scenarios from estuary to deep ocean, and upwelling and eddy habitats. It was suggested that future work should focus on the quantity, rate and proportion of the role MCP plays, through a combination of multiple efforts from genes to ecosystems, and from observations to modeling. Additionally, a summary report and a template for a workshop synthesis paper were accomplished during the meeting synthesis session. A special issue on MCP in the journal of Biogeosciences will bring together articles arising from this workshop. Topics to be investigated include the organisms and microbial processes which produce and transform dissolved organic carbon in the ocean, organisms and processes influencing the interaction between the BP and the MCP, and the impact of anthropogenic perturbations, such as nutrient addition and ocean acidification on oceanic carbon transformation, export and sequestration. Manuscripts under review for the Special Issue are listed below:
Presence of Prochlorococcus in the aphotic waters of the western Pacific Ocean. N. Jiao, T. Luo, R. Zhang, W. Yan, Y. Lin, Z.I. Johnson, J. Tian, D. Yuan, Q. Yang, J. Sun, D. Hu, and P. Wang. Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 9345-9371, 2013. Why productive upwelling areas are often sources rather than sinks of CO2? – a comparative study on eddy upwellings in the South China Sea. N. Jiao, Y. Zhang, K. Zhou, Q. Li, M. Dai, J. Liu, J. Guo, and B. Huang. Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 13399-13426, 2013. Natural ocean carbon cycle sensitivity to parameterizations of the recycling in a climate model. A. Romanou, J. Romanski, and W.W. Gregg. Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 11111-11153, 2013 Temperature and phytoplankton cell size regulate carbon uptake and carbon overconsumption in the ocean. S.E. Craig, H. Thomas, C.T. Jones, W. K.W. Li, B.J.W. Greenan, E.H. Shadwick, and W.J.
2-20
2.
Burt. Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 11255-11282, 2013. The role of mixotrophic protists in the biological carbon pump. A. Mitra, K.J. Flynn, J.M. Burkholder, T. Berge, A. Calbet, J.A. Raven, E. Granéli, P.M. Glibert, P.J. Hansen, D.K. Stoecker, F. Thingstad, U. Tillmann, S. Våge, S. Wilken, and M.V. Zubkov. Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 1353513562, 2013 Mechanism for initiation of the offshore phytoplankton bloom in the Taiwan Strait during winter: a physical–biological coupled modeling study. J. Wang, H. Hong, Y. Jiang, and X.-H. Yan. Biogeosciences Discuss., 10, 14685-14714, 2013
Coming Meetings Planned In December 2013, WG134 members (Chuanlun Zhang and Nianzhi Jiao) together with Holly Simon will convene the AGU session OS005-- From mountains to the ocean: Physical, chemical and microbial impacts on carbon fluxes. At the IMBER Open Science Conference that will be held at Norway during 23-27 June 2014, a session titled “Microbial and geochemical perspectives of global carbon cycling and climate change: from genes to ecosystems, from ancient to current” will be convened by WG members Farooq Azam, Carol Robinson, Nianzhi Jiao. WG134 members Kang-Jin Kim, Nianzhi Jiao, Joe Zhou are involved as local organizers in the 15th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology (ISME-15) in Korea in August 2014. The 2014 WG134 meeting focusing on the mechanisms of MCP at the modern scales is in the planning stage.
3. Pan-China Ocean Carbon Alliance, COCA A large increase in the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere has resulted in the intensification of global warming. The ocean has been discovered to be a large carbon reservoir, and oceanic carbon storage mechanisms are the vanguard of global warming research. The recognized mechanism that allows for this carbon storage relies on two separate processes: the POC-based “biological pump” and the dissolved inorganic carbon-based “solubility pump”. Although research into these two areas of study has proven to be a great success, there still exists many inexplicable and unknown scientific anomalies and mechanical processes that have yet to be explored. The MCP exposed a new mechanism of carbon storage that does not rely on the sinking of POC and offered up a potential research based strategic solution for China to reach its “low carbon” goals. Based on the MCP and related background, a national organization, entitled “Pan-China Ocean Carbon Alliance, COCA” was launched. It was initiated by a CAS Academician research group led by Dr. Nianzhi Jiao, and supported by the State Oceanic Administration, China Association for Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection (Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences), the National Climate Committee, etc. The COCA members consists of marine science and technology personnel from 21 domestic research institutes including Xiamen University, and enterprises including China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC). COCA, therefore emerged in an attempt to partially alleviate the pressure on the organizations that are focused on decreasing CO2 emissions. We believe that cultivation of prime MCP conditions could enhance the carbon absorption and storing capabilities within the ocean surrounding the Chinese coast, thus become a potentially complete solution. The final goal of COCA is to seek ocean carbon storage mechanisms by uniting national strengths and make the best of both carbon emission reduction and sink increase through “policy-industry-research” cooperation strategy.
2-21 Main targets and tasks of COCA: 1) To build an international monitoring station of ocean carbon sink Using the world famous ocean time series station ALOHA in the Northern Pacific and BATS in the Northern Atlantic Ocean as our benchmark, a Coastal Ocean Time Series Station (COTS) under the influence of human activities will be constructed as a research and development base for ocean carbon sink through jointly cooperation with CNOOC. 2) To establish a standing international forum of ocean carbon sink Based on our academic advantages of MCP study and past experience of hosting/chairing various international scientific conferences, we plan to set up an International Forum for Ocean Carbon Utility and Sequestration (FOCUS) through collaboration with the world class Gordon Research Conference organization. This forum will appeal international colleagues, collect think tank in relevant fields of marine science and serve as incubator for the formation of “Ocean Carbon Sink International protocols and Standards”. 3) To draft the ocean carbon sink international technical protocols An international protocol draft for ocean carbon sink which has not been addressed so far, will be ultimately established with the combined data achievements from COTS and efficient international collaboration system built through FOCUS.
4. Chinese open program-2011 Collaborative Innovation Cluster on marine carbon sink Initiated from the MCP, and added together with the typical biological pump (BP), the 2011 Collaborative Innovation Cluster on marine carbon sink focuses on research in the wide range of in-depth understanding of biological processes and mechanisms of the MCP theory, systematically assessing the potential of carbon storage in Chinese coastal waters, and its controlling factors through biological, chemical and physical pathways. The major goal is to develop ocean carbon sink detection and monitoring technology, to establish monitoring system of stereoscopic coastal ocean carbon sink, to promote in-depth studies on marine carbon sink theories and pathways, and to draft the ocean carbon sink international technical protocols. The program will be supported by the National 2011 Program of China, a highly innovative program initiated by the Ministry of Education of P.R. China. It aims to become a world-leading research cluster on frontiers of ocean carbon sink and related fields. It will act as a platform for joint and interdisciplinary research involving research groups covering biologists, chemists and geologists, and comparative studies between ancient and modern marine environments. Facilities and platforms have been developed both within and outside of Xiamen University, including coastal marine station, BP-MCP research and monitoring station, offshore platform for BP-MCP time series study, and general-purpose university-class research vessel. By putting the MCP theoretical framework into practical field and laboratory studies, we hope to ultimately provide a new, integrated view of microbial-mediated carbon flow in the marine environment to fill knowledge gaps in oceanic carbon sequestration.
2-22 2.2.2 SCOR/InterRidge WG 135: Hydrothermal Energy Transfer and its Impact on the Ocean Carbon Cycles (2008) Coustenis Terms of Reference: Synthesize current knowledge of chemical substrates, mechanisms and rates of chemosynthetic carbon fixation at hydrothermal systems as well as the transfer of phytoplankton-limiting micronutrients from these systems to the open ocean. Integrate these findings into conceptual models of energy transfer and carbon cycling through hydrothermal systems which would lead to quantification of primary production in view of a future assessment of the contribution of these systems to the global-ocean carbon cycle. Identify critical gaps in current knowledge and proposing a strategy for future field, laboratory, experimental and/or theoretical studies to bridge these gaps and better constrain the impact of deep-sea hydrothermal systems on ocean carbon cycles. Co-chairs: Nadine Le Bris Universite Pierre et Marie Curie 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer FRANCE Email:
[email protected]
Other Full Members Wolfgang Bach (Germany) Loka Bharathi (India) Nicole Dubilier (Germany) Katrina Edwards (USA) Peter R. Girguis (USA) Xiqiu Han (China-Beijing) Louis Legendre (France) Ken Takai (Japan)
Executive Committee Reporter: Missy Feeley
Chris German Geology & Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole. MA 02543 USA Phone: +1 508 289 2853 Email:
[email protected]
Associate Members Philip Boyd (New Zealand) Thorsten Dittmar (Germany) Julie Huber (USA) Bob Lowell (USA) George W. Luther III (USA) Tom McCollom (USA) W.E. Seyfried, Jr. (USA) Stefan Sievert (USA) Margaret K. Tivey (USA) Andreas Thurnherr (USA) Toshitaka Gamo (Japan) Françoise Gaill (France)
2-23 WG 135 is planning a special session at the 2014 European Geoscience Union (EGU) meeting, and the final meeting of the group will be held in conjunction with the EGU meeting. Two papers are being prepared for publication:
Chris German, Sylvia Sanders, and Louis Legendre: Coupled cycling of Fe and Corg in submarine hydrothermal plumes: potential for impact on the global deep-ocean carbon cycle. Nadine Le Bris et al.: Hydrothermal energy transfer and the ocean carbon cycling: how to assess vent ecosystem productivity?
The group’s work resulted in two papers presented at the Goldschmidt Conference on 25-30 August 2012 in Florence, Italy. Coupled cycling of Fe and Corg in submarine hydrothermal systems: an ocean biogeochemistry perspective CHRISTOPHER R.GERMAN1 LOUIS LEGENDRE2,3 SYLVIA G.SANDER4 NADINE LE BRIS5,6 AND SCORWORKING GROUP 135 1
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, USA (
[email protected]) Université Pierre et Marie Curie 6, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, France (
[email protected]) 3 CNRS,Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, France (
[email protected]) 4 University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (
[email protected]) 5 Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6 Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, France (
[email protected]) 7 CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur Mer, France (
[email protected]) 2
Submarine hydrothermal venting was first discovered in the late 1970s. For decades the potential impact that vent fluxes could have on global ocean budgets was restricted to consideration of processes in hydrothermal plumes in which the majority of chemical species are incorporated into polymetallic sulfide and/or oxyhydroxide particles close to the ridge-crest and sink to the underlying seafloor. This restricted view of the role that hydrothermal systems might play in global-ocean budgets has been challenged, more recently, by the recognition that there might also be a significant flux of dissolved Fe from hydrothermal systems to the oceans that is facilitated through organic complexation. In this paper we review field-based and modeling results, including investigations that we have carried out under the auspices of SCOR-InterRidge Working Group 135, that reveal potential relationships between Corg and Fe in hydrothermal plumes, and indicate that hydrothermal systems may play significant roles in both the global biogeochemical Fe cycle and the global ocean carbon cycle.
2-24 Coupled cycling of Fe and Corg in submarine hydrothermal systems:Modeling approach. LOUIS LEGENDRE1,2 CHRISTOPHER R GERMAN3 SYLVIA G.SANDER4 1
Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, France (
[email protected]) 2 CNRS,Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, France (
[email protected]) 3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA 02543, USA (
[email protected]) 4 University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (
[email protected]) We investigated the fate of dissolved Fe released from hydrothermal systems to the overlying ocean using an approach that combined modelling and field values. We based our work on a consensus conceptual model developed by members of SCOR-InterRidge Working Group 135. This model was both complex enough to capture the main processes of dissolved Fe release from hydrothermal systems and chemical transformation in the hydrothermal plume, and simple enough to be parameterized with existing field data. It included the following flows: Fe, water and heat in the hightemperature vent fluids, in the fluids diffusing around the vent, and in the entrained seawater; Fe precipitated in sulfides near the vent, and in particles onto the sea bottom away from the vent; and Fe dissolving into deep-sea waters. Through trials and errors, we transformed the conceptual model into equations, which were parameterized with field data. We used the resulting set of equations (model) to explore various scenarios of Fe emissions and transformations. The modelling exercises suggested that hydrothermal systems may play significant roles in the global biogeochemical Fe cycle. The group has also proposed a special session at EGU 2014, with Nadine Le Bris and Chris German, the Working Group 135 co-chairs, as conveners.
Hydrothermal energy transfer and its relation to ocean carbon cycling: from mechanisms and rates to services for marine ecosystems Hydrothermal systems in the deep ocean have been studied from the past 37 years, but their impact on the ocean biogeochemistry and related ecological processes is far from being understood. Vent ecosystems were long described as largely independent from the photosynthesis-driven biosphere, a paradigm which no longer stands. Today we have a slightly clearer picture of the role energy transfer from hydrothermal circulation could play on ecosystems across a range of depths and on subseafloor carbon sequestration. At a time the exploration and exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources is rapidly developing, with potential impacts to habitats and biodiversity, there is a urgent need to consider the potential ‘services’ that is provided by these systems to the ocean.
2-25 The aim of this session is to synthesize the most advanced knowledge on: 1) carbon-fixation pathways in the different compartments influenced by hydrothermal activity, the metabolic diversity sustaining them and their dependence on oceanic processes, 2) biotic and abiotic drivers of productivity of related seafloor and subseafloor ecosystems, their natural dynamics and sensitivity to disturbance, 3) hydrothermally-derived fluxes of micronutrients and exported DOC and their potential influence on ocean biogeochemistry at larger scale. 4) integration of these processes into conceptual models of energy transfer and carbon cycling. Our objective is also to enlarge the discussion outside the field of vent research with a broader scientific community and determine the opportunities to bridge scientific efforts focussing on these environments with larger marine science programmes in view of a future assessment the potential contribution that they may make to the ocean ecosystems and carbon cycle at different scales.
2-26 2.2.3 WG 137: Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series Observation Volkman (2009) Terms of Reference: Identify existing long time series of phytoplankton data in coastal oceans around the world Facilitate migration of individual data sets to a permanent and secure electronic archive (Requirements for development of a fully-stocked phytoplankton data-base greatly exceed the resources of this WG. However, we expect to produce a small working prototype, based on the existing archive (to be identified) to demonstrate the value of sharing data through an international database.) Develop the methodology for global comparisons for within-region and within-time period data summarization (e.g. spatial, seasonal and annual averaging, summation within taxonomic and functional group categories). The goal is to clarify what level of detail provides the optimal tradeoff (i.e. information gain vs. processing effort). Based on the above, develop priorities and recommendations for future monitoring efforts and for more detailed re-analysis of existing data sets. We will carry out a global comparison of phytoplankton time series using (in parallel) a diverse suite of numerical methods. We will examine: o Synchronies in timing of major fluctuations, of whatever form. o Correlation structure (scale and spatial pattern) for particular modes of phytoplankton variability (e.g. changes in total biomass, species composition shifts, among different geographic distribution). o Amplitude of variability, both for total biomass and for individual dominant species, and a comparison to the amplitude of population fluctuations. o Likely causal mechanisms and consequences for the phytoplankton variability, based on spatial and temporal coherence with water quality time series. Through comparative analysis, we will address the 3 guiding questions. Co-chairs: Kedong Yin Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University Brisbane, Queensland Australia
[email protected] Other Full Members Susan I. Blackburn (Australia) Jacob Carstensen (Denmark) James E. Cloern (USA) Paul J. Harrison (China-Beijing) Ruixiang Li (China-Beijing) McQuatters-Gollop, Abigail (UK)
Hans W. Paerl Institute of Marine Sciences University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
[email protected]
Associate Members Borgne, Robert Le (New Caledonia) Elgin, Perry (USA) Jassby, Alan (USA) Kuparinen, Jorma (Finland) Leppänen, Juha-Markku (Finland) Malone, Thomas (USA)
2-27 Todd O’Brien (USA) Clarisse Odebrecht (Brazil) N. Ramaiah (India) Katja Philippart (The Netherlands) Adriana Zingone (Italy)
Moncheva, Snejana P. (Bulgaria) Morán, Xosé Anxelu G.(Spain) Picher, Grant (South Africa) Smayda, Theodore J. (USA) Wiltshire, Karen (Germany) Yoo, Sinjae (South Korea) Zhu, Mingyuan (China-Beijing) Executive Committee Reporter: John Volkman A Joint SCOR/PICES Workshop W7: Global Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems, 12-14 Oct., 2012) at the PICES 2012 Annual Meeting (12-21 October, 2012) Co-Conveners: Kedong Yin and Hans W. Paerl Meeting Summary W7 was a joint SCORWG137/PICES workshop. The meeting objectives were for participants to (1) present progress made on data synthesis and cross-system comparisons of anthropogenic and climatic impacts on coastal phytoplankton community structure and function since the WG137 1st and 2nd meetings, (2) review and revise research questions, (3) discuss the approaches (what data sets to use, what analysis to perform, etc.) needed to address questions and formulate the framework (outline) of papers related to the questions, and (4) determine take-home assignments for preparing publications. W7 invited William Li from the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Halifax, Canada, who gave a presentation on “An ecological status report for phytoplankton and microbial plankton in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas” by ICES Working Group on Phytoplankton and Microbial Ecology (WGPME). This excellent, thought-provoking presentation stimulated much crossdisciplinary discussion on climatically and anthropogenically altered trends in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton communities, and it stressed the overall importance of the <3 μm diameter picophytoplankton in the world’s oceanic and coastal waters. There were several additional coastal phytoplankton dynamics presentations by PICES participants in the open session component of the WG 137 workshop. These included participants form Russia, Spain, Canada, Japan and South Korea. Overall, there were more than 30 participants at the W7 workshop, of which 11 made presentations. In particular, Todd O’Brien reported data sets available for use by participants. He has developed the http://WG137.net Web site, which contains links to an interactive map and data and site summary tables that list and link to standard summary pages for each of the existing time series sites. Two new online time series tools are available to the WG137 community. The COPEPOD Interactive Time-series Explorer (COPEPODITE, http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/copepodite/) is a publicly available, online toolkit that allows any user to upload their own time series data and select from a variety of standard analyses and visualizations to be applied their data. The second tool is the Multi-Site Time-Series Explorer (MSTSE). This tool is not public, with access controlled by email-based login.
2-28 W7 participants also discussed questions for future publications as follows. Do changes in nutrient supplies, sources (new vs. regenerated), concentrations and ratios cause shifts in phytobiomass and community composition? Subquestion 1: nutrients vs species diversity Subquestion 2: nutrients vs community status Subquestion 3: ammonium/nitrate, Si, vs community structure (diatoms/(diatoms+dinos)), hypothesis HN4, or DON favours dinoflagellates Are there temperature thresholds that determine dominance of different phytoplankton groups and do temperature regimes and ranges govern interactions? How is phytoplankton cell size a reflection of environmental conditions across systems? How does variability of hydrology/salinity, residence time influence phytoplankton How to establish the relationship between residence times and phytoplankton community structure What are the common seasonal patterns along single species & communities? How much local scale variation can be explained by progressively larger scale variation? What role does bottom-up vs. top-down processes play in regulating planktonic communities? To what extent does phytoplankton composition affect food quality? We appreciate the opportunity to have had the WG 137 Workshop in conjunction with the PICES meeting. The participation of PICES attendees added both new information on potentially useful long-term data sets and dimensionality to the Workshop. This year, the group is planning a special session and a workshop at the 22nd Biennial Conference of the Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation in San Diego during Nov 3-7 (see below). This session will help the group gather new data sets for their analyses and involve a greater number of scientists in the effort. Special Session SCI-062 Global Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystems Convened by: Hans Paerl (
[email protected]), Kedong Yin (
[email protected]), James Cloern (
[email protected]) and Paul Harrison (
[email protected]) Phytoplankton biomass and community structure have undergone dramatic changes in estuarine and coastal ecosystems over the past several decades in response to climate variability and human disturbance. These changes have short- and longer-term impacts on global carbon and nutrient cycling, food web structure and productivity, and coastal ecosystem services. There is a need to identify the underlying processes and measure rates at which they alter coastal ecosystems on a global scale. SCOR Working Group 137 (WG 137) has been gathering long time-series data sets from estuarine and coastal systems worldwide in order to examine patterns of anthropogenic and climate-driven change. We encourage participation from investigators with decadal observational data from geographically diverse regions. The wealth of information in these data sets provides an unprecedented opportunity to develop a global analysis and investigation of the dynamics and status of ecosystems where land and sea meet.
2-29 Workshop SCOR Working Group 137, Global Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystems Conveners: Kedong Yin (
[email protected], School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University Guangzhou, China and Griffith Univeristy, QLD, Australia ) and Hans Paerl (
[email protected], Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA) (8:00am – 5:00 pm) Phytoplankton biomass and community structure have undergone dramatic changes in estuarine and coastal ecosystems over the past several decades in response to climate variability and human disturbance. These changes have short- and longer-term impacts on global carbon and nutrient cycling, food web structure and productivity, and coastal ecosystem services. The SCOR Working Group 137: “Global Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series Observations” was formed in 2009 to examine the questions: 1) the qualitative character of the ecosystem responses (“what changes”), 2) their amplitudes (“by how much”), and 3) their timing and spatial and temporal scales (“when and where are rates of change the strongest.” This two day workshop is the fourth in a series aimed at identifying the underlying processes and measuring rates at which phytoplankton alter coastal ecosystems on a global scale. Day 1 (2 Nov.) of the workshop is a closed meeting during which SCOR Working Group 137 members will discuss and synthesize long time-series data sets from estuarine and coastal systems worldwide in order to examine patterns of anthropogenic and climate-driven change. Day 2 (3 Nov.) is an open meeting during which CERF members who have experience with decadal observational data from geographically diverse regions to join the Working Group to continue discussions. The wealth of information in these data sets provides an unprecedented opportunity to develop a global analysis and investigation of the dynamics and status of ecosystems where land and sea meet. For more information please visit the SCOR Working Group 137 website: http://wg137.net/
2-30 2.2.4 SCOR/IGBP WG 138 on Modern Planktic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes (2010) Feeley Terms of Reference: 1. Synthesize the state of the science of modern planktic foraminifera, from pioneering to ongoing research including 1. their spatial and temporal distribution in the world ocean 2. their calcification mechanisms and shell chemistry 3. and their eco-phenotypical and genotypical variability as a peer-reviewed publication in an open-access journal (deliverable 1). 2. Provide guidelines (cookbooks) in terms of species identification, experimental setup for culture studies, laboratory treatment prior to geochemical analysis (deliverable 2) by identifying existing gaps in the available knowledge in order to direct future research. 3. Establish an active Web-based network in cooperation with ongoing (inter)national research programmes and projects to guarantee an open-access world-wide dissemination of results, data and research plans (deliverable 3). 4. Document the work of the group in a special issue of an open-access journal (deliverable 5) in connection with a specialized symposium with special emphasis on modern ocean change i.e. thermohaline circulation and ocean acidification, during one of the AGU or EGU conferences, ideally held at the joint EGU/AGU meeting (envisaged for 2013 or 2014) and/or at the FORAMS 2014 meeting in Chile (deliverable 4). Co-chairs: Gerald Ganssen Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Vrije Universiteit de Boelelaan 1085 1081HV Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS Tel. +31205987369 E-mail:
[email protected]
Other Full Members Jelle Bijma (Germany) Jonathan Erez (Israel) Elena Ivanova (Russia) Margarita Marchant (Chile) Divakar Naidu (India) Daniela Schmidt (UK) Howard Spero (USA) Richard Zeebe (USA)
Michal Kucera Fachbereich Geowissenschaften Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Hölderlinstrasse 12, DE-72076 Tübingen GERMANY Tel. +49 7071 29 74 674 Fax +49 7071 29 57 27 e-mail:
[email protected]
Associate Members Caroline Cleroux (USA/France) Kate Darling (UK) Lennart de Nooijer (The Netherlands) Steve Eggins (Australia) Baerbel Hoenisch (USA) Sangmin Hyun (Korea) Zhimin Jian (China) Thorsten Kiefer (Switzerland) Dirk Kroon (UK) Stefan Mulitza (Germany) Frank Peeters (The Netherlands)
2-31 Michael Schulz (Germany) Kazuyo Tachikawa (France) Rashieda Toefy (South Africa) Jaroslaw Tyszka (Poland) Executive Committee Reporter: Missy Feeley
SCOR/IGBP Working Group 138 Modern Planktonic Foraminifera and Ocean Changes Co-chairs: Gerald Ganssen (Amsterdam) and Michal Kucera (Bremen) Annual report: 23.9.2013 Reporting period: September 2012 – August 2013
The priority of the second year of the WG has been to achieve progress in standardization of procedures applied on data on modern planktonic foraminifera. To this end, two parallel workshops have been organized in association with The Micropaleontological Society (TMS) spring meeting in Prague in June 2013. During these workshops future priorities for research were discussed based on the WG goals, but to be funded independently. As a result, a plan has been set up to apply for a dedicated cruise with a collection programme that will allow us to answer a range of outstanding issues on the ecology and population dynamics of planktonic foraminifera. The answers to these issues are urgently needed to improve accuracy and precision when applying foraminifera as proxies as well as to constrain their role in carbon cycling and mass flux to the sea floor. Finally, negotiations have been initiated with Copernicus Publications to develop and host an open-access eBook that will allow us not only to collate published work as chapters in a synthesis text but also to gather various types of resources in a formal but flexible framework. The next year of the WG work will include an engagement at the international FORAMS2014 meeting in Chile, where we will host a special session. The evolving eBook should take its form and the results of the workshops in Prague should materialize into publications and a cruise proposal. Specific achievements during the reporting period include the following. Evolving eBook concept The WG has further pursued the innovative idea of presenting the results of its work in an openaccess multi-media format. Having established that the diverse range of products cannot be accommodated optimally in the format of a special issue of a regular journal, nor can it be fully served by a dedicated, but isolated website, an alternative concept has been developed with Copernicus Publications. The envisaged final product – an evolving eBook – will be able to integrate work in any format (papers published in regular journals, reviews, taxonomic keys, data collection, video manuals), publish each item separately, incorporate updates (versions), link to other existing content and allow incorporation of rare back content (data and information rescue). Every item in the eBook will obtain a DOI and permanent hosting will be secured by Copernicus. The concept is expected to take form during fall 2013.
2-32 Taxonomy and Methods Workshops in Prague, June 24-27, 2013 http://web.natur.cuni.cz/ugp/main/msfng2013/satwork.html Engaging 15 participants, including 7 WG members and 8 colleagues from the community, the two workshops mark the most productive period of the WG yet. Taking advantage of the excellent facilities at the Faculty of Science of the Charles University in Prague, the four days of the workshops were dedicated to alternating joint and split writing and discussing sessions that yielded draft documents and recommendations on the following issues:
Draft of guidelines for defining and naming “cryptic” genetic lineages in modern planktonic foraminifera, intended to be published in mainstream literature Identification of all outstanding taxonomic issues, including specific points that have been presented to relevant taxonomic community projects for joint consideration Development of a new taxonomic key, devised in several variants considering different application circumstances (field or laboratory, adult or juvenile specimens) Summary and recommendation on all collection and sample processing methods concerning specimens from the plankton and sediment traps, formalized in text and in flowcharts Draft of guidelines for reporting of census data from plankton and sediment-trap counts
In connection with the above documents, which are currently in review by the WG community and beyond, the following priority tasks have been identified for the near future:
Develop an illustrated glossary of terms used in the classification of modern planktonic foraminifera Develop a library of images of all living species based on transmitted light observations of live specimens and on 3D imaging of empty shells Document with images and movies key concepts and procedures (separation between live and dead specimens, operation of plankton net and sediment trap) Collate and annotate a definitive database of DNA sequences from planktonic foraminifera Carry out a test of procedures for sample splitting used to generate census counts and evaluate the associated uncertainty
Finally, the workshop has been used to discuss the outstanding unresolved questions concerning population dynamics of planktonic foraminifera and how these can be best addressed. The most important issues, which were considered as tractable, were then converted into a hypothesis-driven experimental framework. It was realized that the sampling and observations required for this framework could be carried out during a dedicated expedition and it was agreed to jointly support the application for such expedition by the WG co-chair M. Kucera, to take place on a German research vessel. The long-standing “mysteries” to be addressed during such a cruise include:
2-33
existence and extent of a daily vertical migration spatiotemporal scale of population patchiness existence and pattern of ontogenetic vertical migration and calcification depth of species existence of lunar reproductive cycle Assessment of determinants of population density and living/calcification depth of species search for occurrence of propagules and habitat of minute juvenile stages confirmation of the presence and prevalence of algal symbiosis in uncultured species determination of buoyancy and sinking speed of live specimens
Outlook The third year of the WG should culminate in the setup of the evolving eBook, including the publication of first items. To this end, following a meeting of a part of the WG in January 2014 during the FORAMS2014 conference in Chile (http://www2.udec.cl/forams2014/), a plenary meeting of the WG is expected to take place in late 2014. At that meeting, the progress of all tasks and chapters for the eBook will be reviewed and pending shiptime approval, planning of the joint cruise will be carried out. Overview of progress on individual deliverables: 1. Synthesize the state of the science of modern planktonic foraminifera, from pioneering to ongoing research including as a peer-reviewed publication in an open-access journal (deliverable 1). A concept of chapters for a virtual book/special issue has been agreed (thus effectively merging deliverables 1 and 5) and a concept of an evolving eBook has been developed together with Copernicus Publications, following negotiations with the journal Biogeosciences, which revealed that a special issue in regular literature cannot comprise all aspects of the envisaged synthesis. Work on individual chapters is in progress. 2. Provide guidelines (cookbooks) in terms of species identification, experimental setup for culture studies, laboratory treatment prior to geochemical analysis (deliverable 2). The workshops in Prague in June 2013 allowed us to review all aspects of methods and procedures and standardization that required review and resulted in drafts of multiple aspects as described above. 3. Establish an active Web-based network in cooperation with ongoing (inter)national research programs and projects to guarantee an open-access world-wide dissemination of results, data and research plans (deliverable 3). The concept of such resource has been developed in the form of an evolving eBook. 4. Document the work of the group in a special issue of an open-access journal (deliverable 5) in connection with a specialized symposium with special emphasis on modern ocean change i.e.
2-34 thermohaline circulation and ocean acidification, during one of the AGU or EGU conferences, ideally held at the joint EGU/AGU meeting (envisaged for 2013 or 2014) and/or at the FORAMS 2014 meeting in Chile (deliverable 4). Deliverable 5 – see deliverable 1. The science of the WG will be promoted by organizing a special session at FORAMS2014 (co-chairs M. Kucera and K. Darling), with a keynote lecture by H. Spero. Attachment 1: Membership of SCOR/IGBP WG 138 Full Members: 1. Co-chair: Gerald Ganssen (proxies), The Netherlands 2. Co-chair: Michal Kucera (ecology and diversity), Germany 3. Jelle Bijma (ecology), Germany 4. Jonathan Erez (calcification, symbiosis, proxies), Israel 5. Richard Zeebe (bio-physico-chemistry), USA 6. Howard Spero (calcification, symbiosis, proxies), USA 7. Margarita Marchant (ecology), Chile 8. Divakar Naidu (micropalaeontology), India 9. Daniela Schmidt (microstructure), UK 10. Elena Ivanova (paleo applications), Russia Associate Members: 1. Frank Peeters (spatio-temporal distribution), The Netherlands 2. Stefan Mulitza (proxies), Germany 3. Michael Schulz (ecological modeling), Germany 4. Thorsten Kiefer (PAGES), Switzerland 5. Caroline Cleroux (deep dwelling species), USA/France 6. Jaroslaw Tyszka (eForams), Poland 7. Lennart de Nooijer (calcification), The Netherlands 8. Steve Eggins (microgeochemistry), Australia 9. Kate Darling (genotypes), UK 10. Baerbel Hoenisch (bio-chemico-physics), USA 11. Zhimin Jian (micropaleontology), China 12. Dirk Kroon (micropalaeontology and taxonomy), UK 13. Rashieda Toefy (ecology), South Africa (at SA SCOR expense) 14. Sangmin Hyun (paleoceanography, sedimentation), Korea (at Korea’s SCOR expense) 15. Kazuyo Tachikawa (paleoceanography, proxies), France (at French SCOR expense)
2-35 2.2.5 SCOR WG 139 on Organic Ligands – A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean (2011) Terms of Reference: 1. To inform the Ocean Sciences community of this WG and related objectives via a widely distributed publication in EOS or analogous journal. 2. To summarize published results on all aspects of metal-binding ligands in the oceans (e.g., distributions, chemical structure, sources, sinks, stability constants), and to contribute to the organic ligand database for use in biogeochemical models and for those working in the field (including results from ongoing GEOTRACES, SOLAS and CLIVAR efforts). The summary will be included in a review paper published after year 2, as well as in the database on the proposed website. 3. To expand upon the ligand intercalibration programme, initiated by GEOTRACES, to evaluate key analytical issues with currently employed methodologies and determine how to best link ongoing efforts in trace metal and organic geochemistry to assess natural metal-binding ligand.In a recent intercalibration the preservation of samples for Fe and Cu-organic speciation by freezing at -20°C as been found suitable and will enable to make samples taken during GEOTRACES cruises available to interested scientists. A large intercalibration will thus be possible in the future without additional joint cruises or sampling exercises, but could be performed with samples from several ‘normal stations’ of a GEOTRACES leg. Results from intercalibration efforts will be presented in a manual available via download from the proposed WG website. 4. To identify how best to incorporate published and future data into biogeochemical models. 5. To debate the nature of sampling strategies and experimental approaches employed in laboratory and field efforts in workshops and meeting discussions that are needed to enhance our understanding of the links between the provenance, fate, distribution, and chemistry and biological functions of these organic metal-binding ligands in the oceans. 6. To recommend future approaches to ligand biogeochemistry in a designated symposium, including ongoing GEOTRACES field efforts (i.e., regional surveys and process studies), integration of CLE-ACSV and organic geochemistry techniques, and the need for rapid incorporation of this research in biogeochemical models. Such future recommendations will also be included in the aforementioned downloadable manual on the WG website. 7. To establish a webpage for this SCOR working group, to promote a forum for discussion of ideas and results in form of a blog, soliciting input from the trace metal biogeochemistry, organic geochemistry and modeling communities and provide a platform to propose special sessions on trace metal-binding ligands at international meetings such as Ocean Sciences, AGU and/or EGU. 8. To produce conclusions resulting from the outcome of the above objectives in the form of a Website, a journal special issue or book, and a report to SCOR.
2-36 Co-chairs: Sylvia Sander (Chair 1st third of 4 year term, vice-chair remaining time) Department of Chemistry University of Otago P.O.Box 56 Dunedin 9054 NEW ZEALAND
[email protected] Tel: + 64 3 479 7844 Fax: + 64 3 479 7906
Other Full Members Kathy Barbeau (USA) Ronald Benner (USA) Martha Gledhill (UK) Katsumi Hirose (Japan) Ivanka Pizeta (Croatia) Alessandro Tagliabue (France) Rujun Yang (China-Beijing)
Executive Committee Reporter:
Kristen Buck (Chair 2nd third of 4 year term, vice-chair remaining time) Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences 17 Biological Station Ferry Reach St. George's GE 01 BERMUDA
[email protected] Tel: +1-441-297-1880 x711 Fax: +1-441-297-8143
Maeve Lohan (Chair 3rd third of 4 year term, vice-chair remaining time) School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA UNITED KINGDOM
[email protected] .uk Tel: +44-(0)1752-233011
Associate Members Philip Boyd (New Zealand) Ken Bruland (USA) Peter Croot (UK) Jay Cullen (Canada) Thorsten Dittmar (Germany) Christine Hassler (Australia) Rick Keil (USA) James Moffett (USA) François Morel (USA) Micha Rijkenberg (Netherlands) Mak Saito (USA) Barbara Sulzenberger (Switzerland) Stan van den Berg (UK)
2-37 SCOR Working Group 139: Organic Ligands – A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean Co-Chairs Kristen Buck, Bermuda/USA Maeve Lohan, UK Sylvia Sander, New Zealand Recent meetings The second meeting of WG 139 members was held on 16 February 2013 in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA preceding the ASLO Aquatic Sciences meeting. All ten Full Members of the working group attended the meeting, as did four of the group’s Associate Members. Members discussed several Terms of Reference in this meeting, including construction of a ligand-DOM database, continued intercalibration exercises, incorporating data into models, a special issue for publications, and future meetings and symposia. Databases for trace elements, metal-binding ligands, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and DOM constituents are increasingly common. A primary point of discussion for the WG 139 database was the parameters preferred for database submissions to allow for use by modelers and analysts looking at overarching trends. Members have identified several existing data repositories and current databases for metal-binding ligands and DOM data. As a launching point for the WG database, existing ligand and DOM databases will be gathered and linked from the working group website: http://neon.otago.ac.nz/research/scor/index.html. Working group members have completed an intercalibration exercise focused specifically on interpretation techniques for simulated titration data. Altogether, 23 datasets from 15 participants were included in the exercise; 9 of the participants were from outside the membership of the working group. The results from this exercise highlight several issues inherent to current interpretation techniques and have fueled efforts to make automated programs widely available and to develop better approaches. Results of this exercise are in preparation for publication and outcomes will be highlighted on our website as they develop. The next step, a sample-based intercalibration exercise for CLE-ACSV and DOM analyses, is planned for samples collected from the Celtic Sea in 2014. A special issue is planned in Marine Chemistry for publications resulting from this working group’s activities to date. The working group is currently soliciting submissions from members, ASLO special session contributors and the interested science community, with a tentative spring 2014 deadline for the issue. In addition to the meeting of WG members, the co-chairs of WG 139 also chaired a special session at the ASLO Aquatic Sciences meeting in 2013. This special session was awarded a full day of oral presentations, 21 in total, as well as a supplementary poster session. Presentations in the session covered a wide range of topics related to metal-binding ligands, including distributions in marine and estuarine environments, sources and sinks, advances in characterization by mass spectrometry, and progress in modeling efforts.
2-38 Plans for work between meetings The working group has identified action items resulting from each meeting that are assigned to specific members for completion, facilitating continued progress in accomplishing the terms of reference between meetings. The co-chairs are tasked with following up on assigned action items and coordinating activities with each other via regular phone conferences and email contact. Plans for next meeting The next meeting of SCOR WG 139 members is planned for the 22 February 2014, in tandem with the ASLO-TOS-AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii. The co-chairs of the working group have also applied for, and been granted, a special session at the Ocean Sciences Meeting. In addition to a meeting of working group members, a town hall meeting is being organized to take place during the 2014 Ocean Sciences Meeting to allow the broader science community to catch up on working group activities and get involved with ongoing and future activities. This town hall meeting will also be used to gauge interest for a larger symposium proposed for late 2014 or early 2015. Linking the working group meetings to conference meetings has afforded considerable savings in the WG budget. The first two meetings of this working group have cost a total of $18,439, well under the allotted $15,000 per meeting. The third working group meeting planned for February 2014 in tandem with the Ocean Sciences Meeting is also expected to stay well under budget. These savings on member meetings are anticipated to allow for additional meetings and symposia to further advancements toward completing the group’s Terms of Reference. Overall progress toward Terms of Reference The working group is making steady progress toward accomplishing the terms of reference laid out in the original proposal and amended in the first group meeting. Two publications (Eos, IUPAC Chemistry International), email distribution lists (contact a chair to join), and a website (http://neon.otago.ac.nz/research/scor/index.html) have been completed. Two members-only meetings have taken place, with a third is planned for February 2014. The working group has also hosted an ASLO Aquatic Sciences meeting special session with a second special session granted for the Ocean Sciences Meeting in 2014. Organization of an open town hall meeting is also in progress for the 2014 Ocean Sciences Meeting. Progress on several other Terms of Reference are also ongoing, including assembly of a metal-binding ligand and DOM database, continued intercalibration activities, collation of a best practices manual to guide future approaches and submission of a special issue in Marine Chemistry to highlight the efforts of this working group. Updates on SCOR WG 139 activities, links to published articles and minutes from WG meetings may be found on the website, as well as several other useful links and documents for information relating to ligands in the marine environment. Special Session at Ocean Sciences Meeting From:
[email protected] [mailto:
[email protected]] On Behalf Of Mary Zawoysky Sent: Friday, September 06, 2013 7:28 AM
2-39 To:
[email protected] Subject: [Ocb-all] OSM special session from SCOR WG 139 - Organic Ligands—A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean Dear SCOR WG 139 members and interested colleagues, The SCOR WG 139 - Organic Ligands—A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean has hosted two very interesting and well attended sessions during the 2012 and 2013 ALSO meetings. We would like to draw your attention now to a special session on metal-binding ligands that we will convene at the 2014 Ocean Sciences Meeting 23-28 February 2014 / Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA (http://www.sgmeet.com/osm2014/default.asp ). Please consider submitting an abstract for a presentation, oral or poster, in this session. Registration and abstract submission are now open, deadline is 4 October 2013. Furthermore, I would like to invite you to submit a manuscript to the SCOR WG 139 special issue in Marine Chemistry. Manuscripts registered at the same time as abstract submission will receive extra fast priority handling throughout the peer review process. Please let us know, by replying to this email, if you are able to contribute your work to this special issue. OSM special session 116 - Advances in approaches to assess metal-binding organic ligands and perspectives on the impacts of ligands on metal-biota interactions in the oceans The bioactive trace metals iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) are essential micronutrients for marine phytoplankton and exert a major influence on the global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Fully understanding the marine carbon and nitrogen cycles is, thus, intimately tied to our efforts to determine the distribution, chemical speciation and resulting bioavailability of trace metals to the marine biota. Complexation of these metals by organic ligands may enhance or reduce bioavailability depending upon the metal-ligand complex formed. Yet, we know little about the composition, source and provenance of metal-binding ligands, which is hindering further advances in the field of trace metal biogeochemistry. New and fruitful collaborations between trace metal biogeochemists, organic geochemists and biogeochemical modelers are being achieved through a SCOR working group (WG139) "Organic Ligands-A key control on trace metal cycling in the ocean". We invite submissions to this session that highlight recent accomplishments in metal-binding ligand characterization and in approaches for assessing ligand distributions, composition, sources, cycling processes, and impacts on metal- biota interactions in the oceans. Organizers
Maeve Lohan , University of Plymouth maeve.lohan@plymouth. ac.uk
Kristen Buck , Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences
[email protected] du
Sylvia Sander , Research Centre for Oceanography, University of Otago
[email protected]. nz
2-40 2.2.6 WG 140 on Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces (BEPSII) (2011) Volkman Terms of Reference: 1. Standardisation of methods for data intercomparison. 2. Summarizing existing knowledge in order to prioritise processes and model parameterizations. 3. Upscaling of processes from 1D to earth system models. 4. Analysing the role of sea ice biogeochemistry in climate simulations. Co-chairs: Nadja Steiner Jacqueline Stefels Fisheries and Oceans Canada University of Groningen CCCma Centre for Life Sciences University of Victoria Ecophysiology of Plants PO Box 11103 P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 9700 CC Groningen CANADA The Netherlands Phone: 31 (0)50 3636137 Fax: +1-250-363-8247 E-mail:
[email protected] Phone: +1-250-363-1433 or +1-250-3636402 E-mail:
[email protected] Other Full Members Gerhard Dieckmann (GERMANY) Elena Golubeva (RUSSIA) Delphine Lannuzel (AUSTRALIA) Sang Heon Lee (KOREA) Lynn Russell (USA) Paul Shepson (USA) Jean-Louis Tison (BELGIUM) Martin Vancoppenolle (BELGIUM)
Associate Members Kevin Arrigo (USA) Jeff Bowman (USA) Clara Deal (USA) Bruno DeLille (BELGIUM) Scott Elliot (USA) Michael Fischer (GERMANY) Agneta Fransson (NORWAY) Francois Fripiat (BELGIUM) Claire Hughes (UK) Delphine Lannuzzel (AUSTRALIA) Maurice Levasseur (CANADA) Brice Loose (USA)
Executive Committee Reporter: John Volkman
Paty Matrai (USA) Christine Michel (CANADA) Lisa Miller (CANADA) Jun Nishioka (JAPAN) Daiki Nomura (NORWAY) Benjamin Saenz (USA) Veronique Schoemann (NETHERLANDS) Lise-Lotte Soerensen (DENMARK) Letizia Tedesco (FINLAND) David Thomas (UK) Maria van Leeuwe (NETHERLANDS) Roland von Glasow (UK) Chris Zappa (USA) JiaYun Zhou (BELGIUM)
2-41 BEPSII Update, June 2013 Below is an update of the activities within the three Task Groups of SCOR WG-140 “BEPSII”, based on a Skype meeting on June 20 attended by: Klaus Meiners, Lisa Miller, Lynn Russell, Jacqueline Stefels, Nadja Steiner. It is the intention to have these Skype meetings every 2-3 months; attendants may vary as activities progress. Task Group 1 (Methods) Task 1: Methods review paper Contributions to biological section coming in Synthesis and homogenization underway Follow-up still required on a number of identified gaps Draft for circulation to entire working group targeted for mid-summer Task 2: Intercalibration experiments Specific members have been asked to investigate potential field and laboratory sites for experiments, with a deadline of the end of September Nomura and Nishioka have sent a very detailed and encouraging report on using SaramoKo, a coastal lagoon on the north coast of Japan (attached) Fripiat has drafted a plan for biological intercalibration experiments; still needs to be circulated in the group Nomura has volunteered to organize an experiment at Saramo-Ko, and is drafting a white paper Task 3: Manual of best practices Hajo Eicken has responded positively to our participation in any new edition of his seaice field methods manual; the decision on whether to proceed with a second edition is still pending; Nomura has agreed to act as our liaison with Hajo van Leeuwe has drafted recommendations for statistically relevant sea-ice sampling; still needs to be circulated in the group Task Group 2 (Data) The first dataset on chlorophyll-a in sea ice from the Antarctic has been published (Meiners et al., 2012)1 through ASPeCt activities and in collaboration with BEPSII (WG 140 is mentioned in the paper). The data are now publicly available through the Australian Antarctic Data Centre. For the Antarctic database, we are currently collating additional parameters with a focus on DOC, POC and macro-nutrients. An Australian proposal to gain additional funding for collation of Antarctic data, including data from fast ice, is in preparation. For the Arctic effort, Christine Michel and Michel Gosselin have agreed to lead, also starting with chlorophyll-a. The collation of Arctic data will follow the same procedures as the Antarctic database for easy hemispheric comparison. Data entry forms etc. have been provided to the Arctic sea ice colleagues. 1
Meiners, K.M., et al. 2012. Chlorophyll a in Antarctic sea ice from historical ice core data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L21602, doi:10.1029/2012GL053478.
2-42 Task Group 3 (Modelling) 1. Recommendations from modellers to observationalists: Brainstorming continued, the decision has been made to write a citable paper, which can then feed into the Polar Working Group working document. Delphine L. expressed interest to participate. Nadja and Clara had a discussion last week and will reconnect in August. 2. Review papers on major biogeochemical processes Review by Vancoppenolle et al. is out.2 Other issues: a) DIC/Alk separation during the freezing process: need to identify lead. E-mailed Bruno and Rosina, but didn't receive any response. b) release and transfer of iron and other minerals: Delphine and Veronique started working on this. Tried to contact Ben as well – no response yet. c) Parameterization of light transfer in sea ice – Some progress with help of Nadja's student. We will decide if to add some literature review with the publication of an improved parameterisation for light transfer in transition times, or to send out a call to a larger audience and write a separate review. d) processes of ice algal release into the water – no progress yet. Letizia has been identified as potential lead at the GRC, but need to be confirmed. e) link to atmospheric chemistry – Roland pointed out recent AICI review papers 2007, 2012/13 on snow microstructure (a.o.). Might not need an update at this point. f) review of parameterizations for turbulent mixing in Arctic Ocean models. Elena lead, awaiting update. AOMIP/FAMOS just announced a workshop on mixing processes in the Arctic in October which could link to this. 3. Intercomparison of 1-D models and publication of a review a) biogeochemical: This component is led by Letizia. A group of people responded to her call with short information on the models they would like to include. She just sent out another final reminder. b) Physical: Waiting for update from Elena c) DMS: Clara is just finishing up a paper on her regional Arctic DMS model. Will look into 1D models after. Nadja has a student starting in September who will work on a 1-D DMS model for the Arctic within the new Canadian NETCARE network (Arctic aerosols). d) Atmosphere. At the moment there doesn't seem to be a useful amount of atmosphere 1-D models for the Arctic. We will revisit next year. 4. Application in regional models with links to global & regional climate modeling. Some progress has been made with individual model developments. Clara: DMS model publication in preparation Planning of an “ecosystem regions” - link to AOMIP/FAMOS, will make use of recently published chlorophyll analysis in the Arctic. 2
Vancoppenolle, M. , K.M. Meiners, C. Michel, L. Bopp, F. Brabant, G. Carnat, B. Delille, D. Lannuzel, G. Madec, S. Moreau, J.-L. Tison, and P. van der Merwe. 2013. Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges. Quaternary Science Reviews. In Press
2-43 Nadja: put in proposal for regional Arctic model support - looks promising. Progress has been made with model set up at IOS and parallel NEMO-BGC development for CCCma's Earth System Model (ESM). Katya: submitted a paper on Acidification Martin and Nadja have prepared ESM model comparisons for Arctic biogeochemistry with limited analysis on causes for model differences including parameterisations. None of these models contains sea-ice algae, however: Vancoppenolle, M., L. Bopp, G. Madec, J. Dunne, T. Ilyina, P.R. Halloran, N. Steiner, 2013. Future Arctic Ocean Primary Productivity from CMIP5 Simulations: Uncertain Outcome, but Consistent Mechanisms. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, in press. Steiner, N, J. Christian, K. Six, A. Yamamoto, M. Yamamoto-Kawai, 2013b, Future ocean acidification in the Canada Basin and surrounding Arctic Ocean from CMIP5 earth system models, JGR Oceans, submitted. Steiner, N. S., Lee, W. G., Christian, J. R., 2013a. Enhanced gas fluxes in small sea ice leads and cracks - effects on CO2 exchange and ocean acidification. JGR Oceans, 118,3, 1195– 1205. DOI:10.1002/jgrc.20100 More discussions are planned for the FAMOS workshop in October. On a final note, Nadja is just finalizing an assessment report for the DFO (Department of Fisheries and Oceans) Canada Aquatic Climate Change Adaptation Services Program. The assessment contains a summary of available trends and projections information for key drivers of Arctic ecosystems. This report is “grey literature” but will be published online and be made available to the public. It might provide some useful input to the group. (Details to follow as soon as the Weblink is available). Other business Francois Fripiat and JiaYun Zhou are working on a Facebook page. They plan to incorporate: sampling pictures a short abstract about the group the members and their institutions links to different programs (SCOR, SOLAS, APECS, PAGES, ...). and a place where the members can insert some news (conference, finding, ...). JS has provided them with a summary of BEPSII’s task groups. The poll amongst members on the next BEPSII meeting indicated a slight preference for Hobart (IGS meeting, March 10-14, 2014).
2-44 2.2.7 WG 141 on Sea-Surface Microlayers (2012)
Volkman
Terms of Reference: 1. Review sampling techniques and provide best practice sampling protocols. Such protocols will support new scientists entering the field of SML research to produce reliable and comparable data among different research groups/oceanic regions. The best practice sampling document will be made freely available online. 2. Create a consensus definition of the SML in terms of physical, chemical and biological perspectives for a better understanding within the ocean science community, and discuss the SML’s role in a changing ocean. This will be delivered as an opinion/position paper in a peer-reviewed journal and will support future international projects concerning the SML and ocean change. 3. Initiate sessions on SML research during major meetings (e.g., Ocean Sciences Meetings), to increase the awareness of the importance of the SML within the general ocean science community. 4. Summarize and publish the latest advances in microlayer research in a special issue of a peer-reviewed journal, including consolidation of existing sea surface microlayer datasets among different disciplines (chemistry, biology, atmospheric, physics). The publication will promote new research ideas and projects at an interdisciplinary level. Co-chairs: Michael Cunliffe Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom The Laboratory Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB UK
[email protected] Other Full Members Anja Engel (GERMANY) Sanja Frka (CROATIA) Sonia Giasenella (BRAZIL) Bill Landing (USA) Mohd T. Latif (MALAYSIA) Caroline Leck (SWEDEN) Gui-Peng Yang (CHINA-Beijing) Christopher Zappa (USA)
Executive Committee Reporter: John Volkman
Oliver Wurl Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Seestrasse 15 D-18119 Rostock Germany
[email protected] Associate Members David Carlson (UK) Alina Ebling (USA) Werner Ekau (GERMANY) Blaženka Gašparović (CROATIA) Karstan Laß (GERMANY) Miguel Leal (USA) Anna Lindroos (FINLAND) Kenneth Mopper (USA) Alexander Soloviev (USA) Robert Upstill-Goddard (UK) Svein Vagle (CANADA)
2-45 SCOR Working Group #141 Report on the first annual meeting O. Wurl, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research The group met on 11 April 2013 for its first annual group meeting during European Geophysical Union (EGU) General Assembly in Vienna, Austria. The full members M. Cunliffe (UK), O. Wurl (Germany), A. Engel (Germany), S. Frka (Crotia) and M.T. Talif (Malaysia) attended the meeting. Before the meeting, the chairs (M. Cunliffe and O. Wurl) were approached by A. Soloviev (USA) and K. Laß (Germany) expressing their interest to join the meeting. The chairs were also approached by D. Carlson, an emeritus professor advancing research on microlayers in the 1980s, and the chairs met D. Carlson on the following day for sharing ideas and experience. The group decided to invite A. Soloviev, K. Laß and D. Carlson as additional Associate Members, and the final list of group members can be found at the end of this report. (The SCOR Executive Committee Reporter for the group approved the additions.) The agenda included discussion on organizing the workshop in Qingdao (China) in 2014. Prof. Yang, full member of the group and faculty member of the Ocean University of Qingdao, kindly agreed to be the host for the workshop. It was agreed that the four-day workshop should have an open session with invitation to Chinese students, and a closed session during which group members would work on a communication paper. The open session will also include training in microlayer sampling to the younger generation of oceanographers. Currently, the chairs ask the members to indicate their preferred time for holding the workshop (between July and Nov 2014). The second agenda item was the organization of a special session during a major science meeting. The group decided that the SOLAS Summer Meeting in Kiel, Germany (2015) and the Ocean Sciences Meeting in New Orleans, USA (2016) are most suitable in regard to audience and timing. The third agenda item included discussion on the deliverables of the working group. During the meeting and after a survey among all members, it has been decided to publish a free guideline for sampling the microlayer or an extended version for investigating the ocean’s surface. The guideline will become available as a downloadable pdf file. During the workshop in Qingdao, the group will work together on a communication paper highlighting the role of microlayers in the changing ocean, aerosol chemistry, gas exchange, eutrophication, ecosystem health and hydrophysical modeling. In conjunction with organizing a special session during a science meeting, the group agreed to publish a special issue of a peer-reviewed journal on microlayer research. The present members discussed potential journals in terms of open access, costs of print and impact factor, and the journals Biogeosciences (BG), Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR) and Progress in Oceanography (PO) were considered. We sent an inquiry to the journals, and JGR responded positive, whereas BG and PO have not responded yet. Finally, the group discussed miscellaneous issues, including finalizing the list of group members. During the discussions the need for an expert in zooneuston studies was highlighted, and the group nominated Dr. Ekau from Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology in Bremen (Germany) for
2-46 this role. He kindly agreed to our invitation to join the group. The group members presented also their research during the EGU meeting in Vienna. Name S. Frka
Type Oral
A. Engel
Oral
T. Talib
Poster
M. Cunliffe
Oral
O. Wurl
Oral
Title Physicochemical signatures of natural surfactant sea films from coastal Middle Adriatic stations Responses of marine microorganisms to ocean acidification during a mesocosm study in the Arctic (Svalbard) Composition of surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer and atmospheric aerosols around coastal areas of the Peninsular Malaysia Quantifying the microbial regulation of gel particle biogeochemical cycling in the surface waters of the coastal sea (solicited) The gelatinous nature of the sea-surface microlayer
As a further outcome of the first annual meeting, M.T. Talif and O. Wurl agreed to organize a lecture at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), but also presentations on current microlayer research from students at UKM as part of capacity building. This event was held on the 8 May 2013 (without request of SCOR funding). Further collaborations are in planning. Final group member list Full members 1. Michael Cunliffe, Marine Biological Association (UK) – Biological Oceanography 2. Oliver Wurl, Institute for Baltic Sea Research (Germany) – Chemical Oceanography 3. Anja Engel, IFM-GEOMAR (Germany) – Biological Oceanography 4. Sanja Frka, Ruđer Bošković Institute (Croatia) – Chemical Oceanography 5. Chris Zappa, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (USA) – Physical Oceanography 6. Caroline Leck, Stockholm University (Sweden) – Meteorology 7. Sonia Giasenella, Instituto Oceanográfico da USP (Brazil) 8. Mohd T. Latif, Universiti Kebangsaan (Malaysia) – Environmental Science 9. Bill Landing, Florida State University (USA) – Chemical Oceanography 10. Gui-Peng Yang, Ocean University of Qingdao (China) – Chemical Oceanography Associate Members 1. Robert Upstill-Goddard, Newcastle University (UK) - Physical Oceanography 2. Blaženka Gašparović, Ruđer Bošković Institute (Croatia) – Chemical Oceanography 3. Kenneth Mopper, Old Dominion University (USA) – Chemical Oceanography 4. Anna Lindroos, University of Turku (Finland) – Biological Oceanography 5. Alina Ebling, Florida State University (USA) – Chemical Oceanography 6. Miguel Leal, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography (USA) – Biological Oceanography 7. Svein Vagle, Institute of Ocean Sciences (Canada) – Physical Oceanography 8. Werner Ekau, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (Germany) – Fishery Biology 9. Alexander Soloviev, Nova Southeastern University (USA) – Physical Oceanography 10. David Carlson, Emeritus, Chemical Oceanography 11. Karsten Laß, University of Kiel (Germany), Physical Chemistry
2-47 2.2.8
WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders Feeley (2012)
Terms of Reference: 1. Summarize and assess the current status of biogeochemical sensor technology with particular emphasis on float-/glider-readiness (pressure and temperature dependence, long-term stability, calibration accuracy, measurements time constant, etc.). 2. Develop pre- and post-deployment quality control metrics and procedures for oxygen and other biogeochemical sensors deployed on floats and gliders providing a research-quality synthesis data product. 3. Collaborate with Argo and other data centers to implement these procedures in their standard routines. 4. Disseminate procedures widely to ensure rapid adoption in the community. Develop ideas for capacity building in this context. Co-chairs: Arne Körtzinger Düsternbrooker Weg 20 D-24105 Kiel GERMANY Phone: +49 431 600-4200 Fax: +49 431 600-4202 Email:
[email protected]
Other Full Members Herve Claustre (FRANCE) Denis Gilbert (CANADA) Wajih Naqvi (INDIA) Steven Riser (USA) VirginieThierry (FRANCE) Bronte Tilbrook (AUSTRALIA) Hiroshi Uchida (JAPAN) Xiaogang Xing (CHINA-Beijing)
Executive Committee Reporter: Missy Feeley
Ken Johnson Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute 7700 Sandholdt Road Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA Phone: +1-831-775-1985 Fax: +1-831-775-1620 Email:
[email protected] Associate Members Steve Emerson (USA) Katja Fennel (CANADA) Hernan Garcia (USA) Nicolas Gruber (SWITZERLAND) Dong-Jin Kang (KOREA) Satya Prakash (INDIA) Osvaldo Ulloa (CHILE)
2-48 2.3
Working Group Proposals
2.3.1
SCOR Working Group on Zooplankton Production Measurement Methodologies and Their Application Burkill Proposal for a SCOR Working Group Zooplankton Production Measurement Methodologies and Their Application
Abstract Climate change will affect material and energy flux pathways in marine ecosystems. Zooplankton communities and their rates of production represent key aspects of the structure and function of marine ecosystems. Unfortunately, our understanding of the processes driving variation in zooplankton production is limited and this is due in part to difficulties identifying which methods are the most practical and relevant for measuring the production rates of natural zooplankton populations and/or communities across a wide range of phyla and trophic levels. A quantitative evaluation of existing, new and emerging methodologies is urgently required. The proposed Working Group will focus its attention on assessing the applicability of existing methods (i.e. traditional methodologies) as well as the development of novel methodologies (i.e. biochemical-based approaches) for measuring zooplankton production rates. Work will be conducted over a period of four years, culminating in a final report that will: 1. Summarize the assumptions, recent advances and limitations of the traditional methodologies and novel biochemical-based approaches used to estimate production of zooplankton populations or communities 2. Present experimental protocols for biochemical-based approaches to estimate zooplankton production, and post these to a web site as well as publish them in a peerreviewed journal 3. Validate and calibrate zooplankton production rate estimates measured by biochemical-based approaches and traditional methodologies through a cooperative and collaborative research program 4. Propose zooplankton production research activities to be encouraged in ocean science plans of PICES (North Pacific Marine Science Organization) and ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) membership nations Rationale Secondary production represents the rate of elaboration of biomass (via growth and reproduction) for direct and indirect consumers of primary production in marine food-webs. Zooplankton in particular occupy a central position in marine food webs, but we lack accurate estimates of their production. Reliable estimates are needed to fully understand the functional response of marine ecosystems to global climate change. Traditionally, zooplankton production has been measured as one of the quantitative evaluations of ecosystem function, integrating the production estimate for each zooplankton population or group. Despite the use of several methods for estimating zooplankton production over the last century, the routine and
2-49 universal application of each of these methods is limited because they can only be used under specified conditions and are not necessarily comparable. Also, the estimates include some uncertainty because zooplankton communities span a wide range of phyla and trophic levels. It is particularly timely to focus on zooplankton production methodologies because assumptions underlying the most commonly applied traditional methods have been reevaluated and new approaches have been proposed since the publication of the ICES Zooplankton Methodology Manual in 2000. At this stage, a comprehensive comparison of these methods (in the context of recent advances) may allow us to: 1) evaluate advantages and limitations of these methodologies for their application to zooplankton populations or communities; 2) compare the production rates estimated by each method; and 3) to propose one or more as a “routine” method for natural zooplankton populations and communities. A Working Group formed in SCOR and endorsed by the PICES and ICES would be the best way of focusing a global scientific effort on the topic of zooplankton production. Since this topic is fundamental to oceanographic science, it is appropriate that the activity is carried out by an international scientific organization such as SCOR. Moreover, an endorsement by both PICES and ICES would enhance the exchange of information and discussion between members of these organizations as well as between advanced and developing countries. We want to assemble scientific expertise from PICES and ICES nations and several developing nations in order to fully represent the world-wide zooplankton community. Scientific Background Zooplankton communities play a dominant role in the flow of matter and energy passing from primary producers to animals at higher trophic levels in marine ecosystems (e.g. Lalli and Parsons 1993). Over the past two decades, the need for quantitative evaluation of marine ecosystem function has been emphasized as a necessary component of improving our understanding of how marine ecosystems respond to global climate change (e.g. Walther et al. 2002; Edwards and Richardson 2004; Boyce et al. 2010). While SCOR has sponsored four working groups that focused on standardization for zooplankton sampling (WG3 and WG13) and preservation (WG23) of biomass estimation and global comparisons of zooplankton timeseries (WG125), there is still little knowledge on the underlying rate processes. Over the past half century, phytoplankton production rates have been estimated using radio-isotopes (as originally proposed by Steeman-Neilsen 1952) and more recently using stable isotope-based approaches (Hama et al. 1983). In the early 1980’s similar approaches were also developed for the measurement of bacterial production rates (Fuhrman and Azam 1982). A major consequence of the long-term use of routinely applicable in situ methods for primary productivity is that we can now generate spatio-temporally resolved maps of primary production rates coupled with satellite imagery. On the other hand, zooplankton production has been traditionally estimated with methods (i.e. traditional methods) that either: 1) follow the development of zooplankton populations or communities over the course of several weeks or months; or 2) employ fixed-period incubations (e.g. Burkill and Kendall 1982, Kimmerer and McKinnon 1987; Berggreen et al. 1988; Peterson et al. 1991). Incubation-based techniques with
2-50 simultaneous sampling of natural communities are the most widely used methods in the field. In 2000, Runge and Roff (2000) reviewed the field application of the traditional methods as well as the development of biochemical and radiochemical methods in a chapter in the ICES Zooplankton Methodology Manual (Harris et al. 2000). However, shortly after this publication, some studies (Hirst and McKinnon 2001; Hirst et al. 2005; Kimmerer et al. 2007) documented limitations of the incubation-based methods which necessitated revisions to application and interpretation of these approaches and their derived productivity estimates. Meanwhile, new approaches for measuring zooplankton production using biochemical materials and enzyme activity (i.e. biochemical-based approaches), which were not covered by Runge and Roff (2000), were also developed and explored (Wagner et al. 2001; Sastri and Roff 2000; Oosterhuis et al. 2000; Yebra and Hernández-León, 2004). In October 2012, a PICES workshop was convened in Japan to discuss the issues surrounding the most commonly used methodologies for the assessment of zooplankton production. The motivation for this workshop was the recognition that there is still little knowledge of or confidence in the existing zooplankton production methodologies (relative to those used for estimating primary and bacterial productivity). Two major conclusions emerged from the activities at the workshop: 1) we need studies that compare traditional with biochemical-based approaches; and 2) there is no method that can be routinely applied to natural zooplankton populations and communities across a wide range of phyla and trophic levels. In order to resolve these significant issues, an international Working Group on zooplankton production methodologies was proposed during the workshop. Statement of Work The proposed Working Group would: 1. Summarize the assumptions, recent advances and limitations of the traditional and biochemical approaches used to estimate production of zooplankton populations or communities across a wide range of phyla and trophic levels 2. Present experimental protocols for biochemical-based approaches to estimate zooplankton production on a website and in a peer-reviewed journal 3. Validate and calibrate zooplankton production estimates by biochemical-based approaches and traditional methodologies through a cooperative research program 4. Propose and encourage zooplankton production research activities in science plans of PICES and ICES membership nations Term 2014 to 2017 (4 years) Meetings To discuss the roadmap of this Working Group and to make a plan for a cooperative research program, the first meeting will be convened during March 2014 just before or after the meeting of the ICES Working Group on Zooplankton Ecology (WGZE). A second meeting will be held in association with the cooperative research program (see Statement of Work), during summer of 2015 or 2016 in Kagoshima, Japan. To discuss the Working Group’s report and
2-51 prospective activities, a final meeting will be held just after the 2017 ASLO Summer Meeting. Sessions held at international conferences The Working Group proposes a session during the 2015 Zooplankton Production Symposium to share and discuss the assumptions, recent advances and limitations in zooplankton production methodologies and their applications to natural zooplankton populations and communities. Through this symposium, the working group will summarize the information. A session will be proposed for the 2017 ASLO Summer Meeting, to report the review on zooplankton production methodologies (both traditional and biochemical-based approaches) and measurements for natural populations and communities and the results from the abovementioned cooperative research program by the working group. Capacity Building The Working Group will contribute to promote a cooperative research program measuring zooplankton production among ICES and PICES nations including developing countries. Also, the working group members will encourage a summer school on the methodologies for young scientists. Working Group Membership Working Group membership is proposed to consist of 14 specialists in zooplankton production ecology who have experience with the use of traditional methodologies and/or biochemical-based approaches. We also recognize that the Working Group members should be represented from both ICES and PICES countries in order to properly cover the global scale of this subject area. Full members would steer this working group and associate members would help with the tasks of full members. Members Full Members 1. Toru Kobari (Japan, T/B: Co-Chair) 2. Lidia Yebra* (Spain, B: Co-Chair) 3. Akash Sastri (Canada, B) 4. William T. Peterson (USA, T) 5. Andrew Hirst (UK, T) 6. Wim J. Kimmerer (USA, T) 7. David McKinnon (Australia, T/B) 8. Sigrún Jónasdóttir* (Denmark, T/B) 9. Felipe Gusmao (Brazil, T/B) 10. Jenny Ann Huggett* (South Africa, T/B) Associate Members 1. Ruben Escribano (Chile, T) 2. Hyung-Ku Kang (Korea, T) 3. Tomonari Kotani (Japan, T)
4. Marina Sabatini* (Argentina, T) *: female scientists T: contribution to traditional methodologies B: contribution to biochemical-based approaches
2-52 References Berggreen U., Hansen, B., Kiørboe T. (1988). Food size spectra, ingestion and growth of the copepod during development: implications for determination of copepod production Acartia tonsa. Mar. Biol., 99:341-352. Boyce D.G., Lewis M.R., Worm B. (2010). Global phytoplankton decline over the past century. Nature, 466:591-596. Burkill, P. H., and T. F. Kendall. 1982. Production of the copepod Eurytemora affinis in the Bristol Channel. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 7: 21-31. Edwards M., Richardson A.J. (2004). Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch. Nature, 430: 881-884. Fuhrman J.A., Azam F. (1980). Bacterioplankton secondary production estimates for coastal waters of British Columbia, Antarctica and California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 39: 1085-1095. Hama T., Miyazaki T., Ogawa Y., Iwakuma T., Takahashi M., Otsuki A., Ichimura S. (1983). Measurement of photosynthetic production of a marine phytoplankton population using a stable 13C isotope. Mar. Biol., 73: 31-36. Harris R.P., Wiebe P.H., Lenz J., Skjoldal H.R., Huntley M. (2000). Zooplankton Methodology Manual. Academic Press, London, 684pp. Hirst A.G., McKinnon A.D. (2001). Does egg production represent adult female copepod growth? A call to account for body weight changes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 223: 179-199. Hirst A.G., Peterson W.T., Rothery P. (2005). Errors in juvenile copepod growth rate estimates are widespread: problems with the Moult Rate method. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 296: 263279. Kimmerer W.J., McKinnon A.D. (1987). Growth, mortality, and secondary production of the copepod Acartia tranteri in Westernport Bay, Australia. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32: 14-28. Kimmerer W.J., Hirst A.G., Hopcroft R.R., McKinnon A.D. (2007). Estimating juvenile copepod growth rates: corrections, inter-comparisons and recommendations. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 336: 187-202. Lalli A.M., Parsons T.R. (1993). Biological Oceanography: An Introduction. Pergamon, Oxford, 301pp. Oosterhuis S.S., Baars M.A., Klein-Breteler W.C.M. (2000). Release of the enzyme chitobiase by the copepod Temora longicornis: characteristics and potential tool for estimating crustacean biomass production in the sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 196: 195– 206. Peterson W.T., Tiselius P., Kiørboe T. (1991). Copepod egg production, moulting and growth rates, and secondary production in the Skagerrak in August 1988. J. Plankton Res., 13: 131-154. Runge J.A., Roff J.C. (2000). The measurement of growth and reproductive rates. In Zooplankton Methodology Manual, pp. 401-454. Harris R.P., Wiebe P.H., Lenz J., Skjoldal H.R., Huntley M. (eds), Academic Press, London, 684pp. Sastri A.R., Roff J.C. (2000). Rate of chitobiase degradation as a measure of development rate in planktonic Crustacea. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 57: 1965–1968. Steeman-Neilsen E. (1952). The use of radioactive carbon (14C) for measuring organic production in the sea. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 18: 117–140.
2-53 Wagner M.M., Campbell R.G., Boudreau C.A., Durbin E. (2001). Nucleic acids and growth of Calanus finmarchicus in the laboratory under different food and temperature conditions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 221: 185-197. Walther G.R., Post E., Convey P., Menzel A., Parmesan C., Beebee T.J.C., Fromentin J.M., Hoegh-Guldberg O., Bairlein F. (2002). Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature, 416: 389-395. Yebra L., Hernández-León S. (2004). Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases activity as a growth index in zooplankton. J. Plankton Res., 26: 351-356.
2-54 2.3.2 SCOR Working Group on Response of marine biota to complex global environmental change: co-ordination and harmonization of experimental Approaches
Brussaard
Proposal for a SCOR Working Group: Response of marine biota to complex global environmental change: co-ordination and harmonization of experimental approaches Abstract All climate models project concurrent changes to multiple oceanic properties, due to the effects of anthropogenic climate change, in the coming decades. There is also a growing body of evidence from ocean observatories to support model predictions of simultaneous modification of temperature, CO2/pH, O2, nutrients and irradiance. Hence, a major and urgent challenge for the ocean science community is to establish how widespread alteration of oceanic conditions will manifest itself as cumulative environmental stress on ocean biota and ecosystems. This challenge is multi-faceted as it will test our abilities ranging from conceptualization/modeling of how a changing ocean will alter the physiology and ecology of the biota, to how to design and conduct manipulation experiments to mimic such ongoing and complex shifts in the oceanic environment. This challenge is further compounded by forcing individual scientists to consider a major dilemma – the need as an ocean science community to collectively make sense of the next decade of global environmental research requires co- ordination and harmonization (as opposed to standardization) of experimental approaches, yet such co-ordination may be seen as violating a fundamental right for researchers to conduct independently planned research based on the need to address very specific questions. Experiments investigating how biota will respond to environmental manipulation have, until recently, mainly focused on the perturbation of a sole oceanic property such as iron or pH. Such relatively ‘simple’ studies have revealed a wide range of responses to perturbations. Subsequent analysis of these experiments has uncovered a wide range of protocols such that the reason(s) for the experimental outcome could be the environmental manipulation but also the adopted protocol and/or incubation apparatus. Increasingly, investigators are conducting experiments in which multiple properties are altered – to mimic model projections of complex environmental change. For example, in 2012, 1/3 of the 225 papers which reported a biological response to Ocean Acidification (OA) also manipulated at least one other property. The challenges associated with conducting more complex manipulation experiments are technological but also relate to experimental design (replication vs. regression approach, pseudo-replication, number of treatments etc.). We have learnt much from the last decade of OA studies. Perhaps most importantly, that there is a real danger that unless a group of experts provides leadership in raising awareness about this “Co-ordination dilemma”, followed by clear guidance on the issues surrounding implementation of best practices and experimental approaches, the international research community will generate a divergent and disparate range of datasets in the coming decade. Such datasets are time-consuming and expensive to produce, yet they will potentially make data synthesis and interpretation extremely difficult, possibly leaving our understanding no further along.
2-55 This SCOR Working Group will tackle this pressing issue of co-ordination and harmonization of experimental approaches head on by: a) Publicizing - the issues surrounding a lack of co-ordination/harmonization of experimental approaches to the effects of complex environmental change on biota. b) Gauging the wide range of opinions across our research community to the “Co- ordination dilemma’ using questionnaires and complex-decision making software to assess the weighting that scientists give to these issues. This is essential prior to the WG planning workshops to continue this debate. c) Conversing with the climate change modeling community to assemble the best estimates of a complex matrix of environmental change, to help explore the co- ordination of experimental approaches – how will each individual property change and at what rate. d) Communicating with experimental evolutionary biologists to gauge how acclimation times, to altered oceanic conditions, will impact the outcome of the manipulation experiment, to assist the debate around co-ordination and harmonization of experimental approaches. e) Discussing with engineers, chemical engineers, chemists (carbonate, trace metal), biostatisticians, the issues surrounding the design of robust incubation systems that can be massproduced but also customized for specialized experiments – for example in polar waters, and which provide replication of treatments. f) Using outcomes a) to d) to build on the seminal advance, of publishing a Best Practices Guide (BPG) to OA Research (Riebesell et al., 2010), to produce a new format of BPG’s that take into account: changes to multiple oceanic properties; acclimation of different organisms to a range of altered conditions; and critically a recommended suite of incubation systems to be paired with the BPG approach. Rationale / Background The recent SCOR-sponsored “Ocean in a high CO2 world” provided two compelling datasets. Firstly, Sarah Cooley (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA) reproduced a talk at this meeting as an article (Cooley, 2012) revealing that increasingly investigators are designing and running multi-property perturbation experiments, for example pH and temperature manipulations. The second dataset was a collation, shown at the meeting, which revealed that despite the publication of the OA BPG (already cited ~100 times) some researchers continue to use a disparate range of CO2 concentrations in perturbation experiments (Figure 1). There are certainly valid reasons for choosing different [CO2] for different experiments; for instance, those examining 100-year projections will differ from others examining shorter or longer timescales, and incubations with organisms from CO2-enriched upwelling zones necessarily employ different conditions from those testing biota from the central gyres. It is, however, important to ensure that experiments simulating these different scenarios are internally consistent and comparable.
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Figure 1 Summary of CO2 concentrations used by researchers in recent OA manipulation studies. Together, these two pieces of evidence provide a glimpse of both ongoing research trends, but also of where the rapidly evolving research field of global change biology is headed in the coming decade. It requires little imagination to picture that 10 years hence datasets could be ‘awash’ with a large number of permutations of different experimental conditions of pH, nutrients, irradiance etc. such that conducting robust analysis, meta-analysis and forming synthetic reviews of how a changing ocean will influence the biota becomes very difficult. Gauging how the biota will respond to such altered conditions will be further confounded by labs using different acclimation times (from none to months) and a wide range of often inhouse built incubation systems. There is much to learn from the seminal progress made by the “OA and biological responses” community, who foresaw this issue and published a BPG in 2010. Since then this field-leading community has advocated the deployment of multiple large-scale marine CO2 experiments called Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE). Significantly, the FOCE approach enables both a mass-produced incubation system to be adopted but also one that can be customized for a particularly exacting set of environmental conditions. Thus, it provides a powerful illustrative example of a combination of a standardized basic format incubator whose accessory components can be modified as required. We believe that publicizing such an approach is a powerful way of convincing a research community with a diverse set of views and opinions to co-ordinate and harmonize (as opposed to standardize) their research efforts such that we have a coherent intercomparable body of datasets being produced regularly over the coming decade, without the risk of alienating large parts of the research community by imposing the strictures imposed by co-ordination. Such coordination will enable our community to address fundamental questions about the alteration of marine ecosystem structure and function, and any associated biogeochemical or climatic feedbacks. Three issues must be addressed by this WG in order to explore how to produce a BPG to better address complex environmental change in the ocean. Assembling ‘best’ estimates of a complex matrix of environmental change Ocean ecosystems are increasingly stressed by anthropogenic alteration of their physical, chemical and biological environment. The design of experimental incubation systems and
2-57 recommendations on treatments requires the assembly of regional best estimates of how multiple oceanic conditions will be altered, and at what rates, in the coming decades. Recently, the accuracy of model projections has improved considerably, in conjunction with the preparation of IPCC AR5 report. For example, Bopp et al. (2013) used the most recent simulations performed in the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 to assess how several drivers will evolve during the 21st century. The ten Earth System Models predict similar trends in ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation and reduced primary productivity for each of the IPCC’s representative concentration pathways. Furthermore, although these stressors operate globally, they display distinct regional patterns which will be considered by this WG. Studies such as these will help to address an important consideration – how to design manipulation experiments that employ variables, such as iron supply, for which future projections are highly uncertain (Boyd et al., 2010). Incorporation of acclimation, to altered oceanic conditions, into experimental design. In the last 2-3 years, a growing number of studies have investigated how environmental conditioning time affects organismal responses to multiple environmental drivers. Researchers are also increasingly focussing on the relative roles of environmental acclimation, plasticity and adaptation by biota over different timescales. An important task of the WG will be to initiate discussions with the experimental evolutionary biology community to gauge how conditioning times to an altered oceanic environment affect outcomes and interpretation of experiments. The field of marine experimental evolution is still in its infancy (Collins 2011, Schaum et al., 2012, Lohbeck et al. 2013, Reusch & Boyd, 2013, Tatters et al., 2013), but there is much current interest and nascent research activity in this discipline. One challenge for the WG will be to ensure recommendations for experimental conditioning times are responsive to newly emerging information in this rapidly moving field. For example, one critical question is, how many generations should an organism be conditioned to ensure its response represents mostly physiological acclimation and not genetic adaptation, and vice versa? As with other issues discussed above, the answers will be organism- and habitat-specific. For instance, adequate conditioning times will obviously vary widely between rapidly reproducing microbes and large, slowly reproducing metazoans. The WG will undertake to help the community define realistic conditioning time parameters for a range of important marine functional groups, with the ultimate aim of facilitating intercomparability and quantitatively modelling of acclimatization and adaptive responses to global environmental change. The power of widespread collaboration to design and produce incubation systems. The FOCE system provides an illustrative example of new technology under development to meet the current needs of OA researchers. FOCE is based on successful large-scale terrestrial experiments (FACE) that released CO2 into the local atmosphere at controlled rates to expose st
terrestrial vegetation to elevated CO2 levels to simulate conditions expected in the late 21 century. Studies are presently underway around the globe using regional modification of the original FOCE concept. FOCE experiments offer ‘closed loop control’ around variables such as current velocity, mixing dynamics and pH. Collaborations between scientists and engineers have demonstrated that
2-58 systems can be built, integrated, and deployed in situ to successfully obtain inter- comparable datasets (Brewer et al., 2013). Two FOCE systems have tested the extremes of environmental conditions: Deep FOCE (Figure 2a), which operated for 18 months at 900 m depth at 4 °C and the Coral Prototype FOCE (Figure 2b), deployed on the Great Barrier Reef in currents > 1 m/s, temperatures of 18-29 °C, and a tidal range of ~ 3 m.
Figure 2 a) 1: dpFOCE deployed at 900 m; b) cpFOCE at Heron Island. Although dpFOCE and cpFOCE look entirely different their underlying systems and algorithms are very similar. FOCE experiments are particularly useful for examining longer term responses of sessile benthic organisms to altered pCO2. Other types of incubation systems have recently been designed successfully by teams comprising chemical engineers, carbonate chemists, biologists and biostatisticians to examine the responses of planktonic communities to climate change (Figure 3). Other commonly used incubation systems include: small-volume “batch” incubation systems, continuous culture systems, and very large (>> 1000 L) volume mesocosms. All of these systems are useful for particular applications and questions, but the selection of a combination of a range of standardised formats needs careful attention. Production of a new format of Best Practice Guides. Together, the above approaches would inform the production of a BPG that critically will be linked and readily combined with a recommended incubation system(s) whose technology can be customized to meet the needs of a particular site (Figures 2 & 3).
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Figure 3 An example of a next-generation environmental manipulation incubator, designed an interdisciplinary team approach (McGraw et al., 2010).
Statement of Work/Terms of Reference 1. Document the range of environmental conditions currently used for experiments on the
2. 3.
4. 5.
effects of future global change (pH, CO2, temperature, salinity, light) on marine organisms. Identify problems arising from incomparable experimental conditions in terms of statistical analysis and the ability to extrapolate research results and use in modeling. Seek the views of the ocean research community regarding the necessity for, and details of, a commonly agreed set of best practices for research on the biological effects of global changes. The community will be canvassed through customized questionnaires (see Gattuso et al., 2013) and by developing interactive ‘scripts’ using complex decision-making tools to provide web-based tools on this topic (c.f. http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/expert-advice/information- papers/yr2011/geo-engineeringan-interactive-workshop/). Interact with the global modeling community to determine the experimental datasets most needed by climate modelers and engage with ongoing efforts like Stanford University’s Center for Ocean Solutions (www.centerforoceansolutions.org/). Communicate the findings of the activity to the scientific community through special sessions at scientific meetings and publication. a) Organize at least two sessions at AGU and EGU meetings on the issue of co-ordination and harmonization of experimental approaches to investigate the impact of climate change. Additionally, incorporate this theme as a session for future “Ocean in a High- CO2 World” meetings; b) Publicize the growing complexity of global environmental change, and the need for a co-ordinated plan to guide manipulation experiments in the coming decade by communication in a popular science journal; c) Run a workshop with key experts/authors to discuss and plan the format of a BPG needed to cover a broad range of topics such as projected environmental changes, to scientific and technical issues, benthic and pelagic communities, acclimation and adaptation, biostatistics, data management. Incorporate this workshop to either precede or follow a future “Ocean in a High-CO2 World” meeting. Note, partial financial support for such a workshop has already been secured from the OA International Coordination Centre.
2-60 Additional modes of communication will include the preparation of: a simple and short coordination plan - to be circulated to the environmental science and wider community - as a glossy poster/report card for manipulation experiments in the coming decade; a detailed web-based co-ordination plan - combining BPG’s and recommended incubation systems. 6. Ensure capacity building through: support for efforts like xFOCE which maintain open source access to the required knowledge base and techniques (www.xFOCE.org); stimulation of a new generation of researchers who are aware of the role, and drawbacks, of the coordination and harmonization of approaches as a metric of quality assurance; use of the BPG as a capacity building tool. WG Meetings WG meetings will be run in conjunction with a funded Gordon Research Conference (on Ocean Global Change Biology) in mid 2014 and 2016 meetings, and/or other venues such as American Geophysical Union Ocean Sciences, and/or European Geophysical Union to keep costs down for travel etc. Working Group Membership Boyd will chair the WG in year 1 if the proposal is successful, Hutchins and Gattuso will be co-chairs, and the position of chair will be circulated each year. Philip Boyd (Australia), marine experimental manipulations. David Hutchins (USA), global environmental change and marine biota. Jean-Pierre Gattuso (France), ocean acidification. Bill Kirkwood (USA), engineering solutions for researchers. Christina McGraw (Australia), Chemical engineering solutions for biologists. Peter O. Zavialov (Russia) ocean physics and climate change. Sinead Collins (UK) Experimental evolutionary biology. Marcello Vichi (Italy) Climate modelling. Jorge Navarro (Chile) Environmental drivers on higher trophic levels. Kunshan Gao (China) Marine photosynthesis and climate change. Associate members Peter Brewer (USA) Carbonate chemistry, OA, FOCE. Graham Bell (Canada) Evolutionary rescue and climate change. Gorann Nilsson (Norway) Fish and climate change. Malcolm Marker (Australia) Engineering solutions for researchers. Haruko Kurihara (Japan) Environmental impact assessment and marine ecosystems. Laurent Bopp (France) Climate modelling. Peter Dilligham (Australia) Bio-statistics. John Havenhand (Sweden) Biostatistics and OA studies. Catriona Hurd (Australia) hydrodynamics and experimental design. Ulf Riebesell (Germany) Global environmental change and marine biota.
2-61 References cited Bopp L., Resplandy L., Orr J. C., Doney S. C., Dunne J. P., Gehlen M., Halloran P., Heinze C., Ilyina T., Séférian R., Tjiputra J. & Vichi M., 2013. Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models. Biogeosciences Discussions 10:3627-3676. Boyd, P. W., R. Strzepek, F.-X. Fu, and D.A. Hutchins (2010) Environmental control of openocean phytoplankton groups: now and in the future. Limnology and Oceanography, 55(3):1353-1376. Brewer P. G., Kirkwood W. J. & Gattuso J.-P., 2013. xFOCE systems: present status and future developments. Eos 94:152. Collins, S. 2011. Many possible worlds: Expanding the ecological scenarios in experimental evolution. Evol. Biol. 38: 3-14. Cooley S. (2012) #OHCO2What? New Directions at the Ocean in a High-CO2 World Meeting. Ocean Carbon Biogeochemistry, Fall 2012, 13-14. Gattuso J.-P., Mach K. J. & Morgan G. M., 2013. Ocean acidification and its impacts: an expert survey. Climatic Change 117:725–738. Lohbeck, K.T., U. Riebesell, T.B.H. Reusch, 2012, Adaptive evolution of a key phytoplankton species to ocean acidification. Nature Geosci. 5, 917-917 doi:10.1038/ngeo1637. McGraw C. M., Cornwall C. E., Reid M. R., Currie K. I., Hepburn C. D., Boyd P.W., Hurd C. L., & Hunter K. A. (2010). An automated pH-controlled culture system for laboratorybased ocean acidification experiments. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 8: 686694. Reusch T.B.H. and P.W. Boyd (2013) Experimental Evolution meets marine phytoplankton. Evolution, DOI: 10.1111/evo.12035. Riebesell, U., V.J. Fabry, L. Hansson, and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.) (2010). Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting, 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union Schaum, E., Rost, B., Millar, A.J. and Collins, S. 2013. Variation in plastic responses of a globally distributed picoplankton species to ocean acidification. Nature Climate Change 3:298-302. Tatters, A.O., Schnetzer, A., Fu, F.-X., Lie, A.Y.A., Caron, D.A. and Hutchins, D.A. 2013. Short- versus long-term responses to changing CO2 in a coastal dinoflagellate bloom: Implications for interspecific competitive interactions and community structure. Evolution: doi:10.1111/evo.12029
2-62 2.3.3 SCOR Working Group on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4 Volkman
Proposal for Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Working Group Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4 Overview This proposal aims to improve and consolidate measurements of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) dissolved in seawater. This work will be achieved over a 4 year time period by conducting the following activity: Firstly, an intercalibration exercise will be conducted amongst WG members targeting discrete N2O and CH4 measurements. Recommendations and protocols for calibration, quantification, and data reporting will be published following this exercise. This part of the project will also provide a review of existing and near-future methods for quantifying N2O and CH4 in seawater including spectroscopy measurements. The second part of the project will be to conduct an overall assessment on the status of dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements in the global oceans. Key regions and recommendations on the necessary temporal and spatial scale for sampling will be identified. Conducting this N2O and CH4 work within the SCOR framework will bring available information and international expertise together and develop community-based and accepted procedures. In this regard, the successful track record of SCOR in conducting international intercalibration exercises (e.g. WG2 ‘Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean’, and WG16 ‘General Problems of Intercalibration and Standardization’) will be very beneficial. Scientific Background Why measure N2O and CH4 in the marine environment? In the Earth’s atmosphere, N2O and CH4 account for 24% of the total radiative forcing associated with greenhouse gases. Whilst CO2 is the most abundant greenhouse gas, N2O and CH4 are more virulent, respectively exerting ~300 and 25 times more radiative forcing than CO2 over a period of 100 years (IPCC, 2007). The atmospheric burden of N2O and CH4 is increasing at an annual rate of 0.4% and 0.25%, respectively, and there is an ever increasing need to better constrain and understand the sources and sinks of both gases at the Earth’s surface (Keeling 2008). The global oceans represent a source of both N2O and CH4 to the overlying atmosphere. The IPCC (2007) estimates oceanic CH4 emissions range from 4-15 Tg CH4 yr-1 and the rate of oceanic N2O emissions to range from 1.8-5.8 Tg N yr-1, although it should be noted that this is considered to be an underestimation by at least a factor of 2 (Bange 2006; Naqvi et al. 2000). The biogeochemical cycling of both gases in the environment is sensitive to temperature and redox conditions, and thus potential feedbacks to anthropogenic perturbations such as global warming, eutrophication, and spreading anoxia represent challenges for future marine scientific research.
2-63 Conducting measurements of N2O and CH4 in seawater N2O and CH4 are routinely measured in diverse parts of the world’s oceans either as discrete or continual measurements. Discrete measurements rely on the collection, preservation, and subsequent analysis of seawater samples using widely available gas chromatography (GC) techniques (e.g. Elkins 1980). Continual measurements of surface water saturations rely on a seawater equilibrator unit connected to an underway systems (e.g. Weiss 1981). More recently, within the last 5 years, there has been increasing use of Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy and OffAxis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy analyzers (CRDS and OA-ICOS) for the analysis of trace gases. The use of optical absorption technology to measure trace gases including N2O and CH4 has advanced rapidly and offer precise measurements with unprecedented time resolution (Gülzow et al. 2011, 2013). To date, CRDS and OA-ICOS have been used in continual sampling mode, however it will not be long before they are also used to analyze discrete samples. It should be clarified that the focus of the intercalibration exercise is discrete measurements of N2O and CH4 dissolved in seawater. Discussion and comparison of other analytical systems e.g. equilibrator units, spectroscopy technology, will follow on from the intercalibration of discrete measurements. We envisage that the WG meetings will be used to discuss use of the CRDS and OA-ICOS analyzers for both continual measurements and discrete analysis. Sales and engineer representatives from the manufacturing companies (LGR and/or Picarro) can attend a WG meeting and demonstrate the application of their analyzers (see Terms of Reference #1) Why conduct an intercalibration exercise for N2O and CH4 measurements? A number of laboratories throughout the world have developed analytical systems for measuring dissolved N2O and CH4 in seawater and undoubtedly new groups will make these measurements in the future. To maximize the scientific value of these studies, it is important that the measurements made by all groups are intercomparable and of the highest possible accuracy and precision. We adopt the definition of intercalibration as “The process, procedures, and activities used to ensure that the several laboratories engaged in a monitoring program can produce compatible data. When compatible data outputs are achieved and this situation is maintained, the laboratories can be said to be intercalibrated (Taylor, 1987).” Similar exercises have been conducted for other oceanographic analyses including DIC (Dickson 2010), dissolved organic carbon (Sharp et al. 2002), sulfur hexafluoride and chlorofluorocarbons (Bullister and Tanhua 2010), halocarbons (Jones et al. 2011), and trace elements (Cutter et al. 2010). Therefore we will work with members of the scientific community actively involved in inter-laboratory collaborative exercises e.g. John Bullister at NOAA PMEL and Andrew Dickson at SIO to learn from their experience. Improvements to the CO2 analytical system (Dickson et al. 2003) and implementing best practices (Dickson et al. 2007) represent several decades of coordinated effort, however the successes are apparent with the accurate reporting of CO2 increase in seawater (Dore et al. 2009; Keeling et al. 2004; Winn et al. 1998) and the concomitant decrease in seawater pH (Dore et al. 2009). It is imperative to set the N2O and CH4 on the correct path if we are to accurately determine the role of the oceans in climate change as detailed in the ‘Scientific Background’. Network of time series measurements of N2O and CH4.
2-64 Time series measurements of dissolved trace gases are a critical element of marine sciences. They are crucial to decipher the feedbacks between formation and emissions of climate relevant trace gas and short- and long-term environmental repercussions such as climate change, eutrophication, ocean deoxygenation and acidification. Currently, dissolved trace gases such as N2O and CH4 are regularly measured at only a few time series sites such as Stn. ALOHA (Hawaii), CaTS (off Goa, India), Line P (North Pacific), Boknis Eck (SW Baltic Sea) and off Chile. With a common measurement protocol, we will establish the basis for a world-wide network of compatible measurements of oceanic N2O and CH4. Beginning in Year 2 of the project, the SCOR working group will compile existing measurements of N2O and CH4 in the marine environment including both time series and repeat hydrographic surveys. It will provide a framework for linking and bringing together existing measurements (e.g. in a joint internet platform such as MEMENTO* which provides access to the data from all sites), and recommend locations for new N2O/CH4 time series measurements which may either be undersampled or be more susceptible to change due to natural or anthropogenic perturbations. *MEMENTO (the MarinE MethanE and NiTrous Oxide database) has been recently established as a subproject of SOPRAN which is the German contribution to SOLAS. Dr. Annette Kock, nominated as Associated Member of this WG will coordinate the activities MEMENTO. Moreover, MEMENTO will be powered and maintained by the Kiel Data Management Team, thus MEMENTO has a long-term commitment by GEOMAR including the establishment of a joint internet platform beyond the duration of SOPRAN and the SCOR WG. All data archived in MEMENTO will be linked to and archived at CDIAC, PANGAEA etc. as well. Working Group Composition The Full Members of the Working Group represents a balance between scientists actively engaged in measuring N2O and CH4 as part of time-series programs and having a global distribution of scientists with both senior and early career personnel. Associate members are represented by analytical experts in either trace gas chemistry and/or previously involved in intercalibration exercises. We have also attached an Appendix to this proposal which provides a brief outline of the members’ research interests as they relate to N2O and CH4 in the marine environment. (m) and (f) flag male or female members, respectively. Full members 1. Hermann Bange (m), Co-chair (GEOMAR; Kiel, Germany) Time series: Boknis Eck 2. Mercedes de la Paz Arándiga (f) (Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas-CSIC, Vigo, Spain) 3. Laura Farias (f) (COPAS Center; Concepción, Chile) Time series: ESP-OMZ 4. Cliff Law (m) (NIWA; Wellington, New Zealand) 5. Wajih Naqvi (m) (National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India) Time series: Candolim 6. Gregor Rehder (m) (IOW, Warnemünde, Germany) 7. Philippe Tortell (m) (UBC; Vancouver, Canada) Time series: Line P Program 8. Rob Upstill-Goddard (m) (University of Newcastle; Newcastle, UK) 9. Sam Wilson (m), Co-chair (C-MORE; Hawaii, USA) Time series: Stn ALOHA 10. Guiling Zhang (f) (Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China)
2-65 Associate members 1. John Bullister (m) (NOAA-PMEL, Washington, USA) 2. Jan Kaiser (m) (UEA, Norwich, UK) 3. Annette Kock (f) MEMENTO (GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany) 4. Andy Rees (m) (Plymouth Marine Lab; Plymouth, UK) Terms of Reference We outline four Terms of Reference for this WG. These activities are integrated into the international meetings, which are outlined in the Timetable below. The publications resulting from the activity of this WG are indicated in Terms of Reference #3 and #4. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Conduct an intercalibration exercise between the time series programs Establish the appropriate standards to be used by the scientific community Recommend the analytical reporting procedures to be used for N2O and CH4 Establish framework for an N2O/CH4 ocean time series network and write a global oceanic N2O/CH4 summary paper for publication in an open access journal.
1. Conduct an intercalibration exercise between the time series programs. The first intercalibration exercise will occur in Year 1 of the project in time to present the findings at the first WG meeting, prior to the Ocean Sciences conference in Honolulu, Hawaii. Its purpose is to fully evaluate the analytical procedures for quantifying N2O and CH4 dissolved in seawater. A second intercalibration exercise has also been included in the timetable scheduled to occur in Year 2 of the project to resolve long-term issues associated with the analysis e.g. preservation and storage of samples. Each intercalibration exercise will consider specific items:
Instrument set-up: Calibration procedures, sample blanks, the stripping efficiency, and instrument drift over a 1 year period. Transportation and preservation of samples .This will also help determine the possibility of reference material. Exchange seawater samples in order to determine any offset between the N2O and CH4 datasets.
Ultimately, the intercalibration exercise will help improve the analytical systems used by the different laboratories. It will also help recommend an ‘ideal’ analytical system for future laboratories establishing reduced gas analysis. The WG will also host a practical demonstration of an analytical system capable of delivering high-precision measurements of N2O and CH4. 2. Initiate common protocols, including primary N2O and CH4 standards, working standards, and measurement of N2O and CH4 in the overlying atmosphere. Laboratory gas standards. To assist the compatibility of the measurements, at least one of the standard gas mixtures used by the separate laboratories should be derived from NOAA ESRL GMD which is the central calibration laboratory for the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW). The concentration values of the laboratory reference standards will be close to that of modern air i.e. 0.325 ppm for N2O and 1.6 ppm for
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CH4. These gas standards have an accuracy of ± 1 ppb (IMBER/SOLAS Implementation Plan 2006). The approximate total cost for standard gas mixtures of N2O and CH4 (150 cubic ft. cylinder) is $2,600. The cost of the cylinders will be handled by each laboratory and if financial support is required, funding will be requested from the respective national agencies. Liquid Reference Materials. In addition to gas standards, we will investigate the feasibility of incorporating control measurements into the analytical procedures. Other analyses refer to these as Certified Reference Materials which are used to relate the concentration of dissolved N2O or CH4 to a reference database for calibration. We will assess the suitability of having non-certified liquid reference materials for N2O or CH4 during Year 2 of the project. For example, a seawater sample equilibrated with a known atmospheric concentration at a fixed temperature.
Ensure all Working Group members have access to primary standards by May 2014 and establish the feasibility of a working standard reference material by May 2015 (see timeline below). 3. Establish N2O and CH4 reporting procedures The information to be included in the reporting procedures will be agreed upon by the WG. This documentation should be provided with the N2O and CH4 datasets stored at publicly available national and international data centers. Publication of the intercalibration exercise (Terms of Reference #1) will provide an opportunity to highlight these reporting procedures to the wider oceanographic scientific community. This publication will be drafted before the second planned WG meeting which will be held in Kiel, Germany, in September 2015 at the SOLAS Open Science Conference. We will collaborate with relevant major international programmes such SOLAS, IMBER, and CLIVAR to make sure that the WG recommendations for reporting procedures are recognized for future N2O/CH4 measurements. The outcome and conclusions of the intercalibration exercise will be published in a refereed scientific journal, alongside the reporting procedures outlined in Terms of Reference #1. 4. Establish a framework for an N2O/CH4 ocean time series network The SCOR WG will compile available N2O and CH4 data from the global ocean (both open and coastal), sourcing both peer reviewed publications, unpublished reports and data archives such as MEMENTO. In instances of data being stored with other repositories, we will provide a link to these separate archives. These data will be reviewed and checked for data consistency. Maps of the global N2O/CH4 distribution in the ocean will be produced (if possible with a monthly resolution). Based on these data, locations for new time series measurements (sites and lines for VOS, volunteer observing ships) will identified. Additionally, recommendations will be published on how to link the existing time series data and how to make them available to the public in order to facilitate the use of data by modellers, stakeholders, and policy makers. The recommendations for a global network of N2O/CH4 oceanic measurements will be published in a refereed scientific journal. To aid this coordinating work, WG members will submit N2O and CH4 datasets using the agreed N2O and CH4 reporting procedures to a publicly available data center (MEMENTO; Bange et al., 2009) by December 2014.
2-67 Timeline Calendar Year Key dates 2013 May: Submission of proposal Nov: Decision by SCOR on support 2014
2015
Feb: WG meeting in Hawaii, (followed by ASLO 2013)
WG activity We would like the first intercalibration exercise to be completed prior to the Feb 2014 WG meeting.
In June-Dec 2014, a 2nd intercalibration exercise is Sept: WG meeting in Germany, planned to fulfill this part of the project (followed by SOLAS conf)
2016
Feb: Publish recommendations for analysis and reporting
Presentation of intercalibration results at SOLAS.
2017
February: 3 year review and Working Group meeting followed by Ocean Sciences
In Year 3-4, the WG assesses our ability to track changes in N2O and CH4 concentrations in the marine environment.
Publication of recommendation for N2O/CH4 Time Series Station Network
Capacity Building To help achieve the objectives of this proposal and build the capacity to improve and sustain accurate N2O and CH4 measurements we will encourage all the Working Group core members to involve an early career scientist in the intercalibration exercise. This working group proposal engages oceanographers across the world and we will insure full participation in the international meetings to be held in 2014 and 2015 by core members of the Working Group and make the resulting publications are freely available. The WG plans to get in contact with the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans, POGO, to see if the WG procedures could be added to POGO’s portfolio of training & education activities. This will facilitate the establishment and maintenance of additional high quality N2O/CH4 time series measurements world-wide. We do not believe the financial costs of participating in the intercalibration exercise to be prohibitive as all participating laboratories currently conduct the measurements. The main costs will be shipping, travel, and the certified gas standards.
2-68 References Bange, H.W. (2006) New Directions: The importance of the oceanic nitrous oxide emissions. Atmos Environ 40:198-199. Bange, H.W., Bell, T.G., Cornejo, M., Freing, A., Uher, G., Upstill-Goddard, R.C., and Zhang, G. (2009) MEMENTO: a proposal to develop a database of marine nitrous oxide and methane measurements. Environ Chem 6:195–197. Bullister, J.L. and Tanhua, T. (2010) Sampling and measurement of chlorofluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride in seawater. IOCCP Report No. 14 ICPO Publication Series No. 134, Version 1. Cutter, G., Andersson, P., Codispoti, L., Croot, P., Francois, R., Lohan, M., Obata, H. And van der Loedd, M.R. (2010) Sampling and sample-handling protocols for GEOTRACES cruises. Version 1.0 Dickson, A.G., Afghan, J.D. and Anderson, G.C. (2003) Reference materials for oceanic CO2 analysis: A method for the certification of total alkalinity. Mar Chem 80:185-197. Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L. and Christian, J.R. (eds.) (2007) Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements. PICES Special Publication 3. Dickson, A.G. (2010) Standards for ocean measurements. Oceanography 23:34-47. Dore, J.E., Lukas, R., Sadler, D.W., Church, M.J. and Karl, D.M. (2009) Physical and biogeochemical modulation of ocean acidification in the central North Pacific. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:12235-12240. Elkins, J.W. (1980) Determination of dissolved nitrous oxide in aquatic systems by gas chromatography using electron-capture detection and multiple phase equilibration. Anal. Chem 52:263-267. Gülzow, W., Rehder, G., Schneider, B., Schneider v. Deimling, J. and Sadkowiak B. (2011) A new method for continuous measurement of methane and carbon dioxide in surface waters using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS): An example from the Baltic Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 9:176-184. Gülzow, W., Rehder, G., Schneider von Deimling, J., Seifert, T., Tóth, Z. (2013) One year of continuous measurements constraining methane emissions from the Baltic Sea to the atmosphere using a ship of opportunity. Biogeosciences Discuss 9:9897-9944.2012. IMBER/SOLAS Report (2006) Joint SOLAS-IMBER Ocean Carbon Research. Implementation Plan IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller (eds) Cambridge, U.K. and New York, U.S.A., Cambridge University Press Jones, C.E, Andrews, S.J., Carpenter, L.J., Hogan, C., Hopkins, F.E., Laube, J.C. Robinson, A.D., Spain, T.G., Archer, S.D. et al. (2011) Results from the first national UK interlaboratory calibration for very short-lived halocarbons. Atmos Meas Tech 4:865-874. Keeling, C.D., Brix, H. and Gruber, N. (2004) Seasonal and long-term dynamics of the upper ocean carbon cycle at Station ALOHA near Hawaii. Global Biogeochem Cycles 18:10.1029/2004GB002227. Keeling, R.F. (2008) Recording Earth’s vital signs. Science 319:1771-1772.
2-69 Naqvi, S.W.A., Jayakumar, D.A., Narvekar, P.V., Naik, H., Sarma, V.V.S.S., D’Souza, W., Joseph, S. and George, M.D. (2000) Increased marine production of N2O due to intensifying anoxia on the Indian continental shelf. Nature 408:346-349. Sharp, J.H., Carlson, D.A., Peltzer, E.T., Castle-Ward, D.M., Savidge, K.B. and Rinker, K.R. (2002) Final dissolved organic carbon broad community intercalibration and preliminary use of DOC reference materials. Mar Chem 77:239-253. Taylor, J.K. (1987) Quality Assurance of Chemical Measurements. Lewis Publishers, Michigan, 328 pp. Weiss, R.F. (1981) Determinations of carbon dioxide and methane by dual catalyst flame ionization chromatography and nitrous oxide by electron capture chromatography. J Chromatogr 19:611-616. Winn, C.D., Li, Y.-H., Mackenzie, F.T. and Karl, D.M. (1998) Rising surface ocean dissolved inorganic carbon at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series site. Mar Chem 60:33-47.
Appendix A. Research interests of WG members This appendix contains an outline of the Working Group member’s research interests as they relate to N2O and CH4 oceanic measurements. Mercedes de la Paz Arándiga: My research deals with the dynamics of climatically active trace-gas cycling of N2O, CO2 and CH4 and air–sea exchange in coastal and oceanic waters. As part of my postdoc research at the Oceanography department in Vigo, I initiated a new research line leading the project OSIMON for the development of the chromatographic technique for the simultaneous analysis of N2O and CH4. As a member of the Department of Oceanography at the IIM-CSIC I participated in several projects (e.g. MOC, CATARINA and GIFT) determining N2O and CH4 in different areas of the North Atlantic Ocean. Currently, I am involved in the European project for Integrated non-CO2 Greenhouse Observing Systems (InGOS), which aims to harmonize, exchange and disseminate data on the EU greenhouse gas budget. As a result of the work carried out in these projects, we have generated the following N2O and CH4 databases, the availability of which is specifically detailed below: 1) MOC Project: analysis of N2O and CH4 full water samples in the Atlantic section 8ºN in May of 2010, which is a repetition of the WOCE–A06 section done in 1993. 2) GIFT series comprise of data from 3 stations throughout the east-west axis of the Gibraltar Strait where discrete samples were collected at 5 depths. This strategy is aimed at collecting samples within the different water bodies present in the Strait. N2O and CH4 were already collected in Sept 2011, Nov 2011 and Feb 2012, and the time series is expected to continue in progress. 3) CATARINA project: The OVIDE repeated hydrography section, which connects the Portuguese coast with Greenland, was occupied during July 2012 to assess the vertical distribution of N2O and CH4. The OVIDE was conceived as a decadal experiment that commenced back in 1997 and has been sampled every two years ever since, but until 2012 no trace gases measurements were done. The next cruise is scheduled for summer 2014, and trace gas measurements are integrated in the cruise plan. Hermann Bange: .My research interest includes N2O and CH4 measurements (both continuous surface and depth profiles) in order to estimate their oceanic emissions to decipher their oceanic distributions. Since 1991 I have been involved in several studies about N2O and CH4 in the major
2-70 basins of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans as well as in the Baltic and North Seas and the Mediterranean Sea. I am coordinating the activities the Boknis Eck Time Series Station (SW Baltic Sea). Monthly measurements of N2O and CH4 at the Boknis Eck site started in July 2005 and June 2006, respectively. John Bullister: My scientific research interests regarding N2O and CH4 include the large-scale distribution of these compounds in the global ocean and potential changes in the distributions and air-sea fluxes of these compounds in the future. Our group is currently developing techniques for routinely including measurements of dissolved N2O in the water column as part of the CLIVAR/GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography program. The goal of this program is to repeat (at ~ 10 year intervals) a set of key hydrographic sections in all of the major ocean basins. Hydrographic stations are occupied at ~ 60 nautical mile spacing along each of these sections, and collect full water column profiles of a variety of physical and chemical parameters. By including dissolved N2O measurements on these sections, we hope to be able to detect long-term changes in the global distribution of dissolved N2O in the ocean interior, and possible relationships to other ocean processes (expanding low-oxygen zones, changes in the nitrogen cycle) as well as changes in air-sea fluxes of this compound. Data from CLIVAR sections will be archived at: http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/. We also interested in dissolved methane in Arctic regions, and using radiocarbon as a tracer to help determine the impact of methane released from warming permafrost on observed methane super-saturations in this region. Laura Farias: Time series: ESP-OMZ Jan Kaiser: Over the past 2 years, we have used Los Gatos Integrated Cavity Output Spectrometers to measure N2O, CH4, CO and CO2 concentrations in seawater. The analysers have been deployed on four cruises (AMT20, October 2010, Southampton to Punta Arenas; D366, Summer 2011, Ocean acidification cruise around the UK [incl. North Sea, Skagerrak, North Atlantic, Irish Sea, Celtic Sea, English Channel]; ARK XXVII/1, June 2012 Bremerhaven to Spitsbergen [incl. Fram Strait]; AMT22, October 2012, Southampton to Punta Arenas) and run mostly successfully. Consequently, we have several large datasets, which are currently being analysed, calibrated and processed. Two PhD students and one research technician have been involved directly with the work at UEA. In the future, we are planning to participate in AMT23, October 2013, again from Southampton to Punta Arenas as part of the NERC-funded project RAGNARoCC. Additional funding for N2O/CH4 related work on voluntary observing ships has been allocated to Watson & Schuster via the European FP7 infrastructure project INGOS. In addition to greenhouse gas abundance measurements in the ocean, I am interested in particular in using their isotopic composition as an additional constraint on sources and sinks. We have built an extraction system for N2O isotopologue measurements, which, in principle, could also be used for dissolved N2O concentration measurements (albeit at reduced precision). Annette Kock: I have been involved in several N2O/CH4 measurements campaigns in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, off Peru, in the Arabian Sea and in the Labrador Sea as well as at the Boknis Eck Time Series site. Moreover, I am especially interested in the effect of surfactants on trace gas exchange. Since the beginning of 2013 I am coordinating the activities of MEMENTO (the MarinE MethanE and NiTrous Oxide database). Cliff Law: My interest is primarily in understanding the mechanisms of production and cycling of both gases via Lagrangian studies of surface phytoplankton blooms in NZ waters, laboratory culture experiments and isotope measurements. Current field measurements focus on methane production and emission from NZ methane hydrate seeps and in NZ coastal regions. The Biophysical Moorings Time Series programme has just ended and so we don’t currently operate
2-71 an open ocean CH4 & N2O time-series in NZ, but opportunities exist on the Munida line (South Island, New Zealand, includes neritic, sub-tropical & sub-Antarctic water, bimonthly sampling for CO2 & carbonate system), & also on a ship of opportunity transect between NZ and Japan (every 3-4 months). We have collected a large dataset (~3000 measurements) of surface water CH4 measurements from around the New Zealand Economic Exclusion Zone over the last decade; this should be published in the next year and so the dataset will be available. Wajih Naqvi: Time series: Candolim Time Series Station off Goa (Arabian Sea); Greenhouse gases in the ocean: Production, consumption and emission to the atmosphere of CO2, N2O, CH4 and halocarbons. Andy Rees: Historical data-sets collected during JGOFS & SOLAS cruises to the Bellingshausen Sea (1992) and Mauritanian Upwelling (2009) have been submitted to Memento and British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), these data are freely available. More recently my group have collected data (N2O & CH4) over 12 months at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory time station site L4 (2011 & 2013 onwards), during UK ocean acidification cruises; around UK (2011), Arctic (2012) and Antarctic (2013). This data is or will soon be deposited at the BODC and can be deposited with Memento in the near future. I have funding for N2O (only) analysis during the UK Shelf Seas Biogeochemistry Programme (3 cruises in the Celtic Sea during 2014) and in collaboration with Jan Kaiser funding for N2O and CH4 analysis during the UK Greenhouse Gases Programme (3 cruises in the North Atlantic 2013 – 2015). To date all PML data has been collected by GC (ECD and FID), though we have funding to purchase 2 cavity ringdown analysers under the Greenhouse Gas funding which hopefully will be deployed from 2014 onwards. Gregor Rehder: I have been mostly focusing on methane measurements covering a vast variety of areas in the past. However, in the framework of this proposal, the most important part is the effort in the Baltic Sea since I started to establish the volatile group at the Baltic Sea Research Institute. Since late 2009, we emended a continual measurement system for methane to the pCO2 system on board the VOS Finnmaid running between Helsinki and Travemünde (Gülzow et al., 2011 and 2013). The system will be extended to the measurement of N2O by the end of the year, and is a designated component of the ocean component of the German Contribution to ICOS, with a long term commitment by the institute for at least a decade. It has a special situation in ICOS, as it is bridging the land efforts and the ocean component, and therefore it is the only ocean component measuring the non-CO2 greenhouse gases (i.e. our favorites). We have also established “continuous” sampling at the central stations of the Arkona Basin, Bornholm Basin and Gotland Basin since 2 years. Cont. measurement here means organizing the sampling during all monitoring stations, i.e. 5 times per year. It is however not sure that we will / can continue this series. Philippe Tortell: We have been collecting samples 3 x per year (~ Feb., June, Aug.) since 2007 of CH4 and N2O along Line P in the Subarctic NE Pacific. A number of profiles were analyzed using a static head-space equilibration technique with a GC-MS. More recently, we've put a large amount of effort moving towards a fully automated purge and trap system. In terms of scientific questions, there are a number of interesting avenues related to the effects of declining ocean O2 levels on N2O and CH4 production, as well as continental vs. open ocean sources of these gases. I also think it would be extremely valuable to put together time-series observations comparing CH4 and N2O in the Chilean, Hawaiian programs with the Line P data. This would give us some insight into patterns which may exist across different sub-regions of the Pacific Ocean.
2-72 Rob Upstill-Goddard: My research has involved evaluating the marine biogeochemical cycling of N2O and CH4 since 1992. My research group has been involved in cruises in the Arabian Sea/NWIO, the Atlantic, Arctic and Southern Oceans and in the North Sea, as well as carrying out surveys of several UK estuaries and mangrove surrounding waters in India. We have estimated air-sea fluxes in all open ocean and coastal work and in addition have examined sediment cycling/fluxes in coastal work. We also carried out an evaluation of potential geological sources of atmospheric methane on the UK continental shelf and have an interest in N2O and CH4 cycling at estuarine turbidity maxima. We are also involved in quantifying the controls on airsea trace gas exchange and to that end we are examining CH4 and N2O transfer velocities under varying environmental conditions using a laboratory gas exchange tank of our own design. A new project is involved in quantifying the role of coastal sediment denitrification in N2O cycling using laboratory mesocosm experiments. To date we have tended not to be involved in timeseries measurements at a single station although there is potential to do that by incorporating CH4 and N2O measurements into those currently made routinely at Newcastle as part of the "Dove Time Series", which involves long-term sampling of several variables at sites located approximately 10 and 20 km offshore of Newcastle in the North Sea, which are indicators of long-term ecosystem variability http://www.mba.ac.uk/mecn/timeseries.htms. Sam Wilson: My research involves measuring trace gases in the surface waters of oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean, mainly at the Hawaiian Ocean Time (HOT) series program station. The trace gases include N2O, CH4, H2, CO, and DMS. N2O measurements were conducted for 4 years in the mid-1990s at Stn ALOHA by John Dore and others and more recently by myself from 2008 onwards. In addition to the trace gas measurements we try to understand the microbial biogeochemical cycling that lead to their formation such as N2 fixation, nitrification, and sinking particles. Guiling Zhang: My present research is mainly focused on the biogeochemistry of trace gases (CH4 and N2O) in the rivers, estuaries, coastal and shelf waters of China Seas. Dissolved CH4 and N2O have been observed monthly at the most downstream main channel station Xuliujing of Yangtze River since 2007 and at station Kenli of Yellow River since 2008 to monitor the long term variations of dissolved CH4 and N2O in large Chinese rivers. Distributions and sea-to-air fluxes of CH4 and N2O in the Yellow Sea, the Yangtze River Estuary and the East China Sea were determined during the period of 2001-2011. Annual CH4 and N2O input to the East China Sea via Yangtze River, CH4 and N2O exchange between sediment-water interface and between shelf and Kuroshio waters were also estimated and preliminary CH4 and N2O budgets were obtained for the East China Sea.
2-73 Dr Ed Urban Executive Officer Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Robinson Hall University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 USA 6 May, 2013 Subject: SOLAS support for SCOR Working Group on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements: Working towards a global network of ocean time series measurements of N2O and CH4 Dear Ed, With this letter SOLAS expresses strong support for the proposal to establish a SCOR Working Group on Dissolved N2O and CH4 measurements, submitted by Hermann Bange, Sam Wilson, and others. The proposal is a response to the need for intercalibration and standardization of protocols for the measurement of oceanic dissolved N2O and CH4. This effort will enhance the scientific value of the existing database for these greenhouse gases, and improve the quality of the data going forward. Intercalibration and standardization will improve the utility of the database both for the study of processes controlling the distribution and cycling of these gases and for the detection of future ocean change. This is a frontier issue scientifically and one of the scientific priorities for SOLAS. The SOLAS IPO, as you know, has limited financial resources with which it must support activities across the full scope of the SOLAS Science Plan. As a result, there are insufficient resources available for SOLAS to fund the proposed activity. SOLAS will support the group to the best of its ability, ensure access to the communications and organizational capabilities of the IPO, and help link the Working Group’s activities to other ongoing SOLAS planning activities and scientific meetings. We expect that regular communiqués on the group’s activities can be published via the SOLAS Newsletter and e-Bulletin. The international team assembled for this Working Group is well qualified to carry out its mission and we hope that SCOR will be able to support the proposal. I look forward to this becoming one more area in which SOLAS and SCOR can continue our productive cooperation. With very best regards,
Eric S. Saltzman Chair, SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee The Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) International Project Office GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany Tel: +49 431 600 4153
[email protected] | www.solas-int.org
2-74 2.3.4 SCOR Working Group on Climate and tsunami science with green repeaters submarine cable systems Feeley
SCOR Working Group Proposal Climate and tsunami science with green repeaters on submarine cable systems Summary The goal of this SCOR working group is to promote the development of a new modality of ocean observing – the integration of sensors into commercial submarine telecommunication cable systems – by providing a cogent analysis of the scientific benefits, providing science guidance for the larger effort, and engaging the scientific community. Such new dual-use systems combining the communications arteries of our planet with environmental sensing will ultimately form an enduring global network that fills crucial gaps in current sampling, knowledge and application. Current planning efforts have attracted significant commercial and government interest. The UN International Telecommunication Union (ITU) with UNESCO-IOC and WMO are leading the overall coordination effort that includes engineering, business and legal aspects; the SCOR Working Group (WG) will provide the crucial science review and guidance. The makeup of the WG reflects the international participation and cooperation needed to accomplish the goal. As this is a new, developing observing modality, entraining younger people to plan, develop, and eventually use it, is essential. We will produce a review of the science enabled by this technology including expected quantitative impacts on observing capability on implementation time scales of years to centuries. In addition to group telecommunications, a workshop and conference will be held. Figure 1: Abridged map of current submarine cable routes (red), with cable repeaters (dots, x4 less than actual). Tsunami buoys and other ocean observatories are also plotted. Initial plans call for pressure, temperature and acceleration sensors to be incorporated into repeaters of new “green” systems as they are deployed; subsequent systems could have additional sensors, with expected lifetimes of decades. Note, new systems are planned for the Arctic and the South Atlantic to reduce latency and improve spatial diversity.
2-75 SCOR Working Group Developing a real-time global deep ocean system for understanding climate change and tsunami processes is a bold vision that has a high probability of success at this particular time given recent technology developments. Local and regional scale science cabled ocean observatory systems are now proven, e.g., NEPTUNE Canada, DONET in Japan, MACHO in Taiwan (Favali et al., 2010; Barnes et al., 2013). You (2010) proposed the much more global concept of incorporating sensors into repeaters on trans-ocean telecommunication cable systems. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO IOC) have joined together to promote, develop and transition this concept to reality (see ITU references and web pages below). Workshops (Submarine Cables for Ocean/Climate Monitoring and Disaster Warning: Science, Engineering, Business and Law) were held in Rome and Paris in 2011 and 2012, respectively, and the next workshop will be within the third ITU Green Standards Week in Madrid 19-20 September 2013. A Call to Action resulted in a Joint Task Force (JTF; 2012) to explore the potential of a submarine climate monitoring and disaster warning system. The JTF is composed of over 80 experts from the science, engineering, business, marketing and law communities. Six committees have been established: Executive, Science and Society, Engineering, Business Model, Legal, and Publicity, and Awareness and Marketing. The JTF currently has limited financial support but does have the secretariat support of ITU. It is developing a pilot project to design, build and test a new repeater with a simple suite of sensors (pressure, temperature, acceleration), with possible partnership with industry (a multi-million dollar project over 2-3 years). In parallel, the JTF needs to see the science framework and international relationships established. We are requesting SCOR fund and oversee this activity over a four-year period. The resulting progress reports, publications, final reports and both a workshop and conference will be integrated with the parallel progress made by the other JTF committees. The current JTF plan calls for the green system to be developed and accepted by the telecommunications industry by 2017 and then implemented on an ongoing basis. Some companies have already expressed an expectation of being required to provide such environmental data, e.g. Arctic Fibre Inc. proposing a system from Japan to Europe through the Canadian Arctic Islands with science sensors and links with remote communities, arcticfibre.com; and a cable linking Australia, New Zealand and the United States, hawaikicable.co.nz. Science Background While there have been significant advances in ocean observing, the ocean remains poorly sampled, and the sampling that does occur is often aliased and incoherent. Consequently, there is a poor understanding of the ocean science and ocean processes in the vast areas of particularly the deep oceans, which is critical for issues of climate change and tsunamis dynamics. Dual-use commercial telecommunication cables provide an opportunity to rectify this situation. Below we highlight the science and operational observing that can be accomplished, emphasizing longer- term observations for climate and shorter-term tsunami detection. The role of the deep ocean in climate change. The deep ocean is largely unknown. Understanding the deep ocean is indispensable to sustaining humankind on planet Earth and avoiding major
2-76 disruptions to the climate and life systems. The oceans are the primary driver of climate change, representing the largest store of energy and absorbing a third of the anthropogenic CO2 produced. Still largely unknown is the rate of temperature and circulation change in the bottom of the oceans, especially those areas affected by deep ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC) such as in the North Atlantic and Southern Hemisphere around Antarctica (Stouffer et al., 2006; Purkey and Johnson, 2012). Descending cold, salty polar waters sink to the bottom of the ocean and circulate throughout the world ocean as part of the now well-know global ocean conveyor belt (Broecker, 2005, 2010). Studies have shown that the broad current patterns are rather more complex that first envisaged with many deflected side currents and influenced by seabed and ocean ridge topography (Richardson, 2008). Concerns about the more rapid than expected melting of Arctic sea ice and the Greenland ice cap (Alley, 2002) suggest that the models of climate change are not precise and need more input of observational data (Wijffels et al., 2010). A fundamental missing portion of critical climate observational data is the precise and changing temperature and pressure (measure of circulation) of ocean bottom waters along a variety of transects across the world’s oceans. This is the first key focus of this WG proposal, using these new cable systems with added sensors to measure key variables such as ocean floor water temperatures. Tsunami dynamics: much improved tracking of tsunamis across the world’s oceans. The second key focus of this WG proposal is to use the same approach to better understand ocean hazards such as tsunamis generated by both large earthquakes and seabed slope failures. Major tsunamis have occurred several times in the last decade, most notably associated with megathrust earthquakes between Mw 7.7 and 9.1 in Sumatra (2004), Java (2006), US Samoa (2009), Mantawai (2010), Chile (2010) and Japan (2011) resulting in severe loss of life and billions of dollars of anthropogenic and environmental damage. Reducing such losses and mitigating damage is a key factor in developing tsunami warning systems (Bernard and Robinson, 2009; Whitmore, 2009). The offshore tsunami buoys (see Figure) provide some measure of warning but are widely spaced and prone to vandalism and failure (often only 60 percent available; National Academy of Science, 2010). This second focus of the WG includes using the network of sensorequipped green repeaters located about every ~50 km along submarine cables to measure pressure and acceleration and thus establish a network of mini-observatories across many ocean transects that could map out in real time the speed, track and pattern of tsunamis. Ocean floor topography and ridges, both in the open ocean and along continental margins and coasts, affect the speed and track of major tsunamis. Computer simulation models developed to help predict the affects of tsunamis along particular coastlines are constrained by variable previous and present tsunami data. The new data established by the many sensor-equipped trans- ocean cables could substantially improve the models and generate social and economic benefits, especially to non-developed countries (such as many Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean island states). Other science topics While this four year WG project would emphasize the science of climate change and tsunamis using new bottom sensors (p,T,a) on green repeaters and with an initial pilot project, we emphasize that this could evolve into a long-term effort to include others sensors (inverted
2-77 echosounder/acoustic modem, salinity, O2, CO2, pH, bio-optics, etc.) that enable much broader spatial coverage and diversity of science. Also, there are too few environmental measurements made consistently over many years, especially long-term measurements at the bottom of the oceans. Many of these sensors cut across and support different science topics and disciplines. A comprehensive modeling and observing system simulation will be required to quantify absolute and relative value of these measurements. Terms of Reference The Terms of Reference for the Working Group are: 1. Evaluate the scientific opportunities for understanding ocean circulation and climate change, and tsunami dynamics, using new green repeaters on submarine telecommunication cables. 2. Develop a science strategy and schedule to adopt modified submarine systems equipped with scientific sensors such as pressure, temperature, acceleration, salinity/conductivity, and hydroacoustic. Review future opportunities for acoustic monitoring of marine life, earthquakes, and volcanism. 3. Identify specific types of sensors currently available, or in development, that could meet the needs of the scientific community, be reasonably inexpensive, small, integrative, robust, reliable, long-lasting, and readily deployable to meet the design connections within, or connected to, the green repeaters. The aim is to establish a new and increasing global network of ocean environmental sensors for ocean climate and tsunami research and warning systems. 4. Analyze the development of current and planned commercial and major scientific repeatered ocean observatory projects that could include new, renovated, and relocated retired out-ofservice cables that could host the new network. 5. Cooperate closely with the ITU/WMO/UNESCO IOC Joint Task Force (JTF) and the International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC) to support dual-use of cables by safely incorporating the required scientific sensors into green submarine repeaters without affecting normal cable systems and telecommunication signals (http://www.itu.int/en/ITUT/climatechange/task-force-sc/Pages/default.aspx; http://www.iscpc.org/). 6. Organize teleconferences, symposia and workshops to report on progress, engage with interested and vested research communities. Two to three such meetings would be arranged over the four years. Produce journal publications as well as formal interim and final reports to SCOR, JTF and ICPC.
List of Products from the WG 1. Introductory article in Eos. 2. Article(s) on science potential in a peer-reviewed journal. 3. Report on recommendations for future directions and guidance for the larger effort, for dissemination to ITU, WMO, UNESCO IOC, as well as CLIVAR, GOOS, GEOSS, and others. 4. One early workshop and a final conference.
2-78 Collaboration and Capacity Building As noted in several places in this proposal, the WG will be well connected into agencies that can assist with capacity building, such as SCOR, ITU, WMO, UNESCO IOC, as well as POGO. Collaboration with scientific programs is noted (e.g. CLIVAR, GOOS, GEOSS) and with the JTF and ICPC. Committee members are already well connected into relevant networks and programs. Timeline We will begin immediately with an Eos article to encourage participation and interaction in the scientific community. 1. The first meeting will be held in conjunction with the AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii in February 2014. At this meeting we will: a. Outline the project: schedule, opportunities, networking strategy and planned publications and meetings b. Encourage WG members to participate in related activities in home countries/institutions and with dissemination c. Identify strategies for further study (e.g., observing system simulation experiments) and promotion of concept d. Address interaction with ITU/IOC/WMO and related programs. e. Develop a detailed capacity-building plan 2. A second meeting, as a workshop, will be held in 2015, possibly in conjunction with an ITU Green Week and/or a JTF meeting. Students and alternates will be invited to attend. We will: a. Finalize paper(s) for submission b. Prepare the conference proposal and funding requests c. Outline the Report for recommendations 3. In the third meeting (possibly by telecommunication) in 2016, we will a. Finalize the report b. Finalize conference planning 4. The conference (and associated report) in 2017 will be the final activity of the WG.
Chairs and Working Group Members The proposed working group (table below) has extensive field, analysis, and modeling expertise: all readily have agreed to serve. The two co-chairs are Bruce Howe at the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, and John Yuzhu You at the Institute of Marine Science, University of Sydney. Howe has worked on basin-scale acoustic thermometry, the NEPTUNE cabled observatory systems, and now is now operating the ALOHA Cabled Observatory. You has worked on a broad range of topics including paleo and present climate, general ocean circulation, and mixing; he organized the PACSWIN (Indonesian Throughflow: PACific Source Water Investigation) Submarine Cable Workshop 2009 from which this current effort has evolved. The seven other members of the proposed WG represent a balance of expertise, national representation, seniority and gender.
2-79 Name Bruce Howe (co-chair)
Seniority/ Gender sr/m
John Yuzhu You (co-chair)
sr/m
Jerome Aucan
jr/m
Molly Baringer
mid/f
Gerard McCarthy
jr/m
Wahyu Pandoe
mid/m
Jae-Hun Park
mid/m
Hanne Sagen
mid/f
Rick Thomson
sr/m
Affiliation University of Hawaii, USA
Expertise Physical oceanography, ocean heat content, cabled ocean observatories
University of Climate and ocean data analysis Sydney, and modeling Australia IRD-LEGOS, France Physical oceanography, tides, bottom pressure tsunamis NOAA-AOML, Abyssal temperature, cableUSA measured transport meridional National Ocean Meridional overturning circulation Center, UK BPPT, Indonesia Indonesian Tsunami Program, deep sea tsunami KIOST, Korea Physical oceanography, bottom pressure internal Nansen Center, Polar oceanography and observing Norway systems Fisheries and Coastal and deep-sea physical Oceans, Canada oceanography, tsunami propagation physics
We have six volunteer Associate members who will support the effort with their particular expertise: Juliet Hermes, physical oceanography, long term observations of the southern oceans, member GCOS steering committee and Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC), South African Environmental Observation Network, South Africa; Steven Jayne, ocean and climate modeling, data assimilation, WHOI, USA; Janet Sprintall, physical oceanography, ocean observations and network design, SIO, USA; Fadli Syamsudin, physical oceanography, Indonesian Through Flow, BPPT, Indonesia; Ikuko Wada, subduction zone geodynamics, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Japan; and Jing Zhang, chemical oceanography and ocean circulation, University of Toyama, Japan.
SCOR support through the Working Group SCOR is the most logical organization to support this proposal given the vital scientific issues, global approach, and socio-economic benefits. It is not surprising that the proposal is not too closely allied to earlier WGs. With the onset of a new era of cabled ocean observatories and realtime data, it is likely that SCOR will receive an increasing number of WG proposals related to cabled observatory science. The science supported through a SCOR WG would provide excellent arms-length oversight and credibility.
2-80 References ITU References Call for Action http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/4B/04/T4B0400000D0001PDFE.pdf Joint Task Force http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/climatechange/task-force-sc/Pages/default.aspx Workshops as part of ITU Green Week: “Submarine Cables for Ocean/Climate Monitoring and Disaster Warning: Science, Engineering, Business and Law” 2011, Rome, www.itu.int/ITU-T/climatechange/gsw/201102/program.html. 2012, Paris, www.itu.int/ITU-T/climatechange/gsw/201209/programme-009.html Reports: Strategy and Roadmap, R. Butler, 2012. http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itut/oth/4B/04/T4B040000150001PDFE.pdf Engineering, P. Phibbs and S. Lentz, 2012. http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itut/oth/4B/04/T4B040000170001PDFE.pdf Legal Issues, K. Bressie, 2012. http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itut/oth/4B/04/T4B040000160001PDFE.pdf Alley, R.B., 2002, The two-mile time machine: ice cores, abrupt climate change, and our future, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ and Oxford, England. Barnes C.R., Best, M.M.R., Johnson, F.R., Pautet, L. and Pirenne, B., 2013, Challenges, benefits and opportunities in installing and operating cabled ocean observatories: perspectives from NEPTUNE Canada, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, v. 28. no. 1, p. 144-157. Bernard, E.N. and Robinson, A.R. 2009. Introduction: emergent findings and new directions in tsunami science. In: Bernard, E.N. and Robinson, A.R. (eds.) Tsunamis. The Sea, v. 15, p. 1-22. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA and London, England. Broecker, W.S. 2005. The ocean’s role in climate: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Eldigio Press, New York. Broecker, W.S. 2010. The great ocean conveyor belt: discovering the trigger for abrupt climate change. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ and Oxford, England. Favali, P., Person, R., Barnes, C.R., Kaneda, Y., Delaney, J.R. and Hsu, S-K. 2010. Seafloor observatory science. In Proceedings of OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 2), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, Hall, J., Harrison, D.E. & Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, doi:10.5270/OceanObs09.cwp.28. National Academy of Science, 2010. Tsunami warning and preparedness. Report of the Committee on Review of the Tsunami Warning and Forecast System and Overview of the Nation’s Tsunami Preparedness, J. Orcutt, Chair, 4p. Purkey, S.G. and Johnson, G.C. 2012. Global contraction of Antarctic Bottom Water between the 1980s and 2000s. Journal of Climate, 25, 5830-5844: 120315135854004 DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00612.1 Richardson, K. et al. (11 authors). 2009. Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges & Decisions.. Synthesis Report of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meeting, Copenhagen, 10-12 March 2009. www.climatecongress.ku.dk Richardson, P.L. 2008. On the history of meridional overturning circulation schematic diagrams. Progress in Oceanography, v. 76, p. 466-486.
2-81 Rintoul, S. & Co-Authors (2010). "Deep Circulation and Meridional Overturning: Recent Progress and a Strategy for Sustained Observations" in Proceedings of OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 1), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, Hall, J., Harrison, D.E. & Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP306, doi:10.5270/OceanObs09, 32p. Stouffer et al. (23 authors). 2006. Investigating the causes of the responses of the thermohaline circulation to past and future climate changes. Journal of Climate, v. 19, p. 1365-1387. Whitmore, P.M. 2009. Tsunami warning systems. In: Bernard, E.N. and Robinson, A.R. (eds.) Tsunamis. The Sea, v. 15, p. 401-442. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA and London, England. Wijffels, S. & Co-Authors (2010). "Progress and Challenges in Monitoring Ocean Temperature and Heat Content" in Proceedings of OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society (Vol. 1), Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009, Hall, J., Harrison, D.E. & Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, doi:10.5270/OceanObs09.pp.40 You. Y. 2010. Harnessing telecoms cables for science. Nature, v. 466, p. 690-691.
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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Nstional Ocoanic and Atmospheric Administration OAR Laboratories Pacitic Marine Envrronmental Laboratory NOAA Building Number 3 7600 Sand Point Way NE Seallle. WA 98115
October 23.
2013
R/PMEL
Dr. Ed Urban Executive Officer Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Robinson Hall University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 US
RE: SCOR WG Proposal on Climate and Tsunami science with green repeaters on submarine cable systems Dear Ed:
I am writing in suppofi of the proposal submitted for review by SCOR next month on "Climate and tsunami science with green repeaters on submarine cablc systems" in rny role as Engineering Chair of the WMO-ITU-UNESCO IOC Joint Task Force and as Director of Engineering of the Pacific Marine Environmental Lab that has been involved in tsunami and climate research for over 30 years.
The JTF was established jointlyby three UN agencies in2012, namely the Intemational Telecommunications Union (lTU), UNESCO Intergovemmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO IOC) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Thc JTF is taskod with developing a strategy and roadrnap that could leacl to enabling the availability of submarine cable repeaters equipped with scientific sensors fbr clirnale monitoring and disastcr risk reduction (tsunalnis, slope failures, meteo-tsunamis).
NOAA-PMEL has b(]en investigating the 'dual-use ' of commercial telecom cables as a long temr replacement or enhancen'lcnt of tho present DART (Deep-ocean Assosslnent and Reporling of Tsunamis) buoy amay. While the data from DART rnoorings have enablcd accuratc tsunanli firrecasts, they arc subject to vandalism and havo relativcly high operation and maintonance costs. Similar or higher fiequency measuren'lents florn 'dual-use' tclcaom cables have the potential for rnuch longer deployrnent lifb and arc less likely to be vandalized. Additionally, high accuracy temperature scnsors in the poorly sampled abyssal occan also have grcat potcntial for scientific advancements. These measurements are oeltainly worthy of independont sciontific investigation.
highly rccommend tho cstablishment of a srnall nurnber of sciencc spocialists as a SCOR Working Gmup to considsr and provide scicntific analysis, advicc and publications on the widcr scientific implications of this revolutionary concept fbr a global nclrvork ofsensors integrated on trans-ocean and regional telecommunication cablcs.'fhe acquisition ofsuch decadal real tirnc I
data roprcsonts a prof()uud oontribution b Llndorstanding chrngos in dccp oocan tcrnpcraturc and circulation as wcll as adcling vast scope to tlle pfesent tsunami networks for hazard mitigation and tsunami rcsearch.
Chair, €nginccring Committcc, Joint Task Force
Dr. Ed Urban Executive Officer Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Robinson Hall University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 US 22 October 2013 Dear Ed: RE: SCOR Working Group Proposal on Climate and tsunami science with green repeaters on submarine cable systems I am writing on behalf of the WMO-ITU-UNESCO IOC Joint Task Force in support of the proposal submitted for review by SCOR next month on “Climate and tsunami science with green repeaters on submarine cable systems”. The JTF was established jointly by three UN agencies in 2012, namely the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO IOC) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The TJF is tasked with developing a strategy and roadmap that could lead to enabling the availability of submarine cable repeaters equipped with scientific sensors for climate monitoring and disaster risk reduction (tsunamis, slope failures). Following a two-day workshop last month in Madrid as part of the ITU Green Week conference, the next stage will be to complete two studies: a) a technical Functional Requirements Study that will meet the detailed evaluation needs of the telecommunication industry, and b) a Business Model Study to establish the financial basis for the Wet Demonstrator Project and the Operational Phase. We anticipate funding these short-term (3-5 month) studies through contributions from the member supplier companies in the telecommunication sector in Q1-2 of 2014. The three UN agencies are each under severe financial pressure these days and can only provide secretariat support, coordination and communications. The JTF has six standing committees: Executive, Science and Society, Engineering, Business Model, Legal, and Publicity, Outreach and Marketing. We would welcome most highly the establishment of a small number of science specialists as a SCOR Working Group to consider and provide scientific analysis, advice and publications on the wider scientific implications of this revolutionary concept for a global network of sensors integrated on trans-ocean and regional telecommunication cables.
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The WG would connect the interests of the developed and less developed world and communicate on these issues with the wider scientific community. The requested fouryear support would integrate perfectly with the anticipated development, testing and validation of the Wet Demonstrator by industry and academic researchers. The successful demonstration (proof of concept) would then be the basis for industry to deploy green cable systems on new networks and refurbished systems and for the consideration by government regulators. Dual connector systems have recently been commercialized by industry. The acquisition of such decadal real time data represents a profound contribution to understanding changes in deep ocean temperature and circulation as well as adding vast scope to the present tsunami networks for hazard mitigation. Yours sincerely,
Christopher R. Barnes Chair, Joint Task Force Professor Emeritus School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada Phone: (250) 721-8847 (office); (250) 920-8382 (cell); Fax: (250) 721-6200 Email:
[email protected]
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2-86 2.3.5
SCOR Working Group Towards harmonization of global oceanic nutrient data
Proposal for a SCOR Working Group: Towards harmonization of global oceanic nutrient data Rationale One of the major challenges for the future of planet Earth will be the accurate observation of changes to both the upper water column and also to deep oceanic waters, in particular with respect to carbon and dissolved nutrients, with the important requirement to be able to detect global changes in geochemical cycles. We therefore need to be able to reliably compare results for oceanic waters from different sources, with total confidence. However, there are currently no mechanisms for global consensus to obtain consistently accurate nutrient data. We believe that there is a requirement for laboratories around the globe involved in these studies to harmonize their analytical outputs of global oceanic nutrients in order to achieve this aim of accurate comparisons. We also recognize the importance of quality and harmonization in coastal and shelf water nutrient analysis, but here we focus only on the important scientific question of any climate-induced changes to the upper and deep oceanic nutrient regimes. The significance of harmonization of a number of other important ocean processes such as, temperature measurements (ITS90, traceable to SI using Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer, SPRT), salinity measurements (comparability ensured using IAPSO salinity standard seawater provided by OSI, UK) and carbonate system parameter measurements (comparability and traceability ensured using CRMs provided by Dickson’s laboratory, SIO, USA, Dickson, 2003; 2010), have already all been established. Since 1965 there have been a number of inter-laboratory comparison studies, of various magnitudes, that have been conducted to investigate the comparability of nutrient analyses between laboratories. These were led by UNESCO, ICES, NOAA/NRC, QUASIMEME and MRI (UNESCO, 1965, 1967; ICES 1967, 1977; Kirkwood, 1991, Aminot and Kirkwood., 1995; Topping, 1997; Willie and Clancy, 2000; Clancy and Willie, 2003; Aoyama et al., 2006, 2008, 2010, 2013), and recently the updated nutrient analytical manual based on best practices (GOSHIP manual by IOC-ICES Study Group on Nutrient Standards (SGONS), Hydes et al 2010 ) has been published. These initiatives have all aimed at contributing to improving nutrient analysis and comparability during these several decades. However, there has never yet been a properly coordinated effort to harmonize these studies and allow us to combine results from different laboratories with confidence. This will be the first step in allowing us to be able to detect any changes to oceanic nutrients over time, and open the opportunity of determining how these changes are affecting global geochemical cycles. The IPCC Report in 2007 highlighted the current problem inherent in comparing existing data sets stating that: "Uncertainties in deep ocean nutrient observations may be responsible for the lack of coherence in the nutrient changes. Sources of inaccuracy include the limited number of observations and the lack of compatibility between measurements from different laboratories at different times” (Bindoff et al., 2007). Actually, results of global crossover station analysis showed discrepancies of up to 10 % for deep nutrient data during the last three decades (Aoyama et al., 2013), and the results of inter-laboratory comparison studies since 2003 showed a similar
2-87 magnitude of discrepancy among some of the participant laboratories (Aoyama et al., 2007; 2008; 2010). This also indicates that analytical problems may cause larger discrepancies for deep water nutrients. Although this situation has been improved somewhat, it is still difficult to ascertain with any certainty temporal changes in ocean nutrients. We can however now detect changes in deep ocean temperature (and hence heat content) (Levitus et al., 2009; 2012; Kouketsu et al. 2009) from observations due to their relatively larger changes compared with those in nutrients, and comparability of temperature measurements are possible in the order of mK. Changes to the carbonate system parameters in the deep ocean are also reported with comparability being ensured by the use of CRMs (e.g. Wanninkhof et al., 2010, Ríos et al., 2012, Khatiwala et al., 2012). Similarly, changes to the oceanic oxygen can now be accurately observed (Stendardo and Gruber, 2012). If we can establish mechanisms to harmonize the quality of oceanic nutrient data, we will be able to detect changes in nutrient levels due to human impact and shifting physical processes, which might alter the supply of nutrients to the upper ocean and/or due to changes of ocean circulation which might be the cause of changes to nutrients in deep waters. Improved comparability of nutrient concentrations in the water column will also help us to improve estimation of the anthropogenic portion of the observed increase of total carbon in the water column. Marine chemists have previously been active in the pursuit of establishing reliable comparability of nutrient measurements. A consensus was achieved through the former IOC-ICES Study Group (SGONS – Study Group on Nutrient Standards, 2009-2012) activity in realizing (i) the limits imposed on the work by the purity of “off-the-shelf” chemicals, (ii) the form that reference materials should take, (iii) the quantities that would need to be produced for global use, and (iv) that use of the reference materials would also need to be accompanied by adherence to “best practice for their use”. To properly guarantee comparability of data from different laboratories and from different research cruises, the precise mechanisms for a global consensus for nutrient levels need to be developed. This will foster a move towards the harmonization of nutrient data using globally accepted RMs/CRMs, followed by the recommendation of protocols for their use throughout the worldwide marine chemistry community. This has already been achieved both by the use of CRMs for measurements of the CO2 system, and the use of the IAPSO standard seawater for salinity measurements. The situation now calls for further international collaboration through SCOR, and a Working Group to establish the mechanisms required to harmonize the quality of oceanic nutrient data, using globally accepted RMs/CRMs. A major challenge with this SCOR WG and one which is particularly important for the study of changes in properties of deep water masses is to develop a system by which the comparability of data within and between laboratories is better than 0.2 % at full scale of nitrate, phosphate and silicate concentration. This level of comparability has already been achieved for the measurement of total carbon.
2-88 This objective should be the goal for data generated during individual research cruises and extended to allowing comparisons between cruises separated by decades. The experiences of this SCOR WG will also give positive feed-back to the scientific communities of coastal ocean observatories, and for researchers developing nutrient sensors for buoys and floats, by providing and recommending globally accepted RMs/CRMs for the calibration of instruments and sensors, and providing globally accepted analytical methods based on best practices. Such feedbacks will move towards the goal of achieving comparability of nutrient data throughout the oceans, which will have been obtained by different methods, instruments, and technologies. A recent Framework of Ocean Observing (FOO) statement introduced the concept of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs), and the assessment and development of readiness for sustained observations, with the aim of promoting collaboration in developing requirements, observing networks, and data and information streams. Nutrients are identified as one of these EOVs (Fischer & Grimes, 2013). We propose that a SCOR working group would be the most effective and timely way to now develop the mechanisms to harmonize nutrient data using globally accepted RMs/CRMs with, and for, the global oceanographic community, and for it to become involved through SCOR and promote the global use of CRMs for oceanic nutrient analysis. This initiative will be based on previously developed collaboration with the IOC-ICES SGONS which ended in 2012. For future generations it is unacceptable to produce historical data sets without having an acceptable reference scale for multi-year comparisons. Scientific and Technological Background Measurements of nitrogen (as NO3), phosphorus (as PO4), and silicon (as Si(OH)4) are fundamental requirements for oceanographic studies of hydrography, biogeochemistry and biology. For example, accurate measurement of nutrients is essential for tracing the uptake of anthropogenic carbon into the ocean and is also essential for observing changes in deep ocean dissolved nutrients, all as a part of the global changes to geochemical cycles. However, at the current time, the reliability of such assessments are uncertain, due mainly to the lack of widely useable reference materials that would allow for more confidence when comparing crucial data sets, taken from different laboratories worldwide. Large global observing programs and more local projects require more-comparable information to support assessments of the health and productivity of coastal oceans, changes to the deep oceans, sustainability of marine ecosystems, and predictability of climate change, as well as other processes that affect the Earth’s population on many levels. The accuracy of chemical oceanographic measurements depends on calibration against certified reference materials to ensure global comparability over time. In 2002, a U.S. National Research Council (USNRC) report (Dickson et al., 2002) clearly stated that key parameters (including nutrients) lacked reliable and readily available reference materials. The USNRC report identified the most urgently required chemical reference materials based on certain key themes for oceanographic research. At the top of the report’s list of the new reference
2-89 materials needed were standards for the measurement of nutrients. The report stated: “There is an urgent need for a certified reference material for nutrients. Completed global surveys already suffer from the lack of previously available standards, and the success of future surveys as well as the development of instruments capable of remote time-series measurements will rest on the availability and use of good nutrient reference materials”. Since that time there have been developed a number of reference materials for oceanographic use have been developed i.e., a Danish RM, NRC-Canada RM, and one developed by KANSO-Japan. The responsibility for resource seawater sampling, onboard pasteurization and the distribution of this RM will be taken on by JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology), which will distribute the RM globally, in the same manner as the carbonate system CRMs from Dickson’s laboratory (SIO, Scripps). The WOCE guidelines published in 1991 (Joyce et al., 1991) suggested that levels of precision (0.2% of full scale for nitrate and silicate concentrations, with 0.4 % for phosphate concentrations) were achievable by the better performing laboratories individually, without RMs/CRMs. However, this level of relative precision has not actually been achieved between laboratories. We need to put into place the tools needed for the improvement of inter-laboratory precision. Key to achieving the required accuracy is having reliable RM’s which enables the linkage of data between laboratories. In-situ nutrient sensors are a future nutrient analytical technology that needs addressing and hence the need for their use of CRM’s to be able to give confidence to the output data quality. Currently there is the Alliance of Coastal Technologies (ACT) group which has had 2 previous workshops devoted to nutrient measurements by sensors (ACT 2003; 2006), and we would look to include representatives from this sensor group in the future international inter-calibration exercise. Terms of Reference and products ToRs: 1. The Working Group will assess the homogeneity and stability of currently available RMs/CRMs. It will also determine if the currently available producers are achieving a level of precision within and between laboratories which is comparable to or better than 0.2 %. This task requires two things; consensus on the assigned value between laboratories (which can demonstrate they are producing data which is internally consistent at the 0.2 % level) and a system for carrying forward in time, the assignment of values which will be consistent over decades. 2. The Working Group will consider and report on how effective feedback loops could be established between data generators, database managers, and data users, so that effective alignment of, and complete traceability of any future measurements of nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate in seawater would be achieved. This will require the development of standardized data-handling procedures, with common data vocabularies and formats across producers and users, and would also include the future linking of national and international data archives. The group will seek to involve international data center representatives to contribute to and lead this task. 3. The Group will report on a plan for the promotion of the use of RM in the global marine observing community. This will include:- (i) reporting of the results from previous global stability tests [see list at end for countries involved in the 2012 exercise]; (ii) promoting
2-90 the wider global use of RMs by arranging workshops to actively encourage their use and to provide training in best practice particularly in developing countries, and (iii) continuing regular global inter-comparison studies, following on from the previous exercises in 2003, 2006, 2008 and 2012, with collaboration with funding by the IOCCPSSG in 2014/2015. 4. The GO-SHIP nutrients measurement manual which was a product of the IOC-ICES SGONS (Hydes et al., 2009, see http://go-ship.org/Manual/Hydes_et_al_Nutrients.pdf) will be updated as part of this SCOR WG to include detailed protocols for the use of the RM solutions and the reporting of the analytical results based on a NIOZ/PML analytical workshop held in late 2012. Products: The WG will write an article for publication in EOS after its first meeting in early 2014 to inform the international community about the objectives and future plans of the SCOR WG. Talks and posters will be presented at the first Workshop proposed to be held at Ocean Sciences 2014 as to the current situation with regard to the issues of RM’s, intercalibration exercises and issues related to the quality analysis of nutrients. Also, a written document will be produced from each WG meeting. As a final product there will be produced a "best practices" manual which will provide the community with a recommended consistent approach to the sampling, analysis, use of RM’s, quality control of nutrients, and the subsequent data handling Meetings Kick-off Meeting: Upon funding, the WG will have a kick-off meeting in early to mid 2014. In order to provide good international visibility, the most suitable international platform would be the OSM 2014 (February 23-28 2014, Hawaii, USA), where a workshop on changes of nutrients in the world’s oceans and use of RMs/CRMs will be held, or alternatively this will be proposed at the 2014 EGU General Assembly (April 27 – 2 May 2014, Vienna, Austria). Main Meetings: Two main WG meetings will be held – one about half-way through and the other one towards the end of the WG lifetime in 2017. Potential venues for the half- way meeting are the AGU fall meeting in 2015 or the 2016 Ocean Sciences Meeting. Candidates for the final meeting could be the 2017 AGU fall meeting or 2017 EGU General Assembly.
Capacity building This important aspect is reflected in two ways. The first is to promote participation of developing countries in inter-laboratory comparison studies of RM’s through the POGO involvement. Secondly, is to invite participating laboratories to a 3-day workshop in 2015 planned to be held at the Scripps Institution (SIO), USA (depending on additional funding) to discuss results of inter-laboratory comparison studies of RM’s.
2-91 Building capacities in developing countries can be accelerated by providing a good simple manual based on “best practices” and we will encourage greater participation in the future interlaboratory comparison study of RM’s proposed for 2015. The aspect of capacity building could be further augmented by hosting a session (in conjunction with a WG meeting/AGU meeting/OSM meeting), at approximately mid-term, to discuss the needs and capabilities of developing countries with respect to using other suitable programs. We will initially instigate a targeted questionnaire to laboratories in developing countries to highlight their most important analytical needs, this all be accomplished with the help and advice of POGO. There is also agreement for sea-time to hold a nutrient inter calibration research cruise in late 2014 on the new Australian research ship the RV Investigator. Should the WG be funded then the intention would be to go ahead with this research voyage (potential funding is in discussion) with 6 or 7 global laboratories being represented to make comparative measurements at sea, and to test the use of suitable RM’s in the working environment. The WG will also seek funding to host a POGO fellowship to take a scientist from a developing country on this voyage to work alongside experienced nutrient chemists, thus offering a unique training opportunity. This fellowship would also involve pre and post study time at the host laboratory in preparation for the voyage. The laboratories that took part in the 2012 inter-comparison exercise of nutrients in seawater are shown below. The IOCCP-SSG will fund the next inter-comparison exercise of nutrient reference materials in seawater in 2015, collaborating with this proposed SCOR WG to expand global participation from the 2012 representatives from the following countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bermuda, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, UK, USA, Venezuela. The 2015 inter-calibration exercise will expand this global group with more partners from developing countries.
2-92 The WG has been in contact with the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans, POGO, to also investigate hosting a nutrient training workshop in 2016 as part of POGO’s portfolio of training and education activities.
Membership of Working Group Full Members: 1. Michio Aoyama, MRI, Japan, Co-Chair, geochemistry (M) 2. Malcolm Woodward, PML, UK, Co-Chair, Low level precision measurements (M) 3. Toste Tanhua, GEOMAR, Germany, Chairman of the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project: IOCCP (M) 4. Andrew Dickson, SIO, USA, CRM experience (M) 5. Bernadette Sloyan, CSIRO, Australia, CLIVAR/GO-SHIP (F) 6. Anne Daniel, IFREMER, France, analytical methodologies (F) 7. Susan Becker, SIO, USA CLIVAR/GO-SHIP hydrography (F) 8. Minhan Dai, Xiamen University, China, Large global (LOICZ and Chinese programs (M) 9. Akihiko Murata, JAMSTEC, Japan, Chemical oceanography, Global carbon/nutrient stoichiometry (M) 10. Howard Waldron, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, South Africa (M) Associate Members: Trevor Platt, Executive Director, POGO Alex Kozyr, USA, experience with multiple user database access (SOCAT): Karel Bakker, NIOZ, The Netherlands sea-going analytical facility: David Hydes, NOC, UK, ICES Marine Chemistry working group, (ICES/PICES): Takeshi Yoshimura, CRIEPI, Organic Nutrients Jonathan Sharp, University of Delaware, USA, DOC RM experience Akiharu Hioki, NMIJ, Japan, certification of RM Ralph Sturgeon, NRC, Canada, CRM producer. FOO project: The group will be linked to the development of the FOO (Framework of Ocean Observations) effort by input from Toste Tanhua (currently Chairman of the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project: IOCCP). References Alliance of Coastal Technologies (2003) State of Technology in the Development and Application of Nutrient Sensors, Savannah, Georgia. March 10-12, 2003, Technical Report Series TS-415-03-CBL/Ref. No. [UMCES]CBL 03-316 Alliance for Coastal Technologies (2006) Recent Developments in In Situ Nutrient Sensors: applications and future directions, Savannah, Georgia, December 11-13, 2006, ACT 0608; UMCES CBL 07-048. Aminot, A. & Kirkwood D.S. (1995) Report on the results of the fifth ICES Intercomparison Exercise for Nutrients in Seawater, ICES Cooperative Research Report, No. 213.
2-93 Aoyama, M. (2006) 2003 Intercomparison Exercise for Reference Material for Nutrients in Seawater in a Seawater Matrix, Technical Reports of the Meteorological Research Institute, No. 50. Aoyama, M. et al. (2007) Recent comparability of Oceanographic Nutrients Data: Results of a 2003 Intercomparison Exercise using Reference Materials, Anal. Sci. 23, 1151-1154. Aoyama, M. et al. (2008) 2006 Intercomparison Exercise for Reference Material for Nutrients in Seawater in a Seawater Matrix, Technical Reports of the Meteorological Research Institute No. 58. Aoyama, M. et al. (2010) 2008 Intercomparison Exercise for Reference Material for Nutrients in Seawater in a Seawater Matrix, Technical Reports of the Meteorological Research Institute No. 60. Aoyama et al., (2013) Global nutrients data synthesis based on Reference Material of Nutrients of Seawater, Geophysical Research Abstracts , Vol. 15, EGU2013-3742, 2013, EGU General Assembly 2013, © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 Bindoff, N.L. et al. (2007) Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by S. Solomon et al., Cambridge University Press, pp385-433. Clancy, V. & Willie, S. (2003) NOAA/NRC Intercomparison for Nutrients in Seawater, NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS CCMA 158. Dickson, A. G. et al. (2002) U.S. National Research Council report http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Chemical-Reference-Materials-Setting-Standards/10476 Dickson, A.G. et al. (2003) Reference materials for oceanic CO2 analysis: a method for the certification of total alkalinity. Mar. Chem. 80, 185-197. Dickson, A. G. (2010). The carbon dioxide system in sea water: equilibrium chemistry and measurements, In Guide for Best Practices in Ocean Acidification Research and Data Reporting, Office for Official Publications of the European Union, Luxembourg. Fischer, A. and Grimes, S. (2013) Definition of ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables, GEOWOW-WP6-IOU-I6.1.1. Hydes, D. J. et al. (2010) Determination of Dissolved Nutrients (N, P, SI) in Seawater with High precision and Inter-Comparability Using Gas-Segmented Continuous flow Analysers, In: The Go-Ship Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and Guidelines, IOCCP Report Number 14, ICPO Publication Series Number 134 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (1967) Report on the analysis of phosphate at the ICES intercalibration trials of chemical methods held at Copenhagen, 1966. ICES CM 1967/C: 20. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (1977) The International Intercalibration Exercise for Nutrient Methods. ICES Cooperative Research Report, No. 67. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (2009) A Joint ICES-IOC Study Group in nutrient Standards (SGONS), IOC/INF-1260. Joyce, T., Corry, C. & Stalcup, M. eds. (1991) Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic Programme data reporting. WHPO Publication 90-1 Revision 1. Woods Hole Programme Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. WOCE Report 67/91. UNPUBLISHED UANUSCRIPT. 71 pp. Khatiwala, S., et al. (2012) Global ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon. Biogeosciences Discussions, 9, 8931-8988. doi:10.5194/bgd-9-8931-2012. Kirkwood, D. S. et al. (1991)
2-94 Report on the results of the fourth ICES Intercomparison Exercise for Nutrients in Seawater. ICES Cooperative Research Report, No. 174. Kouketsu, S., et al. (2009) Changes in water properties and transports along 24 degrees n in the north pacific between 1985 and 2005. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 114. doi:10.1029/2008jc004778. Levitus, S. et al. (2009) Global ocean heat content 1955-2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 5. doi:10.1029/2008gl037155. Levitus, S., et al. (2012) World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0-2000). Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10603. doi:10.1029/2012GL051106. Ríos, A. F., A. Velo, P. C. Pardo, M. Hoppema, and F. F. Pérez (2012), An update of anthropogenic CO2 storage rates in the western South Atlantic basin and the role of Antarctic Bottom Water. Journal of Marine Systems, 94, 197-203. Stendardo, I., and N. Gruber (2012) Oxygen trends over five decades in the north atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117, C11004, doi:10.1029/2012JC007909. Topping, G. (1997) QUASIMEME: quality measurements for marine monitoring. Review of the EU project 1993-1996. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 35, 1-201. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (1965) Report on the intercalibration measurements in Copenhagen, 9-13 June 1965. UNESCO Technical papers in Marine Science, No. 3. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (1967) Report on the intercalibration measurements at Leningrad 24-28 May 1966 and at Copenhagen September 1966. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 9. Wanninkhof, R., S. C. Bullister, J. L. Bullister, N. M. Levine, M. Warner, and N. Gruber (2010), Detecting anthropogenic CO2 changes in the interior Atlantic Ocean between 1989 and 2005. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, C11028, doi:101029/2010JC006251. Willie, S. & Clancy, V. (2000) NOAA/NRC Intercomparison for Nutrients in Seawater. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS CCMA 14. Acronyms: CLIVAR CRIEPI CRMs CSIRO DIC DOC EOVs EOS FOO GO_SHIP ICES IFM-GEOMAR IFREMER IOC IOCCP
Climate Variability and Predictability Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry Certified Reference Materials The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Dissolved organic carbon Essential Ocean Variables Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union Framework of Ocean Observations Global Ocean ship-based hydrographic investigations program International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences - Marine Biogeochemistry French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project
2-95 IPCC AR4 ITS90 JAMSTEC LOICZ NIOZ NMIJ NRC PICES PML POGO RM RMNS SCOR SGONS SIO SPRT SOCAT SSG ToR UNESCO USNRC WG WOCE
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report The International Temperature Scale of 1990 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research National Metrology Institute of Japan National Research Council Canada The North Pacific Marine Science Organization Plymouth Marine Laboratory Partnership for Observation of the Global Ocean Reference Material Reference Materials for Nutrients in Seawater Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research The Joint ICES-IOC Study Group on Nutrients Standards Scripps Institution of Oceanography Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Science Steering Group Terms of Reference United Nations Educational Science and Culture Organization United States National Research Council working group World Ocean Circulation Experiment
2-96 2.3.6
SCOR Working Group on Development of new methodologies for chemical and other branches of oceanography Volkman
Proposal for a SCOR working group on the development of new methodologies for chemical and other branches of oceanography Abstract The construction of large networked observing systems and the development of a variety of autonomous vehicles have provided an unprecedented opportunity to study the ocean at spatial and temporal scales that have not been previously available to the ocean research community. However, as a result of power availability, mass and size constraints, and the limited ability to service instruments on these platforms, there are only a few parameters of interest to oceanographers that can take advantage of this expensive infrastructure. SCOR WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders was created to optimize the use of existing sensors. However, there is also an urgent need to develop new methodologies in oceanography that can meet these constraints on the development and deployment of new sensors, and a need to catalyze interactions among chemical oceanographers, analytical chemists, and ocean engineers to bring new technologies into use for ocean sensors. The proposed SCOR working group would bring together members of the analytical chemistry, oceanography and ocean engineering communities to develop long‐term collaborations across disciplinary boundaries to catalyse a fundamental shift in the analytical methodology used in chemical oceanography and allied fields. Specifically the SCOR working group over a 4‐year period would achieve the following tasks: 1) Produce and publish in a peer‐reviewed journal an in‐depth report providing a wide‐ranging critical assessment of which new technologies in analytical chemistry might be profitably applied to the development of new measurement techniques in oceanographic research that would be compatible with the newly available observational infrastructure. 2) Identify existing funding sources within the global research community that could be targeted to support short‐term exchanges of personnel between analytical chemistry and oceanographic laboratories to facilitate technology transfer. 3) Develop and submit coordinated proposals from the collaborating communities to international funding groups to facilitate an ongoing series of meetings between the groups. 4) Develop a web site to act as a clearing‐house for the dissemination of information arising from tasks 1‐3, to encourage new ideas and entrain new individuals into the collaborative process.
2-97 Rationale Recognition of the need to observe the response of the ocean to climate forcing at a variety of temporal and spatial scales has led to large investments globally in the infrastructure of ocean observing systems (Clark, 2001, Cowles et al., 2010) that range from networked moorings to a variety of autonomous vehicles (Rudnick et al., 2004) that can telemeter real‐time data back to shore and be used to develop and constrain oceanic models. These new platforms, however, have very severe operational constraints, such as low power availability, restricted weight capacity, limited access for servicing, etc. Currently, there are few sensors or methodologies available that can actually make measurements of oceanic properties that meet these requirements. Thus, only a few of the parameters of interest to oceanographers can be determined because current methodologies used in chemical and allied fields of oceanography are inconsistent with the constraints associated with these platforms. In order to take advantage of these new platforms it is clear that new approaches are needed to making analyte determinations in the ocean. There is thus an urgent need to catalyse a fundamental improvement in the methodologies used to determine a large number of oceanographic parameters in order to take advantage of this newly developed observational infrastructure. Timeliness and Scientific Background As a result of the development of new instrumentation and materials, the field of analytical chemistry, at this time, is a rapidly evolving area. While many chemical oceanographers have had a basic undergraduate training in chemistry, the inexorable increase in time since that training means that few practicing oceanographers are familiar with the latest developments in the field of analytical chemistry. As a result it is difficult, if not impossible, for chemical oceanographers to remain cognizant of fundamental improvements in the field of analytical chemistry that could be applied to the development of a new class of oceanographic methodologies. There is a need to bridge the gap between chemical oceanographers and analytical chemists; this has been recognized for a long time (Goldberg, 1988) and past suggestions to improve the measurement of carbon system parameters (among others), by bringing together oceanographers and analytical chemists (NRC, 1993; Walt and Urban, 1995) have produced tangible results. However, in rapidly changing fields the connection between the fields needs to be reinforced at regular intervals or, preferably, on a semi‐continuous basis. Additionally, the advent of the new oceanographic observing infrastructure imposes requirements for miniaturisation, process control, and incorporation of instruments into pressure cases that requires engineering skills that few chemical oceanographers possess. There is therefore a need to bring together skilled individuals from these fields to focus on the development of new technologies that can fully utilise these new sampling platforms. A recent meeting, held at the University of Hawaii, and funded by the US National Science Foundation's Chemical Oceanography and Chemicals Imaging programs,
2-98 provided an initial opportunity to bring together ~ 50 people from 14 countries representing the analytical chemistry, chemical oceanography and ocean engineering communities to initiate a dialogue amongst the communities and to identify promising technologies that might be applicable to the analytical requirements in oceanography (see http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/faculty/chrism/COCA/Home.html). The meeting successfully identified a critical mass of interested individuals and ideas and has been promoted in the analytical chemistry community by one of the attendees, but this was designed as a single meeting. (http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/faculty/chrism/COCA/Outcomes.html) What is needed now is a continued effort to build on the foundation of connections created at the University of Hawaii meeting, continue the dialogue, and develop a longer‐term association. Reason for SCOR SCOR is an ideal mechanism to achieve the next stage of this process as it will allow members of that original meeting, and the extended contacts that have now been made, to entrain others in those communities into a framework that will develop longer term plans that will continue after the SCOR working group completes its terms of reference. SCOR has played an important role in improving the measurements of chemical elements in seawater from SCOR’s early years, starting with SCOR WG 6 on Chemical Oceanography and most recently through SCOR WG 109 on the Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater. The SCOR GEOTRACES project has stimulated improvements in the measurement of many trace elements and isotopes through an extensive intercalibration process for key GEOTRACES parameters. The specific tasks that are envisaged for this working group will create a set of publications and activities that will define the success of the working group, but which will also provide a solid foundation for a self‐sustaining cross‐disciplinary collaboration that specifically targets fundamental problems in oceanography and that will lead to long‐lasting capacity building benefits for our field. We have also approached the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to invite them to co‐sponsor this working group Thus the tasks that are envisaged for the working group consist of immediately reachable goals that will then be used to develop the most promising direction for future collaborations. Since the SCOR working group is deliberative in nature it is expected that the shape of the plan resulting from the SCOR working group may differ from that originally envisaged by the NSF, or this proposal, however, that is both expected and welcomed. SCOR is also appropriate because the original Hawaii workshop attracted participants from 14 different countries as well as several representatives from manufacturers of commercial instrumentation. Although this broad international interest was gratifying, we believe that there will be interest in developing countries and countries with economies in transition and look forward to getting SCOR input to help entrain individuals from such places so that capacity building between the disciplines can be extended across national and economic boundaries, enriching nascent oceanographic programs in other countries. It is likely that minituarised sensor technology will eventually be much cheaper than currently available methodology and this will bring the opportunity to monitor critical chemical parameters within the economic reach of
2-99 countries with limited budgets for oceanographic research and will also increase their participation in important global studies. Working group tasks and timeline It is proposed that the WG will have a 4‐year timeline with 3 meetings amongst the Full and Associate members. Since the project is cross–disciplinary, we will hold one of the group’s meetings associated with an international oceanography meeting and another associated with a chemistry meeting of similar stature. This will also allow us to advertise the existence of this initiative to other members of those communities and bring new people and ideas into the process. The final meeting would be planned to coincide with a dedicated workshop. The design of the workshop and development of a funding plan for it is one of the WG tasks (task 3, below). TOR #1: Produce and publish in a peer‐reviewed journal a critical assessment of which analytical chemistry technologies might be newly applied to oceanographic research. After approval, we would write a short article announcing the formation of the WG and soliciting input and submit this to Eos and also to a suitable forum that is seen by the analytical chemistry community. An initial meeting in the first full year would be held to develop and to assign groups of individuals to specific topics in analytical methodology that might be applied to oceanography. The NSF‐funded meeting in Hawaii developed several target areas for research that now need to undergo rigorous in‐depth evaluation. As part of this process the working group would identify particular topical areas of ocean science that would benefit from the individual development areas recommended. This would highlight the immediate practical benefits that would flow to understanding oceanic processes arising from the recommended development work. It is expected that the individuals who take on this first task would use networks within their communities to evaluate current state of the art, inherent limitations of techniques, potential solutions to problems associated with oceanographic implementation and a list of scientific applications that the new technologies would enable. It is expected that this task will require 1 year. We would plan to publish the report that would be assembled from this task in the peer‐ reviewed literature. Since there is little overlap between the analytical chemistry and oceanography literature we would probably plan to publish in the oceanography literature but arrange for simultaneous publicising of the work in the analytical chemistry journals though articles tailored to the interests of this community. This decision would be made by the working group members. TOR #2: Identify existing funding sources within the global research community that could be targeted to support short‐term exchanges of personnel between analytical chemistry and oceanographic laboratories to facilitate technology transfer. The second task that members would be asked to undertake simultaneously is to identify within their disciplines and countries, sources of funding that might be approached to support exchange of individuals between laboratories to enable technology transfer and understanding between the fields. We would also identify funding that could be used to host future training workshops that could be used to enable capacity building in under‐represented regions.
2-100 It is expected that at least one video conference would be scheduled during this period to deal with issues arising and to modify topics if deemed appropriate. A second full meeting in the group's year 2 would assess progress on the first and second terms of reference. TOR #3: Develop and submit coordinated proposals from the collaborating communities to international funding groups to facilitate an ongoing series of meetings between the groups. The second meeting will also undertake the third task: The third task of the working group would be to identify and develop collaborative proposals to a variety of funding agencies to support a series of workshops that would become the next stage of the collaboration. It would be intended that the initial workshop would be near the end of the life of the SCOR working group and the final meeting of the SCOR working group would be at this meeting, signaling a transition of the effort from a SCOR‐supported working group to a self‐ sustaining initiative with its own goals and membership. TOR #4: Develop a web site to act as a clearing‐house for the dissemination of information arising from tasks 1‐3, to encourage new ideas and entrain new individuals into the collaborative process. The final, fourth task of the working group, which would proceed in tandem with the first three would be to develop a web‐based resource for individuals who are interested in participating in these developments by: 1) Disseminating the results of task 1 widely for comment and to encourage individuals to take up research in these areas, 2) Provide a forum for discussion of task 1 ideas and suggestion of others. 3) Advertise the availability and deadlines for grant applications identified by task 2. 4) Act as a matchmaker where possible to bring together individuals from the various communities to develop research proposals or pursue ideas under task 1 & 2. 5) Advertise and develop the workshop under task 3 that would show progress in and encourage new developments. Working group membership The working group membership is designed to cover all of the three disciplines and also to ensure participation by younger scientists who will eventually be the standard bearers of this initiative. At this stage we have identified individuals from the pool of people who attended the University of Hawaii workshop. The expertise in ocean research and advanced analytical instrumentation tends to be largely confined to a few wealthy countries, although we are proposing two Full Members from developing countries. In addition, since capacity building would be one of the goals of this working group, with SCOR's assistance we would endeavour to identify individuals from these places, and would seek SCOR's assistance in funding their participation in the meetings through SCOR’s fund for travel of developing country scientists. The proposed members would create good connections between this working group and other relevant SCOR working groups, as well as with the SCOR‐ sponsored GEOTRACES project. The work of this group will benefit
2-101 the field of chemical oceanography mostly after GEOTRACES is completed and GEOTRACES does not fund this kind of activity. Expertise O = Oceanography AC = Analytical Chemistry OE = Ocean Engineering
Full members O
Chris Measures (USA), Chair – Co-chair of GEOTRACES Data Management Committee and expert on measurement of iron and aluminum in the ocean. AC Sandy Dasgupta (USA) Editor Analytica Chimica Acta and expert in development of miniature detectors and automated instrumentation, expert in membrane systems and ion chromatography. AC Paul Worsfold (UK) Past President, Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, current Chair, Division of Analytical Chemistry, The European Association of Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS) and expert in research at the interface of analytical chemistry and oceanography. OE Matt Mowlem (UK) Expert in development of low cost high performance electrochemical, lab on a chip and optical sensors for nutrients, metals, gasses and carbonate system parameters. O Kristin Buck (Bermuda) – Co-Chair of SCOR WG 139 on Organic Ligands: A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean and expert in ligand chemistry. O Sunil Singh (India) – Leader of GEOTRACES India, expert in the development of measurement techniques of various stable, radiogenic and radioactive isotopes and trace elements in the ocean. AC Spas Kolev (Australia) Expert in aquatic analysis and monitoring of analytes at trace levels based on the application of advanced sampling and preconcentration techniques. AC Raquel Mesquita (Portugal) Expert in developing robust, versatile and miniaturized automatic flow systems for studying water quality in dynamic systems AC Jian Ma (China-Beijing) Background in both analytical chemistry and the oceanography with expertise in the application of solid phase extraction to ocean waters O/AC Suenghee Han (Korea) Expert in mercury determination in coastal waters and sediments Associate members O Ed Boyle (USA) – Co-chair of GEOTRACES project and expert on measurement of iron and iron isotopes and lead and lead isotopes in the ocean. O Maeve Lohan (UK) - Co-Chair of SCOR WG 139 on Organic Ligands: A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean, member of GEOTRACES Scientific Steering Committee, and expert in ligand chemistry. OE Ken Johnson (USA) – Co-Chair of SCOR WG 142 on Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders, chemical oceanographer who has become an expert in instrument development, and member of the committee that produced the 1993 NRC report cited herein.
2-102 OE OE AC AC O O
Carsten Frank (Germany) Expert in developing chemical analyzers and sensors for oceanographic applications. Carole Barus (France) Expert in development of low energy electrochemical sensors for ocean use that generate reagents in situ. Steven Soper (USA) Expert in developing minituarised chemical analysis systems, micro and nanofabrication, and LOC systems for field monitoring of both organic and inorganic ions. Gary Heiftje (USA) Expert in the development of novel instrumentation for mass and optical spectrometry and elemental analysis. Tung Yuan Ho (China-Taipei) – Member of the GEOTRACES Scientific Steering Committee. Expert in marine trace metal biogeochemistry, trace metal analysis in seawater George Luther (USA) – Member of SCOR WG 135 on Hydrothermal Energy Transfer and its Impact on Ocean Carbon Cycles, and expert on development and measurements of sedimentary geochemistry using microelectrodes. Also a physical chemist.
References Cowles, T., J. Delaney, J. Orcutt, and R.Weller, The Ocean Observatories Initiative: Sustained Ocean Observing Across a Range of Spatial Scales, Marine Technology Society Journal, Volume 44, Number 6, November/December 2010 , pp. 54-64(11) Clark, H.L., New seafloor observatory networks in support of ocean science research, OCEANS, 2001. MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition , vol.1, no., pp.245,250 vol.1, 2001 doi: 10.1109/OCEANS.2001.968733 Goldberg, E.D., (editor), ChemRawn: Modern chemistry and chemical technology applied to the ocean and its resources. Appl. Geochem., 3, 1, 1988. NRC. Applications of Analytical Chemistry to Oceanic Carbon Cycle Studies Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1993 Rudnick, D. L., R.E. Davis, C.C. Eriksen, D.M. Fratantoni, M.J. Perry, Underwater Gliders for Ocean Research, Marine Technology Society Journal, Volume 38, Number 2, 2004 , pp. 73-84(12) Walt, D.R., and Urban, E., New sensor technology for in situ measurements of ocean chemistry. Oceanography, 8, 24, 1995.
2-103 2.3.7
SCOR Working Group on Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation
Microbial Community Responses to Ocean Deoxygenation Summary: Water column oxygen (O2) deficiency shapes food web structure by progressively directing nutrients and energy away from higher trophic levels and into microbial community metabolism. There is increasing evidence that ocean warming trends will decrease dissolved O2 concentrations within the coastal and interior regions of the ocean, resulting in oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) expansion. These processes will directly impact coastal benthic ecosystems and fisheries productivity due to habitat compression and changes in nutrient cycles with currently unconstrained feedbacks on the global ocean. Our SCOR working group will catalyze knowledge creation at the forefront of research on microbial community responses to changing levels of water column O2-deficiency. We will unite oceanographers, microbial ecologists and biogeochemists to define model ecosystems, new standards of practice, and economies of scale needed for effective comparative analyses and enhanced forecasts of ocean deoxygenation. Our deliverables will include one field experience, two program meetings, a white paper on best practices, and a peer-reviewed monograph. Objectives and timeliness: Direct quantitative comparisons of microbial community structure and function in O2-deficient marine waters are currently stymied by a lack of standards for process rate and molecular data collection. This deficiency prevents cross-scale analysis linking the genotypic properties of microbial communities to higher order biogeochemical cycles and impedes synergistic scientific collaborations. Moreover, we need to formally define model ecosystems and concerted community initiatives to address fundamental questions and take advantage of appropriate economies of scale for transformative knowledge creation and translation. Our working group proposal was inspired by a recent exploratory workshop sponsored by the Moore Foundation and the Agouron Institute in Santa Cruz, Chile, which focused on identifying opportunities and bottlenecks for collaborative research in O2-deficient marine waters. This workshop identified cross-scale comparisons and standardized measurements as a key bottleneck and an urgent opportunity for transformative science. Here we propose the establishment of a working group that networks the intellectual power of oceanographers, microbial ecologists and biogeochemists to build on the momentum of the Chilean workshop based on the following program objectives: 1. Identify model ecosystems manifesting ecological and biogeochemical phenotypes across a range of water column O2-deficiency states 2. Develop community standards of data collection for both process rate and molecular measurements enabling cross-scale comparisons 3. Establish core metrics for modeling microbial community responses to changing levels of O2-deficiency. 4. Disseminate standards, data sets and comparative analysis to the wider oceanographic and Earth system science communities and the public.
2-104 Terms of Reference: Our working group will catalyze research network formation and collaborative scientific practices over a four-year time frame that progressively transforms participants into a more focused and effective research community. 1. In year 1 of the working group we will convene a practical workshop in Saanich Inlet, a seasonally anoxic fjord off the coast of Vancouver Island British Columbia, Canada, to ground truth common standards for process rate and molecular measurements and identify model ecosystems for future cross-scale comparative analyses. 2. In year 2, we will convene a meeting at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnemünde, Germany to codify standards of best practice, identify leveraged funding opportunities and economies of scale, and compose a white paper describing said standards and opportunities. 3. In year 3, we will sponsor a topical session at an international conference such as ASLO, ISME, or ASM to highlight research findings informed by the best practices described in the white paper. 4. In year 4, we will convene a meeting at the National Institute of Oceanography in Goa, India to compile a peer-reviewed monograph, which we tentatively plan to publish as an electronic book in the Frontiers or PLoS open access journals to ensure both visibility and long-term access. Scientific background and rationale: Ocean deoxygenation directly impacts marine ecosystem functions and services through changes in food web structure and biodiversity.1 Climate change induced water column stratification and anthropogenic discharges are enhancing deoxygenation throughout the modern ocean.2-6 As oxygen levels decline, energy is increasingly diverted away from higher trophic levels into microbial community metabolism resulting in significant environmental changes including fixed nitrogen loss, possible accumulation of hydrogen sulfide, and the production of climate active trace gases. Current research efforts are defining the interaction networks underlying microbial community metabolism in O2-deficient waters and are rapidly generating new insights into coupled biogeochemical processes in the ocean.7,8 However, many open questions remain regarding the commonalities and differences among and between locales, sensitivities to climate forcing, underlying regulatory mechanisms, and biotic interactions that modulate microbial community metabolism including grazing and viral infection. Moreover, we are presently unable to accurately forecast biogeochemical dynamics associated with changing levels of water column O2-deficiency due, in part, to the limited integration of process rate and microbial community structure and function information between locales. Thus, the inevitable impacts of deoxygenation on ocean ecosystems, climate and human society remain uncertain. Technological innovations from high throughput sequencing to in situ monitoring and paired isotope labeling methods have increased our analytical capacity to probe the mechanisms underlying microbial community responses to ocean deoxygenation.8-14 These technical innovations have yet to be standardized and applied in a cross-scale collaborative scientific endeavor to integrate process rate and microbial community structure and function information. A SCOR working group is needed to overcome existing activation barriers and achieve such cross-scale syntheses.
2-105 Why a SCOR Working Group?: Contemporary international collaborations can be effective in charting the microbial ecology and biogeochemistry of O2-deficient waters. However these collaborations are almost exclusively compartmentalized into groups focused on specific biogeochemical processes in disparate oceanic locales. A SCOR working group would provide the opportunity to fuse these disparate efforts into a bona fide scientific network enabling synergistic cross-scale studies between locales that address long-term goals. Our working group focused on microbial controls on biogeochemical transformation and ecosystem stability in O2deficient marine waters is both timely and pressing as it directly addresses the ecological implications associated with current global warming trends and OMZ expansion. Our working group will promote idea exchange, community engagement and transformative collaborative research projects on a global-scale by uniting oceanographers, microbial ecologists and biogeochemists across geopolitical and traditional disciplinary boundaries. The resulting network will build capacity in developing nations (India, Chile) and promote best practices at the epicenter of a pivotal issue in marine and climate science. We expect that our working group will inspire national agencies and international organizations to support operational components of our combined research programs, promote economies of scale that leverage matching funds between stakeholders including national and regional funding agencies and the private sector. Relevance to other SCOR activities: Our proposed working group synergies with existing SCOR working groups including WG5 “The International Indian Ocean Expedition”, WG128 “Natural and Human-Induced Hypoxia and Consequences for Coastal Areas”, WG134 “Microbial Carbon pump in the Ocean” and WG137 “Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Systems”. SCOR has a record of sustained interest in water column O2-deficiency with a regional focus. Here we seek to develop an integrated science program that builds on previous working group successes on a global scale. Indeed a number of our members have participated in prior working groups bringing continuity and historical perspective to our new initiative. For example, between 2006-2010 associate members Daniel Conley, Nancy Rabalais, and SWA Naqvi participated in Working Group 128 focused on spatio-temporal variability, anthropogenic causes, ecological and biogeochemical impacts and ecosystem responses to coastal O2-deficiency at a time when molecular methods for charting microbial community structure and function were still emerging. Our working group is differentiated from WG128 in its emphasis on cross-scale comparative analyses and standardization of process rate and molecular measurements. Our initiative is a direct and pressing response to recent scientific discoveries including the discovery of a cryptic sulfur cycle in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific OMZ2 and the recent expansion of high throughput sequencing technologies opening a functional genomic window into microbial community metabolic potential and phenotypic expression. The monograph that we produce will integrate new data collected with best practices in working group defined model ecosystems to provide direct insight into the paradoxical role of microbial communities in biogeochemical transformation and ecosystem stability in O2-deficient marine waters. Composition of the group: Our working group management structure will be dynamic with leadership rotating between chairs each year. Bess Ward will serve as the leadership coordinator, working closely with the rotating chairs to ensure that working group objectives are met in accordance with the terms of reference. Sean Crowe and Steven Hallam will co-chair the field experience in year 1, Klaus Jurgens will chair the standards meeting in year 2, Virginia Edgcomb
2-106 and Veronique Garcon will co-chair the session searches in year 3 and Nagappa Ramaiah will chair the synthesis meeting in year 4. All full members are committed to participating in working group activities and will engage associate members in collaborative scientific endeavors. Sean Crowe and Steven Hallam will edit the monograph.. Associate members augment the experience and expertise of the working group and in several cases provide an intellectual bridge to prior SCOR working groups. Full Members Name Bess Ward
Expertise/System Focus Biogeochemistry Open Ocean
Institution
Email
Princeton University, USA
[email protected]
National Institute of Biogeochemistry
[email protected] Coastal Ocean Oceanography, India Biogeochemistry
[email protected] University of Coastal/Open Ocean Southampton, UK Sean Crowe Biogeochemistry
[email protected] University of British Coastal/Open Ocean Columbia, Canada Veronique Physical Oceanography Centre National de la
[email protected] Garcon Coastal/Open Ocean Recherche Scientifique, France s- mip.fr Nagappa Ramaiah Phyllis Lam
Osvaldo Ulloa
Universidad Concepcion, Chile
[email protected]
Virginia Edgcomb
Biological Oceanography Open Ocean Microbial Ecology Coastal/Open Ocean
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, USA
[email protected]
Steven Hallam
Microbial Ecology Coastal/Open Ocean
University of British Columbia, Canada
[email protected]
Klaus Juergens
Microbial Ecology Enclosed Basin
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Germany
[email protected]
Matt Sullivan
Viral Ecology Open Ocean
University of Arizona, USA
[email protected]
Bess Ward is the William J. Sinclair Professor of Geosciences and the Chair of the Department of Geosciences at Princeton University. She has pioneered nitrogen cycle process rate measurements in O2- deficient coastal and open ocean waters helping to elucidate the distributed nature of nitrogen transformations within microbial communities. Her research focuses on the marine and global nitrogen cycle, using molecular biological investigations of marine bacteria and bacterial processes. A major and continuing theme in her work is nitrification and denitrification. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology, the American Geophysical Union and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She has received numerous awards including the G. Evelyn Hutchinson Medal from the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography making her the first women and the youngest person ever to receive such an award.
2-107 Nagappa Ramaiah is chief scientist at the National Institute of Oceanography in Goa, India. He is a biological oceanographer with a deep and abiding interest in microbial mediated biogeochemical cycles. He has extensive leadership experience and has participated in numerous international oceanographic initiatives including previous SCOR working groups. Phyllis Lam is a Lecturer at the University of Southampton and National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, UK. She is a microbial ecologist and biogeochemist with expertise in coupled process rate and molecular analyses including functional genomics, gene expression and nanoSIMS. Phyllis has extensive expertise in describing nitrogen cycling in both coastal and open ocean OMZs with particular emphasis on microbial controls on anaerobic ammonia oxidation. Sean Crowe is an Assistant professor and Canada Research Chair nominee cross-appointed to the departments of Microbiology & Immunology, and Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences at the University of British Columbia. His background is transdisciplinary spanning the fields of geology, geochemistry and environmental microbiology. His specific interests are in the coupled evolution of microorganisms and Earth surface chemistry over multiple scales of space and time. Veronique Garcon is a CNRS senior scientist at the Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales where she develops coupled physical/biogeochemical models of marine ecosystem function. Her research interests include marine biogeochemistry and ecosystem dynamics, large-scale ocean circulation and tracers, global carbon and nitrogen cycles, physical-biological interactions, eastern boundary upwelling systems and biogeochemical climatic monitoring. She is currently a steering committee member for SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study) and has participated in numerous international collaborative initiatives. Osvaldo Ulloa is Professor of Biological Oceanography at the University of Concepcion, in Concepcion, Chile. He is an international leader in the study of microbial community responses to marine O2-deficiency with extensive biological oceanographic experience. He currently runs a time-series monitoring program in permanent and seasonal OMZs off the Chilean coast that has been the source of fundamental new insight into coupled biogeochemical cycling in the ocean. Virginia Edgcomb is a Research Specialist in the department of Geology & Geophysics at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Her research focuses on the ecology and evolution of protists and their interactions with other microorganisms in marine micro-oxic and anoxic/sulfidic environments including coastal OMZs and semi-enclosed basins. Steven Hallam is a Canada Research Chair in Environmental Genomics. He is an Associate Professor in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and program faculty member in the bioinformatics training program at the University of British Columbia. His background is in the field of microbial ecological genomics and genetics with specific emphasis on the creation of computational tools and workflows for taxonomic and functional binning, population genome assembly, and comparative community analysis. He currently runs a timeseries monitoring program in the northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean focused on microbial community structure and function in coastal and open ocean OMZs. Klaus Jurgens is Professor of Biological Oceanography at the University of Rostock, Germany and the Deputy Head of Biological Oceanography at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnemünde. He is international leader in the study of microbial community structure and function in O2-deficient waters, with particular emphasis on
2-108 chemolithoautotrophic prokaryotes and protist interactions in enclosed basins including the Baltic and Black Seas. Matt Sullivan is an Assistant Professor in Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and a Joint Assistant Professor of Molecular & Cellular Biology at the University of Arizona. His research aims to elucidate the mechanisms of phage and host genome evolution, as well as to explore the roles of ocean viruses in global biogeochemical cycling. In 2013 he was awarded a Marine Microbiology Investigator Award from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation in recognition of his ground breaking contributions to the field of viral ecology. Associate Members Konstantinos Kormas (University of Thessaly, Greece: Microbial Ecologist) Daniel Conley (Lund University, Sweden: Quaternary Sciences), Karen Casciotti (Stanford University, USA: Geochemistry), Nancy Rabalais (Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, USA: Biological Oceanography), Raquel Vaquer-Sunyer (Lund University, Sweden: Biogeochemistry), Frank Stewart (Georgia Tech, USA: Microbial Ecology), Mark Altabet (University of Massachusetts, USA: Geochemistry), SWA Naqvi (National Institute of Oceanography, India), Jody Wright (University of British Columbia, Canada: Microbial Ecologist), David Karl (University of Hawaii, USA: Biological Oceanographer), Jon Kaye (Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation: Program manager), Robinson (Wally) Fulweiler (Boston University, USA: Biogeochemist) Annie Bourbonnais (University of Massachusetts, USA: Geochemistry), Mak Saito (Woods Hole, USA, geochemistry). References 1. Vaquer-Sunyer, R. & Duarte, C.M. Thresholds of hypoxia for marine biodiversity. P Natl Acad Sci USA 105, 15452-15457, doi:Doi 10.1073/Pnas.0803833105 (2008). 2. Diaz, R.J. & Rosenberg, R. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 926-929, doi:Doi 10.1126/Science.1156401 (2008). 3. Whitney, F.A., Freeland, H.J. & Robert, M. Persistently declining oxygen levels in the interior waters of the eastern subarctic Pacific. Prog Oceanogr 75, 179-199, doi:Doi 10.1016/J.Pocean.2007.08.007 (2007). 4. Stramma, L., Johnson, G.C., Sprintall, J. & Mohrholz, V. Expanding oxygen-minimum zones in the tropical oceans. Science 320, 55-658, doi:Doi 10.1126/Science.1153847 (2008). 5. Emerson, S., Watanabe, Y.W., Ono, T. & Mecking, S. Temporal trends in apparent oxygen utilization in the upper pycnocline of the North Pacific: 1980-2000. J Oceanogr 60, 139-147, doi:Doi 10.1023/B:Joce.0000038323.62130.A0 (2004). 6. Conley, D.J. et al. Hypoxia Is Increasing in the Coastal Zone of the Baltic Sea. Environ Sci Technol 45, 6777-6783, doi:Doi 10.1021/Es201212r (2011). 7. Wright, J.J., Konwar, K.M. & Hallam, S.J. Microbial ecology of expanding oxygen minimum zones. Nat Rev Microbiol 10, 381-394, doi:Doi 10.1038/Nrmicro2778 (2012).
2-109 8. Canfield, D.E. et al. A Cryptic Sulfur Cycle in Oxygen-Minimum-Zone Waters off the Chilean Coast. Science 330, 1375-1378, doi:Doi 10.1126/Science.1196889 (2010). 9. Walsh, D.A. et al. Metagenome of a Versatile Chemolithoautotroph from Expanding Oceanic Dead Zones. Science 326, 578-582, doi:Doi 10.1126/Science.1175309 (2009). 10. Stewart, F.J. et al. Experimental Incubations Elicit Profound Changes in Community Transcription in OMZ Bacterioplankton. Plos One 7, doi:ARTN e37118 DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0037118 (2012). 11. Dalsgaard, T., De Brabandere, L. & Hall, P.O.J. Denitrification in the water column of the central Baltic Sea. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 106, 247-260, doi:Doi 10.1016/J.Gca.2012.12.038 (2013). 12. Thamdrup, B., Dalsgaard, T. & Revsbech, N.P. Widespread functional anoxia in the oxygen minimum zone of the Eastern South Pacific. Deep-Sea Res Pt I 65, 36-45, doi:Doi 10.1016/J.Dsr.2012.03.001 (2012). 13. Kalvelage, T. et al. Oxygen Sensitivity of Anammox and Coupled N-Cycle Processes in Oxygen Minimum Zones. Plos One 6, doi:ARTN e29299 DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0029299 (2011). 14. Revsbech, N.P. et al. Determination of ultra-low oxygen concentrations in oxygen minimum zones by the STOX sensor. Limnol Oceanogr-Meth 7, 371-381 (2009).
2-110 2.3.8
SCOR Working Group on Surface Wave in Ocean Circulation and Climate System
Coustenis
Proposal for a SCOR Working Group on Surface Waves in Ocean Circulation and Climate System Abstract: Surface waves, as the most energetic motion in the ocean, are traditionally left out of large- scale ocean general circulation and climate models. Recent studies have shown that ocean surface waves could have decisive influence on basin scale temperature structure and circulation pattern through the surface wave-induced vertical mixing. This working group will explore and identify the crucial importance of surface waves in the upper ocean and climate system through modulation of the ocean vertical mixing and air-sea interaction, and will assess new observational programs needed to better parameterize the wave-induced vertical mixing in the upper ocean and the air-sea interaction processes at sea surface. This will make it possible to improve ocean and climate models by including the mixing effects associated with the surface waves through the whole water column. It may be a new channel to connect smallscale surface wave and large scale ocean circulation and global climate change. 1. Rationale Wind energy input to surface waves is estimated as 60~70 TW (Wang and Huang, 2004; Rascle et al., 2008), which is much greater than the mechanical energy from all other sources in the ocean. A review by Wunsch and Ferrari (2004) clearly states the critical role of surface waves in vertical mixing of momentum and energy in the global ocean. However, nearly all previous scientific studies of large-scale oceanic and climate phenomena treat waves as a superfluous nuisance. Although wave-breaking is considered, its effects on large scale are limited in the top few meters, in the depth order of wave amplitude. Part of the reason is that waves were thought to be of small scales and therefore irrelevant; the other factor is that wave studies have been confined to studying waves for the sake of understanding the dynamics of waves only (Yuan and Huang, 2012). In fact, vertical mixing in the upper ocean and air-sea fluxes at the sea surface are not only strongly modulated but also determined by the surface wave conditions. Climate and weather are essentially ocean-atmospheric interaction phenomena. Their dynamic and thermal regimes imply physical coupling of atmosphere and ocean in such a complicate way that the physical details are still elusive. The past parameterization approach to study such coupled models appear to have reached a limit in their performance, and failed to reproduce aspects of important observed air-sea interaction phenomena such as the phase of the ENSO cycle and tropical-cyclone intensity, among others. There is an urgent need for better physics for related numerical models. Air-sea interaction phenomena, including weather and climate, represent a complicated chain of inter-connected and coupled processes. If, for example, global warming is happening nonuniformly, it will lead to changes of the atmospheric pressure gradients and therefore of wind systems, which should bring about alterations to the wave fields. The latter will provide
2-111 feedback on the winds and, most importantly, on the ocean mixing (Cavaleri et al., 2012). If the average prevalence or size of surface waves increase, which appears to be the case over the last 25 years (Young et al., 2011), they can mix the ocean deeper (Babanin, 2006). Since 2-3m of ocean water has the same heat capacity as the entire dry atmosphere (Soloviev and Lukas, 2003) and the deeper ocean is cold, such extra mixing should dampen the surface ocean warming. So, surface wave plays crucial role in the climate system. 2. Scientific Background Simulations of the wave-mixing effects in climate models clearly demonstrate significant feedbacks from the ocean because of the additional mixing due to wave actions. This feedback impacts both the magnitudes and global distribution of primary atmospheric features such as temperature oscillations, pressure patterns and rainfall. When wave mixing is included, rainfall in summer months in Southeastern Asia, for example, is increased by 3mm per day. When full GCMs are explicitly coupled with the wave models (i.e., climate-model winds are used to generate and drive the waves, whose effects are then fed to the upper ocean), the correlation between simulated and observed sea temperatures increases by as much as 30% (Qiao et al., 2010). Note that the outcome is not entirely local, for the ocean circulation is affected, which makes the sea surface temperature is not necessarily decreased locally. It is interesting that an ocean circulation model can works well with wave-induced mixing even excluding the shearinduced vertical mixing (Qiao and Huang, 2012). This working group will bring together the wave-coupled effects on the upper ocean, weather and climate. Weather and climate are phenomena of very different scales (days vs. years and decades, respectively). Both scales, however, are much larger with respect to the scale of ocean surface waves (seconds). Consequently, wave-related air-sea interactions in weather and in climate research have not been coupled due to the following two main reasons: In terms of geophysics, there is a traditional perception that processes of such distant scales can be studied and modeled separately, and exchange between the scales can be parameterized as some largerscale average (mean fluxes of energy and momentum in this case). In terms of technicality, the computational costs of such coupling have been prohibitive until recently, and are still very expensive. The fluxes, however, are not constant in the course of wave evolution, even if the wind is constant. These fluxes are determined by a great variety of wave-related properties which vary at time scale of hours, which is comparable with the lower time scale of evolution for weather patterns. Since the concurrent wave pattern is very complicated, it appears necessary to know the wave properties explicitly at each step of cyclone development. On the atmospheric side of the ocean interface, waves determine the surface drag that is how much the surface winds are slowed down because of the wave presence. In very simple terms, the drag should increase as the winds grow, but there is experimental evidence that this growth slows down and even decreases at higher wind speeds (Powel et al., 2003), either due to aerodynamic effects imposed by waves (e.g., Donelan et al., 2006) or due to spray produced by the waves (e.g., Kudryavtsev and Makin, 2011), or due to a combination of these and other influences. Recent hurricane-wave coupling investigations have demonstrated the significance of such feedback processes (Moon et al., 2008).
2-112 Below the surface, the effects of turbulence induced by breaking waves have long been appreciated (Soloviev and Lukas, 2003). The mixing and the turbulence induced by nonbreaking waves, however, are new concepts (Yuan et al, 1999; Qiao et al., 2004; Babanin, 2006). The non-breaking wave-induced mixing can affect the water column to a depth of the scale of the wavelength, which is of the order of 100m and is comparable with the mixed layer depth; while, the wave breaking-related mixing only affects the scale of wave height. Therefore, the nonbreaking wave effects provide a ready explanation for turbulence diffusion or advection in order to mix the seasonal ocean layer through the thermocline below. Ever since the proposal of this concept, it has been confirmed through extensively tested in the laboratory (Babanin and Haus, 2009; Dai et al, 2010; Savelyev et al, 2012) and in the field (Pleskachevski et al., 2011). Implementation of this wave-turbulence mixing in climate models leads to significant impacts, as mentioned above, both on the atmospheric side and in the ocean (Qiao et al., 2010). This implementation is particularly necessary since the wind/wave climate itself has been changing, both in the mean and in its extremes (Young et al., 2011). The wind/wave growth is most relevant for ocean mixing, air-sea interactions and extreme oceanic conditions. The sea drag coefficient, which is the main property to describe the air-sea interaction in GCMs, also explicitly depends on the waves as discussed above. Thus, it appears that neither climate trends nor wave trends can be adequately addressed unless GCMs are fully coupled with wave models. In short, without accounting for the wave effects directly, the physics of large-scale ocean circulation and air-sea interactions is inaccurate, inadequate and incomplete. The proposed working group will bring together experts in ocean waves, ocean circulation and climate models. Two main reasons make coupling of waves with the dynamics of large-scale phenomena necessary and feasible now: First, since the waves evolve in response to air/sea forcing, by receiving energy and momentum from the winds and by passing it on to ocean turbulence and currents, their feedback cannot be efficiently averaged and parameterized, but has to be unambiguously evaluated and accounted for at every instant. Second, modern-day computer facilities have caught up with the needs of coupling small-scale and large-scale phenomena. 3. Terms of Reference The proposed working group would (1) Comprehensively summarize past results of all scientific aspects of surface wave on upper ocean and lower atmosphere; (2) Identify new observational techniques needed to fill gaps in understanding essential physics and dynamics of the wave-induced vertical mixing in upper ocean and air-sea fluxes to provide useful information for parameterization; (3) Explore new and effective ways to make the atmosphere, wave and general ocean circulation models to couple together seamlessly and efficiently; (4) Convene both open and by invitation working group meetings and publish the progressive assessments in open literatures such as publishing a special issue of a major journal dedicated to this topic, or proceedings of the Air-Sea Symposium; (5) Finally, produce a comprehensive final report incorporating the study results and the state-of-the-arts summary of the above topics in a monogram to be published by a leading
2-113 publishing house, such as the Cambridge University Press, as a milestone and land mark for the air-sea fully coupled climate modeling. 4. Working Group Membership, Group Activities and Capacity Building (1) Membership Ten full members are as follows (Profs. Fangli Qiao and Alexander V Babanin will co-chair WG/) No Name 1 Fangli Qiao 2 Alexander V Babanin 3 4
Mikhail Dobrynin Yign Noh
Institute/University First Institute of Oceanography Swinburne University of Technology University of Hamburg Yonsei University
Nation China Australia
Gender M M
Germany Korea
M M
5
Erick Rogers
Naval Research Laboratory
USA
M
6 7
Anna O. Rutgersson Fredolin T. Tangang
Uppsala University National University of Malaysia
Sweden Malaysia
F M
8
Yu-heng Tseng
NCAR
USA
M
9 10
Yuliya Troitskaya Judith Wolf
Institute of Applied Physics National Oceanography Centre
Russian UK
F F
Six Associate members are as follows: No Name 1 Tal Ezer 2 Safwan Hadi
Institute/University Nation Old Dominion University USA Institute of Technology Bandong Indonesia
Gender M M
3 4
Norden E Huang National Central University China Somkiat Khokiattiwong Phuket Marine Biological Center Thailand
M M
5 6
Yeli Yuan Will Perrie
M M
First Institute of Oceanography China Bedford Institute of oceanography Canada
Note: All 10 members and 6 associated members are Professors. And more associate members may be included. (2) Working group activities Annual meetings (by invitation): The attendees would be limited to the members and invited experts in the proposed subject to summarize the progress and assess the future direction of action for the working group. It is proposed that three annual meeting will be organized during 2014-2016. The first meeting will be an Open Science Meeting which is scheduled in China in 2014.
2-114 The second meeting may be in Australia in 2015, an article to EOS (2014) and a possible article to BOMS (2015) are expected respectively. The venue of the third meeting in 2016 will be discussed among working group members and a proceedings or a special issue of a journal is expected in the third year. Scientific sessions (Open to public): organize 2 scientific sessions at the General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union and in 2015 and 2016 to announce the progress and to solicit a wider view from the community on the proposed subject Symposium: In 2017 of the last year of this working group, a special Air-Sea Interaction Symposium will be organized in China, dedicated to the wave-coupled effects in ocean circulation, weather and climate. Additional editorial meeting of selected members in the last year will be organized, if necessary, to work out the final report which will be published by a leading publishing house, such as the Cambridge University Press. (3) Capacity building Other than the open meetings, capacity building will be accomplished mainly through two additional kinds of activities: Firstly, establish and maintain a Web site as a “virtual workshop” that can be used by the scientific community for exchange and discussion of ideas, results, and future planning on the surface wave effects in ocean and climate; and secondly, to host two training courses on wave effects on ocean and climate, and support at least 15 trainees from all different countries each time on the platform of the UNESCO/IOC Regional Training and Research Center on Ocean Dynamics and Climate (http://www.fio.org.cn/english/training_center/index.htm ). The chair of this working group will seek additional financial support for the related capacity building. 5. The Relationship with Previous SCOR Working Groups and Other Organizations WG 28 air-sea interaction focused the traditional air-sea exchange processes, while the present WG will focus on the surface wave effects on air-sea interaction with a special emphasis on the effects in the water column through mixing. WG 69 studied small-scale turbulence and mixing in the ocean, while the present WG will focus on the surface wave-induced mixing; WG 103 focused on wave breaking on upper ocean dynamics, while the present WG will focus on the non-breaking surface wave-induced mixing; WG 111 focused on the coupling processes among surface waves, currents and winds in coastal area, while the present WG will focus on open sea. WG 121 focused on mixing in the deep ocean, whereas the present WG will focus on the ocean mixing in the upper ocean. The work of this group is closely relevant to the SCOR-IGBP-WCRP- CACGP Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), as well as to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO). Reference Babanin, A.V., 2006: On a wave-induced turbulence and a wave-mixed upper ocean layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, doi:10.1029/2006GL027308.
2-115 Babanin, A.V., and B.K Haus, 2009: On the existence of water turbulence induced by nonbreaking surface waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography., 39, 2675-2679. Babanin, A.V., 2011: Breaking and Dissipation of Ocean Surface Waves. Cambridge University Press, 480pp. Cavaleri, L., B. Fox-Kemper, and M.Hemer, 2012: Wind-waves in the coupled climate system. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., In press. Dai, D., F. Qiao, W. Sulisz, L. Han, and A.V. Babanin, 2010: An experiment on the nonbreaking surface-wave-induced vertical mixing. Journal of Physical Oceanography., 40, 2180-2188. Kudryavtsev, V.N., and V.K. Makin, 2011: Impact of ocean spray on the dynamics of the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 140, 383-410. Moon, I., I. Ginis, and T. Hara, 2008: Impact of reduced drag coefficient on ocean wave modeling under hurricane conditions. Monthly Weather Review, 136, 1217-1223. Pleskachevsky, A., M. Dobrynin, A.V. Babanin, H. Gunther, and E. Stanev, 2011: Turbulent diffusion due to ocean surface waves indicated by suspended particulate matter. Implementation of satellite data into numerical modelling. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 41, 708-724. Powell, M.D., P.J. Vickery, and T.A. Reinhold, 2003: Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones. Nature, 422, 279-283. Qiao, F., Y. Yeli, Y. Yang, Q. Zheng, C. Xia, and J. Ma, 2004: Wave-induce mixing in the upper ocean: Distribution and application to a global ocean circulation model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi:10.1029/2004GL019824. Qiao, F., Y. Yuan, T. Ezer, C. Xia, Y. Yang, X. Lu, and Z. Song, 2010: A three-dimensional surface wave-ocean circulation coupled model and its initial testing. Ocean Dynamics, 60, 1339-1355. Qiao, F., and C. J. Huang, 2012: Comparison between vertical shear mixing and surface waveinduced mixing in the extratropical ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00J16, doi:10.1029/2012JC007930. Rascle, N., F. Ardhuin, P. Queffeulou, and D. Croizé-Fillon, 2008, A global wave parameter database for geophysical applications. Part 1: Wave-current-turbulence interaction parameters for the open ocean based on traditional parameterizations. Ocean Modell., 25, 154-171. Savelyev I. B., E. Maxeiner and D. Chalikov, 2012, Turbulence production by non-breaking waves: laboratory and numerical simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research, submitted. Soloviev, A.V., and R. Lukas, 2003: The Near-Surface layer of the Ocean: Structure, Dynamics and Applications. Springer, NY, 572pp. Wang, W., and R. X. Huang, 2004, Wind energy input to the surface waves. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1276-1280. Wunsch, C., and R. Ferrari, 2004, Vertical mixing, energy and the general circulation of the oceans. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 281-314. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122121. Young, I.R., S. Zieger, and A.V. Babanin, 2011: Global trends in wind speed and wave height. Science, 332, 451-455 Yuan, Y., F. Qiao, F. Hua, and Z. Wan, 1999, The development of a coastal circulation numerical model: 1. Wave-induced mixing and wave-current interaction. J. Hydrodyn., Ser. A, 14, 1–8. Yuan, Y. and N. E. Huang, 2012, A reappraisal of ocean wave studies. Journal of Geophysical Research, submitted.
2-117 2.3.9 SCOR Working Group on Standard protocols for the development of an atlas of marine plankton biogeography Costello
Proposal for a SCOR working group on Standard protocols for the development of an atlas of marine plankton biogeography Abstract Deciphering the structure and functioning of marine planktonic ecosystems is becoming increasingly important to help us understand and predict their role in an Earth System Science context. This is especially critical as climate change and other anthropogenic impacts are altering marine ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Marine planktonic ecosystems are key players in driving global biogeochemical cycles. They respond to changes in environmental conditions such as global warming and ocean acidification, but they also drive global biogeochemical cycles themselves. Thus, a major reorganization in plankton biogeography due to climate change will feed back onto climate and global biogeochemical cycling by modulating ocean CO2 storage and emissions of climatically important trace gases. A recent data collection effort, the MARine Ecosystem DATa (MAREDAT) initiative, brought together over 500’000 abundance and biomass measurements. For the first time, it is possible to investigate plankton biogeography at the global scale, and within the context of a diverse set of applications from marine ecosystem model validation to applications in theoretical ecology and remote sensing. The MAREDAT datasets are publically available with unique, citable digital object identifiers (DOIs) at the data publisher PANGAEA and summary papers on methods and the data are published in the open--‐access journal Earth System Science Data. However, many existing data sources could not be included in the initial release of MAREDAT, and important biases remain in both the temporal and spatial domain. Furthermore, the analysis of the MAREDAT data set reveals that a more uniform structure would allow data to be useful for a wider range of applications. Here, we propose a SCOR working group for the development of new protocols for the reporting and collection of global--‐scale planktonic ecosystem data such as abundance and biomass measurements. We also propose to include pigments, which can be used to estimate phytoplankton taxonomy, as well as those biological rates and plankton physiological traits that can be geo--‐referenced, as each will further define plankton biogeography. Furthermore, we propose to pioneer a standard methodology for the interpolation of scarce biological data. The working group would develop a common protocol for data reporting for a global plankton atlas in collaboration with data archives and data users from different fields, and implement them for the new release of MAREDAT in 2015. It would then test and recommend new global data interpolation routines based on neural networks, biomes or other large--‐scale properties. The working group would answer important questions on how to link different data sources, such as biomass, pigment and trait data, and would collaborate on the analysis of the data for an improved understanding of marine ecosystem structure and functioning in a changing world. The main product of the proposed SCOR group would be MAREDAT2015, an extension of the
2-118 MAREDAT2012 global atlas of plankton biogeography (http://www.earth--‐syst--‐sci--‐ data.net/special_issue7.html). The working group would define guidelines on standard data protocols and quality control during year 1 of the working group, collect and archive data during years 2 and 3, and publish MAREDAT2015 at the end of the third year. The fourth year of the SCOR working group would be dedicated to the analysis of the data, in collaboration with colleagues from trait ecology and remote sensing fields, and the results would be published in a scientific article. 1. Rationale Anthropogenic climate change has been shown to impact marine planktonic ecosystems in several crucial ways: On a global scale, the ocean is simultaneously undergoing warming, deoxygenation and ocean acidification (Doney, 2010); that is, the ocean is “warming up, losing breath, and turning sour” (Gruber, 2011). Increased stratification in subtropical and temperate latitudes may limit nutrient availability and decrease primary productivity over the coming century (Steinacher et al. 2010). These changes may already be underway: For example, the oligotrophic regions of the oceans appear to be expanding (Polovina et al. 2008), Pacific species have been shown to migrate into the Atlantic (Reid et al. 2001), zooplankton species shifts have been recorded in the North Atlantic (Beaugrand et al. 2004, 2008), and regime shifts have occurred in the Black and Caspian seas due to overfishing and the invasion of non--‐native species (Oguz & Gilbert, 2007). These and many more studies show that climate change and other anthropogenic impacts affect ecosystems across multiple trophic levels and in many different ways (Doney et al. 2012). Marine planktonic ecosystems play an important role in the global biogeochemical cycling of key elements such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. Marine plankton form the base of the food web, and are of crucial importance for everything from the marine biological pump and ocean CO2 storage, to global fisheries and food security in developing countries. Specific plankton groups produce nitrogen, sulfur and organohalide--‐based trace gases that can affect climate and atmospheric chemistry. Marine biodiversity forms a resource that is exploited in many industrial ways from the use of genes that code for low--‐temperature enzymes in detergents, to food supplies and animal food stocks. However, many marine ecosystem services related to global biogeochemical cycling, food provision and genetic diversity are still poorly quantified (Worm et al. 2006), since not all aspects of marine ecosystem structure and composition are routinely monitored on the global scale. Thus, changes in lower trophic level marine ecosystem structure and functioning may crucially impact global climate in the long term, and through trophic cascades the livelihood of millions of people relying on marine resources. The FAO estimates that about one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein (FAO, 2000). Recent advances in remote sensing now allow the estimation of different plankton functional groups and size structure from space using relationships between phytoplankton and water--‐ leaving reflectance (Alvain et al. 2005), backscattering (Kostadinov et al. 2009, 2010) or pigment concentrations and chlorophyll--‐a (Hirata et al. 2008, 2011). However, most remote sensing algorithms have been validated using only a few hundred data points in limited ocean regions (e.g. Hirata et al. 2011, Alvain et al. 2012). Extensive sets of validation data are essential
2-119 for groundtruthing these algorithms in order to use the high--‐resolution products to monitor patterns of change in lower trophic level marine ecosystems on the synoptic global scale. Satellites are an essential tool for present and past assessment of marine planktonic ecosystem changes, but in order to quantify potential future change, ecosystem model simulations are required (Bopp et al. 2001, Hashioka et al. 2009, Steinacher et al. 2010). Marine ecosystem models are becoming increasingly complex (Follows et al. 2007), and the availability of trait data for their parameterization, and biomass data for their evaluation, is an important determinant in the rate of progress (Le Quéré et al. 2005). Models thus require information on both the biomass and behavior of the groups modeled, with many parameters still poorly constrained (Anderson et al. 2005), as well as bulk properties such as net primary or bacterial production (Buitenhuis et al., submitted). Marine ecosystems are still significantly less well understood than their terrestrial analogues, and an understanding of marine ecosystem structure and functioning based on first principles of ecology remains elusive. Observational evidence remains episodic, and limited to a few regions with good data coverage. Data availability remains one of the primary limiting factors for the development of important tools to understand, detect, and project potential changes in marine ecosystem structure and functioning that may have wide implications for present and future marine ecosystem service provision. For improved understanding of plankton biogeography and its drivers, existing data need to be compiled in a global atlas (Buitenhuis et al. 2013) to facilitate ecosystem model and remote sensing algorithm validation. An atlas of plankton biogeography will need to include data on the abundance and biomass of different marine planktonic ecosystem constituents, data on phytoplankton pigments for comparison with satellite products, physiological rates and behavioral traits for model development and validation, and bulk rates such as primary and bacterial production, nitrogen fixation and calcification. We propose the formation of a SCOR working group to build upon existing efforts to establish a global marine planktonic ecosystem database (Buitenhuis et al. 2013) by developing guidelines on how to optimize such an atlas for use in applications from theoretical ecology to model development and for the validation of remote sensing algorithms. The proposed SCOR group would bring together marine ecosystem scientists from different fields to achieve a product that fulfills an extensive set of data requirements: The SCOR working group will need to develop guidelines and standard protocols on how to extract, quality control and archive existing data, and how to record abundance and biomass information together with crucial ancillary information for every important plankton functional group. Data will need to be open access, well documented and easy to use for a diverse community with different data needs. In order for the data to be useful for the quantification of ecosystem services, scarce and variable biological data will need to be interpolated to larger scales of common function, such as that of biomes or biogeochemical provinces of the ocean (Longhurst, 2010). Different data streams, such as abundance, pigment, rate and trait data will need to be combined in new and innovative ways to translate plankton biogeography into ecosystem function. The proposed SCOR working group would further scientific progress by taking a first step in this direction. This working group will incorporate institutional data contacts and spatial survey data sources identified by SCOR working groups 125 and 137. While those previous groups focused more on single geographic point time series, this group will pursue additional spatial (larger area)
2-120 data. Together, these efforts will create a global collection of long temporal and comprehensive spatial plankton data sets. 1.1 Scientific Background The MARine Ecosystem DATa (MAREDAT) has recently published the first global atlas of marine plankton functional type abundance and biomass data in a special issue of the journal Earth System Science Data (ESSD; Buitenhuis et al. 2013). The initiative has collected around 500’000 abundance and biomass observations for 11 autotrophic and heterotrophic plankton functional types: the diatoms (Leblanc et al. 2012), coccolithophores (O’Brien et al. 2013), nitrogen fixers (Luo et al. 2012), Phaeocystis (Vogt et al. 2012), picophytoplankton (Buitenhuis et al. 2012a), bacteria (Buitenhuis et al. 2012b), micro--‐ (Buitenhuis et al. 2010, 2013), meso--‐ (Moriarty and O’Brien, 2012) and macrozooplankton (Moriarty et al. 2013), as well as pteropods (Bednarsek et al. 2012) and planktic foraminifers (Schiebel and Movellan 2012). Furthermore, MAREDAT contains a global HPLC pigment database with ca. 34’000 measurements (Peloquin et al. 2013). The MAREDAT datasets are publically available with unique, citable digital object identifiers (DOI’s) at the data publisher PANGAEA (http://www.pangaea.de/search?q=maredat+), and summary papers on methods and the data are published in the open--‐access journal ESSD (http://www.earth--‐syst--‐sci--‐ data.net/special_issue7.html); both mechanisms provide an important route for observational scientists to receive proper credit for their work. Recent years have also seen an exponential increase in the availability of plankton trait data, describing plankton behavior, metabolic rates, morphology and life cycle characteristics. Published phytoplankton trait data comprises maximum growth rates for 105 marine phytoplankton species (Edwards et al. 2012), minimum nitrogen and phosphate cell quota, nutrient uptake rates for iron, nitrate, phosphate and ammonium, half--‐saturation constants for nutrient and light uptake (Klausmeier et al. 2004; Litchman and Klausmeier 2008; Edwards et al. 2012), and optimal temperatures for phytoplankton growth (Thomas et al. 2012). Zooplankton trait data on size distribution, feeding strategies and behavioral patterns are also abundantly available (Forster et al. 2011, Kiørboe, 2008, Kiørboe 2011). In their recent review, Barton et al. (2013) suggest that an initiative to collect trait data in a concerted manner similar to MAREDAT is essential for further progress on the understanding of marine planktonic ecosystem structure and functioning. MAREDAT data have been recognized as valuable for applications in biogeography, biological oceanography, biogeochemistry, as well as for marine ecosystem model validation purposes and for the quantification of important ecosystem services such as those related to the global biogeochemical cycling of important elements. Furthermore, the data can be used for the validation of new methods to detect and monitor plankton groups from space. The initial analysis of the data sets has revealed their potential to link patterns in global plankton biogeography that have not previously been understood. A major limitation of the present data set is the poor spatial and temporal resolution of the data in some under--‐sampled ocean regions. There is a consensus that much more data exists, and that a second release of the atlas is necessary in order to allow for a better representation of global plankton distribution (Buitenhuis et al. 2013).
2-121 MAREDAT has started to shed light on global plankton biogeography in terms of abundance and biomass (Buitenhuis et al. 2013). However, in order to quantify marine ecosystem service provision and its drivers, a combination of biomass with trait and rate data is necessary. In terrestrial ecosystems, trait and abundance measures have been combined into multiple indices of, for example, functional diversity, which is shown to relate to the magnitude of ecosystem services concerning production, nitrogen fixation and above--‐ and below--‐ground biomass (e.g. Randerson et al. 2009; Clark et al. 2012). In order to quantify ecosystem services in the marine realm, a similar effort is necessary to understand, model and predict present and future changes in marine planktonic ecosystems, and their consequences for ecosystem service provision. The systematic data collection we propose opens the door for a variety of different applications. Raw data can be used 1) to predict spatio--‐temporal patterns in species characteristics (Edwards et al. 2012, Thomas et al. 2012), 2) to elucidate biodiversity patterns (O’Brien et al., in prep., Worm et al. 2006, Irigoien et al. 2004, Rutherford et al. 1999), 3) to study the flow of matter across different trophic levels (Buitenhuis et al. 2013), 4) to study ecological niches of plankton species (Brun et al., in prep., Irwin et al. 2012), 5) to investigate species and biome shifts in marine planktonic ecosystems (e.g. Beaugrand, 2004, Beaugrand et al. 2008, Alvain et al. 2013), 6) to assess global patterns of elemental ratios that are crucial for global biogeochemical cycling (Martiny et al. 2013), and 7) to determine the drivers of plankton biogeography (Dutkiewicz et al. 2011, Luo et al., 2013). Data will also be useful to quantify ecosystem services related to global biogeochemical cycling; that is, for the determination of rates of primary production (Buitenhuis et al., submitted) nitrogen fixation (Luo et al. 2013), DMS production (Schoemann et al. 2005), and opal production and export (Sarmiento and Gruber, 2006). In parallel, the data can be used to inform other fields of marine ecology, provided that it is made available in the appropriate format. Advances in remote sensing allow for the discrimination of several types of plankton from space (Alvain et al. 2012, 2013, Hirata et al. 2011). These algorithms still differ significantly in their results, but the availability of easily accessible validation data offers great chances for future ecosystem monitoring on the global scale. Furthermore, marine ecosystem models have now reached the level of complexity required to resolve different players in the marine food--‐web differentially, through either the inclusion of plankton functional groups (Le Quéré et al. 2005, Hood et al. 2006) or flexible biodiversity (Follows et al. 2007), or through the representation of plankton traits in trait--‐ based models (e.g. Bruggeman and Kooijman 2007). Global model inter--‐comparison efforts such as the MARine Ecosystem Inter--‐comparison Project (MAREMIP) have started to validate model projections against satellite and experimental data, as well as hypotheses from theoretical ecology. These studies find significant differences in the model structure and functioning, and the drivers of plankton biogeography (Hashioka et al. 2012, Sailley et al., in press, Vogt et al., in preparation). For realistic simulations of future ecosystem structure and functioning, as well as ecosystem service provision, an understanding of the mechanisms driving these factors is crucial. Since an update of MAREDAT is planned for the year 2015 that will take into account the experiences of the first MAREDAT release, a coordination of the efforts to collect plankton biomass data in the future is essential. The data will be optimized to be suitable for studies in several different disciplines of oceanography and ecosystem modeling, and it is thus essential
2-122 to establish common protocols on the reporting, quality control of the data, and on the use and development of new and innovative interpolation methods. Furthermore, the combination of different methodologies for data collection for different plankton groups into one consistent product needs to be addressed. A combination of different types of data, which is of utmost importance for the understanding of properties related to functional diversity and ecosystem service provision, will only be possible if data fulfill compatibility requirements and follow common standards. A mutual exchange of experiences and data needs between members of MAREDAT, field--‐based biological oceanographers, ecologists working on the characterization of plankton traits and ecosystem modelers will guarantee an optimization of the versatility of the data for use in different disciplines of marine ecosystem research. Thus, the establishment of a SCOR working group on this issue is timely and arguably one of the best ways to bring together available expertise. Expertise on data collection and archiving from the MAREDAT community will be complemented by that of the trait community and ecosystem modelers for the development of the MAREDAT2015 global atlas of plankton biogeography. The mutual collaboration on new and important concepts in ecosystem research, such as the quantification of functional diversity or the new and innovative use of statistical tools common in terrestrial ecosystem research, such as species distribution models, as well as the joint analysis of different data sources, will be of tremendous benefit for both communities. Thus, a SCOR working group is optimal for community and expertise building in this area, with a focus on building a common base for the understanding of marine planktonic ecosystem structure and functioning, and present and future global plankton biogeography. In times when the ocean is undergoing unprecedented changes due to anthropogenic climate change, the proposed SCOR working group on plankton biogeography is timely, due to (1) an increased availability of data owing to progress with in situ collection methods (2) the availability of statistical tools such as species distribution models (Elith et al. 2006) or concepts such as functional diversity (Tilman et al. 1997) that have yet to be explored in the marine realm, and (3) an increased international collaboration between the researchers interested in these questions. A SCOR working group would allow us to build on our existing expertise, and shape a tightly linked and fully interdisciplinary community of scientists tackling new standards for future data collection, archiving and collaborative analysis of important issues in marine ecosystem research. 1.2 Detailed questions that would be addressed In the proposed SCOR working group, we would address the following key methodological questions in marine ecosystem research: (1) How accurate and yet intuitive are the vocabularies used by data archives to describe what is measured in marine ecosystem research, particularly in plankton ecology? (2) Which formats and standards should be adopted to provide data products that are most useful for a wide variety of applications in marine ecosystem research? (3) Which methods of quality control are most sensible for the post--‐processing of scarce and highly variable marine planktonic ecosystem data sets that span several orders of concentrations, and may change on the daily scale? (4) Which ancillary data are essential for the correct interpretation of the recorded data?
2-123 (5) How can different data types be combined to address new questions of ecosystem research? (6) How can data be interpolated to larger scales using new and innovative techniques such as biome--‐scale interpolation, neural networks and other methods? (7) How can we as a community assist each other in the interpretation of our data sets? (8) How should future measurement programs be designed in a way to provide data of maximum usefulness for the international research community? Which data do we lack, and how can we inform the experimental community and funding bodies of our data needs? 1.3 Timeliness and relevance of the activity The proposed activity is timely, as global data sets have only recently become available, and standards for their formats, archiving and quality control have not yet been set. Defining standards for these data sets, and joining forces in their interpretation will provide added value to the scientific community, and will speed up research on the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems. Furthermore, a SCOR working group will increase the international visibility of these efforts, and may lead to joint proposals with a larger impact. The understanding gained through the joint analysis and collection of the different ecosystem data streams will be of particular importance for the economies of developing countries, and for those countries that rely heavily on the use of goods and services from the sea. 1.4 Relevance for SCOR sponsorship The proposed topic of this proposal is highly relevant for SCOR sponsorship, since it addresses a topic at the forefront of current marine ecosystem research, focuses on global patterns of marine biogeography and potential changes in marine ecosystem structure and functioning, and because it will solve essential methodological questions that would otherwise remain unanswered were it not for the synergy between the MAREDAT and trait communities that a SCOR working group provides on an international level. The improvement of scientific methods to collect, compile and archive data, and the intent of the proposed SCOR working group to actively inform the observational community about our data needs and the gaps in our knowledge is completely within the scope of SCOR. The proposed working group would allow knowledge transfer from SCOR working groups 125 (Global Comparisons of Zooplankton Time Series) and 137 (Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series Observation), but it would focus on open ocean and global scale patterns of both autotrophic and heterotrophic constituents of lower trophic level ecosystems, and the combination of different data types. 2. Statement of Work/Terms of Reference The proposed working group would (1) summarize and assess the current status of biomass, pigment and trait measurements with a particular focus on the format of existing databases (2) compile a comprehensive list of standard protocols for data reporting and archiving for each of the major plankton groups, collection method and data types (3) use existing structural frameworks for organizing information to formalize concepts describing what is measured in marine ecosystem research, and build standard
2-124 (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
vocabularies that will be (a) accurate enough for an intelligent/automated compilation/integration of data, and (b) intuitive enough for data discovery using facetted search engines establish common, generally agreed quality control procedures for the compilation of plankton data collaborate with data archives such as PANGAEA, BCO--‐DMO, and COPEPOD, and with SeaDataNet, the ICSU World Data System and the IMBER data management group in order to implement these standard procedures in the large data archives develop new methods to interpolate scarce biological data to scales relevant for the quantification of important ecosystem services disseminate those procedures widely to ensure rapid adoption by the community inform the observational community of our data needs and current gaps in our understanding of marine ecosystem structure and functioning collaborate on the analysis of different data sources using statistical tools from terrestrial ecosystem research and important concepts of theoretical ecology, and the quantification of important ecosystem services.
2.1 Conferences and Workshops planned Pre--‐meeting: The Copenhagen trait--‐based workshop from August 26--‐28, 2013 will bring together scientists listed as members of proposed SCOR working group, but it will not rely on SCOR funding. This meeting presents an ideal occasion for a pre--‐meeting among the members of the proposed SCOR working group, and for discussion between members of trait ecology and plankton biogeography on how to combine abundance and biomass data with trait and pigment data. Furthermore, a discussion on how to link abundance and trait data for a better quantification of ecosystem services can be started. Kick--‐Off Meeting: In order to provide good international visibility and assure high attendance, the kick--‐off meeting would coincide with a major relevant international conference. A thematically suitable meeting would be the Ocean Sciences Conference (February 2014, Hawaii, USA), where a relevant session proposed jointly by several working group participants has been accepted. An alternative conference suitable for the kick--‐off meeting of the proposed SCOR working group meeting could be the IMBER Open Science Conference in Bergen in July 2014. A common session between the trait and biomass community has just been accepted for this meeting. The title of the session is “Data synthesis and modeling of marine planktonic ecosystems with plankton functional types and trait--‐based models”. Further Meetings: Further candidates for meetings could be the ASLO Aquatic Sciences meeting in 2015 in Granada, Spain, where another joint session could be proposed. In the beginning of 2017, the proposed SCOR working group would host a workshop at the University of East Anglia to discuss the progress of the data compilation for MAREDAT2015, and further steps. The focus of the workshop would be the development of data interpolation strategies for scarce and highly variable data sets, and the joint analysis of the MAREDAT2015 datasets. Products: The main final product of the SCOR working group is the updated MAREDAT2015 atlas of global plankton biogeography by the end of 2016, consisting of a set of at least 12
2-125 papers on plankton abundance, biomass and pigment data and geo--‐referenced trait data. A common quality control procedure for newly submitted data will be published along with guidelines on the best format of data submission and publication. The latter will contain information on how to report taxonomic information, which ancillary data to include the definition of standard units for abundance, biomass and pigment data that are suitable for a wide set of applications in biological oceanography and marine ecosystem modeling. Common software will be created and published on the MAREDAT website (www.maredat.info) that handles (1) the quality control procedure, (2) the generation of gridded products, and (3) routines for the interpolation of data to larger scales using novel techniques (e.g., Lana et al. 2011; Landschützer et al., 2013). A white paper will be written by the end of year 3 that informs funding bodies and experimental scientists of the gaps in our current understanding of marine ecosystem structure and functioning, and details future data needs for improved ecosystem understanding. The first joint interpretation of the data and recommendations from the group will also be highlighted in a high--‐profile publication written by the group at the end of year 4. 2.2 Working group activities/Capacity building From a socioeconomic perspective, many issues in current marine ecosystem research, such as the quantification of potential impacts of global change on marine ecosystem service provision is highly important for developing countries and economies in transition. The results of the proposed activity will inform policy makers and the public on potential hotspots of ecological change, and on locations with a high degree of diversity. The proposed SCOR working group would bring together the MAREDAT community with marine ecosystem modelers who are part of the MAREMIP initiative, as well as researchers working on trait--‐based models and members of the remote sensing community. These communities have a common goal – the understanding of present and future marine ecosystem structure and functioning – but are currently not linked through an international working group. The SCOR working group would thus facilitate the important exchange of ecosystem data between different ecosystem researchers working toward a common goal. For example, the remote sensing community may require data for the evaluation of their algorithms, while marine ecosystem modelers will need physiological rates/trait data to implement further complexity into their models. A SCOR working group would also lead to the identification of data requirements and needs by these different communities, and how MAREDAT could accommodate a maximal set of such needs through sensible and simple data standards. Bringing modelers and experimentalists together around a table would also increase the international visibility of marine ecosystem research, and will lead to future collaboration, ideas and findings. The SCOR working group would also increase efficiency in the expansion and establishment of global plankton data sets. The MAREDAT community already has experience with the generation of a global plankton atlas, and this know--‐how can be exploited by the trait community to collect and archive data more effectively. In addition, close contacts will be established with members of the terrestrial ecosystem community through the use of statistical tools and concepts that are common in terrestrial ecosystem research. Building necessary capacities in developing countries can be fostered by providing access to open--‐source data, best practice manuals and standard protocols that will augment access by members from countries with limited financial and infrastructural means to generate their own data. Additional funding would be requested from SCOR’s travel grant program to finance the attendance of at least one additional young scientist from a
2-126 developing country to attend international meetings, whenever the proposed SCOR group members meet. Thus, young scientists would be trained in essential networking and technical skills while being introduced to leading international members in the field. 2.3 Timeline Year 1 (2014): Establishment of common protocols for data collection and archiving, as well as quality control procedures, data call for MAREDAT 2015 Milestones: A) Compilation of guidelines specific for each data type, method and plankton group. B) Identification of traits with sufficient data coverage, in space and time, to incorporate into atlas. C) Development of guidelines for quality control. D) Dissemination of the guidelines. E) Data call for MAREDAT 2015. Year 2--‐3 (2015 --‐ 2016): Data collection for MAREDAT2015 Milestones: A) Special MAREDAT issue set up in a relevant journal such as ESSD. B) Quality control procedures developed. C) Data collection for the different plankton groups to be included in MAREDAT 2015. D) Individual MAREDAT2015 papers published as discussion papers. Year 3 (2016): Publication of an updated global atlas of plankton biomass (MAREDAT2015), as well as standard protocols and software. Milestones: A) Final version of individual MAREDAT2015 papers published in collaboration with data archives and publishers. Year 4 (2017): Joint analysis of abundance, biomass, pigment and trait data, joint publication. Milestones: A) Development of methods to interpolate scarce and highly variable biological data sets to larger scales. B) Initial paper analyzing and comparing MAREDAT2015 data across different plankton groups. 3. Working Group Membership 3.1 Full Members 1 Meike Vogt (co--‐chair), f, senior scientist, ETH Zürich, Switzerland: Meike is one of the co-‐ coordinators of MAREDAT 2012 and has several years of experience in the collection of standardized plankton data for use in biological oceanography and ecosystem modeling. Meike will provide expertise on standard protocols and data collection for use in model validation and marine ecology, and will co--‐coordinate MAREDAT2015.
2-127 2 Erik Buitenhuis (co--‐chair), m, senior scientist, University of East Anglia, UK: Erik is one of the co--‐coordinators of MAREDAT 2012 and has been working on data collection and ecosystem model development and validation for 15 years. Erik will provide expertise on data protocols and data interpolation for use in model validation and marine ecology, and will co--‐ coordinate MAREDAT2015. 3 Stephane Pesant, m, senior scientist, MARUM, University of Bremen, Germany: Stephane coordinates data integration for several European projects and is editor for biological data collections at PANGAEA, data publisher for Earth and Environmental Sciences. PANGAEA is a strong building block of the ICSU World Data System. Stephane is a member of MAREDAT and SeaDataNet, and will provide expertise on data archiving and reporting. Stephane is a coordinator of Tara--‐Oceans and of the Ocean Sampling Day (http://www.microb3.eu/work--‐ packages/wp2) aimed at the gathering of information on marine ecosystems and biodiversity. 4 Yawei Luo, m, senior scientist, Xiamen University, China: Yawei is a member of MAREDAT, and an expert on nitrogen fixers and nitrogen fixation. Yawei will provide expertise on data collection and on the reporting of traits related to global biogeochemical cycling. 5 Todd O’Brien, m, senior scientist, NOAA, USA: Todd is the head of the COPEPOD database and has years of experience in the collection and archiving of zooplankton data. Todd will provide expertise on data standards and data interpretation, and he is a member of MAREDAT. 6 Róisín Moriarty, f, senior research associate, University of East Anglia, UK: Róisín is an expert on zooplankton ecology and physiological traits, and a member of MAREDAT. Róisín is currently analyzing diversity patterns in MAREDAT, and will provide expertise on data collection and interpretation. She is an experienced plankton functional type modeller with end-‐to--‐end knowledge of marine ecosystem modeling from data collection, implementation in models and model--‐data validation. 7 Maria Deng Palomares, f, senior researcher, University of British Columbia and World Fish Centre Philippines, Canada/Philippines: Maria is an expert on fish population dynamics and fish data, and she is now coordinator of the SeaLifeBase, a project whose aim is to provide a ‘FishBase--‐like’ database for all other marine organisms that are not included in fish databases. Maria would provide input on data formats and archiving, and she would link our group with the scientists working on higher trophic level ecosystems, such as the FishBase team. 8 Takafumi Hirata, m, senior scientist, Hokkaido University, Japan: Takafumi Hirata is the executive officer of the MARine Ecosystem Modeling Inter--‐comparison Project (MAREMIP) and an expert on the detection of plankton functional groups from space. Takafumi will provide expertise on remote sensing, and the data needs of the remote sensing community. 9 Severine Alvain, f, senior scientist, CNRS, France: Severine Alvain is an expert on the detection of phytoplankton groups from space. Severine will provide expertise on remote sensing, and collaborate on the data requirements of the remote sensing community. 10 Forough Fendereski, f, PhD student, Gorgan University, Iran: Forough is a marine ecologist working on plankton biogeography, and on neural networking methods for the definition of marine biomes. She will provide expertise on the intelligent clustering and interpolation of marine ecosystem data, and on the collection of data in under--‐sampled regions.
2-128 3.2. Associate Members 1 Nicolas Gruber, m, professor, ETH Zürich, Switzerland: Nicolas Gruber is a marine biogeochemist with years of experience in marine ecosystem modeling. Nicolas has been part of several large data collection enterprise such as the CARINA oxygen data, and he has been a member of MAREDAT. Nicolas will provide input on marine ecosystem modeling and the data needed for the quantification of important ecosystem services related to global biogeochemical cycling. 2 Thomas Kiørboe, m, professor, DTU--‐Aqua, Denmark: Thomas is an expert on zooplankton traits. Thomas will advise MAREDAT2015 on how to provide data that can easily be combined with trait information for the quantification of important ecosystem services. 3 Elena Litchman, f, professor, Michigan State University, USA: Elena is a theoretical ecologist and an expert on plankton trait data. Elena will provide expertise on how to make abundance and biomass data useful for applications in theoretical ecology, on the interpretation of patterns from first principles and on the combination of trait and abundance data. 4 Scott Doney, m, professor, Woods Hole Oceanographic, Institution, USA: Scott Doney is a marine ecosystem modeler with many years of experience in ocean biogeochemistry and climate modeling. Scott is the head of the steering committee of MAREMIP, and will provide input on how to make MAREDAT2015 as useful as possible for model validation. Scott will also provide input on novel interpolation methods and quality control. 5 Stephanie Dutkiewicz, f, senior scientist, MIT, USA: Stephanie is a senior scientist in the MIT marine ecosystem modeling group and an expert on phytoplankton biogeography and trait--‐based ecosystem modeling. Stephanie will provide expertise on trait biogeography and the use of the data for modeling purposes. 6 Andrew Barton, m, postdoctoral fellow, Duke University, USA: Andrew is an ecosystem modeler and trait ecologist with an interest in building a global marine lower trophic level trait data base. Andrew will collaborate on the combination of abundance and trait data. 7 Chantal Swan, f, postdoctoral fellow, ETH Zürich, Switzerland: Chantal is an expert on remote sensing and HPLC pigments. Chantal is a member of MAREDAT and will provide input on how to link pigment and abundance data, and on how to use pigment data for the validation of remote sensing methods. 8 Ralf Schiebel, m, professor, University of Angers, France: Ralf Schiebel is an expert on foraminifera and palaeoceanography, and a member of MAREDAT. Ralf will provide expertise on long--‐term changes in marine ecosystem structure and functioning, with a focus on calcifying organisms. 9 Karine Leblanc, f, senior scientist, MIO CNRS, France: Karine Leblanc is a member of MAREDAT and an expert on marine biology with a focus on diatoms and biogeochemical flux measurements. Karine will provide input on the perspective of data originators, and will link the modeling and data analysis community with the observational community. 10 Nina Bednarsek, f, postdoctoral fellow, NOAA, USA: Nina Bednarsek is a member of MAREDAT, and an expert on the impact of ocean acidification on marine calcifiers. Nina will provide input on zooplankton ecology, and the potential impacts of global change on calcifiers. 11 Colleen O’Brien, f, PhD student, ETH Zürich, Switzerland: Colleen O’Brien is a marine ecologist, and a member of the MAREDAT. Colleen will provide expertise on data standards and data organization, and on issues related to plankton biodiversity.
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2-134 2.3.10 SCOR Working Group on Studying Ocean Acidification Effects on Continental Margin Ecosystems Taguchi
Proposal for a SCOR Working Group on Studying Ocean Acidification Effects on Continental Margin Ecosystems
Abstract The increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations caused mainly by fossil fuel combustion is changing ocean carbonate chemistry equilibrium and decreasing seawater pH.1 On continental margins these changes are less clear, which could be due to a variety of reasons, among them i) the extreme ecosystem heterogeneity, ii) the fact that carbonate chemistry is strongly regulated by riverine and open ocean delivery of nutrients and biological processes in these areas, iii) natural variation of pH in these areas at daily and/or seasonal timescales,2 and iv) lack of observations and the inadequacy of global biogeochemistry models in resolving these areas.3 The extent of ocean acidification effects on continental margin ecosystems, and the interaction of carbonate chemistry with other human-induced changes like eutrophication need to be better constrained.4 This Working Group (WG) proposal focus on an integrated effort to put together the current knowledge on ocean acidification effects on continental margins (including boundary zones – e.g. coastal areas and shelf slope zone) to identify common features, regional contrasts, and sensitive areas. The WG Members will, over the 4-year period, a) synthesize the current knowledge of impacts of ocean acidification on continental margin ecosystems; b) identify gaps in current knowledge, taking into consideration the physical and biogeochemical variability of ecosystems; c) propose best practices for observing and modeling ocean acidification impacts in these ecosystems, including an intercalibration exercise for marine carbonate chemistry in continental margin areas; and d) publish the results of the working group either as a special issue of a peerreviewed international journal or a book by a major world publisher.
Rationale The absorption by the oceans of the excess atmospheric CO2 changes the carbonate equilibrium of seawater, lowering the pH and carbonate ion concentrations, a process widely known as Ocean Acidification.1,5 Field datasets have shown a clear decreasing trend in surface, open ocean pH6 while in coastal seas and adjacent shelves this trend is not that clear and may be due to a variety of reasons including distinct dynamics over the continental shelf when compared to the deep ocean regime, the different biogeochemistry (i.e. higher and variable rates of primary production and respiration), and regional drivers such as nutrient input from riverine, atmospheric, and anthropogenic sources or upwelling of nutrient-rich water masses.4,7-9 The multiple factors controlling carbonate chemistry in continental margins imply that procedures commonly applied in ocean acidification research in deep waters cannot be simply translated to shelf regions.10 Moreover, the fact that these processes are dependent not only on the biogeochemistry but also on the physics make it necessary to have integrated studies on changes in the marine carbonate chemistry to eutrophication and ocean physics (e.g. circulation and seawater warming).11 Because of the socio-economic importance of continental margins (e.g. fisheries, tourism, biodiversity), it
2-135 is important to integrate efforts on ocean acidification effects in these areas in order to enable near- future adaptation or mitigation strategies. A SCOR Working Group is the best strategy to coordinate an international research group focusing on the issue of ocean acidification effects on continental margin ecosystems. There is a strong consensus in the scientific community about their socio-economic importance for the world population and the regional diversity of this land ↔ ocean interface area. The scientific rationale for this working group comes from the timeliness of an integrated effort to put together the existing knowledge on carbonate chemistry over continental margin ecosystems so that the common features, regional contrasts, and ocean acidification and man-made impacts can be identified through observational and modeling studies. A sponsorship from SCOR will help regional groups to attract financial support from national research funding agencies, especially for those countries where ocean acidification research is still at an early stage. Scientific background Because of their proximity to land and large metropolitan areas, continental margin ecosystems are at present threatened by human exploitation of their resources as well as by impacts associated to climate change: warming of the oceans, expansion of low-oxygen areas, and ocean acidification.12,13 Continental margins have a disproportionately large contribution to the global cycle of essential elements of marine biogeochemistry. Although they occupy approximately 8% of the oceanic global area their contribution to global primary production ranges from 19-28%.14 Ocean acidification is caused when the excess CO2 in the atmosphere is absorbed by seawater and causes a disequilibrium in the aquatic inorganic carbon (carbonate) system.1,9 This disequilibrium leads to lower seawater pH, lower concentration of ion carbonate [CO3], and reduces the saturation state of the biominerals aragonite and calcite, upon which aquatic calcifying organisms build their shells,15 and affects the physiology of marine organisms.1 Continental margin areas have their carbonate chemistry strongly regulated by riverine and open ocean delivery of nutrients and biological processes.7,16 However, there are (few) available datasets for the coastal oceans do not reveal the trends in changing carbonate chemistry as for open ocean areas.4,6 Changes in nutrient delivery to the coastal ocean, and hence to primary production and organic matter remineralization, may enhance the impacts of ocean acidification on the continental margin carbonate system.2,4 Several studies show that continental margins currently play a role as carbon sinks (~ 0.2 – -1
0.3 Pg C yr ).16-19 Additionally, continental margins house large benthic calcifying, reef building organisms, comparable to marine calcifying phytoplankton.20-21 Despite the large ecosystem heterogeneity, these areas can be divided into near-shore (including estuaries and bays) and distal portions.22 The former would act as net CO2 sources to the atmosphere while the latter are net atmospheric CO2 sinks. Concomitantly, geographical position also affects the sea ↔ air CO2 fluxes. Temperate and sub-polar continental shelves would act as atmospheric CO2 sinks while tropical and subtropical shelves would act as a source of CO2 to the atmosphere.22,23 It is timely to understand the response of this “continental shelf pump”24 to the combined effects of ocean acidification and eutrophication, both globally and regionally.
2-136 There is a need for assessing ocean acidification (OA) effects on coastal and continental margin ecosystems, together with the current efforts to understand OA impacts in the open ocean carbonate system. For instance, recent technological developments now enable scientists to measure parameters (e.g. pCO2, pH) of the marine carbonate system using moored equipment in continental margin areas.21 Modeling efforts are also a valuable tool for assessing regional changes in the carbonate chemistry over continental margins because both physical and biogeochemical processes can be coupled to understand natural variability and predict future changes. Marine biogeochemistry models may have different levels of spatial resolution and complexity, both in the ecosystem (e.g. plankton functional types) and biogeochemistry processes representation.8 The challenge of understanding ocean acidification effects in such heterogeneous portion of the world ocean cannot be achieved by isolated studies. It requires an integration of long term observational data (e.g. from regional studies) and ecosystem-biogeochemistry models. This is the main purpose of creating this SCOR Working Group. Lastly, this proposed Working Group should also encourage the adoption of best practices for carbonate system measurements in the coastal and continental shelf oceans, especially for early stage research groups interested in ocean acidification.
Terms of reference The proposed Working group would: 1. Synthesize the current knowledge of impacts of ocean acidification on continental margin ecosystems (Year 1); 2. Identify gaps in current knowledge, taking into consideration the physical and biogeochemical variability of ecosystems in distinct biogeochemical provinces (Years 1 and 2); 3. Propose best practices for observing and modeling ocean acidification impacts in these ecosystems, including an intercalibration exercise for marine carbonate chemistry in continental margin areas (Years 2 to 4); and 4. Publish the results of the working group either as a special issue of a peer-reviewed international journal or a book by a major world publisher (Year 4).
Working Group Membership The tasks proposed in this document would be carried out by the proposed Full Members and Working Group Associate Members. The full and associate members listed here below have already accepted to participate to the working group in case it is funded by SCOR. Additional Associate Members may be nominated during the first Working Group Meeting. The proposed full and associate member lists here below would ensure a broad geographic coverage, including experts in Marine Biogeochemistry, Physical, Chemical and Biological Oceanography and Ecosystem Modeling.
2-137 Full Members 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Leticia Cotrim da Cunha – (UERJ, Brazil, co-chair) – Coastal Ocean Biogeochemistry Arne Koertzinger – (GEOMAR, Germany) – Chemical Oceanography Paulo Calil (FURG, Brazil) – Ocean Biogeochemistry Modeling Peter Croot (Univ. Galway, Ireland) – Marine Chemistry Gwenaël Abril (Univ. Bordeaux, France) – Estuarine and Coastal Ocean Biogeochemistry Claudine Hauri – (Univ. Alaska, USA) – Ocean Biogeochemistry Observations Zouhair Lachkar – (ETH Zürich, Switzerland, co-chair) – Ocean Biogeochemistry Modeling
Associate Members 1. 2. 3. 4.
Rodrigo Kerr – (FURG, Brazil) – Physical Oceanography, carbonate system observations Marcelo F. Landim de Souza – (UESC. Brazil) – Coastal Ocean Biogeochemistry Katrin Meissner – (Univ. New South Wales, Australia) – Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions Óscar Melício (INDP, Cape Verde) – Biological and Fisheries Oceanography
Working Group Activities If approved, the WG would organize its first meeting in 2014 during a large marine science meeting (e.g. Ocean Sciences Meeting). At the first meeting, WG Members will have the opportunity to meet and present their research activities, and discuss about the division of tasks in the WG (according to the main terms of reference). Another important topic to be discussed during the first Meeting is the potential names for new Associated Members. The activities proposed here could be linked to many global ocean research projects, especially LOICZ, SOLAS, IMBER, GLODAP, EUROCEANS and GOOS. The WG will strongly encourage that all observational data generated within this framework to contribute to global ocean databases such as SOCAT, PANGAEA, and IODE. WG Meetings It is proposed that WG Meetings will take place annually before or during large related events such as the Ocean Sciences Meeting, or the EGU Meeting. The WG Agenda, the following meetings, the strategy for the intercalibration and modeling exercises, and the preparation of the final WG publication will be set up during this first meeting. Capacity building The proposed best practices and intercalibration results will be a helpful tool for all scientists (confirmed and especially the newcomers) studying ocean acidification effects in coastal and continental shelf areas. The WG will strongly encourage the exchange of scientists (e.g. learning new analysis techniques, modeling efforts, manuscript preparation) by seeking financial support from national funding agencies (e.g. CNPq, DAAD, NSF, COST, CNRS). The aspect of capacity building could be further improved by hosting a session during a WG meeting to discuss the real needs and capabilities of countries bordering sensitive continental margin areas with respect to future strategies to face ocean acidification effects.
2-138 The proposed WG will create a web-based platform to post the documents (analytical procedures and recommendations) and results from intercalibration exercises and modeling efforts executed by different international groups. References 1. Doney, S.C., Fabry, V.J., Feely, R.A. & Kleypas, J.A. Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem. Annual Review of Marine Science 1, 169–192 (2009). 2. Cai, W.-J. et al. Acidification of subsurface coastal waters enhanced by eutrophication. Nature Geoscience 4, 766–770 (2011). 3. Giraud, X., Le Quéré, C. & Da Cunha, L.C. Importance of coastal nutrient supply for global ocean biogeochemistry. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, (2008). 4. Borges, A. V. & Gypens, N. Carbonate chemistry in the coastal zone responds more strongly to eutrophication than ocean acidification. Limnology and Oceanography 55, 346–353 (2010). 5. Dickson, A. G. The carbon dioxide system in seawater: equilibrium chemistry and measurements. Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting. 17–40 (2010). 6. Orr, J.C. Recent and Future Changes in Ocean Carbonate Chemistry. Ocean Acidification (2011). 7. Hofmann, G.E. et al. High-frequency dynamics of ocean pH: a multi-ecosystem comparison. PloS one 6, e28983 (2011). 8. Hauri, C. et al. Spatiotemporal variability and long-term trends of ocean acidification in the California Current System. Biogeosciences 10, 193–216 (2013). 9. Feely, R.A. et al. The combined effects of ocean acidification, mixing, and respiration on pH and carbonate saturation in an urbanized estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 88, 442–449 (2010). 10. Duarte, C.M. et al. Is Ocean Acidification an Open-Ocean Syndrome? Understanding Anthropogenic Impacts on Seawater pH. Estuaries and Coasts 36, 221–236 (2013). 11. Gazeau, F., Martin, S., Hansson, L. & Gattuso, J.-P. Ocean acidification in the coastal ocean. LOICZ INPRINT 3, 5–14 (2011). 12. Levin, L.A. & Dayton, P.K. Ecological theory and continental margins: where shallow meets deep. Trends in ecology & evolution 24, 606–17 (2009). 13. Rees, A. P. Pressures on the marine environment and the changing climate of ocean biogeochemistry. Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences 370, 5613–35 (2012). 14. Longhurst, A., Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T. & Caverhill, C. An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. Journal of Plankton Research 17, 1245–1271 (1995). 15. Riebesell, U., Fabry, V. J., Hansson, L. & Gattuso, J.-P. (Eds. . Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting. 260 (Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2010). 16. Chen, C.-T. A. & Borges, A. V Reconciling opposing views on carbon cycling in the coastal ocean: Continental shelves as sinks and near-shore ecosystems as sources of atmospheric CO(2). Deep-sea Research Part Ii-topical Studies In Oceanography 56, 578–590 (2009).
2-139 17. Cotrim da Cunha, L., Buitenhuis, E. T., Le Quéré, C., Giraud, X. & Ludwig, W. Potential impact of changes in river nutrient supply on global ocean biogeochemistry. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21, (2007). 18. Frankignoulle, M. & Borges, A. V Blooms of Emiliania huxleyi are sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide: A field and mesocosm study derived simulation. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 569–576 (2001). 19. Gattuso, J. P., Frankignoulle, M. & Wollast, R. Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics 405 (1998). 20. Amado-Filho, G. M. et al. Rhodolith beds are major CaCO3 bio-factories in the tropical South West Atlantic. PloS one 7, e35171 (2012). 21. Vecsei, A. A new estimate of global reefal carbonate production including the fore-reefs. Global and Planetary Change 43, 1–18 (2004). 22. Borges, A. V Do we have enough pieces of the jigsaw to integrate CO(2) fluxes in the coastal ocean? Estuaries 28, 3–27 (2005). 23. Cai, W.-J., Dai, M. & Wang, Y. Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: A province-based synthesis. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L12603 (2006). 24. Chen, C.-T. A. Exchanges of Carbon in the Coastal Seas. The Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Humans, Climate, and the Natural World 341–351 (2004).
2-140 2.3.11 SCOR Working Group on Science and Technology Imperatives Created by Deep‐ Ocean Industrialization Fennel
Science and Technology Imperatives Created by Deep‐Ocean Industrialization.
TERMS OF REFERENCE: (1) Define the science that must underpin comprehensive, ecosystem‐based management of deep‐ocean environments subject to increasing industrialization via human extraction, harvest, disposal and contamination. Consider the science needed to maintain ecosystem functions in areas within and beyond national jurisdiction. (2) Identify the state of scientific knowledge and knowledge gaps critical for effective stewardship of deep‐seafloor environments. Consider influences of changing climate, cumulative human impacts, and biogeographic classifications. (3) Evaluate technology and innovations needed for deep‐ocean observations, monitoring and assessments in the face of seafloor industrialization. POTENTIAL PRODUCTS: (1) Short publication identifying growing industrialization of the deep seafloor and the need this generates for scientific knowledge (to enable sustainable ecosystem‐based management of deep‐sea ecosystems). (2) Special contributed volume on the science of deep‐sea stewardship. Possible venues: J. of Marine Systems, Marine Ecology, Biogeosciences. The volume may include papers on deep‐sea classification, connectivity, recovery from disturbance, resilience and stability, susceptibility to climate change, marine protected areas. (3) Group of themed papers on technology needs and options in the deep sea: Ocean observing, Long‐term monitoring, Ocean enforcement. Possible link to DOOS group (Eric Linstroem). (4) Special session at AGU or EGU “Science and technology gaps and opportunities linked to industrialization of the deep ocean” (5) Development of “Deep‐Ocean School of Excellence” course material for use in deep‐sea regional training in less developed countries RATIONALE: The deep waters and seabed of the world ocean constitute the largest biosphere on this planet, supporting a wealth of species and habitat diversity, performing key ecosystem functions and providing valuable food, energy, pharmaceutical, and potentially mineral resources. Once considered pristine, the deep sea (from 200‐11,000 m) is of growing economic interest. There is increasing pressure on deep‐sea ecosystems from extraction activities such as fishing, oil and gas exploitation, bioprospecting, and minerals mining (for polymetallic nodules, massive sulfides, cobalt‐rich ferromanganese crusts, phosphorites, and rare earths), as well as from waste disposal,
2-141 CO2 storage, and contamination. Large‐scale leasing of the seabed is occurring in some parts of the world with little or no existing baseline studies. Concurrently, CO2‐driven climate change is altering ocean temperatures, oxygen and pH with effects on deep‐sea species distributions and ecosystem processes, and on their services and functions. All of this occurs out of sight, and thus out of mind. There is a pressing need for scientific information to enable sustainable management of deep‐water ecosystems that reside within EEZs and international waters. Scientific themes such as biogeography, endemism and connectivity, disturbance and restoration ecology, resilience of ecosystem function, multiple stressors and cumulative impacts all emerge as important for making decisions and about deep‐ocean activities. This proposal is timely because the deep seafloor is undergoing rapid industrialization by oil and gas extraction, deep‐water fisheries, and seabed mining. Exploitation activities are outstripping the available science needed to maintain the integrity of deep‐ocean ecosystems and their functions. This topic should be a high priority for SCOR because many of the industrialization activities in the deep ocean target less developed countries, where the science knowledge base is limited or non‐existent. This working group can help to identify and define the types of information needed and stimulate international programs to generate the needed knowledge. Thus it provides an excellent mechanism to advance this topic. The terms of reference are seen as gathering and synthesizing information that is ultimately needed to engage the global science community in long‐term research efforts. The deep‐sea community is fairly small, and practically non existent in developing countries. The suggested membership includes a mix of genders, ages, and representatives from countries in different stages of development. All are scientists who have identified an interest in and actively engaged in the issues. We envision that this science core working group would team with associate members expert in policy and economics to help apply the science to environmental management issues, and with scientists from additional countries to broaden the global reach of the information gathering and its application. Capacity building will take the form of member engagement, identification of regional deep‐ ocean science needs for less developed countries, and development of ‘Deep‐ Ocean School of Excellence’ course materials for use in regional training. POSSIBLE MEMBERSHIP (up to 10) Elva Escobar, Mexico (Lead) Lisa Levin, USA (Co‐lead) Maria Baker, United Kingdom Cindy Van Dover, USA Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Japan Lenaick Menot, France Javier Sellanes, Chile Ashley Rowden, New Zealand Andrew Sweetman, Norway Aquila Tawake, Fiji Bronwen Currie, Namibia
2-142 POSSIBLE ASSOCIATE MEMBERS: Kristina Gjerde, Poland Tony Koslow, USA (biology) Baban Ingole, India (biology) Andrey Gebruk, Russia (biology) Linwood Pendleton, USA (economics) Dale Squires (economics) Paul Snelgrove, Canada (biology) Tracey Sutton, USA (biology) Jeff Ardron, Germany (policy) Kathryn Mengerink, USA (policy) Ursula Witte, United Kingdom (biology) Christian Neumann, Norway (communication) TIMELINE: Year 1: Workshop to consider Reference term 1 and organize data gathering for reference term 2; Formation of subgroup to address ‘Deep‐Ocean School of Excellence’ Year 2: Workshop to present/synthesize material for reference term 2 and organize data gathering for reference term 3. Organize Special Volume for publication in year 3. Gather resources for ‘Deep‐Ocean School of Excellence’ Year 3: Workshop to present and synthesize reference term 3. Organize/hold themed session at international meeting; organize technology papers for publication in year 4. Hold ‘Deep‐Ocean School of Excellence’ test sessions. Year 4: Complete publications. Develop workshop follow on activities.
3.0
LARGE-SCALE OCEAN RESEARCH PROJECTS
3.1
Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms Program, p. 3-1 Kudela, Taguchi
3.2
Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research, p. 3-28
3.3
GEOTRACES, p. 3-62
3.4
Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study, p. 3-83
Hall, Burkill Volkman Law, Coustenis
3-1 3.1 Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) (joint with IOC) Kudela, Taguchi Terms of Reference: The Scientific Steering Committee of the GEOHAB Programme will 1. Coordinate and manage GEOHAB Core Research Projects (CRPs) in accordance with the GEOHAB Science and Implementation Plans. 2. Identify gaps in knowledge required to execute CRPs, and encourage targeted research activities to fill those gaps. 3. Review progress on CRPs over time and initiate new CRPs in priority research areas. 4. Foster framework activities to facilitate implementation of GEOHAB, including dissemination and information tools. 5. Establish appropriate data management activities to ensure access to, sharing of, and preservation of GEOHAB data, taking into account the data policies of the sponsors. 6. Promote comparative and interdisciplinary research on harmful algal blooms by providing coordination and communication services to national and regional research groups, encouraging explicit affiliation with GEOHAB via the endorsement process. 7. Collaborate, as appropriate, with intergovernmental organizations and their subgroups (e.g., ICES, PICES, FANSA, ANCA, WESTPAC/HAB, HANA, NOWPAP), as well as related research projects (e.g., GLOBEC, LOICZ, IMBER) and observational systems such as the Global Ocean Observing System and its regional alliances. 8. Report regularly to SCOR, the IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB), and the global HAB research community on the state of planning and accomplishments of GEOHAB, through annual reports and, as appropriate, the GEOHAB Web site, a GEOHAB Newsletter, Harmful Algal News, special sessions at scientific meetings, and other venues. 9. Interact with agency sponsors to stimulate the support of GEOHAB implementation through various mechanisms (e.g., direct support of GEOHAB initiatives and integration of the GEOHAB approach in national programs). Acronyms ANCA = IOC HAB working group for Central America and Caribbean Sea FANSA = IOC HAB working group for South America HANA = IOC HAB working group for North Africa GLOBEC = Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics project ICES = International Council for the Exploration of the Seas IMBER = Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research project IOC = Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission LOICZ = Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone project NOWPAP = UNEP Northwest Pacific Action Plan PICES = North Pacific Marine Sciences Organization SCOR = Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research WESTPAC/HAB = IOC SubCommission for the Western Pacific HAB working group
3-2 Chair: Raphael M. Kudela Ocean Sciences Department University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA Email:
[email protected]
Members: Icarus Allen Stewart Bernard Paul Bienfang Michele Burford Liam Fernand Songhui Lu Patricia Tester Gires Usup
Vice Chair: Elisa Berdalet Institut de Ciències del Mar (CMIMA, CSIC) Dept. Biologia Marina i Oceanografia Pg. Marítim, 37-49 08003- Barcelona, Catalunya SPAIN E-mail:
[email protected],
[email protected]
UK SOUTH AFRICA USA AUSTRALIA UK CHINA-Beijing USA MALAYSIA
Ex-officio Member: Robert Magnien (IOC IPHAB) IOC Staff: Henrik Enevoldsen Executive Committee Reporter: Satoru Taguchi
3-3 SCOR-IOC Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Program Activities, 2012-2013 The GEOHAB project is preparing synthesis for completion of its first phase, at the end of 2013. GEOHAB-related activities will be continued after the end of 2013, under a different format, as described at the end of this report. 1. IPHAB-XI Meeting: Paris, France, April 2013 GEOHAB was represented by the SSC Chair (Raphe Kudela) at the Tenth Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB-XI) meeting. An update on GEOHAB activities during the past two years was presented, and a resolution was passed (see attached) recommending support from IOC for a new international research project called GlobalHAB, with an invitation to SCOR to co-sponsor the project. 2. Implementation of Core Research Projects The GEOHAB Implementation Plan1, published in November 2003, specified the formation of Core Research Projects (CRPs) related to four ecosystem types—upwelling systems, fjords and coastal embayments, eutrophic systems, and stratified systems. Since then, initiation and implementation of these CRPs has been the primary GEOHAB objective through OSMs and other activities. All four of the CRP research plans have now been published and some implementation has been accomplished. A fifth CRP plan was published in late 2012 (see below). A. Core Research Project: HABs in Upwelling Systems This sub-group is chaired by Grant Pitcher (South Africa). The group is developing plans with other organizations for a meeting on climate change effects on HABs, in upwelling systems and beyond. This activity has been endorsed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB), ICES, and PICES. A preliminary workshop was held in 2013 at Friday Harbor, Washington (USA). Reports from the workshop were submitted to the sponsoring agencies, and an overview article was submitted to Harmful Algae News, attached to this report as an Appendix. B. Core Research Project: HABs in Fjords and Coastal Embayments This sub-group is chaired by Suzanne Roy (Canada). It held a workshop in May 2012 in Victoria, Canada, on Life Cycles of HABs, focusing particularly on benthic resting stages of harmful algal species (see http://www.geohab.info/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=113:geohab-specialissue-of-harmful-algae&catid=40. The outcomes of this OSM include the following: (1) a GEOHAB Meeting Report with synthesis, conclusions, and future research perspectives (see http://hab.iocunesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=10400); (2) the production of several mini-reviews to be incorporated in a special issue of an international journal, along with papers from the CRP on Stratified Systems.
3-4 C. Core Research Project: HABs and Eutrophication The sub-group on HABs and Eutrophication is chaired by Patricia Glibert (USA). The work of the group is complementary and somewhat combined with the SCOR/LOICZ Working Group 132 on Land-based Nutrient Pollution and the Relationship to Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Marine Systems, which has been disbanded after completing several publications, but continues to complete additional papers (see Tab 2). D. Core Research Project: HABs and Stratification The sub-group on HABs and Stratification is chaired by Robin Raine (Ireland). The group conducted a workshop on “Advances and challenges for understanding physical-biological interactions in HABs in Stratified Environments” at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institution, Moss Landing, California, USA on 21‐23 August 2012. The workshop reviewed the major discoveries relating to the physics, biology, ecology, and/or chemistry of HABs in stratified systems. Through presentations and group discussion, the participants identified critical remaining questions, and new technologies that may be needed to fulfill sampling protocols necessary to answer them. A goal of the meeting was to produce a conceptual model or ‘roadmap’ of the direction in which biological, physical, and chemical measurements of harmful algal blooms in stratified systems should be headed during the next 10 years, as well as a manuscript synthesizing the findings of this meeting. Another goal was to produce collaborative proposals to conduct a multidisciplinary field experiment addressing this subject. The outcomes of the meeting will be published in a GEOHAB Report. The report is drafted, and has been circulated to the OSM participants for final comments, and is currently being prepared for printing. This CRP is also producing a special issue in Deep-Sea Research II. Guest editors include R. Raine, E. Berdalet, M. McManus, and H. Yamazaki. The special issue has recently (September 2013) been finalized and will be published imminently. It includes 21 peer-reviewed manuscripts and a preface. E. Core Research Project: HABs in Benthic Systems (BHABs) GEOHAB sponsored an OSM on HABs in Benthic Systems in Honolulu, Hawaii in June 2010, with Paul Bienfang as the convener. The OSM organizing committee has completed the science plan from the meeting, a report edited by E. Berdalet, P. Tester and A. Zingone, and printed in late 2012 (see http://hab.iocunesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=9693). The report contains the state of the art regarding research on benthic HABs and the main open questions for the coming years, in order to initiate and implement the CRP. Three follow-on activities have been proposed and are being actively pursued:
Sampling/ID workshop focusing on BHAB organisms, proposed by Wayne Litaker and Patricia Tester (USA). Gires Usup (Malaysia) secured local funding for this activity, and the BHAB working group organized a workshop. YEOSU International Organization Collaboration Project (GEOHAB Asia & BHAB) proposal was submitted and successfully funded in 2011.
3-5
The BHAB program was presented at the “International Conference on Ostreopsis Development (ICOD)” and was recently published (Zingone et al. 2012, Cryptogamie Algologie 33(2): 225-230).
3. 2013 GEOHAB Open Science Meeting The SSC convened the final GEOHAB Open Science Meeting at IOC Headquarters in Paris, France in April 2012. The purpose of the meeting was to review the scientific advances accomplished under GEOHAB since its inception and to identify a near-future roadmap of GEOHAB-like activities to be pursued beyond 2013. To achieve these objectives, the meeting was structured with the following components:
Invited presentations that reviewed GEOHAB’s past and present through its 5 Core Research Projects, Regional Programs and Targeted Activities, and topics that provided a general framework for future research on HABs. Concept papers (i.e., proposals for specific activities, such as research projects, training sessions, or comparisons among ecosystems) that could be implemented between 2014 and 2018. It was requested that the papers be based on GEOHAB planning documents, such as the GEOHAB Science and Implementation Plans, and the Core Research Project reports (www.geohab.info). The concept papers contributed to development of the GlobalHAB project concept and some may be implemented as activities beyond 2013. Poster sessions that broadened the number of topics that could be considered during the meeting and encouraged the widest possible scientific participation. Breakout discussion sessions among the participants based on both the invited presentations and the concept papers. Three breakout sessions were held: What has GEOHAB accomplished and how was it done? What did and didn't work and why? Which scientific objectives can effectively be implemented in the coming years and what are the best mechanisms to accomplish them, based on the Concept Papers that were submitted? Based on the previous session’s outcomes, how should GEOHAB be structured to most effectively move forward in the future?
4. IOCCG/GEOHAB Working Group The International Ocean Colour Coordination Group and GEOHAB are co-funding a working group on HABs and Ocean Colour. The group will
Summarize the relevance of ocean colour-based harmful algal bloom observation systems. Summarize the wide variety of harmful algal bloom types with regard to ecosystem function, consistent with GEOHAB Core Research structures. Summarize the principal methodological difficulties for ocean colour in coastal and inland waters, with reference to previous IOCCG Working Groups and other ongoing initiatives, e.g. GEO Tasks, CoastColour, etc. Summarize our current understanding of the physics of phytoplankton community composition from a bio-optical and ocean colour perspective.
3-6
Review the relevance of Phytoplankton Functional Type (PFT) approaches (with reference to the IOCCG PFT Working Group) for harmful algal bloom observations across a variety of coastal and inland ecosystems. Review and summarize current and emerging harmful algal bloom-related ocean colour techniques, from reflectance-based community composition algorithms to ecosystemspecific change-detection algorithms, that is, research and operational applications. Compare the results of a variety of algorithms on selected bloom case studies, representative of the GEOHAB core research ecosystems with the specific addition of inland waters, and use these studies to provide a clear guide to ocean colour algorithm performance diagnostics, and optimal ocean colour-based approaches for various bloom and ecosystem types. Examine the utility of ocean colour observations beyond the event scale: multisensory and temporal analyses of ecological drivers and response for example systems, analysing and demonstrating the value of routine synoptic data and integration with other observations and models. Recommend future studies, measurements, protocols, etc. to develop, improve and better understand application limitations for harmful algal bloom-focused ocean colour algorithms Summarize, recommend, and present a future outlook for the development of new ocean colour observation systems, incorporating future sensors/systems. Prepare a monograph to be published within the IOCCG or GEOHAB series. Prepare a special issue in a peer-reviewed journal incorporating suitable review and case study chapters as papers.
The group has met twice and is working on a monograph for the IOCCG Report series and potentially a special issue of a peer-reviewed journal. This group anticipates finalizing the report before the end of 2013. 5. GEOHAB Modelling Based in part on the successful collaboration between GEOHAB and IOCCG, GEOHAB participated in the GEO Blue Planet Symposium in Brazil 19-21 November 2012 (http://www.faro-project.org/blue_planet/announcement.html). Stewart Bernard (SSC member; South Africa) and Lourdes Velo-Suarez (Spain) represented GEOHAB, addressing the HAB observations and modelling needs within the GEO framework. Travel support was provided by IOCCG through the Fisheries Applications from Remotely-Sensed Ocean Colour (FARO) effort. A contributed chapter was written to be included in the “Oceans & Society: Blue Planet” book, anticipated to be published in 2014. 6. Publications and Endorsed Projects A full list of GEOHAB reports, publications, and endorsed activities are available on the GEOHAB Web site. GEOHAB generated considerable interest from the community during this interval, and GEOHAB-endorsed work has been conducted in Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Philippines, Spain, South Africa, United Kingdom, and the United States. We continue to receive requests annually for project endorsements and are reaching out to the prior endorsed projects for inclusion in the GEOHAB synthesis activities.
3-7 7. GEOHAB Synthesis At the end of 2013, the GEOHAB program will complete 10 years from the publication of its Implementation Plan. The SCOR Executive Committee has requested that GEOHAB conduct synthesis activities and complete its current phase of activity. Information from the Open Science Meeting will contribute to the synthesis documents, which will be a major focus of the final GEOHAB meeting in December 2013. A. GEOHAB Summary Outcomes Tentatively planned synthesis documents include the following: 1. Special issue from the meeting, with guest editors and the journal to be determined. The SSC is in favor of selecting an open-access journal, if possible. The SSC is currently also looking into possible publication of a monograph, rather than a special issue. 2. GEOHAB Science Summary—As part of our synthesis report to both IOC and SCOR, GEOHAB will revisit the Science Plan and CRP plans to review what has been accomplished and what remains to be achieved. 3. A summary/overview article was originally envisioned to be submitted to Oceanography in late 2013. All SSC members would be authors. This builds on the past Oceanography publications highlighting the mid-stream goals and accomplishments of the GEOHAB effort, and would be suitable for the scientifically literate public, policy makers, and program managers. Depending on task 1, this may be revised to represent an overview paper for the special issue. 4. Summary for Policy Makers. The SSC is strongly in favor of developing a Summary similar to previous efforts such as the Ocean Fertilization summary document (http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0019/001906/190674e.pdf). GEOHAB is working with IOC, SCOR, and NOAA to implement this effort. 8. Final GEOHAB SSC Meeting The final GEOHAB SSC Meeting will be held in Barcelona, Spain on 3-5 December 2013, with many of the SSC members agreeing to an informal extension (December 6-8) to implement the GEOHAB Summary Outcomes. The meeting will discuss several topics: completion of GEOHAB synthesis products, implementation of concept papers from the Open Science Meeting, and plans for GlobalHAB.
3-8 Appendixes 1) HABs in a Changing World summary document from the Workshop on Harmful Algal Blooms in a Changing World (WKHABCW), to be submitted to Harmful Algae News 2) Draft report of the WKHABCW effort 3) IPHAB-XI.1 Recommendation Harmful Algal Blooms in a Changing World There are projections that the process of climate change will lead to increased frequency and severity of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Indeed there is evidence that climate change already may be causing shifts in phytoplankton community composition, but the projections on climateincreasing the HAB impact remain, at this point, largely speculative. Although there are many intuitive linkages, these scenarios are founded on limited and often conflicting experimental data, so that scientific debate at this time cannot establish a link between HABs and climate change, let alone how dramatic any change in HABs might be in the future. Moreover, the field of HAB research lacks the rigorous organization structure of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, where scientists worldwide work in collaboration to quantify and evaluate trends in HAB impacts. HAB scientists need to proactively identify the fundamental parameters and research infrastructure needed to effectively address this important question if we are to have those data we need when called upon to forecast or explain changing HAB patterns. It is important to recognize that the issue here is not simply whether a pattern might develop where fluctuations in HAB frequencies at times become more prevalent in the future. Instead, based on limited ecophysiological insights it is reasonable to postulate there will be fundamental changes in the distributions of HABs, bringing ecosystem and human health threats to extensive new regions, perhaps compounding current problems. There also likely will be increased “windows of opportunity” for existing regional HABs, intensifying existing threats at a time when humans will be relying more on coastal resources for food security. As it stands, the HAB research community is woefully unprepared to provide solid insights to the changes that will define the next generation’s access to many marine resources. A workshop of international experts convened in March, 2013 at the Whiteley Center, Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington (funded by PICES, GEOHAB and NOAA) to develop a preliminary assessment of where the field of HAB research stands in terms of addressing the HAB-climate change connection, and the directions it needs to move over the next decade. Three broad classes of HABs were considered: (1) toxic HABs that impact human health, (2) fish-killing HABs where the causative organisms affect both wild and aquaculture fish populations, and (3) hHigh-biomass HABs, whether derived by natural or anthropogenic processes leading to hypoxia, foam, and other negative impacts. The key underlying consideration surrounding climate-related distributional changes in HABs is three-pronged: HAB species “getting there”, being adapted well enough to “remain there” over the course of the season, and ultimately “staying there” for multiple seasons. There is much in the invasive species research field that could be applied to investigate the HAB-climate change linkage.
3-9 The workshop deliberations used as a foundation the observed and predicted climate changes in the physical and chemical conditions in aquatic systems identified in the AR4 IPCC Synthesis Report on climate change, combining what is known about these effects on the physiology of both general phytoplankton as well as HAB species. The central questions asked were: what do we know about how the given parameter affects HAB species, what do we not know of importance in terms of this parameter’s impacts, and which of these unknowns are the most pressing questions and how should we go about addressing them? The topics considered included temperature (with its effects on cellular growth rates, nutrient uptake rates, toxin production and cellular lipid compositions) and stratification (with its impact on vertical nutrient flux, physical and chemical stability of the system and the prolonging of HAB windows of opportunity). Similarly, the effect of ocean acidification was examined in terms of success of HAB species and cellular toxin synthesis and accumulation, along with the effects from altered nutrient inputs associated with changing precipitation characteristics (e.g., pulsed terrestrial riverine flows) and facilitated transport of culturally derived nutrients. While each of these four broad parameters have known impacts on HAB species, the synergistic interactions among these drivers will determine the overall impact on HAB species success in phytoplankton communities; an interaction that, realistically, there is no evidence on which to inform. The workshop participants felt that current insight on how climate change may influence grazing and light effects on HAB species is entirely insufficient. Many HABs species are both grazers and prey, but there is very limited information on how the balance of these processes might deviate as the ocean environment changes. There are model projections that climate change will alter patterns of cloud cover, and thus change light fields spatially in surface waters. While light is a key parameter affecting phytoplankton communities, and different species are known to be better light- or shade-adapted candidates, there is no indication so far that HAB species will be affected differently than non-HAB species. An overriding theme during the workshop discussions was consideration of how environmental changes will impact HAB species relative to non-HAB species. Participants recognized that much of the HAB research to date has focused on the specifics of HAB organisms, which though essential for understanding the ecophysiology of the organisms provides limited insight to how HAB organisms interact within the broader phytoplankton communities. One of the key workshop findings was the need for a shift in the strategy of HAB research towards more comparative investigations that inform on the thresholds for shifting balance among HAB and non-HAB species in the context of climatically driven changes in coastal and oceanic environments. The workshop participants also considered what new research tools would help move the science forward most quickly. The primary need at this time is organizing long-term sampling programs to collect HAB-centric datasets of relevant parameters across diverse geographical and oceanographic regimes. While regional and national monitoring programs already exist, none are sufficient to provide the data streams to assess changes in HABs in new, currently unaffected regimes. The vast majority of these HAB data also lack the essential calibrated oceanographic data to link HAB changes to climate-dependent parameters.
3-10 Participants agreed that the most productive means to initiate these data collection streams is to collaborate with these existing coastal and offshore oceanographic monitoring sites to add a limited list of parameters (e.g., phytoplankton speciation, toxins etc.) to establish HAB “observer sites”. Recognizing that there are very limited laboratory facilities and expertise in many areas of interest, a shorter list of key parameters that are easily obtained with simple sampling approaches was developed to facilitate new outpost-type monitoring sites. A second class of sentinel site was envisioned by participants, termed “super sites”, which while limited in number would be equipped with sophisticated monitoring equipment that enable highfrequency sampling of phytoplankton species composition along with a wide range of environmental parameters. Their purpose would be to enable in-situ investigations of the ecology of HABs in relation to non-HAB species. The goal of both “observer” and “super” sites is to ensure adequate datasets for statistical assessment of long-term change across multiple coastal and oceanic regimes. New investigative approaches also will be needed to address the HAB-climate change relationship. It is recognized that isolates of given phytoplankton species differ in their growth responses to different stimuli, so there is a strong need to understand these localized differences in projecting climate change effects. One novel approach is conducting “common garden” style culture experiments, where many laboratories situated around the globe conduct identical experiments using precise established procedures to test the effects of one or more parameters on a single species isolated from their local waters. This approach provides the ideal mechanism for evaluating species response as well as characterizing their inter-strain variability. Other methods included cross-sectional research programs such as mesocosms and other enclosures using standardized methods, design, analysis, and assessment. Enclosed basin study sites, where HABs are a repetitive feature, were also cited as promising instruments for gauging the HAB competitive interactions in unrestricted coastal waters. Participants also identified a strong need to develop measures for dealing with HAB outbreaks, including proactive (avoidance), abatement (halting) and mitigation (reduced impact) strategies. In addition, virtual assessment approaches to understand past outbreaks and forecast future outbreaks built upon detailed conceptual or heuristic models were felt to be underutilized. Participants felt that next logical step in focusing HAB/climate change research was to convene an Open Science Meeting on global change impacts on marine and freshwater HABs. The goals of this symposium would be to promote research in the topics along the lines identified by the workshop participants to be of high priority over the next decade, to bring new people and expertise into the field (i.e., to make climate change researchers aware of the HAB issue and how their expertise and methods may find rich ground for research), and to focus community efforts towards identifying the data needed to unequivocally demonstrate a linkage between HABs and climate change. The workshop findings are now being integrated into a manuscript intended for publication in the international journal Harmful Algae. The findings will help provide a broader view to the HAB research community on some of the key gaps in our understanding to help focus global research efforts on addressing HABs and climate change.
3-11 ICES/PICES/IOC-GEOHAB WKHABCW REPORT 2013 ICES SGHIE
REPORT OF THE ICES/PICES/IOC-GEOHAB WORKSHOP ON HARMFUL ALGAE BLOOMS IN A CHANGING WORLD WKHABCW
18-22 March 2013 Friday Harbor Laboratories United States of America
3-12 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer H.C. Andersens Boulevard 44-46 DK-1553 Copenhagen V Denmark Telephone (+45) 33 38 67 00 Telefax (+45) 33 93 42 15 www.ices.dk
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Recommended format for purposes of citation: REPORT OF THE ICES/PICES/IOC-GEOHAB WORKSHOP ON HARMFUL ALGAE BLOOMS IN A CHANGING WORLD WKHABCW, 18-22 March 2013, Friday Harbor Laboratories, United States of America. For permission to reproduce material from this publication, please apply to the General Secretary. The document is a report of an Expert Group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views of the Council. © 2013 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
3-13 Executive Summary Highlights
The workshop convened at the Whiteley Center, Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington for a week of discussions and presentations. The 11 participants began the workshop by presenting their perspectives on the most pressing concerns about climate change effects on HABs. The following three topics then were considered through a combination of breakout and collective group discussions: 1) Assessment of the state of understanding of HAB's and climate change, focusing on the research topics of greatest need and likelihood of achieving over the next decade, 2) Description of two types of sentinel sites for observing change based on existing longterm monitoring stations. a) The first would be "observer" or "sentinel" sites, where a minimal set of parameters are added to those measured at most long-term oceanographic monitoring sites. A second, shortened list of most key parameters were identified that could be measured in places where monitoring is not now done, or where instrumentation or expertise is limited. The goal at these sites is to detect change in HABs, by either capturing shifts in existing HAB frequency and intensities or the expansion of HABs into new areas. b) The second set of sites, referred to as "super" sites, would be fewer in number and include a list of more sophisticated sampling goals. Beyond simply detecting change in HABs, these “super” sites would enable study of the ecological and oceanographic processes contributing to this change. 3) Detailed discussion on preliminary plans for an Open Science Symposium that focuses the HAB research community on: a) the bar needed to establish with high confidence that observed changes are due to climate change, b) to highlight the priority directions for HAB research on climate change related issues, and c) to attract new, non-traditional HAB researchers with new tools and expertise. The latter goal deals with the realistic outlook that funding for HAB research is not going to increase, but that there are fields of climate change research where the addition of HAB topics would both strengthen their goals while advancing HAB research in general. Participants decided upon three approaches for communicating the workshop findings to the broader community. The first is as a journal publication (probably to Harmful Algae) that presents the detailed considerations covered during the workshop. The manuscript outline was prepared during the latter stages of the workshop and preliminary writing of this joint manuscript is underway. A second more condensed summary of the workshop findings will be prepared as a "commentary" type manuscript for Nature or Science that will help directs potentially interested non-HAB researchers to the main paper. Third, the background and central findings will be written for the broader public in an “opposite the editorial” (Op/Ed) format for newspaper and magazine distribution.
3-14 1
Welcome and opening of the Workshop
The WKHABCW met March 18-22, 2013 at the Whiteley Center, Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington. There were 11 invited participants from 5 countries, listed in Annex I. The meeting goal was to assess what is known with certainty about existing climate change effects on the distribution, character and intensity of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) events, assess what the most pressing research issues are that likely can be addressed over the next decade, and identify the infrastructure needs for making significant advances in our understanding of HABs. This workshop was organized as a “grass roots” effort by the organizers with funding provided through PICES, NOAA and SCOR-GEOHAB. The participants prepared a written statement before the workshop on their perspectives on the most pressing and achievable research goals and needs. 2
Adoption of the agenda
The participants reviewed the agenda (Annex 2) and this was adopted without any change. 3
Terms of References
SSGHIE EG resolutions approved in 2011 ICES/IOC/PICES Workshop on “HABs in a Changing World” (WKHABCW) 2011/2/SSGHIE08 The ICES/IOC/PICES Workshop on “HABs in a Changing World” (WKHABCW), chaired by Bengt Karlson*, Sweden, Mark Wells*, USA, and Raphael M. Kudela*, USA will be held at Friday Harbor Laboratories, Washington, USA on 18–22 March to: a) Review and consider recent research of climate effects on the ecology of HAB species and trophic interactions; b) Review and consider recent research on climate effects on the physiology/toxicity of HAB organisms; c) Review and consider recent research the impacts of projected changes in macro- and micro-nutrient distributions on HAB organisms. Workshop participants will decide on the final topic areas after the initial discussions. The specific outcome of the workshop would be a participant‐authored journal article communicating the synthesis of primary research directions to the broader HAB research community. WKHABCW will report by 30 April 2013 (via SSGHIE) for the attention SCICOM.
3-15 4
Term of References A-C
4.1
Introduction
It was decided by the workshop participants to consider the three terms of references together. 4.1.1
a) Review and consider recent research of climate effects on the ecology of HAB species and trophic interactions; b) Review and consider recent research on climate effects on the physiology/toxicity of HAB organisms; c) Review and consider recent research the impacts of projected changes in macro- and micro-nutrient distributions on HAB organisms. The central links between climate change and HABs were considered first in terms of the known changes in physical parameters what is known about how these parameters affect the broad range of HAB organisms and their competitive success. The key underlying foundation of HAB occurrences pens upon the HAB species “getting there”, is being adapted well enough to “remain there” over the course of the season, and ultimately to “stay there” for multiple seasons. Three broad classes of HABs were discussed; 1. Toxic-HABs that impact human health (marine and freshwater cyanohabs) or have demonstrable ecosystem effects (e.g., domoic acid effects on marine mammals and birds, cyanohab effects on livestock). 2. Fish-Killing-HABs, whereby the causative organisms may be dinoflagellates (e.g., brevetoxins), raphidophytes (e.g., Heterosigma) and other genera that affect both wild fish and aquaculture operations. 3. High Biomass-HABs, whether derived from natural or anthropogenic processes, that can cause hypoxia, produce large quantities of foam leading to bird deaths and potential human impacts, generate anti-tourism effects (noxious), stimulate pathogenic bacteria activity, or negatively affect aquaculture operations. Participants identified a fourth type of potentially emerging HAB-type concern as nutritionally inadequate blooms (NIPs). In this case, anthropogenically- or naturally-generated largely monospecific blooms for prolonged periods may lead to depletion of one or more essential fatty acids in lower trophic levels with possible cascading effects on fecundity and survival throughout the food web. However, given the absence of key data on these potential effects, participants did not specifically address this issue in the climate change discussions. The deliberations focused on the observed and predicted climate changes in the physical and chemical conditions in aquatic systems identified in the AR4 IPCC Synthesis Report on climate change, and what is known about these effects on the physiology of both general phytoplankton as well as HAB species. The central questions asked were: what do we know about how the given parameter affects HAB species, what do we not know of importance in terms of this parameters impacts, and which of these unknowns are the most pressing questions and how should we go about addressing them? Participants recognized that much of the past HAB
3-16 research has focused on the specifics of HAB organisms rather than addressing how HAB organisms interact with non-HAB species. Given that any changes in HAB occurrences associated with climate change will represent a shifting balance between HAB species within the broader phytoplankton community, there needs to be a fundamental shift in HAB research to take into account these interactions. The key factors considered included direct temperature effects on HAB and non-species, including cellular growth rates, nutrient uptake rates, toxin production, and cellular lipid compositions among other factors. Interlinked with temperature was increased degrees and duration of stratification of the water column, with its effects on not only nutrient inputs but also stability of the system against change. Changes in nutrient availability were considered, due to linked-changes in stratification but also as a result of changing precipitation characteristics with its effects on nutrient transport from terrestrial environments to coastal waters. Changes in precipitation were particularly important in terms of altering anthropogenic inputs associated with the increasing population of the coastal zones over the next few decades. The effects of ocean acidification on HAB species success and cellular toxin production and accumulation were discussed. A limited degree of evidence so far indicates that this may be a significant driving factor for altering the impacts of HABs with climate change. Discussion over the impacts of climate change on grazing pressure and mortality was less certain, given the considerably lower degree of our understanding of how mortality impacts bloom signatures. A shift towards “jellyfish” dominated predation has been predicted but very little is known about how this may disproportionately affect HAB species. Changing light regimes associated with increasing or decreasing cloud cover and increasing stratification was the only factor participants found unlikely to have a specific HAB associated impact. Although there will be clear impacts on the plankton community composition and production overall, based on available data it appears that HAB species would not be selected for or against by these changes. A complete discussion of these findings will be presented in a manuscript for submittal for publication in Harmful Algae. New approaches to HABs and climate change research were considered by the participants. In addition to establishing “super” sites for studying the in situ dynamics among HAB and nonHAB species, several other approaches were identified. These included the “common garden” style culture experiments, where many laboratories situated around the globe conduct identical experiments using precise established procedures to test the effects of one or more parameters on a single species isolated from local waters. This approach provides the ideal mechanism for evaluating species response as well as characterizing the inter-strain variability. Other methods included cross–sectional research programs such as mesocosms and other enclosures using standardized methods, design, analysis, and assessment. Participants also identified a strong need to develop measures for dealing with HAB outbreaks, including proactive (avoidance), abatement (halting) and mitigation (reduced impact) strategies. In addition, there is a need for virtual assessment approaches to understand past outbreaks and forecasting future outbreaks built upon detailed conceptual or heuristic models. Measuring the change in HAB frequency, intensity, and spatial distributions associated with climate change necessitates a network of monitoring stations. Recognizing limitations forced by funding and expertise, participants segment these monitoring sites into “Observer” sites and “Super” sites; the former being designed to simply detect the presence of HABs and the basic
3-17 environmental parameters associated with their outbreaks while the latter would help inform on the ecology and oceanography of the system that led to the HAB formation. A list of key parameters was identified by participants for each type of monitoring site along with appropriate sampling strategies and frequencies. There was particular concern given to selecting easily measured parameters for sites where instrumentation or expertise is lacking so that the network of Observer sites could be broadened greatly. In addition a list of existing known long-term data sets was developed that would be appropriate for identifying the past distribution and frequency of HAB events that could serve as ideal reference points moving forward into the future. One of the main outcomes of the workshop discussions was identifying the need for a Open Science Meeting on global change impacts on rain and freshwater HABs, to be held in 20142015. The goals of this workshop would be to promote research in the topics identified by this group to be of high priority over the next decade, to bring new people and expertise into the field (i.e., to make other climate change researchers aware of the HAB-related questions where there expertise and new methods may find a rich ground for research), and to help the have community identify the types of information needed to unequivocally demonstrate a linkage between HABs and climate change. Several meeting designs were discussed and a steering committee to organize the meeting was established.
5
Recommendations
Proposed ICES/IOC/PICES SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON HARMFUL ALGAE AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 5.1
WKHABCW recommends the following steps be taken: 1) In cooperation with ICES, PICES, IOC, SCOR, GOOS and GEOHAB/GobalHAB to convene an open Scientific Symposium on Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change in 2014 or 2015 to: a. provide examples of locations and events where climate change may be affecting HABs and their impacts; b. identify and promote research on critical topics/aspects of the broader field of HAB research to advance our knowledge of the impacts of climate change on the global scale; c. attract and retain new expertise from other scientific disciplines; d. evaluate the use of new technologies for the collection and analysis of long term data on appropriate parameters; e. develop the HAB component of global climate observing systems; f. foster framework activities to facilitate identifying and responding to climate change-driven effects on HABs, including risk assessment with associated probabilities and uncertainties;
3-18 g. develop best practice recommendations for research and monitoring to fill critical knowledge gaps; 2) The steering committee for an open scientific symposium on harmful algal blooms and climate change should be co-chaired by a representative of the PICES HAB Section, the Chair of the IOC-ICES WGHABD, and the Chair of the GEOHAB SSC and other members to be identified in consultation with the ICES, the IOC-IPHAB Chair and the Secretariats of the sponsoring organizations. 3) To instruct the IPHAB Task Team on HAB Observation and Forecasting Systems to review the current technologies for HAB sensors and observing systems and recommend a globally distributed network HAB observing assets in coordination with 1) e. and working within the existing plans for global observing systems. 4) IPHAB Nations are requested to establish long-term sampling sites capable of detecting the emerging presence of new HABs or changing characteristics in existing HABs. These sites could include a recommended minimum set of parameters or a more comprehensive set that allows investigation of the selective processes leading to HAB development. 5) To request the ICES/IOC WGHABD to review and advise on the progress of the preparations for the open science meeting on Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change. 6) To invite the SCOR Working group 137 and PICES Working Group 27 on North Pacific Climate Variability and Change, the ICES/PICES Strategic Initiation on Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystem, and representation from the GEO Blue Planet and GOOS to contribute advice and resources to help implement the objectives above.
6
Closing of the workshop
The Chairs thanked the participants for their input and closed the workshop on Friday 22 March. Annex 1: List of participants NAME Anderson, Don Bernard, Stewart
Cochlan, William
ADDRESS Biology Dept, MS#32 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Earth Systems Earth Observation CSIR - NRE Centre for High Performance Computing 15 Lower Hope Street, Rosebank Cape Town 7700 South Africa Department of Biology San Francisco State University 1600 Holloway Avenue San Francisco CA 94132 USA
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William P Cochlan
3-19 Ishikawa, Akira
*Karlson, Bengt
*Kudela, Raphael
Smayda, Theodore Trick, Charles
Trainer, Vera
*Wells, Mark Wulff, Angela
*Co-chairs
Graduate School of Bioresources Mie University 1577 Kurima-machiya Tsu-city , Mie Japan 514-8507 Oceanographic unit Swedish Meteorological & Hydrological Institute (SMHI) Nya Varvet 31 SE-42671 Västra Frölunda, Sweden Ocean Sciences Department University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High Street Santa Cruz, Ca 95064 USA Graduate School of Oceanography University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI 02881 USA University of Western Ontario Room 402, North Campus Building London, Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada Marine Biotoxins Program NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Seattle, WA 98112 USA School of Marine Science, University of Maine, 201 Libby Hall Orono, ME 04469-5741 USA Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences Univ. of Gothenburg Box 461 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
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3-20 Annex 2: Agenda 1. Produce an expert assessment of what is known and uncertain about the linkages between climate change and purported changes in the character, distribution, and intensity of HABs, 2. Produce a review/opinion paper or a high profile journal that will: a. help to guide planning for HAB research holding the greatest promise for advancing our understanding of any climate linkages, b. to provide funding agencies, managers, and interested stakeholders a cutting edge assessment of current knowledge and key gaps in our understanding, c. to identify a limited number of candidate sentinel sampling/monitoring sites for detecting change, if we don't have adequate coverage already, with a prioritized list of variables as part of the assessment, and d. to attract interest in non-HAB researchers who are developing new tools or approaches (molecular, cellular, sensor) that would help HAB researchers capture and incorporate current advances in other fields. 3. Plan an open science meeting for 2015 on HABs and climate change that focuses primarily on the key areas participants feel are likely to provide the most insight.
3-21 Recommendation IPHAB-XI.1 HABS IN A CHANGING WORLD: A NEW GLOBAL APPROACH TO HAB RESEARCH TO MEET SOCIETAL NEEDS The IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms, Referring to the joint SCOR-IOC international science programme on the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) as established through IOC Resolution EC-XXXI.1, and the associated GEOHAB Science Plan and associated Implementation Plans, Referring to IPHAB Resolution IPHAB-X.3 which anticipated that IPHAB would recommend that GEOHAB continue beyond 2013 pending discussions and decisions at its XI Session and that SCOR should be invited to continue as co-sponsor, Referring to Resolution XXVI-11 of the Twenty-seventh Session of the IOC Assembly recognizing that the need for continued global coordination and regional cooperation on HAB research can be expected to remain at the same level or increase, and the invitation to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) to take active part in the process to systematically assess the need for, and potential focus of, a continued global harmful algal bloom research programme, Noting the conclusions and recommendations of the GEOHAB Synthesis Open Science Meeting, 24–26 April, 2013, Noting that GEOHAB provided a unique ability to address underlying scientific questions and concerns related to harmful algae and their science-based management, Noting the achievements and ongoing activities of GEOHAB detailed in the GEOHAB report series and the contributions made to the scientific literature, Noting that GEOHAB provided an interface between IOC and other international coordinating organizations for science such as SCOR, IOCCG, ICES, PICES, and GEO, Noting that the GEOHAB Science Plan has been assessed by the GEOHAB Synthesis Open Science Meeting and found to continue to provide a basis for international coordinated research on HABs, Noting that within the joint framework of IOC and SCOR, GEOHAB is expected to synthesize and conclude its activities by the end of 2013, Recognizing that to fully realise the benefits of the accumulated investments in GEOHAB and to address new priorities identified by the IOC in collaboration with SCOR, it is necessary to extend a limited number of targeted research and framework activities within the GEOHAB Terms of Reference beyond the end 2013,
3-22 Recognizing also that the Draft IOC Medium Term Strategy for 2014–2021 is moving from global environmental change research to global sustainability research, and that this change will require significant transformations in research processes, including adaptation of institutional arrangements to promote a new era of inter- and transdisciplinary research aimed at understanding social-environmental process dynamics, Noting that this research should provide relevant knowledge outputs and innovation that will meet societal needs, Recommends that a new international research programme be formed on the foundations of the GEOHAB Science Plan, focusing on understanding HABs in the context of global sustainability, with a working name of GlobalHAB; Further recommends the establishment of a GlobalHAB Scientific Steering Committee in consultation with partner organizations and in accordance with the draft Terms of Reference attached to this Recommendation as Annex I, including; (i) To draft an Addendum to the GEOHAB Science Plan, extending the scope to include human and ecosystem health, and socio-economic impacts of HABs to enhance sustainable management of the oceans and coastal zone; (ii) To identify specific targeted research and framework activities within GEOHAB for continuation beyond 2013 as part of GlobalHAB; (iii) To develop an Implementation Plan that describes a decadal research programme focused on HABs in a Changing World; Reiterates the invitation to SCOR to cosponsor the Scientific Steering Committee and invites other international scientific coordinating bodies to support GlobalHAB activities; Urges Member States and their institutions to provide advice and resources to help implement GlobalHAB objectives. Annex 1 The Scientific Steering Committee of the GlobalHAB Programme will: 1. Develop the Addendum to the GEOHAB Science Plan and a GlobalHAB Implementation Plan based on the recommendations of the GEOHAB Synthesis Open Science Meeting April 2013 and present the draft plan to IPHAB-XII. 2. Coordinate and manage GlobalHAB Research Projects (RPs) in accordance with the amended GEOHAB Science Plan and the GlobalHAB Implementation Plan. 3. Review progress of RPs, identify gaps in knowledge, and initiate new RPs in priority research areas. 4. Foster framework activities to facilitate implementation of GlobalHAB, including dissemination and information tools.
3-23 5. Establish appropriate data management activities, such as the SCORMBLWHOI- IOC/IODE DOI repository, to ensure access to, sharing of, and preservation of GlobalHAB data, taking into account the data policies of the sponsors, and taking into account ongoing data management activities of other IPHAB Task Teams. 6. Promote comparative and interdisciplinary research on harmful algal blooms by providing coordination and communication services to national and regional research groups, encouraging explicit affiliation with GlobalHAB via an endorsement process. 7. Coordinate, as appropriate, with IOC regional activities ANCA, FANSA, WESTPAC/HAB, and HANA. 8. Collaborate, as appropriate, with other intergovernmental organizations and their subgroups (e.g., IAEA, ICES, PICES, NOWPAP), as well as related research projects (e.g., LOICZ, IMBER), observational systems such as the Global Ocean Observing System and its regional alliances, and initiatives on risks and opportunities of global environmental change and for supporting transformation towards global sustainability. 9. Report regularly to SCOR (if SCOR accepts co-sponsorship) and the IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB), and the international HAB research community on the state of planning and accomplishments of GlobalHAB, through annual reports and, as appropriate, the GlobalHAB Web site, Harmful Algae News, special sessions at scientific meetings, and other venues. 10. Interact with agency sponsors to stimulate the support of GlobalHAB implementation through various mechanisms (e.g., direct support of GlobalHAB initiatives and integration of the GlobalHAB approach in national programs). Acronyms ANCA = IOC HAB working group for Central America and Caribbean Sea FANSA = IOC HAB working group for South America HANA = IOC HAB working group for North Africa GLOBEC = Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics project IAEA= International Atomic Energy Agency ICES = International Council for the Exploration of the Seas IMBER = Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research project IOC = Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IODE: International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission LOICZ = Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone project MBLWHOI: Marine Biological Laboratory/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution NOWPAP = UNEP Northwest Pacific Action Plan PICES = North Pacific Marine Sciences Organization SCOR = Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research WESTPAC/HAB = HAB Project of the IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific
3-24 Restricted distribution
IOC-XXVII/3 prov. Pt.3 Paris, 8 October 2013 Original: English
INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (of UNESCO)
Twenty-seventh Session of the Assembly Paris, 26 June - 5 July 2013
DRAFT SUMMARY REPORT Extract Part 3 (Agenda item 5.4.2)
5.
STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENTS
5.2
OCEAN-RELATED HAZARDS
3-25 5.4.2 Intergovernmental panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB) 1. The Chair of the IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB), Dr Robert E. Magnien (USA), introduced this item and presented the report, work plan, decisions and recommendations of the Eleventh Session of the IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms Paris, 28–30 April 2013. 2. The IPHAB Chair emphasized the decisions and recommendations made regarding an international strategy for international cooperative research on HABs in a changing world: A New Global Approach to HAB Research to Meet Societal Needs; the development of a Global HAB Status Report; capacity building; a focussed effort to address Ciguatera, and the regional development of the Programme. 3. The IPHAB Chair requested the assistance of the Assembly in ensuring participation in IPHAB of the Member States not already members and recognition in the appropriate national agencies and institutions of IPHAB. 4. The IPHAB Chair urged the IOC Member States to carefully match the HAB Programme Work Plan with national priorities and potential funding in order to actively interact with and support its implementation. 5. The Assembly reiterated the widespread and permanent impacts of HAB events on fisheries, aquaculture, human health, and tourism. The Assembly confirmed the importance of shared efforts and cooperation in both HAB research and management practises. The Assembly underlined the importance of coordination between global and regional IOC HAB Programme activities to avoid duplication, enhance synergies and economise resources. The Assembly welcomed the development of a regular Global HAB Status Report and saw it as complimentary to the World Ocean Assessment. Furthermore, the development of GEOHAB into a research agenda for the coming decade entitled GlobalHAB was welcomed including a strong focus on Ciguatera jointly with WHO and FAO. The Assembly noted the long-term capacity building efforts of the IOC HAB Programme, particularly those for African Member States. The initiative on HABs and desalination was commended. 6. The Assembly expressed its appreciation to Denmark for its longstanding commitment to hosting the IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae and to Japan for its longstanding support to WESTPAC-HAB. Denmark confirmed its commitment to do all it can to continue to host the Centre. 7. The representatives of 15 Member States and PICES took the floor. The following Member States and Organization chose to provide records of their plenary intervention on this agenda item for the informational annex to the meeting report: Republic of Korea, Thailand, USA and PICES. 8. The Assembly adopted Decision IOC-XXVII/Dec.5.4.2.
3-26 The Assembly, Recalling IOC Resolution XVI-4, which established the Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms, Having considered the Executive Summary Report of the 11th Session of the IOC Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB), its seven Decisions and four Recommendations and the Work Plan for 2014–2015 adopted at the Session (IOC/IPHAB-XI/3s), Taking into consideration the preoccupying impact of HAB on public health, food security, the development of tourism and a substantial proportion of economic activities in the world, Recognizing that regional, national, and institutional requirements for management of HAB impacts, along with the IOC High Level Objectives, that drive IOC HAB Programme research and capacity development activities, have proven highly valuable to Member States over almost two decades; that the IOC fulfils a unique role in coordinating and implementing international and regional cooperation on HAB research, management and capacity development; and that the need for this continued coordination and regional cooperation can be expected to remain at the same level or increase, Noting with satisfaction that IPHAB has continued to provide a strong and efficient mechanism to respond to new HAB-related problems experienced by Member States and to leverage resources from diverse sources to focus on priority needs, Takes note of the Executive Summary Report of IPHAB-XI and the recommendations contained therein (IOC/IPHAB-XI/3s); Notes that the IOC will help protect human health, economic interests and natural resources through its expanded focus on Ciguatera in cooperation with the WHO and FAO and by coordinating research needed by Member States through the Global HAB Programme; Notes further that the development of a Global HAB Status Report is complementary to the World Ocean Assessment to provide for the first time a picture of the global distribution of HABs, their threats and relationships to nutrient enrichment and other causes; Requests the IOC Executive Secretary to convene the 12th Session of the Panel prior to the 28th Session of the Assembly; Invites SCOR to co-sponsor the Scientific Steering Committee for Global HAB and encourages active joint participation in the development and implementation of the science agenda;
3-27 Agrees that the regular budget for these activities will be considered as part of the overall IOC Programme and Budget resolution XXVII/DR.(6.1, 6.2); Expresses its appreciation to the Government of Denmark for hosting and supporting the IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, as well as to other donors and Member States who are providing financial and in-kind support for the HAB Programme; Urges funding agencies and institutions in IOC Member States to assist in the mobilization of funding that will ensure the implementation of the IPHAB Work Plan.
3-28 3.2 Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) (joint with IGBP) Hall, Burkill Terms of Reference Agreed by IGBP and SCOR, April 2004 To develop the IMBER Science Plan and Implementation Strategy, in accordance with guidance from the sponsoring organisations. To oversee the development of IMBER in accordance with its Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. To collaborate, as appropriate, with related projects of the sponsors IGBP and SCOR, and other related programmes and organisations (e.g., IHDP, DIVERSITAS, IOC and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), etc.) To establish appropriate data management policies to ensure access to, sharing of, and preservation of IMBER data, taking into account the policies of the sponsors. To report regularly to SCOR and IGBP on the state of planning and the accomplishments of IMBER. The IMBER SSC, its subsidiary groups and International Project Office shall operate in accordance with the operating procedures for IGBP Projects and the requirements of the other co-sponsors.
3-29 Chair Eileen Hofmann Old Dominion University Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography 4111 Monarch Way Norfolk, VA 23508 USA Tel: +1 757 683 5334 Fax: +1 757 683 5550 [email protected] du
Vice-Chairs Javier Arístegui Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Campus Universitario de Tafira Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Islas Canarias 35017 SPAIN Tel: +34 928 452906 Fax: +34 928 454490 [email protected] .es
Members Claudio Campagna (M), ARGENTINA Ratana Chuenpagdee (F), CANADA Kenneth Drinkwater (M), NORWAY Jean-Pierre Gattuso (M), FRANCE Nicolas Gruber (M), SWITZERLAND Su Mei Liu (F), CHINA-Beijing Executive Committee Reporter: Peter Burkill IGBP Liaison: Wendy Broadgate Executive Officer: Bernard Avril
Alida Bundy Ocean Ecosystem Science Division Bedford Institute of Oceanography PO Box 1006 Dartmouth NS B2Y 4A2 CANADA Tel: + 902 426 8353 Fax:+902 426 1506 [email protected]
Carol Robinson University of East Anglia School of Environmental Sciences Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK Tel: +44 1603 593174 Fax: +44 1603 591327 [email protected] c.uk
Eugene Murphy (M), UK Hiroshi Ogawa (M), JAPAN Alberto Piola (M), ARGENTINA Tatiana Rynearson (F), USA Sinjae Yoo (M), KOREA
3-30 Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) Annual Report to SCOR, September 2013
Table of Contents
A.
Introduction
B.
Selection of IMBER science highlights, 2012-2013
C.
IMBER Regional Programmes
D.
IMBER Working Groups and Task Teams
E.
IMBER project-wide activities
F.
IMBER SSC membership
G.
IMBER cooperation
H.
Communication, publications
I.
Support from SCOR
J.
Strategic development
Annex 1 – New endorsed projects Annex 2 – National IMBER Contributions
3-31 A. Introduction IMBER (www.imber.info) is an international global environmental change research project with the goal to develop a comprehensive understanding of, and accurate predictive capacity for, ocean responses to accelerating global change and the consequent effects on the Earth System and human society. The challenge of the scientific community is to understand interrelationships between biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems, and to quantify and predict responses of the marine system to natural and anthropogenic perturbations, on time scales ranging from years to decade, with local, regional and global focus. IMBER research activities are organised around four themes that focus on interactions between biogeochemical cycles and marine food webs, the sensitivity to global change, feedbacks to the Earth System, and responses of society. IMBER research is supported by a network of 35+ national contributions, and by four regional research programmes, seven topical working groups, more than 35 endorsed projects, and a range of approaches to facilitate synthesis and integration, and strategic collaboration with other international research projects, programmes and initiatives. Since its initiation in 2005, IMBER has placed a priority on coordination and networking activities that bring together diverse research communities to address IMBER research goals. IMBER has accomplished much during its first eight years, as evidenced by the many special issues of peer-reviewed journals and books that have been produced by the working groups and regional programmes (www.imber.info/index.php/Products/Publications). IMBER is now entering the last two years of its initial 10-year science plan. At the same time, the global environmental change (GEC) research landscape is evolving. The Future Earth initiative, which is focused around three themes (Dynamic Planet; Global Development; and Transformations toward Sustainability), is developing, and the International GeosphereBiosphere Programme (IGBP), IMBER´s other sponsor, will end in December 2015. The transition towards Future Earth is potentially important for all GEC projects such as IMBER. IMBER has a history of undertaking activities that interconnect natural and social marine sciences and promoting integration across disciplines. As a result, the IMBER community is well placed to take the lead on developing the marine-focused efforts under Future Earth and proposing new research directions. The IMBER Open Science Conference, which will take place in June 2014 in Bergen, Norway (www.imber.info/index.php/Meetings/IMBER-OSC-2014), will be important in developing directions for marine research at the international level for the next 5-10 years. The outputs from the Open Science Conference will provide a basis for a request to SCOR for a five-year project extension in the fall of next year. B. Selection of IMBER Science Highlights, 2012-2013 Salihoğlu, B., S. Neuer, S. Painting, R. Murtugudde, E.E. Hofmann, J.H. Steele, R.R. Hood, L. Legendre, M.W. Lomas, J.D. Wiggert, S. Ito, Z. Lachkar, G.L. Hunt Jr., K.F. Drinkwater, and C.L. Sabine. 2013. Bridging marine ecosystem and biogeochemistry research: Lessons and recommendations from comparative studies. Journal of Marine Systems, 109-110 161-175.
3-32 Linked to IMBER IMBIZO II Workshop on regional comparative studies Oceanic and coastal systems are integrated across space and time scales that span several orders of magnitude and include complex interactions among and within diverse and interlinked communities with implications for biogeochemical cycling. To understand and predict the effects of anthropogenic global change (e.g., warming temperatures, increasing acidification, harvesting resources) on the marine ecosystem, and its responses, there is growing interest in combining information on oceanographic and biogeochemical processes and on organisms and communities, ranging from microbes to higher trophic levels. Comparative studies of similar marine and coastal biomes offer a means to improve our understanding of the sensitivity of the key features of an ecosystem (e.g., habitat quality, food web components, and biogeochemical cycles) to planned and unplanned perturbations at different time and space scales, by bringing attention to the critical processes that differentiate one system from another and result in differences in ecosystem response to a changing ocean system. Comparative studies based on long-term observations at fixed time-series stations make it also possible to evaluate long-term changes in the physical and biological environment, such as those driven by climate patterns. Moreover, based on a minimalistic observational framework grounded within a conceptual model, comparative studies could sometimes be a suitable alternative to costly and complex research endeavours designed to provide detailed end-to-end assessment of marine ecosystem status. The understanding gained from these comparative studies allows development of models for investigating of potential future states and predicting responses of presentday marine and coastal ecosystems (Fig. 1). Recently, for improved ecosystem-based management, end-to-end models that combine bottom-up and top-down components have been developed (Table 1). These large, complex models are intended for “strategic management evaluations” of particular ecosystems, rather than comparisons across several systems. An alternative is to combine aggregated versions of existing food-web models of the upper trophic levels, with NPZD formulations of the microbial web, and with simplified representations of the main Figure 1. Biogeochemistry and ecosystem physical forcing. Cross-ecosystem, multiprocesses to be integrated in comparative model comparisons are difficult to conduct, studies, their interactions, and cross-cutting but essential to evaluate the robustness of tools for comparison. the ecosystem responses to climate change and/or anthropogenic forcing. To conduct these kinds of studies, support by international activities such as IMBER is needed. The focus of
3-33 the IMBER project on interactions and feedbacks between food webs and biogeochemical cycling brings together two areas of marine science that have typically proceeded in parallel, with little cross integration. The observational and modelling activities now underway through IMBER have a focus on endto-end ecosystem studies, which is already influencing the structure of models and the types of observations. Within the IMBER regional programmes, comparative studies are underway which are providing synthesis and integration of historical and diverse data sets, the results of which provide a basis for across-region comparative studies. The IMBER focus on comparative studies from the outset will help ensure that the datasets and models are appropriate to undertake these studies. One challenge to the science community is to extend the comparative studies of the natural system to include human, social, economic and cultural effects. The global vision for clean, safe, biologically diverse and productive oceans and seas is the basis for managing sustainable human utilization of the goods and services provided by the seas. This challenge requires the development of methods/metrics to describe the state of an ecosystem and mechanisms to minimize the impacts of human activities to avoid undesirable disturbances and tipping points. Ecosystem studies typically focus on key linkages between hydrography, pelagic food webs, benthic food webs and higher trophic levels such as fish. Integrated studies of biogeochemistry and food webs need to be underpinned by one or more conceptual models of key ecosystem processes relevant to the study, and identification of the key high level (e.g., policy or societal) and scientific questions to be addressed. Together these can be used to inform field measurements required and the appropriate selection of models and other investigative tools. New research endeavours should ensure that the results obtained are relevant for regional comparative works, especially as responses of marine ecosystems to global change are expected to differ among biogeographical or biogeochemical provinces. Understanding and defining what these responses might be is critical to the development of mitigation strategies and management policies. Well-designed comparative analyses, based on observations, models or both should be applied within and across ecosystems. As such, they provide an approach for identifying key processes and constraining the range of potential ecosystem responses.
3-34 Table 1. Examples of models combining (green-shaded) lower (light blue, top) and higher (light blue, bottom) trophic levels suitable for comparative studies.
Bakker, D.C.E., B. Pfeil, K. Smith et al. 2013. An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2). Earth System Science Data Discussion, 6, 465-512. DOI:10.5194/essdd-6465-2013 Linked to the SOLAS-IMBER Carbon – ‘Surface Ocean System’ and ‘Interior Ocean Carbon’ Groups As a result of a large, international, collaborative effort of the marine carbon research community, the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, www.socat.info) project was initiated in 2007 with the aim of providing a comprehensive, publicly available, regularly updated, qualitycontrolled, global data set of marine surface carbon dioxide measurements for the global oceans and coastal seas, following internationally agreed procedures and regional review. In addition, SOCAT gives open access to a 1° latitude by 1° longitude gridded product of mean monthly surface water fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) data with minimal temporal or spatial interpolation and with a higher 0.25° latitude by 0.25° longitude resolution for the coastal seas. The culmination of much hard work in data collection, data assembly and quality control by many seagoing marine carbon scientists around the world, SOCAT version 2, with 10.1 million surface water fCO2 values from 2,660 cruises spanning more than four decades (Nov. 1968 – Dec. 2011), was presented publicly in June 2013 at the 9th International Carbon Dioxide Conference (ICDC-9) in Beijing, China (Figs. 2, 3). The SOCAT products highlight the response of surface water fCO2 and the oceanic CO2 sink to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 in a changing climate, and are used in process studies of spatial and temporal (seasonal, inter-annual and decadal) variability and trends in surface water fCO2, for example, in the North Atlantic, in the Pacific Ocean, in coastal seas, in the Arctic Ocean, in seasonally ice-covered Southern Ocean regions, near remote islands and oceanographic fronts. The international importance of SOCAT is evident from the many recent scientific articles using SOCAT data products for quantification of the ocean carbon sink, process studies and ocean carbon modelling. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longer-term variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled-climate carbon models. Regular updates to SOCAT will extend its data record, improve its quality control, and will become a crucial tool in quantification and modelling of changes in oceanic CO2 uptake and in global climate change research and assessments. Regular future SOCAT releases will require sustained funding for key players.
3-35
Figure 2. Number of annual data points for the 1968-2011 period included in SOCAT v.2
Figure 3. The global distribution of surface water fCO2 values in SOCAT v.2 for 1968 to 2011 (from Bakker et al. (2013), ESSDD, 6, 465–512)
Gaichas, D., R. Gamble, M. Fogarty, H. Benoît, T. Essington, C. Fu, M. Koen-Alonso, and J. Link. 2012. Assembly rules for aggregate-species production models: simulations in support of management strategy evaluation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 459, 275-292. Linked to the IMBER ESSAS regional programme The concept of biological production has long served as a cornerstone in the development of the theory of resource management. An early focus on this issue in fisheries management research distinguished it from other approaches in population biology in the emerging field of ecosystembased fisheries management (EBFM) that emphasizes sustainability at multiple levels of organization beyond single target species. Biological reference points (BRPs) for aggregated specific groups are then required, that help optimize yields while preventing overexploitation of individual species. The tradeoffs between yield and biodiversity objectives must be evaluated for a wide range of aggregation strategies using multi-species surplus production models and comparing several simulated fish communities. Fish production parameters and BRPs (e.g., maximum sustainable yield, MSY) were estimated using a simple assessment model applied to each aggregated time series. Multi-species precautionary reference points could be defined that meet both yield and biodiversity objectives across full system, taxonomic, habitat, feeding, and size-based aggregations. Aggregation strategies were best able to meet both objectives when species with broadly similar productivity, life history, environmental sensitivity, and species interactions were aggregated. Implementation of EBFM requires a better understanding of the consequences of stock-aggregate management in achieving the maximization of sustainable fishery yields and biodiversity, that is, the prevention of collapse or extinction. The simulation modelling of hypothetical fish communities make it possible to explore how the estimation of BRPs at different levels of species aggregation affects the simultaneous achievement of the objectives of yield and of biodiversity, that is, maintaining ecosystem structure (Figs. 4, 5).
3-36
Figure 4. Yield curves for simulated 10species interacting fish communities: (a) Georges Bank: (b) Gulf of Alaska; comparable species have similar colours. fl.: flounder; P.: Pacific; F.H.: flathead; W.: Walleye
Figure 5. Full 10-species system aggregate yield and collapse curves (where collapse is defined as biomass <10% of unfished biomass) for (a) Georges Bank; (b) Gulf of Alaska
Management considerations based on simple extensions of traditional single-species production models provide one avenue for recasting the harvesting problem in a context that is familiar to fishery managers while accommodating a broader multi-species perspective, particularly for those stocks that are caught together in multi-species fisheries, interact highly, or have similar production characteristics. It is possible to achieve multiple EBFM objectives by managing aggregate species groups. And our simple assessment method estimated BRPs reasonably well for many species and aggregates without explicitly including species interactions, but showed some bias even with the high-quality simulated ‘data’ we used. However, poor aggregations sacrifice biodiversity for yield, leading to severely depleted (or extinct) stocks within the aggregate, as well as more subtle effects such as loss of genetic diversity. In managing species complexes, it appears that modest reductions from aggregate fishing mortality rate at MSY have the dual benefits of maintaining biodiversity and buffering against environmental uncertainty (Figs. 6, 7).
3-37
Figure 6. In multispecies complexes, fishing mortality rate F can be reduced from aggregate FMSY (MSY, maximum sustainable yield) to prevent collapses. For the full 10-species Georges Bank model, nearly 95% of MSY can be achieved with no species dropping below 10% of unfished biomass
Figure 7. Average yield curves (lines) with ranges (shading) from 1000 stochastic runs for the Georges Bank groundfish complex
Glaser, M., P. Christie, K. Diele, L. Dsikowitzky, S. Ferse, I. Nordhaus, A. Schlüter, K. Schwerdtner Mañez, and C. Wild. 2012. Measuring and understanding sustainabilityenhancing processes in tropical coastal and marine social-ecological systems. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 300-308. Linked to IMBER HDWG and CMWG activities Tropical coastal and marine social-ecological systems (CM-SES) are diverse, complex and dynamic, facing special challenges as hotspots of biodiversity and centres of population growth, with high rates of direct human dependence on natural resources and a great diversity of stakeholders, institutions and scales of processes. CM-SES are also frequently beset by poverty, conflict, human security and well-being problems, weak social policy regimes and globalizationrelated economic and cultural pressures. Bio-geophysical and social vulnerabilities reinforce each other. In a collaborative effort between natural and social scientists, a number of processes have been identified that drive desirable social-ecological dynamics, link the debates on ecosystem services and social- ecological systems analysis and offer a framework for identifying key social-ecological processes. The social-ecological systems (SES) framework highlights the complex feedbacks between humanity and nature which can create unsustainable dynamics such as over- and destructive fishing, coastal erosion and pollution and undesirable outcomes such as degraded ecosystems and impoverished ecosystem users (Fig. 8). Indicators are required to help identify the processes in a system, its state evolution and its management needs. Single measurements of state indicators show a system’s position along multiple axes, while process indicators assess and explain its trajectory and speed of change. Sustainability science focuses on the state of such systems and mostly analyses undesirable social-ecological outcomes. Sustainability objectives need to be negotiated between disciplines
3-38 and stakeholders and effective monitoring needs to create transparency on processes and outcomes. Social-ecological sustainability in CM-SES is closely linked to system resilience and capacity to transform, but identification of the conditions under which sustainable human-nature feedbacks occur requires greater attention. Undesirable processes such as ocean acidification, over-fishing, biodiversity loss, and nutrient and chemical pollution drive oceanic and coastal systems to and beyond sustainability thresholds and must therefore also be a focus of scientific attention. Indicators on key, and often context-specific, ecological, socio-economic, and socialecological processes are needed to provide meaning to regular measurements of system state by allowing for an understanding of the underlying causes of identified system changes. More comparative research on sustainability policy is required, including the linkages between research, policy making, and stakeholder decision-making. As social-ecological analyses become more complex and increasingly global, stakeholder engagement in analysis and decision-making needs to expand, and research and policy-making need to diversify ways of actively engaging stakeholders at multiple levels. Figure 8 (a) System status (S0, S1, S2) and processes of change. Only two axes are presented but n dimensions are theoretically possible in the coordinate system. Processes (defined as change over time) are indicated by deltas / arrows. A process can maintain or alter the system state. (b) Realms of a socialecological system contain multiple levels, and the processes connecting them. Shown system levels are exemplary and extendable to include further lower or higher levels. Social-ecological systems analysis needs to identify the important components and processes of the system under study by applying indicators.
3-39 IMBER Regional Programmes Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas (ESSAS) Regional Programme The ESSAS programme (www.imr.no/essas) focuses on the impacts of climate change on subArctic marine ecosystems and their sustainability. The ESSAS Annual Science Meeting (January 2013, Hakodate, Japan) entitled, ‘Spatial Dynamics of Subarctic Marine Ecosystems’ focused on bioenergetics of sub-polar fish species; Arctic-Subarctic interactions; human dimensions of Subarctic seas exploring fisheries and fishing communities; and future directions and activities of ESSAS. At the annual ESSAS SSC meeting, also held in January 2013, Dr. Sei-Ichi Saitoh (Hokkaido University, Japan) was appointed as the third SSC co-chair, the ‘Working Group on Bioenergetics of sub-Arctic fishes’ was launched, and three new Working Groups (Human Dimension, Comparative Paleo-Ecology in Sub-Arctic Seas and Arctic-Subarctic Interactions) were accepted for further development. ESSAS held a joint workshop with the IMBER ICED programme in May 2012, in Yeosu, Korea during the 2nd ICES/PICES/IOC International Symposium on, Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans’. This workshop, ‘Effects of climate change on advective fluxes in high latitude regions’, reviewed the role of advection on the ecology of these high-latitude regions, including heat and nutrient fluxes as well as the advection of flora and fauna, and developed likely scenarios of these advective fluxes under climate change, and comparative studies of the responses in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. ESSAS also organised sessions on, ‘Subarctic-Arctic Interactions: Ecological Consequences’, at the ICES Annual Science Conference (September 2012, Bergen, Norway) and the PICES Annual Meeting (October 2012, Hiroshima, Japan). These examined the influence of water exchange between the Arctic basin and surrounding shelves, and the warmer sub-Arctic basin on the physical and biological/ecological conditions in the two regions. www.ices.dk/iceswork/asc/2012/themesessions/Abstracts%20Session%20M_ED.pdf and www.pices.int/meetings/annual/PICES-2012/2012-background.aspx The 28th Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposium, Responses of Arctic Marine Ecosystems to Climate Change (March 2013, Anchorage, Alaska), organized by Franz Mueter (ESSAS cochair) focused on present and future responses of Arctic marine ecosystems to climate change at all trophic levels, from plankton to marine mammals to humans. ESSAS-related publications include several papers, special issues, and special sections in the ICES Journal of Marine Science, Marine Ecology Progress Series, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography and Progress in Oceanography; derived from the ESSASrelated projects (ISE, BEST/BESIRP, TROPHARCT, NORCAN, MENUII, CAMEO and CANUSE) and from the May 2011 ESSAS OSM; and focusing on topics such as subarctic fish and crustacean populations - climate effects and trophic dynamics; comparative analysis of marine fisheries production; understanding ecosystem processes in the eastern Bering Sea; and harvested fish stocks in a changing environment. A special volume of Progress in Oceanography
3-40 dedicated to former ESSAS SSC member, Bernard Megrey, is in preparation on the theme “Modeling and observational approaches to understanding marine ecosystem dynamics”. Future ESSAS activities: The ESSAS ASM and SSC meeting will be held in April 2014 in Copenhagen, Denmark. ESSAS will convene a session on “Changing ecosystems in sub-Arctic and Arctic regions” at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean (ICED) Regional Programme The ICED programme aims at a better understanding of the climate interactions in the Southern Ocean, the implications for ecosystem dynamics, the impacts on biogeochemical cycles, and the development of sustainable management procedures. See www.iced.ac.uk/index.htm During the IPY 2012 Conference (April 2012, Montreal, Canada), ICED scientists co-convened a session on 'Polar marine ecosystems: status and change', that focused on advances in research in polar marine ecosystems, particularly those relating to IPY. ICED scientists were also prominent at the Polar Educators workshop, APECS workshop and at discussion panels. As mentioned above, an ESSAS-ICED workshop at the 2nd ICES/PICES/IOC International Symposium (May 2012, Yeosu, Korea) compared the Arctic and sub-Arctic sectors for the Atlantic and Pacific and the Antarctic regions, with particular emphasis on the role of advection. ICED sponsored the ‘Southern Ocean Sentinel’ Workshop (May 2012, Hobart, Australia), to help develop the ‘Southern Ocean Sentinel Monitoring’ programme entitled 'Southern Ocean Ecosystem Change and Future Projections'. It focused on the state of Southern Ocean food webs, how these might change in the future, and how to measure the specific impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. During the XXXII SCAR Open Science Conference, July 2012, Portland, USA, a multidisciplinary ICED session was organised on 'Understanding the response of Southern Ocean ecosystems to climate change and exploitation’. In the framework of the EUR-OCEANS flagship programme on ‘Polar Ecosystem Change and Synthesis’ (PECS), the European branch of ICED held two workshops on “Identifying key links between biogeochemical processes and food web structure”, in November 2012, Bremerhaven, Germany and in May 2013, Brussels, Belgium, to further discuss the coordination, integration and leadership of polar marine ecosystem science within Europe, and to develop a strategic briefing entitled “Polar Marine Ecosystems Research: Strategic directions for the EU Research Area”. This document highlights why research on polar marine ecosystems should be an essential component of the EU Research Area through the Horizon 2020 Work Programmes, and promotes collaborative research within Europe and internationally. www.euroceans.eu/sites/default/files/activities/2011/25935/Strategy%20 EU%20Polar%20MER.pdf ICED-related Publications include several papers, special issues, and special sections in Nature Geoscience; Global Change Biology; Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics; Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography; Marine Ecology Progress Series; Journal of Marine Systems; Progress in Oceanography; Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability and Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers; along with
3-41 several contributions to the 2012 book entitled “Antarctic Ecosystems: An Extreme Environment in a Changing World” (DOI:10.1002/9781444347241). Future ICED activities: An ICED workshop on “Circumpolar food webs and scenarios of change” will be held in Cambridge, UK, November 2013. ICED will convene a session on “Detecting, projecting and managing the impacts of change in Southern Ocean ecosystems” at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. The re-development of the online fieldwork map tool is underway, and a Southern Ocean wiki is under development, led by the ‘Sentinel’ programme. CLimate Impacts on Oceanic TOp Predators (CLIOTOP) Regional Programme The CLIOTOP programme aims to use a worldwide comparative approach to identify the impact of both climate variability and fishing on the structure and function of open ocean pelagic ecosystems and their top-predator species. See www.imber.info/CLIOTOP.html The 2012 CLIOTOP SSC meeting held in September 2012 in Hobart, Australia, reviewed the progress of the CLIOTOP working groups, including synthesis publications, database development, analytical tools, dedicated workshops, and conference sessions and presentations. Olivier Maury stepped down as CLIOTOP SSC co-chair but remains as an SSC member, and has been replaced as CLIOTOP co-chair by Kevin Weng, University of Hawaii, USA, from January 2013. The 2013 CLIOTOP SSC meeting and the 2nd CLIOTOP Symposium focusing on ‘Certainty of change in pelagic systems – detection, attribution, and prediction’ were held in February 2013, Nouméa, New Caledonia. The symposium brought together experts with different physical, biological, social perspectives to discuss cross-cutting themes such as ‘Blue economy – what role for pelagic species and ecosystems?’; ‘Pelagic conservation-fisheries management conflicts – maximising dual objectives’; ‘Pelagic-coastal linkages – food and conservation’(www.imber.info/index.php/News/Newsletters/Issue-n-23-April-2013). In an attempt to align CLIOTOP’s overall plan and working group objectives with the goals of IMBER as earlier requested by the IMBER SSC, the CLIOTOP SSC is taking a more applied outcome-oriented approach that should also be more compatible with national funding initiatives. Indeed, national programmes remain the dominant source of funding, which have limited several of the global comparative approaches proposed by CLIOTOP. In some countries, the focus of global change research is shifting from understanding the impacts of climate change to developing adaptation options. Consequently, developing adaptation options for open ocean and fisheries management bodies are likely to become a major focus beyond the current phase of CLIOTOP research. The CLIOTOP SSC also recognized that the connections with the activities of the other IMBER regional programmes relevant to research on top predators should be improved. A CLIOTOP-associated session on ‘Interdisciplinary Approaches to Cephalopod Biology’ was organised at the ‘Cephalopod International Advisory Council’ Symposium, in October 2012, Florianópolis, Brazil.
3-42 CLIOTOP-related publications include several papers, special issues, and special sections in Climatic Change; Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography; Journal of Marine Systems; Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries; Aquaculture Environment Interactions; and Fish and Fisheries, and focusing on topics such as: Climate and oceanic fisheries; Squids and top predators. Future CLIOTOP activities: A special issue of Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography is in preparation following the 2nd CLIOTOP Symposium. CLIOTOP will convene a workshop entitled “Beyond ‘Z’: what modelers need and empiricists have to offer to better incorporate higher trophic levels and humans in end-to-end models” and a session on “The pivotal role of the mesopelagic functional groups in biogeochemical cycles” at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. The 3rd CLIOTOP Symposium is scheduled for June 2015. Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (SIBER) Regional Programme SIBER (co-sponsored by the Indian Ocean Global Ocean Observing System, IOGOOS), is the newest IMBER regional programme, and focuses on understanding climate change and anthropogenic forcing on biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems in the Indian Ocean (www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Regional-Programmes/SIBER and www.incois.gov.in/Incois/siber). The 3rd SIBER SSC meeting took place in October 2012 in Cape Town, South Africa, in conjunction with the Chapman Conference on the Agulhas Current System, in close liaison with CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel (IOP), IOGOOS and the IndOOS Resource Forum (IRF), and to help reaching out to the relevant South African research community. The 4th SIBER SSC meeting took place in July 2013, Lijiang, China, again in close liaison with the CLIVAR IOP. SIBER organised a session on ‘Physical and biogeochemical processes in the Indian Ocean: Recent progress and toward future collaborations’ during the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS) – AGU Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting (WPGM) Joint Assembly meeting in August 2012, Singapore. The SIBER mid-term symposium will be held in 2015, in conjunction with the 50th anniversary celebration of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE-2) (www.incois.gov.in/Incois/iioe/index.jsp and http://hab.iocunesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewDocumentRecord&docID=11117). SIBER researchers are making substantial contributions to the design and deployment of the Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS) / Research moored Array for African-AsianAustralian Monsoon Analysis and prediction (RAMA) for physical and biogeochemical observatories. Biogeochemical sensors deployed at a few sites have already provided data that was presented at the AOGS 2012 meeting, and in late 2013, additional biogeochemical sensors will be deployed at two other reference sites, provided by the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) project and by NOAA/RAMA. Under the IOGOOS framework, relevant activities also focus on issues of local or global importance, such as monsoons and ENSO, and also include capacity building, modelling and forecasting.
3-43 Efforts are proceeding to establish and support a SIBER Regional Office in Australia, sponsored by the Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) and the IOC Perth Office. Overall, SIBER has strong collaboration with various regional actors (e.g., Indian Ocean Panel of the Variability and predictability of the ocean-atmosphere system project CLIVAR, and IOGOOS) and in this respect has developed a useful model for CLIVAR-IMBER collaboration. Future SIBER activities: A SIBER special issue of Biogeosciences is in preparation on Current biogeochemical and ecosystem research in the Northern Indian Ocean. This will highlight results of benthic and pelagic process studies in the Arabian Sea, and more recently the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea, coastal studies in the Northern Indian Ocean, and numerous physical and biogeochemical modelling studies relevant to the wider Indian Ocean. SIBER will convene a workshop entitled, ‘Eastern Indian Ocean upwelling research initiative planning Workshop Phase 3: physical dynamics and ecosystem responses, and a session on ‘Biogeochemical and ecological impacts of boundary currents in the Indian Ocean’ at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. C. IMBER Working Groups and Task Teams SOLAS-IMBER Carbon (SIC!) Working Group To oversee the marine carbon process studies, there are currently three joint SOLAS-IMBER carbon (SIC!) groups dealing with carbon in the surface ocean systems (SOS), carbon in the interior ocean (IOC) and ocean acidification (SIOA). A proposal submitted by the SCOR Working Group 134 on ‘The Microbial Carbon Pump in the Ocean’, to develop a new SIC! activity focusing on dissolved organic carbon production, transformation and storage was not accepted by the IMBER SSC. However, it was suggested that the remits of the existing SIC! Working Groups could be revisited to incorporate this topic, its possible interactions with the existing SIC! WGs, and potentially improve the studies of the various forms, sources, sinks and interactions of all pools of organic matter. It was also agreed that this should be done in collaboration with SOLAS and GEOTRACES. Surface Ocean Systems (SIC!-SOS) This working group focuses on data synthesis for the carbon in the surface ocean systems (SOS), and on instrumentation and technology development, Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) and mixed layer sampling strategy. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, www.socat.info) was first presented at the ‘Ocean Carbon Cycle at a Time of Change: Synthesis and Vulnerabilities’ meeting, convened by SIC!SOS, SIC!-IOC and IOCCP in 2011. The updated SOCAT v.2 was released at the 9th International CO2 Conference (ICDC-9) in June 2013, Beijing, China. (see also the science highlight above). This atlas is a publicly available, high-quality dataset that can be used for: (i) process studies, (ii) quantifying ocean carbon sinks and its seasonal, year-to-year, decadal variation; and (iii) initialization and validation of ocean carbon cycle models. Regular updates
3-44 are planned, and work has already commenced on SOCAT v.3. This will become a keystone dataset for carbon cycle science and is worthy of support. A new activity supported by the SIC!-SOS is now underway which focuses on the comparison of different techniques for mapping pCO2 in the global ocean. This effort also builds on the Regional Carbon Cycle and Process (RECCAP, www.globalcarbonproject.org/reccap) project which is now finalising a special issue of Biogeosciences (www.biogeosciencesdiscuss.net/special_issue83.html). Future SIC!-SOS activities: A meeting with members of the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS, www.soos.aq) on the science of detecting change in the high-latitude ocean is being considered. SIC!-SOS members will co-convene, with SIC!-IOC and IOCCP, a session on ‘The ocean carbon cycle at a time of change: Data syntheses, analyses and modelling’ at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. It aims to focus on surface-to-interior connections. Interior Ocean Carbon (SIC!-IOC) This working group co-ordinates international research on interior ocean changes in carbon and biogeochemistry, undertakes synthesis activities, and aims to develop sustainable observing systems, including the addition of oxygen sensors to the international ARGO float programme (ARGO-O2). A new SCOR Working Group ‘Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors On Floats and Gliders’ (http://scorint.org/Working_Groups/wg142.htm), proposed by members of SIC!-IOC, was launched this year. Measuring dissolved oxygen from profiling floats adds greatly to our understanding of both physical and biogeochemical process. To date, almost 300 floats carrying dissolved oxygen sensors have been deployed, in the Pacific, the Southern Ocean and the tropical and subpolar Atlantic. The development and deployment of other biological sensors are also on-going for a “full Bio-Argo” network. Several SIC!-IOC-related sessions were organised at the 9th International CO2 Conference (ICDC-9) in June 2013, Beijing, China. Currently, the focus of SIC!-IOC is to move forward with the inter-comparison study of the different methods to determine the changes in carbon in the ocean's interior (Fig. 9), and especially the global-scale oceanic accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 since the 1990s. In this respect, the global synthesis of repeat hydrography, mainly based on work from the CARINA and PACIFICA projects, is on-going. Progress has been slower than anticipated, due to data quality control issues, but the aim is to complete it in 2014.
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Figure 9 Interior trends of anthropogenic CO2: It appears that an Atlanticversus-Pacific pattern emerges clearly, but substantial differences exist between different methods. after Gruber et al. (unpublished, 2012), in mol m-2 yr-1 Future SIC!-IOC activities: The 3rd SIC!-IOC WG meeting will be held in conjunction with the ASLO/TOS/AGU 2014 Ocean Sciences Meeting in February 2014, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. SIC!-IOC will convene, in partnership with SIC!-SOS and IOCCP, a session on “The ocean carbon cycle at a time of change: Data syntheses, analyses and modelling” at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. Ocean Acidification (SIOA) This working group co-ordinates international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification. Within a single decade, ocean acidification has grown from involving only a few scientists to a research topic that has recently been considered the #1 research front in ecology and environmental sciences. While exciting, this rapid expansion has not been without its problems. For example, it has not been easy for experts to share information and train newcomers from different countries, which is essential to avoiding unnecessary duplication. The SIOA was instrumental in the establishment of the Ocean Acidification - International Coordination Centre (OA-ICC) in summer 2012, IAEA's Environment Labs, Monaco, in coordination with the Ocean Acidification Reference Users Group (OA-RUG). Its goals are to foster international scientific collaboration, promote best practices, improve observational capacities and databases, and facilitate communication, outreach and synthesis (see www.iaea.org/nael/OA-ICC and http://news-oceanacidification-icc.org).
3-46 The first OA-ICC Advisory Board meeting, chaired by SIOA member Carol Turley, included all SIOA members and other representatives (including the IMBER Chair, Eileen Hofmann), and was held in May 2013 in Monaco, following the SIOA meeting. The focus of the meeting was to discuss and organise future activities. The scientific credibility of the OA-ICC relies almost entirely on the SIOA. Through the recent interactions between OA-ICC staff and the SIOA Chair, Jim Orr, also OA-ICC Scientific Coordinator, the SIOA set the priorities and what should be done, also taking into account the context of the IAEA, host institution of the OA-ICC. To be cost effective, the current SIOA membership will most likely be maintained without changes until December 2015. Future SIOA and OA-ICC activities: SIOA members will convene a session on “Regional responses to climatic and non-climatic drivers in a high-CO2 ocean” at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. OA-ICC has already begun to promote a series overarching international activities to serve not only the scientific community but also science users, including policy makers, media, and the general public. Recent and ongoing OA-ICC activities include: (1) helping to run an international exhibition stand that highlighted ocean acidification at the UNFCCC COP18 Climate Change Conference, in November 2012, Doha, Qatar; (2) running a comparison exercise for 7 publicly available packages that compute marine carbonate chemistry, in collaboration with IOCCP, and (3) supporting the 2nd International Workshop of the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) held in July 2013, St. Andrews, UK, www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/GOA_ON/2013; and the 6th SOLAS summer school to be held in Aug.-Sept. 2013, Xiamen, China, http://mel.xmu.edu.cn/solassummerschool/. During the next year, OA-ICC will also organize or help organize several workshops, including a GOA-ON observational workshop, a natural-social science connection workshop, an OA data curators' workshop, a OA-related capacity building workshop in South America), and further promote international collaboration and sharing of international ocean acidification research platforms and facilitating exchanges of early-career researchers. Continental Margins Working Group (CMWG) The joint IMBER-LOICZ CMWG held its first meeting in June 2012, Halifax, Canada. It was decided to rename the group the Continental Margins Working Group because, unlike its predecessor, the Continental Margins Task Team (CMTT), which was tasked only with drafting the Continental Margins Implementation Plan, the group has multiple responsibilities. These include convening the ‘Biogeochemistry-ecosystem interactions on changing continental margins’ workshop at IMBIZO III and revising the Science Plan and Implementation Plan (SPIS) drafted by the CMTT in order to develop a new strategy for continental margins research in light of the Grand Challenges in earth system science research for global sustainability. The 2nd CMWG meeting was held in January 2013 in Goa, India. A strategic paper “Living on the Margin in the Anthropocene: from Frontier to Engagement Arenas for Global Sustainability” is in preparation for submission to a peer-review journal (see Fig. 10). The SPIS for CM research will be structured according to this paper, to fit the requirements of the Future Earth Initiative and to facilitate the transition of on-going CM projects into this
3-47 transdisciplinary research phase. Material from the original draft may be repackaged into the new structure, but new material is also needed, especially, on the human dimensions. During the IMBIZO III continental margins workshop it was recognized that specifically developed models would provide guidance to effective governance of social-ecological systems on CMs, which in turn would rely on communication and mutual understanding of the issues and capabilities of social and natural scientists.
Figure 10: The Margin, comprising the coastal zone, continental slope and shelf (after K. Emeis, pers. comm.) Future CMWG activities: CMWG members and colleagues will convene two sessions on “Impacts of anthropogenic stressors and climate change on biogeochemistry-ecosystem in continental margins and feedbacks to earth system and society: Challenges and solutions” and “Environmental changes in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems: drivers, mechanisms and implications for the ecosystems” at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. A special issue derived from the IMBIZO III continental margins workshop and entitled “Biogeochemistry-ecosystems interaction in changing continental margins in the Anthropocene” has been accepted for the Journal of Marine Systems. Data Management Committee (DMC) The DMC promotes a cooperative data management approach - involving experienced data management specialists, from the start of a project, and training young scientists in good data management procedures. As with previous IMBIZOs, the DMC organised an IMBER Data management training course and workshop the day before the start of IMBIZO III in Goa, India. About fifty IMBIZO III participants and local NIO researchers and students attended. Overall, the presentations and discussions provided useful information on how their science will benefit from improved data
3-48 management practices and this will facilitate data sharing. The presentations are available at www.imber.info/index.php/Meetings/IMBIZO/IMBIZO-III/Data-Management-Workshop. In addition to its usual capacity building goal, this event made it possible for IMBER researchers to further identify data management needs of IMBER research projects, to start addressing the emerging challenges of the social and natural marine science integration and especially the marine social science data management, and start elaborating new recommendations specific to the management of new types of marine data. A revision/addendum is now under consideration for the IMBER Data Management Cookbook (2011), to consider such new marine data, related to –omics research (e.g., genomics, proteomics) that delivers huge amount of new data, and social science research where data and information are often not geo-referenced and have confidentiality-related access restrictions. The IMBER metadata portal (http://gcmd.nasa.gov/portals/imber) within the NASA's Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) is actively populated and currently contains description of 32 endorsed projects and related activities. The IMBER poster entitled, ‘Contributions from the IMBER Data Management Committee to the scientific challenges of the changing marine ecosystems’, was presented at several events, including the 3rd International Symposium on the Ocean in a High CO2 World, September 2012, Monterey, CA, USA; the 2012 ICES Annual Science Conference, September 2012, Bergen, Norway; the CLIVAR international workshop on interdecadal variability of the global monsoons, September 2012, Nanjing, China; and the PICES 2012 Annual Meeting, October 2012, Hiroshima, Japan. Future DMC activities: DMC will convene a workshop entitled “Data Management for IMBER” at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. Capacity Building Task Team (CBTT) The CBTT objectives are to enhance marine research capabilities in less developed countries, enhance research capabilities globally in relevant IMBER activities, and strengthen graduate education in ocean sciences. The CBTT organised a workshop on the “Needs assessment for capacity development for integrated marine biogeochemistry and ecosystem research in the Asia-Pacific” in July-August 2012, Shanghai, China. There were about twenty participants from 14 countries, including scientists, capacity building (CB) experts and representatives from IMBER, SCOR, theAsiaPacific Network for Global Change Research (APN), the IOC Sub-commission for the Western Pacific (IOC-WESTPAC), and the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO). Included were presentations about CB experiences and case studies, and assessment of CB needs. Consideration was also given to potential collaborative activities for capacity development regionally and globally to help IMBER deliver its objectives. The capacity development needs for IMBER-related research in the Asia-Pacific region were identified using an information matrix developed from the capacity building efforts and challenges reported by the workshop participants.
3-49 Figure 11. Three key components involved in capacity building, while national/regional agencies focus more on resources and infrastructure building, and universities provide more opportunity on personal skills development. Multidisciplinary large-scale marine research activities, such as IMBER, contribute to the three components through training, networking, financial support, data sharing, etc. (from “Developing Human Capital for Successful Implementation of International Marine Scientific Research Projects”. R.J. Morrison et al., subm.) A meeting report titled, ‘Capacity Building for Sustainable Marine Research in the Asia-Pacific Region’, was also published in EOS, January 2013, and the main workshop report is available at www.apn-gcr.org/resources/items/show/1766. A small writing meeting held in March 2013, in Shanghai, China made it possible to further develop a strategic paper, ‘Developing Human Capital for Successful Implementation of International Marine Scientific Research Projects’, which was recently published on-line in Marine Pollution Bulletin (see http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13005377). Future CBTT activities: CBTT will convene a workshop entitled “Capacity Development for IMBER” at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. CBTT is also encouraging the development of the next IMBER summer school, ClimEco4 in August 2014, Shanghai, China (see below). Human Dimensions Working Group (HDWG) The HDWG focuses on the interactions between human and ocean systems, and aims to create an integrated and interactive natural-social science marine research community within IMBER. Marie-Caroline Badjeck stepped down as HDWG Co-Chair at the end of 2012, but remains as an associate member. HDWG members and colleagues convened the IMBIZO III workshop on ‘Understanding and forecasting human-ocean-human interactions, drivers and pressures, with respect to global change’ in January 2013 in Goa, India. Presentations analyzed the vulnerability and adaptation of marine-dependent communities to global change and governance response and
3-50 methodological approaches to assess and mitigate the impacts of global change. A range of locations, issues and scales were covered, but several common themes and issues emerged: informal social networks are important for adaptation; responses can and should occur at several levels; lessons can be learned from comparative analyses; local issues are affected by local, regional and global drivers; greater interdisciplinarity is required to address these issues; there are several major disconnects between natural and social sciences; between science and policy; and between the public perception and the “reality” of global change. The HDWG held its third meeting in conjunction with IMBIZO III, to further develop the HDWG work plan for the next five years and also the ‘Assessment from Description, Appraisal and Typology’ (ADApT) conceptual framework and template for case studies. IMBER-ADApT is an integrated decision support tool to enable decision makers and resource managers to identify options to improve their response to global change for the coastal and marine environment and related, vulnerable communities. IMBER-ADApT is based on a broad suite of case studies, focusing on fisheries and aquaculture, from a diversity of social, natural and governance systems, of activity sectors, including those related to fisheries and aquaculture, and of factors that can affect these, such as poverty and social justice. Future HDWG activities: The IMBER-ADApT template will be soon widely distributed to solicit about 100 case studies A “Ghoti” paper on IMBER-ADApT will to be soon submitted to Fish and Fisheries A special issue of Regional Environmental Change on the contributions from the IMBIZO III HDWG-related workshop is in preparation. HDWG Meeting in March 2014, Halifax, Canada Analysis of case studies and development of the ADApT typology HDWG members and colleagues will convene three sessions entitled “Not so simple: developing robust approaches to the use of indicators for ecosystem based fisheries management”, “Responses of society to marine and global changes as a core mandate for IMBER: ways forward” and “Future Oceans’ stewardship: roles, responsibilities and opportunities in small-scale fisheries” at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. D. IMBER Project-wide Activities IMBIZO III IMBIZO is a Zulu word for a ‘gathering’. IMBER organised IMBIZO III in January 2013 in Goa, India, focusing on ‘The future of marine biogeochemistry, ecosystems and societies - Multidimensional approaches to the challenges of global change in continental margins and open ocean systems’. The aim was to explore the linkages and interactions between humans and marine systems and deepen our understanding of future ecological and biogeochemical systems in the continental margins and open ocean and their societal implications. IMBIZO III was cosponsored by EUR-OCEANS Consortium (EU), IMR (NO), RCN (NO), NASA (US), OCB (US), PICES (INT), SCOR (INT), ECNU (CN) and SKLEC (CN). IMBIZO III brought together about 120 researchers, from the natural and social research fields, who represented 29 countries.
3-51 Following the proven IMBIZO format, three concurrent, but interacting, workshops dealt with (1) Biogeochemistry-ecosystem interactions on changing continental margins, (2) Impacts of anthropogenic perturbations on the biological and microbial carbon pumps in the ocean, and (3) Understanding and forecasting human-ocean-human interactions, drivers and pressures, with respect to global change. Joint daily plenary and poster sessions provided the opportunity for interdisciplinary discussion among participants from the three workshops. The meeting presentations are available online at www.imber.info/index.php/Meetings/IMBIZO/IMBIZO-III. A mentoring programme was activated prior to IMBIZO III and matched about fifteen students and early-career researchers with experienced scientists. Advice and assistance was given on poster or presentation preparation, and on career development. A “lunch with scientists” was also held. At the end of IMBIZO III, a 3-hour tutorial session on ‘Scientific Writing and Publishing’ was attended by about 35 participants. As mentioned above, a “Data management training course and workshop” was organised by the DMC the day before the start of IMBIZO III. A meeting report, ‘The Future of Marine Biogeochemistry, Ecosystems, and Societies’, was published in EOS, May 2013, and the IMBER Update Newsletter issue n°24 focused on science highlights from IMBIZO III (see below). Future IMBIZO III-related activities: A synthesis of the outcomes of IMBIZO III ‘The Future of Marine Biogeochemistry, Ecosystems, and Societies’ is in preparation as an article in the “Breaking Waves” section of Oceanography. Syntheses of the ideas and concepts presented and new scientific discoveries reported at IMBIZO III will be published in special issues of Journal of Marine Systems (Continental Margins Workshop), Biogeosciences (Open Ocean Workshop) and Regional Environmental Change (Human-Ocean Interactions Workshop). ClimEco Summer Schools IMBER ClimEco Summer Schools are held every two years and have proved to be a successful capacity building mechanism for students and early-career scientists. The first edition (2008) was co-organised by IMBER, GLOBEC and CLIVAR. IMBER organised ClimEco3, in July 2012, Ankara, Turkey, focusing on ‘A view towards integrated Earth System models. Human-nature interactions in the marine world'. There were 10 lecturers and about 60 students from 26 countries with an array of social and natural science backgrounds. The participants were selected from the 168 applicants to facilitate hands-on training. The summer school was designed to provide participants with an overview of methods, models and approaches for analyzing the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems and the consequences for society. All the lectures were webcast live and were followed by several people from around the world. Recordings of the broadcasts are available at www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/Capacity-Building/SummerSchools/ClimECO3-July-2012-Ankara-Turkey. Sponsors included IMBER, METU (TR), PICES (INT), CLIVAR (INT), SCOR (INT), EUR-BASIN (EU), OCB (US), KORDI (KR, now: KIOST).
3-52 Future ClimEco activities: ClimEco4 entitled, ‘Delineating the issues of climate change and impacts to marine ecosystems: Bridging the gap between research, assessment, policy and management’, will be held in early August 2014, Shanghai, China. It should focus on indices for evaluating marine ecosystems - what they are, how to construct them (for process/observation scientists), how to use them (for modellers from natural to social sciences), and how to combine them so that they can be used to inform policy and decision-making. Funding from SCOR has been kindly requested to support participants from developing and emerging economies to attend the ClimEco4 summer school. Open Science Conference (OSC) 2014 IMBER has been underway for eight years and it is now appropriate to begin elaborating a broad synthesis of its achievements and developing a strategic plan for the next phase of marine biogeochemical and ecosystem research. The IMBER Open Science Conference, ‘Future Oceans – Research for marine sustainability: multiple stressors, drivers, challenges and solutions’, to be held from 23 to 27 June 2014 in Bergen, Norway, is a key step in this process and is intended to provide a venue to the larger marine science community for presenting key findings of IMBER-relevant research, for promoting integrated syntheses of IMBER research, and for developing a new research agenda to guide future marine biogeochemistry and ecosystem research. We expect about 300 to 400 participants to attend. Innovative discussion formats will be promoted, such as world cafés, panel discussions, breakout groups, poster sessions and exhibition booths. Facilitated scenario-testing/strategic sessions are also being considered for discussing future research needs, particularly those relevant to societal issues, such as marine food security, or vulnerability assessments of marine systems under global change. The OSC will feature: ‐ keynote plenary presentations; ‐ multiple contributed parallel sessions focusing on IMBER achievements, ambitions and strategy development; ‐ several one-day topical workshops focusing on integration across the IMBER research themes, results from IMBER regional programmes and working groups, and IMBERrelevant research at the interface of natural and human sciences; ‐ targeted breakout groups focused on defining a new research agenda and implementation strategy for the next phase of marine research; ‐ a mentoring programme for students and early-career researchers; and ‐ poster sessions. The list of accepted sessions and workshops is available at www.imber.info/index.php/Meetings/IMBER-OSC-2014/Sessions-Workshops. Several scientific side-events and additional IMBER-related activities will be held in conjunction with the IMBER OSC 2014, including pre-conference events such as workshops for early-career
3-53 researchers on new research challenges, capacity building, and data management, and the IMBER SSC meeting to be held on 27-28 June 2014 in Bergen, Norway. Several social events, such as an ice-breaker, conference reception and conference dinner, will also be organized. These are funded by sponsorship raised locally or provided by local organizations. This is especially important for the OSC because it is an attempt to bring together and facilitate interactions and collaborations between the natural and social science marine research communities, both globally and locally. Current environmental issues facing society are at the interface between natural and social science, and it is imperative to support the development of an interdisciplinary community of researchers who understand and have the skills to address complex issues at this interface. The OSC will help disseminate IMBER science results to a broader community, with both natural and social science representation. The keynote presentations will be broadcast live and subsequently posted on the IMBER website. Social media outlets will facilitate the involvement of a wider audience of marine researchers and research end-users, allowing a broader engagement in the strategic discussions. Results from the OSC will be published as peerreviewed synthesis publications and special issues with contributed and solicited papers. To facilitate future planning, the IMBER Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) is developing a strategic document to stimulate discussions that help define and implement the next phase of research in biogeochemical cycling-ecosystem interactions and human-ocean-human interactions. The general outline of this strategic document should include the following: a selfevaluation report; some highlights of success; new questions and new challenges; an overview of the new research landscape; some proposed new themes, issues, priority questions; some proposal for a new research agenda; a draft science plan and implementation strategy; and timeline. This document will be made available to participants in advance of the OSC. It will also be posted on the IMBER website for comment from individual researchers, research partners and marine organisations. Following this open consultation period, the document will be revised and updated by the IMBER SSC to reflect the inputs and suggestions of the community and to take into account the status of the IMBER dialogue with its current sponsors (SCOR and IGBP) and the ‘Future Earth’ initiative. It will then be sent to SCOR during late summer 2014, along with a request for a potential five-year project extension. SCOR has agreed to support the participation of several researchers from developing and emerging economies in the OSC. Other confirmed sponsors are the North Pacific Marine Sciences Organization (PICES); Research Council of Norway (RCN); Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway; University of Bergen, Norway; Norwegian Research School in Climate Dynamics (ResClim); and City of Bergen, Norway. Additional financial support has been requested from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), U.S. Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Program, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST). Additional funding proposals are being prepared for the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), and several national research funding agencies and private philanthropic foundations. The funding provided by external sponsors will especially facilitate participation of early-career researchers at an international science conference, thereby providing these individuals the
3-54 opportunity to experience international science and to learn about advances in marine science that are being made as part of IMBER activities. They are potentially the next generation of leaders in marine science and entraining them in international science at an early stage will benefit them and the larger marine research community, and ensure that all regional communities are an integral part of planning the future directions of a marine global environmental change research agenda. China-Japan-Korea (CJK) IMBER Symposia The 6th China-Japan-Korea (CJK) IMBER Symposium focusing on “Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics and Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research” will be held in October 2013 in Tokyo, Japan. Continuation of the IMBER Regional Project Office The IMBER Regional Project Office (RPO), established under a MoU with the East China Normal University in 2010 for an initial three-year period, has been renewed for another three years (2013-2016). The RPO is an essential facilitator in the IMBER efforts to reach out to the related research community in the Asia-Pacific region, and a very active partner of the International Project Office in many of its activities. E.
IMBER SSC membership
There are currently 15 IMBER SSC members. At the end of 2012, Dr. Mike Roman (Vice Chair) completed his second term of office on the SSC. The IMBER SSC nominated Dr. Tatiana Rynearson to fill this vacancy, and her nomination (2013-2015) was endorsed by IMBER’s sponsors (SCOR and IGBP). Dr. Alida Bundy replaced Dr. Roman as Vice Chair of the IMBER SSC. At the end of 2013, Prof. Javier Arìstegui (Vice Chair), Dr. Carol Robinson (Vice Chair), Dr. Jean-Pierre Gattuso and Prof. Nicolas Gruber will complete their second terms of office on the SSC. In February 2013, IMBER solicited the research community for nominations for their replacements with the following expertise, identified by the IMBER Executive Committee: human-ocean-human interactions, marine anthropology; marine/environmental economics; microbial ecology and biogeochemistry, meso-pelagic processes; carbon fluxes and budgets: biogeochemical modelling, carbon-climate interactions and ocean acidification. Fifty-seven submissions were reviewed extensively and a short list of nominees is now presented to SCOR and IGBP for their approval. F. IMBER Cooperation Cooperation with the ‘Variability and predictability of the ocean-atmosphere system’ project (CLIVAR) CLIVAR (www.clivar.org), a core project of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), focuses on the role of the oceans in climate variability and change. Following several earlier, informal interactions, and thanks to the help of Ken Drinkwater, member of both IMBER and CLIVAR SSCs, the collaboration between the two projects have been increased: A joint meeting
3-55 of the Scientific Steering Committees of IMBER and CLIVAR was held in June 2012 in La Paz, Mexico, to explore possible topics and ways for active CLIVAR-IMBER collaboration. The presentations from this meeting are available at www.clivar.org/node/2509. There is already interaction between the CLIVAR ‘Pacific Implementation Panel’, ‘Asian-Australian Monsoon Panel’ and ‘Indian Ocean Panel’ and the IMBER regional programmes. CLIVAR is also a cosponsor of the IMBER ClimEco summer schools. There has been discussion on the possibility of establishing a joint IMBER-CLIVAR working group to establish stronger links with the climate research community, on specific topics, such as upwelling regions; natural decadal/multi-decadal variability; bio-physical feedbacks; oxygen minimum zones; impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems; and ocean carbon uptake. Consideration is also being given to how both projects could evolve partly together also in the context of the ‘Future Earth’ initiative (with which WCRP will partner). Joint studies on marine biophysical interactions and the dynamics of upwelling systems, which are productive fisheries areas, were suggested as starting points. Eastern boundary upwelling systems, upwelling systems associated to western boundary currents and equatorial upwelling systems should be considered, in their geophysical and ecological variability and the anthropogenic changes (e.g., global warming, extreme events, ocean acidification) affecting them, that could be observed or forecasted therein. There is already a research effort underway by the IMBER regional programme, SIBER, and the CLIVAR Indian Ocean Panel on upwelling in the Eastern Indian Ocean. An informal IMBER-CLIVAR working team was assembled in early 2013 to consider possible research questions that an upwelling research initiative should address. Representatives from the IOC and the former GLOBEC regional programme on small pelagics (SPACC) were also included. Future IMBER-CLIVAR-related activities: A workshop entitled “Eastern Indian Ocean Upwelling Research Initiative Planning Workshop Phase 3 – Physical Dynamics and Ecosystem Responses”, and two sessions on “Environmental changes in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems: drivers, mechanisms and implications for the ecosystems” and “Climate-biogeochemistry interactions associated with open-ocean oxygen minimum zones” will be co-convened by IMBER and CLIVAR researchers at the IMBER OSC in June 2014, Bergen, Norway. Partnership with Too Big To Ignore (TBTI) IMBER has partnered with the Too Big To Ignore initiative (http://toobigtoignore.net), a research network that aims to promote and revitalize small-scale fisheries around the world. Its main goal is to improve understanding of the real contribution of small-scale fisheries to food security, nutrition, sustaining livelihoods, poverty alleviation, wealth generation and trade, as well as the impacts and implications of global change processes such as urbanization, globalization, migration, climate change, aquaculture, and communication technology on small-scale fisheries. Many of the objectives of the IMBER HDWG coincide with those of the initiative, which is led by IMBER SSC member Ratana Chuenpagdee. The TBTI inaugural meeting was held in September 2012 in St. Johns, Canada and focused on working principles guiding the partnership, on workgroups and regional activities, and on partners’ and individual members’ contributions to TBTI network. Among other activities, TBTI is currently running two surveys on who’s who in small-scale fisheries research and on the research priorities for small-scale fisheries. Key
3-56 publication of TBTI interest: Bavinck, M., Chuenpagdee, R., Jentoft, S. and Kooiman, J. (Eds.) (2013). Governability of Fisheries and Aquaculture: Theory and Applications. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-6107-0. Contributions to international assessments Many SIC!-related research projects have contributed to a series of synthesis chapters for the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) effort (www.globalcarbonproject.org/reccap/). Several ocean-related papers are being published in Biogeosciences (see www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/special_issue83.html). Many of these syntheses and other contributions from the IMBER-related research projects and IMBER regional programmes are included in the fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ (IPCC,www.ipcc.ch). Richard Feely; Eileen Hofmann; Yukihiro Nojiri and James Overland are involved in Working Group I (The Physical Science Basis), and Kenneth Drinkwater; Jean-Pierre Gattuso; Yukihiro Nojiri and Carol Turley in Working Group II (Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability). IMBER researchers are involved in the United Nations ‘Regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects’, aka, UN World Ocean Assessment (UN-WOA; www.worldoceanassessment.org). IMBER has provided comments on the European Space Agency (ESA) science strategy (2006), as inputs to the ESA Living Planet Symposium (www.livingplanet2013.org), taking place in September 2013, Edinburgh, UK. IMBER is now considering how best to contribute to the activities of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, www.ipbes.net). G. Communication, Publications Communication and Outreach The IMBER Website, www.imber.info, remains our main communication tool, with about 250 unique visitors/days and about 14 clicks per visit. The IMBER Update Newsletter, www.imber.info/index.php/News/Newsletters, is emailed to ~1,600 scientists three times a year, and re-directed through multiple channels to about 10,000 researchers: • Issue n°24 - August 2013, included articles about Science highlights from IMBIZO III, new endorsed project and the endorsed project POMAL Issue n°23 - April 2013, included articles about Science Highlights from CLIOTOP, new National Contacts and the endorsed projects GENUS and AMT, and IMBER-related future events Issue n°22 – Dec. 2012, included articles about research in the China Seas and Southern Ocean, the MEcoPAM endorsed project and the ICED regional programme. Issue n°21 – Sept. 2012, included articles about the IMBER ClimECO3 summer school, the workshop organised by the IMBER Capacity Building Task Team, and Norwegian IMBER-related research.
3-57 The IMBER eNews Bulletin is published electronically every month, providing information about IMBER and IMBER-relevant activities and events. Calls for funding proposals, job opportunities, workshop and conference announcements are also included. The IMBER contact database is continuously improved with about 3,600 contacts and detailed information for about 1,600 marine researchers. The IMBER IPO YouTube channel was opened in October 2012 to disseminate the ClimEco3 electures, www.youtube.com/channel/UCinzjRz7_TKHESn6uggCKlw and has gathered more than 400 views. Recently, an IMBER Twitter channel, https://twitter.com/imber_ipo has been developed. The IMBER GCMD metadata portal has already been mentioned earlier (see, DMC). Finally, the IPO and RPO staff and several IMBER researchers have presented more than a dozen IMBER poster and oral presentations at many national and international meetings. Selection of IMBER Publications, 2012-2013 Ashjian C.J., H.R. Harvey, M.W. Lomas, J.M. Napp, M.I F. Sigler, P.J. Stabeno and T.I. Van Pelt (2012). Understanding Ecosystem Processes in the Eastern Bering Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 65-70, 1-316 – 23 papers Dawe E.G., F.J. Mueter, Ó.K. Pálsson (2012). Theme Section on “Effects of climate and predation on subarctic crustacean populations”. In: Marine Ecology Progress Series, 469, 191-306 – 9 papers Drinkwater K. and P. Pepin (2013). Norway-Canada Comparison of Marine Ecosystems (NORCAN). Progress in Oceanography, 114, 1-126. – 8 papers Drinkwater K.F., R.R. Hood and N. Mihalopoulos (Eds.) (2013). Large-scale regional comparisons of marine biogeochemistry and ecosystem processes - research approaches and results. Journal of Marine Systems, 109-110, p.1-176. – 13 papers Drinkwater K.F., G.L. Hunt Jr, O.S. Astthorsson and E.J.H. Head (Eds.). (2012). Comparative Studies of Climate Effects on Polar and Subpolar Ocean Ecosystems: Progress in Observation and Prediction. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69(7), p.1119-1327 – 22 papers Friedland K.D., Stock C., Drinkwater K.F., Link J., Leaf R., Shank B., Rose J., Pilskaln C.H. and Fogarty M. (2012). Pathways between primary production and fisheries yields of Large Marine Ecosystems. PlosOne, 7: e28945. doi:1371/journal.pone.0028945. Friedrich T., Timmermann A. et al. (2012). Detecting regional anthropogenic trends in ocean acidification against natural variability. Nature Climate Change, 2, 167-171; doi:10.1038/nclimate1372 Gaichas S., Gamble R., Fogarty M., Benoît H. et al. (2012). Assembly rules for aggregatespecies production models: simulations in support of management strategy evaluation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 459, 275-292. Gruber N., Hauri C., Lachkar Z., Loher D., Frölicher T. and Plattner G.K. (2012). Rapid progression of ocean acidification in the California Current System. Science, 337(6091), 220223. doi: 10.1126/science.1216773. Hauri C., Gruber N., Vogt M., Doney S.C., Feely R. A., Lachkar Z., Leinweber A., McDonnell A. M. P., Munnich M., and Plattner G.K. (2012). Spatiotemporal variability and long-term trends of ocean acidification in the California Current System. Biogeosciences Discuss., 9, 10371-10428, doi:10.5194/bgd-9-10371-2012.
3-58 Hunsicker M.E., Olson R.J., Essington T.E., Maunder M.N., Duffy L.M., Kitchell J.F. (2012). Potential for top-down control on tropical tunas based on size structure of predator-prey interactions. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 445, 263-277 Krause E., Wichels A., Giménez L., Lunau M., Schilhabel M. B. & Gerdts G. (2012). Small changes in pH have direct effects on marine bacterial community composition: a microcosm approach. PlosOne, 7: e47035. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047035. Nisumaa A.M., Schlitzer R., Hansson L. & Gattuso J.P. (2012). EPOCA data management activities: a summary. See www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLASIMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3/Publications-and-reports/EPOCA-data-management Pedrotti M.L., Fiorini S., Kerros M.E., Middelburg J.J., & Gattuso J.P., (2012). Variable production of transparent exopolymeric particles by haploid and diploid life stages of coccolithophores grown under different CO2 concentrations. Journal of Plankton Research, 34(5), 388-398. doi: 10.1093/plankt/fbs012. Perry I., A. Bundy and E. Hofmann (Eds.) (2012). Aquatic and marine systems. Current Opinion in Environment Sustainability, 3(3), p.253-374. – 17 papers Renner A.H.H., S. E. Thorpe, et al. (2012). Advective pathways near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula: Trends, variability and ecosystem implications. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 63, 91-101. Roy A.S., Gibbons S. M., Schunck H., Owens S., Caporaso J. G., Sperling M., Nissimov J. I., Romac S., Bittner L., Mühling M., Riebesell U., LaRoche J. & Gilbert J. A. (2013). Ocean acidification shows negligible impacts on high-latitude bacterial community structure in coastal pelagic mesocosms. Biogeosciences, 10: 555-566. Salinger J. (Ed.) (2013). Climate and Oceanic Fisheries. Climatic Change, 119(1) - 16 papers Steele J.H., E.E. Hofmann, D.J. Gifford and K. Aydin (Eds.) (2012). End-to-End Modeling: Toward Comparative Analysis of Marine Ecosystem Organization. Progress in Oceanography, 102, p.1-114. – 8 papers Wang Z.A., Wanninkhof R., Cai W.J., Byrne R. H., Hu X., Peng T.H. & Huang W.J., 2013. The marine inorganic carbon system along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts of the United States: insights from a transregional coastal carbon study. Limnology & Oceanography, 58(1): 325-342. Williamson P., Wallace D.W.R., Law C.S., Boyd P.W., Collos Y., Croot P., Denman K., Riebesell U., Takedai S., Vivian C. (2012). Ocean fertilization for geoengineering: a review of effectiveness, environmental impacts and emerging governance. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 90(6), 475-488. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2012.10.007. Overall, IMBER has produced about 900 refereed research papers since its implementation, including about 150 papers and 8 special issues published in 2012-2013. H. Support from SCOR IMBER greatly appreciates the ongoing, key support received from SCOR, and the additional support to specific IMBER activities (especially, IMBIZO III and OSC 2014) provided by or channelled through SCOR, from other funding sources. In addition, IMBER welcomes the advice, assistance and information received from the SCOR President and secretariat, especially its Executive Director, Ed Urban, and Financial Officer, Liz Gross. IMBER is requesting sponsorship to assist students and early career researchers from developing countries to attend the IMBER ClimEco4 summer school (August 2014, Shanghai, China).
3-59 I. Strategic development IMBER is concerned about the potential impact of the emergence of the Future Earth initiative (FE) and the discontinuation of IGBP in late 2015 on the future of the project. Overall, IMBER welcomes the development of FE as a global platform that will further research on global environmental change, with a focus on challenges and solutions that have been recognised as critical for global sustainability. In this respect, SCOR’s views and guidance would be greatly appreciated by the IMBER research community. IMBER is already engaged in research topics that address several of the FE objectives, and many of its coordination and networking activities match the integrated approaches desired by FE. IMBER researchers undertake mainly basic (i.e., fundamental, disciplinary, curiosity-driven) natural science research; however, IMBER is also engaged in interdisciplinary and integrated activities focused on research at the interface between human and natural sciences. Expanding the IMBER research community and its impacts through cooperation with other research initiatives (e.g., SOLAS, LOICZ, CLIVAR, GEOTRACES) and partner organizations (e.g., PICES, ICES, EUROMARINE, US-OCB) will facilitate furthering IMBER goals within the context of FE. Several telecons between the core projects of the GEC programmes and FE and its sponsors, including ICSU have taken place in the past 1.5 years. A dedicated IMBER-FE teleconference is scheduled in late October 2013, and the SCOR Executive Director will participate in this meeting. IMBER would like to develop an open dialogue with FE in cooperation with its current sponsors, IGBP and SCOR. In this respect, IMBER has already received input from SCOR Executive Director regarding the FE initiative and possible co-sponsoring of IMBER in the future. This information has been transmitted to FE. Along with these new developments, a request for a five-year IMBER project extension will be presented to SCOR by late summer/fall 2014, in order to help deliver further the IMBER mission and deepen and widen its overall impact.
3-60 ANNEX 1 – New Endorsed Projects (as of August 2013)
IMBER has endorsed 35 research projects to date that contribute to the delivery of its objectives. During the last year, 5 new projects were endorsed: Variability of Ocean Ecosystems around South America (VOCES) (July 2013) The overall goal of this project (January 2013 - December 2017) is to assess the impact of climate variability - both natural and anthropogenic - on the Humboldt, Patagonia and South Brazil Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs). These ecosystems are amongst the most productive of the Southern Hemisphere, sustaining more than 20% of the global fish catch, hosting unique biodiversity and with CO2 absorption rates comparable with the most significant uptake regions of the world's oceans. To achieve the project’s goal we propose a two-pronged activity plan that, on the one hand, will synergize extant research programs through coordination efforts and, on the other hand, will fill research gaps left by those programs by encouraging collaborative research. We will link the efforts of scientists, educators and program managers from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay and the USA. (http://sacc.coas.oregonstate.edu/~sacc) BIoGeochemical cycles in the SOUTHern Ocean: Role within the Earth System (BIGSOUTH) (July 2013) The BIGSOUTH project (January 2010 - November 2014) aims at achieving a detailed understanding of the processes controlling functioning and strength of the oceanic biological pump for representative key areas of the Southern Ocean (Atlantic sector (Weddell Gyre); Indian sector (30°E to Kerguelen Plateau); Australian sector (115° - 147°E); Ross Sea), including open ocean and sea-ice covered areas, in order to upgrade present-day assessments of the carbon sequestration capacity and nutrient cycling in the Southern Ocean and possible impacts on the global ocean. Therefore, we apply a unique combination of stable isotope (natural and spiked isotopic abundances), geochemical tracers, trace element and modelling tools to study the relevant biogeochemical processes and control factors (including Fe) acting on the fluxes of carbon and the two major macronutrients N and Si in the open and seasonally sea-ice covered water column. (www.co2.ulg.ac.be/bigsouth) Sustainability of Marine Ecosystem Production under Multi-stressors and Adaptive Management (MEcoPAM) (June 2013) The objectives of the MEcoPAM project (January 2011 - December 2015) are to identify and characterize the interactions of marine biogeochemical cycles and marine ecosystems, and to understand the response of typical marine ecosystem production to multi-stressors (such as physical processes, eutrophication, over-fishing and aquaculture), thereby improving our knowledge of the impact of multi-stressors on the sustainability of marine ecosystem production. The research areas include several unique sub-ecosystems in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and
3-61 East China Sea (e.g., the hypoxia zone off the Changjiang Estuary, and aquaculture sites in the Shandong Peninsula). The program is structured around five sub-projects: (1) Biogeochemical Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems; (2) Nutrient Cycles and Response to Multi-stressors; (3) Hydrodynamic Response to Multi-stressors and its Impact on the Supply of Nutrients; (4) Microbial Loop and Coupling with Biogeochemical Cycles; (5) Feedback Mechanisms of Ecosystem Structure and Function to Climate Change and Human Activities. In addition to field observations of the physical, chemical and biological properties of ecosystems in East China Sea, Changjiang Estuary and the coastal area of the Shandong Peninsula, historical data analysis, numerical modelling and microcosm experiments will be undertaken. (www.imber.info/index.php/Science/National-Network/CHINA/MEcoPAM-project-website) Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) (November 2012) The Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) is a multidisciplinary programme (1995-present) that undertakes biological, chemical and physical oceanographic research during an annual voyage between the UK and destinations in the South Atlantic - previously the Falkland Islands, South Africa and Chile. These ~50°N to ~50°S Atlantic transects cross a range of ecosystems from subpolar to tropical and from euphotic shelf seas and upwelling systems to oligotrophic mid-ocean gyres. AMT informs on trends and variability in biodiversity and function of the Atlantic ecosystem during this period of rapid change to our climate and biosphere. AMT is unique in its ability to repeat measurements of core parameters on basin scales on long NS transects of the Atlantic and to provides a platform for excellent multi-disciplinary oceanographic research. This unique spatially extensive decadal dataset continues to be deposited and made available to the wider community through the British Oceanographic Data Centre. An integral part of the AMT, which has resulted in more than 60 completed PhD theses, is to provide a training arena for the next generation of oceanographers. This aim has been enhanced recently through the development of the POGO-AMT fellowship programme (http://ocean-partners.org) which supports the participation of students or early career professionals from developing nations. Participants in this fellowship programme benefit from working alongside experienced researchers in the development of research skills, the formation of collaborative links and capacity building for their home institutes and countries. (www.amt-uk.org) Marine Ecosystems Response in the Mediterranean Experiment (MERMEX) (November 2012) MerMex (2011-2016) focuses on the understanding of the effects of key natural and anthropogenic forcings on ecosystems (from coastal zones to open-ocean, from pelagos to benthos) and organisms (from viruses to fishes) in Mediterranean Sea including western and eastern basins. Most of the Research objectives studied in MerMex were deduced from the Mermex article (Progress in Oceanography, 2011) in which ~100 co-authors so-called ‘the MerMex group’ presented current knowledge on biogeochemistry in the Mediterranean Sea and highlighted the uncertainty on the responses to global change in the 21th Century. (http://mermex.com.univ-mrs.fr)
3-62 3.3
GEOTRACES
Volkman
Terms of Reference: Organize national and international planning workshops as well as special sessions at international conferences to obtain community input on the design and implementation of GEOTRACES. Establish priorities for research on the sources, sinks, internal cycling, transport, speciation and fate of TEIs, and develop this information into an International Science Plan. Promote intercalibration of analytical methods, and the development of standard reference materials. Identify new instrumentation and related infrastructure that will help achieve GEOTRACES objectives. Define a policy for data management and sample archival. Forge scientific linkages with other research programs holding overlapping interests to create synergies where possible and avoid duplication of efforts. To the extent practical, this will involve cross-membership between the GEOTRACES Planning Group and the Planning Groups and Science Steering Committees of other programs. Interact with SCOR Working Groups that share common interests including, but not limited to, SCOR/IMAGES WG 123 on Reconstruction of Past Ocean Circulation (PACE) and SCOR/IMAGES WG 124 on Analyzing the Links Between Present Oceanic Processes and Paleo-Records (LINKS). Co-Chairs: Ed Boyle Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA E-mail: [email protected] Other Members Andrew Bowie Pinghe Cai Luidmila Demina Jordi Garcia-Orellana Tung-Yuan Ho Phoebe Lam Maeve Lohan Maria Maldonado
AUSTRALIA CHINA-Beijing RUSSIA SPAIN CHINA-Taipei USA UK CANADA
Executive Committee Reporter: John Volkman
Reiner Schlitzer Alfred Wegener Institute Columbusstrasse D-27568 Bremerhaven, GERMANY E-mail: [email protected]
Oliver Marchal USA Jordi Garcia Orellana SPAIN Katherina Pahnke GERMANY Micha Rijkenberg NETHERLANDS Alakendra Roychoudhury S. AFRICA Géraldine Sarthou FRANCE Yoshiki Sohrin JAPAN David Turner SWEDEN Angela Wagner BRAZIL
3-63 GEOTRACES SCIENTIFIC STEERING COMMITTEE ANNUAL REPORT TO SCOR 2012/2013 July 2013 SCOR Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) for GEOTRACES The SSC membership (listed above) includes members from 14 different countries, with diverse expertise, including marine biogeochemistry of carbon and nutrients; trace elements and isotopes as proxies for past climate conditions; land-sea fluxes of trace elements/sediment-water interactions; trace element effects on organisms; hydrothermal fluxes of trace elements; tracers of ocean circulation; tracers of contaminant transport; controls on distribution and speciation of trace elements; and ocean modelling. 1.
SSC meeting
The seventh meeting of the GEOTRACES SSC was held on 29-31 October 2013 in Goa, India. The meeting was hosted by Sunil Kumar Singh from the Physical Research Laboratory (a Unit of Department of Space Government of India, Ahmedabad, India). The meeting was attended by 16 members of the 2011/2012 SSC. Other attendees included Bob Anderson (Past SSC co-chair); Chris Measures (Co-chair of the Data Management Committee); Reiner Schlitzer (Co-chair of the Data Management Committee); Greg Cutter (Chair of the Standards and Intercalibration Committee); Ed Urban (SCOR); Ed Mawji (GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre); and Catherine Jeandel (GEOTRACES International Project Office). The morning of the first day was spent in presentations of national reports detailing GEOTRACES activities of the last year in 16 countries and also of the COST Action ES0801 (EU cross-national activities). The afternoon started with presentation of activities of the International Project Office. Subsequent discussion addressed GEOTRACES publications and outreach. The day concluded with a review of the international partnerships. The morning of the second day of the SSC meeting focused on data management and intercalibration. An important discussion item was the Intermediate Data Product to be released in Spring 2014. During the afternoon, the GEOTRACES section cruises were reviewed. This included a presentation of the GEOTRACES International Arctic Programme, the GEOTRACES Mediterranean Cruise plans, and the BioGEOTRACES initiative. The day ended with discussion about GEOTRACES funding and rotations of SSC and Data Management Committee (DMC) members. The third and final day of the SSC meeting started with a review of the applications from ten studies to become GEOTRACES Process Studies. Subsequent discussion addressed past and future GEOTRACES workshops and special sessions at scientific meetings. The meeting concluded with a discussion of GEOTRACES capacity building activities.
63
3-64 The next SSC meeting is scheduled for 2-4 October 2013 in Bremerhaven (Germany) and will be hosted by Reiner Schlitzer at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. 2.
GEOTRACES Intercalibration
The GEOTRACES Standards and Intercalibration (S&I) Committee (G. Cutter, Chair; P. Andersson, L. Codispoti, P. Croot, R. Francois, M. Lohan, H. Obata, and M. van der Loeff) met on 1-3 May 2013 at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, Sweden to review Atlantic Ocean crossover station results and discuss several issues of relevance to the committee; the meeting was hosted by Per Andersson. The S&I Committee's charge is to ensure that accurate and precise data are generated in the GEOTRACES Program through the use of appropriate sampling protocols, analytical standards, and certified reference materials, and to ensure the active sharing of methods and results. There are few reference materials that actually represent real ocean waters, so as much as possible GEOTRACES cruises occupy stations along their transects that have been occupied by another GEOTRACES cruise, thus creating the "crossover" stations. Data from these crossovers stations, particularly those in deeper waters, can be directly compared and if statistically significant differences are found, the investigators who generated the data can work together to resolve any underlying issues, for example, differences in calibration or blanks. To date, the S&I Committee has now examined more than 8,000 data points for trace elements and isotopes, mainly in the Atlantic Ocean, and water column hydrography (temperature, salinity, nutrients, and oxygen concentrations as a function of depth). Much of the data reviewed will be incorporated into the 2014 GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product. Notices related to the S&I Committee evaluations have been sent to all the data suppliers, and the Committee will meet again in late September 2013 for a re-evaluation of results that have been resubmitted after a thorough intercalibration by the cruises' participants. Another significant activity in 2012-2013 was the publication of further results from the GEOTRACES Intercalibration Programme in a special issue of Limnology and Oceanography: Methods entitled, “Intercalibration in Chemical Oceanography: http://www.aslo.org/lomethods/si/intercal2012.html. The editors of this special volume are Greg Cutter (USA), Peter Croot (UK), and Per Andersson (Sweden). 3.
Data Management for GEOTRACES
The GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre (GDAC) is hosted by the British Oceanography Data Centre (BODC), Liverpool, UK. GDAC is responsible for all GEOTRACES data activities from start to finish, including interacting with the Principal Investigators (PI) and national data centres, and will eventually become the central point for all GEOTRACES data. The office is staffed by a single person: Edward Mawji. Under the present data model, GDAC will not contact a project scientist directly (unless the PI has granted prior permission) and all requests for data are channelled through the local/national data centres. This requires GDAC to have a good working relationship with each national data office. Considerable effort is spent each year trying to establish and maintain good working relationships with national data centres.
3-65 Working with the IPO A good working mechanism has been established between GDAC and Elena Masferrer Dodas at the IPO. Information is freely exchanged between the two sites. The IPO has helped GDAC keep up to date with new developments and upcoming cruises; this has been especially important in 2012/2013 with so many GEOTRACES process studies approved at the 2012 SSC meeting. Website progress In 2011/2012, there was a desire from the GEOTRACES SSC and DMC to have a map interface as the front page of the GEOTRACES data management site hosted by BODC. In response to this request an interactive world map has been developed to aid in cruise and data discovery in a visual manner. With the list of GEOTRACES section cruises and process studies growing, such a capability greatly facilitates navigation. The following functionalities were developed:
An interactive map with the ability to load different layers. The layers available are past, future and process studies cruise lines. Cruise lines that are mouse-sensitive. When users rest the mouse over such elements they (1) obtain cruise names and (2) obtain a dropdown menu with links to cruise metainformation (dates, chief scientists, parameters/responsible PIs and data holdings).
A working version of this tool is available on the GDAC Web site; however, additional development is required to fix some obvious bugs. After the final version is released, a major Web site overhaul is planned by GDAC to make the maps and delivery mechanism more prominent on the Web site. GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Project In 2014, GEOTRACES plans to release an Intermediate Data Product. In preparation for this product, GDAC has been working closely with the GEOTRACES S&I Committee. Over the past 12 months, GDAC has spent considerable effort collecting and preparing files for the S&I meeting in May 2013. This involved compiling data from crossover stations and producing XML method documentation. In preparation for the final intermediate data product, GDAC has started to load intercalibrated data from the IPY and GEOTRACES cruises into BODC’s database (only data approved by the S&I Committee will be loaded into the database). Detailed data and metadata checks are required and final XML method and quality control documents need to be created. Data overview The data management of the project is now a huge undertaking, with 46 cruises associated with GEOTRACES and 815 data sets identified in BODC’s database (expected to rise once missing metadata forms are submitted). More than 200 scientists have taken part in GEOTRACES cruises, with 14 different nations having run a major GEOTRACES/IPY section cruise or process study. 2012/2013 has been a relatively successful year; considerable progress has been made collecting data. With the Intermediate Data Product to be released in 2014, the GEOTRACES research
3-66 community has made a massive effort to submit data to national data centres and GDAC. U.S. scientists have led the way, with the U.S. Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) deserving a special mention for working with GDAC. However, GDAC has noticed a problem with the quality of metadata being submitted. In 2012/2013, a significant amount of time and effort was wasted investigating missing metadata. Unfortunately, data are being submitted with no event information (e.g. CTD cast number), no reference to the bottle the sample was collected from and no methodology. All this information is required to meet the data management principles of BODC and GEOTRACES. This problem has arisen for several reasons. Some data centres do not require the same level of metadata as BODC and hence scientists were never asked by their national data centres to submit these metadata. This problem is mainly an issue for older IPY/GEOTRACES cruises that make up a large proportion of the IDP. The creation of metadata after the cruise is possible, but time-consuming. The problem has been reduced somewhat by designing metadata forms for GEOTRACES cruises and encouraging used of these forms. Summary of GEOTRACES cruises • • • •
14 IPY cruises 2 compliant cruise 11 process studies 19 GEOTRACES cruises -13 sections
GEOTRACES section cruises: GEOTRACES sections- 19 cruises Pacific Ocean GP13 Pacific Ocean GP03 Pacific Ocean GP12 Pacific Ocean GP18 Pacific Ocean GP02 Indian Ocean GI04 Indian Ocean GI03 Atlantic Ocean GA02 Atlantic Ocean GA10 Atlantic Ocean GA06 Atlantic Ocean GA11 Atlantic Ocean GA03 Mediterranean Sea GA04N Mediterranean Sea GA04S
2 cruises Australia and New Zealand 1 cruise Japanese 1 cruise France 1 cruise Japanese 1 cruise Japanese 1 cruise Japanese 1 cruise India 3 cruises Netherlands 2 cruises UK 1 cruise UK 1 cruise Germany 2 cruises USA 1 cruise Netherlands 1 cruise Spain
With the vast quantity of data from these cruises expected in 2013/2014, it becomes apparent that data need to be submitted by the time line specified. As ever, it is vitally important that scientists submit data following the GEOTRACES/BODC submission guidelines to ensure smooth processing and archiving.
3-67 In summary, GDAC policies are proving effective with clear results; PIs are following guidelines and metadata are being submitted.
4.
Status of GEOTRACES Section Cruises
The anticipated decade-long field program is now well underway and is enjoying a successful implementation (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Status of GEOTRACES global survey of trace elements and their isotopes. In black: Sections completed as GEOTRACES contribution to the International Polar Year. In yellow: Sections completed as part of the primary GEOTRACES global survey (dotted yellow, completed during the past year). In red: Planned Sections. An updated version of this map can be found on the GEOTRACES home page . 5.
GEOTRACES International Project Office
The GEOTRACES International Project Office (IPO) is based at the Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) in Toulouse, France. The IPO is staffed by a single person, the IPO Executive Officer, Elena Masferrer Dodas. She works under the scientific supervision of Catherine Jeandel (CNRS, LEGOS, France). Ms. Masferrer Dodas was on maternity leave from 19 October 2012 to 25 March 2013. During this period, the GEOTRACES IPO was staffed by Ms. Paule Dossi. The IPO is responsible for assisting the GEOTRACES SSC in implementing the GEOTRACES Science Plan and implementation plans of the programme; organising and staffing meetings of the
3-68 SSC, working groups and task teams; liaising with the sponsors and other relevant organisations; seeking and managing programme finances; representing the project at international meetings; maintaining the project Web site and mailing lists; assisting the GDAC in securing information about upcoming cruises; and interacting with GEOTRACES national committees and groups, as well as with other international projects. The IPO spent additional time on the following tasks in the past year: Outreach: Two new items deserve description: GEOTRACES eNewsletter: The e-Newsletter has been set up in order to disseminate the main scientific results of the GEOTRACES Programme and inform about all GEOTRACES activities. It is a bimonthly on-line publication available on the Web site and distributed through the GEOTRACES International mailing list. It includes highlights of main scientific results of GEOTRACES, summaries of GEOTRACES activities, GEOTRACES news, information about upcoming events (cruises, workshops, etc.) and the latest GEOTRACES-related papers published. The first issue was published in February 2013, with a total of 3 issues published so far. This publication replaces the previous Science Highlights Newsletter. Outreach Library: To complement the educational material compilation, the IPO is assembling materials (images, figures, videos, etc.) to create a collection of compelling slides that show GEOTRACES results and work. These materials will be available on the GEOTRACES Web site for anyone to include in their presentations and help advertise the success of the programme. GEOTRACES Facebook page: The IPO has set up and maintains a GEOTRACES Facebook page as requested by the SSC during last meeting. So far, 72 persons follow this page regularly. The GEOTRACES Facebook page is available on the following link: https://www.facebook.com/pages/GEOTRACES/255668524559825?ref=stream Communication tools: The GEOTRACES IPO has continued to improve and maintain the following communication tools: GEOTRACES Web site : The project Web site, which provides up-todate information about the GEOTRACES cruise programme and all GEOTRACES activities, has been overhauled this year. It has a new layout while maintaining the same structure. It also has new functionalities, such as the possibility to link the articles directly to Facebook, a GEOTRACES eNewsletter archive Web page, the possibility to create groups of users and make some pages (for instance, forum streams) only accessible to certain of these groups, etc. Maintaining and upgrading the programme Web site has consumed a considerable part of GEOTRACES IPO time this year. The following addition to the Web site is worth describing: *National and Regional Activities map: An interactive map has been set up on the GEOTRACES site. The map provides information about national representatives contact details and activities: http://www.geotraces.org/science/national-activities.
3-69 GEOTRACES Poster: A poster to be presented at international meetings and conferences has been designed and presented to several international conferences. A customizable template is available on the private GEOTRACES site. Brochure: A brochure is available on the GEOTRACES Web site and printed copies can be requested from the GEOTRACES IPO. Databases: The IPO is responsible to maintain the following databases: GEOTRACES Peer-reviewed Papers and PhD Dissertations & Masters thesis Databases: Both databases have been set up by the IPO using the Mendeley free academic reference manager and they are available on the GEOTRACES Web site. The IPO updates them. This year, as requested by the SSC, the PhD dissertation database has been extended to include Master’s theses. So far, 171 GEOTRACES peer-reviewed papers and 14 GEOTRACES-related PhD Dissertations and Master Thesis have been included. GEOTRACES Researchers Database: The IPO worked with the GEOTRACES S&I Committee and the GEOTRACES Intercalibration Coordinators to set up a database of GEOTRACES Researchers’ Analytical Expertise. 111 researchers have registered their expertise in the database so far. The S&I Committee has now validated the information for each researcher. Other main tasks for the GEOTRACES IPO this year have included: Funding: The GEOTRACES IPO has concluded one new funding agreement with the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) for Polar and Marine Research (Germany). The contribution initially envisaged for one year (2012) has been extended for another year (2013). French funding has been assured for one year more. Several meetings were held with sponsors. Assisting GDAC: The GEOTRACES IPO is working closely with the GDAC and helps it to secure up-to-date information about new developments and upcoming cruises. This year, it was particularly important to compile information about the 8 new Process Studies approved during 2012 GEOTRACES SSC meeting. Meeting organisation: The GEOTRACES IPO helped to organize the GEOTRACES Latin American Workshop (12-15 November 2012, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), the Russian GEOTRACES Workshop (27-29 November, Moscow, Russia) and the upcoming 2013 SSC and join Data Management and S&I Committee meetings (29 September – 4 October 2013, Bremerhaven, Germany).
3-70 6.
GEOTRACES Science Highlights
GEOTRACES scientists discover new variability in iron supply to the oceans with climate implications Researchers based at the National Oceanography Centre Southampton (UK) and at the University of South Carolina (USA) have found that the amount of dissolved iron released into the ocean from continental margins displays variability not currently captured by ocean-climate prediction models. This could alter predictions of future climate change because iron, a key micronutrient, plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The amount of iron leaking from continental margin sediments was previously assumed to reflect rates of microbial activity within the sediments. Dr. William Homoky and co-authors found that the rate of iron release from seafloor sediments close to continents is actually far more varied between regions because of local differences in weathering and erosion on land. The results of this study are published in Nature Communications: http://www.geotraces.org/images/stories/documents/Publications/13_Homoky/ncomms3143.pdf
Figure 2. The image shows a satellite-captured view of a productive ocean margin in the western South Atlantic Ocean. Visible milky-blue swirls of ocean colour are blooms of tiny phytoplankton taking up carbon dioxide in the surface ocean. These blooms are caused by ocean currents, which stir nutrientladen waters from the continental margins into the sunlit surface ocean. Rivers, like the South American Río de la Plata or River Plate shown here, are an important source of nutrientrich material to shelf systems. Credit: NASA http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=75351
Latest Recommendations for Successful Analysis of Dissolved Osmium in Seawater Analysis of osmium in seawater presents complex challenges, linked to its very low (femtomolar) concentrations and multiplicity of possible oxidation states. Early insights were provided by Karl Turekian's group at Yale where it was realized that osmium tends to concentrate both in oxidizing Fe-Mn nodules and in reducing organic-rich marine sediments. Efforts to directly measure the seawater osmium isotope composition and concentration began in earnest following the developments in early 1990s of highly sensitive N-TIMS and ICP-MS. Initial techniques that attempted to pre-concentrate osmium using column chromatography (Minoru Koide and collaborators at Scripps Institution of Oceanography) and co-precipitation (Mukul Sharma and collaborators at Caltech) were only partially successful, due to a lack of equilibrium between seawater and tracer osmium. A breakthrough came in 1998, when Sylvain Levasseur in Claude Allegre's group in Paris simultaneously oxidized and pre-concentrated osmium in liquid bromine at 90°C. Oliver Woodhouse and coworkers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
3-71 developed another procedure of directly distilling osmium from seawater and sparging it into an ICP-MS. These procedures appeared robust but yielded conflicting results. Subsequent work at Dartmouth (Sharma and collaborators) and Nancy (Maxence Paul and collaborators) has demonstrated that much higher temperatures and longer durations are required to fully equilibrate sample and tracer osmium. The complexities involved in storage of seawater osmium have also become apparent (see link to Eos report below). These findings resulted from U.S. National Science Foundation-funded GEOTRACES intercalibration efforts in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The new insights call into question much of the earlier data on the marine distribution of this important biogeochemical tracer and raise new issues: How actively is osmium cycled in the water column? What is the relative importance of the various sources? How important are anthropogenic inputs? The workshop on "Dissolved Osmium Isotope Analysis" held at the Palais de Congrès de Montreal on 24 June 2012 before the annual Goldschmidt Conference summarized the latest recommendations for successful seawater osmium analyses. Reference: Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., M. Sharma, and L. Reisberg (2013), Recommendations for Analysis of Dissolved Osmium in Seawater, Eos Trans. AGU, 94(7), 73. For further information: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013EO070006/abstract A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean A data synthesis effort recently compiled more than 13,000 observations of dissolved iron concentrations that more than doubled the previous data compilation. A systematic analysis of the distribution of data in the Southern Ocean was performed using four regions, six basins and five depth intervals as a framework. Substantial variability in the depth-dependent trends were found between different basins and regions, which were indicative of the possible underlying influence of ocean physics, chemistry and biology. Alessandro Tagliabue's and co-authors (Tagliabue et al. 2012) analysis was able to highlight where observations are lacking in particular regions and times of year, which they hope will assist future sampling efforts. Overall, more observations have been collected in the past 5 years under the auspices of the International Polar Year and GEOTRACES efforts than were collected in the prior ~15 years. Nevertheless, despite this progress the seasonal cycle of iron that can be extracted from the well-sampled region south of Tasmania remains enigmatic. From more than 160 observations, the authors found little evidence of 'winter recharge' in iron concentrations and instead find the highest iron concentrations to be coincident with the highest phytoplankton biomass levels. This might reflect gaps in seasonal sampling between July and November or the influence of the so-called 'ferrous wheel' in driving the recycling of iron. This clearly highlights the need for more measurements of iron at 'seasonal transitions', even in well-sampled areas. This dataset will prove useful for other regional synthesis studies or the evaluation of ocean biogeochemical models. It continues to be maintained by A. Tagliabue and is available from GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre web site (http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/) and http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/~atagliab/LIV_WEB/Home.html.
Reference:
3-72 Tagliabue, A., et al. (2012) A global compilation of dissolved iron measurements: focus on distributions and processes in the Southern Ocean, Biogeosciences, 9, 2333-2349, doi:10.5194/bg9-2333-2012. Substantial intra-basin variation of the dissolved metal/phosphorus ratio in the different water masses of the Indian Ocean The first simultaneous, full-depth, and basin-scale section distribution of dissolved (D) aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) is reported in the Indian Ocean. In addition to widespread co-limitation for phytoplankton production by dissolved iron (DFe) and occurrence of redox-related processes, the authors observe an important variability of the dissolved metal/phosphorus ratio among the water masses within the Indian Ocean (up to a factor of 300 between Arabian Surface waters and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water). The Cu/P, Zn/P, and Cd/P ratios are within the same order of magnitude for both phytoplankton and deep water, whereas the Mn/P, Fe/P, and Co/P ratios of phytoplankton can increase 100-fold or more compared to those in deep water. Such results are questioning the validity of using an "extended Redfield ratio" to trace metals. The consistent mechanism yielding these variations remains to be understood.
Figure 3. Meridional section distribution (~70°E) of the DMn/DAl ratio Reference: Thi Dieu Vu, H., Sohrin, Y. (2013) Diverse stoichiometry of dissolved trace metals in the Indian Ocean, Scientific Reports 3, DOI: 10.1038/srep01745 Available at : http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130429/srep01745/full/srep01745.html
3-73 Arsenic detoxification by phytoplankton reveals that As species could be good proxies of P limitation Some phytoplankton species have the capacity to modify surface water arsenic speciation, inhibiting its toxicity. Such detoxification is operative in oligotrophic waters when phosphate concentrations are below those for As. During the U.S. GEOTRACES North Atlantic transect, fine determination of As speciation allowed establishing the potential use of these detoxification products as indicators of P limitation. The new As indicator has been used to assess P-limitation in the North Atlantic Ocean, improving on the contradictory assessments using conventional proxies. The coupled relationship between As and P is a classic example of a biogeochemical cycle, and how such relationship can be used as a tool in oceanography.
Figure 4. Relationship between inorganic phosphate, arsenite (As3+) and alkaline phosphate activity (APA), the latter being an enzyme to cleave organic-bound phosphate and typically increasing with decreasing inorganic phosphate. Arsenate (As5+) uptake by phytoplankton increases under low phosphate availability due to the chemical similarities between them. Detoxification includes reduction and excretion of As3+, consequently indicating moderate (orange background) and extreme (red background) limitation of phosphate. No phosphate limitation occurs if As3+ levels are below 1 nmol L-1 (green background). Reference: Wurl, O., L. Zimmer, and G.A. Cutter. 2013. Arsenic and phosphorus biogeochemistry in the ocean: Arsenic species as proxies for P-limitation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 58: 729-740. Significant role of dissolved/particulate Nd from the Ganga–Brahmaputra river system and Bay of Bengal margin in contributing to the dissolved Nd budget of the global oceans Data on dissolved Nd concentrations and isotopic compositions measured along a 87E transect (GI01 section, "Indian GEOTRACES") have been used in an inverse model in order to identify the respective effects of water mass mixing and Nd release from particulate matter in balancing this tracer budget in the Bay of Bengal. Results clearly underline that release from particulate phases supplied by the Ganga–Brahmaputra river system is required to explain both the distribution and budget of the Nd parameters. Calculations also suggest that supply of Nd from continental margin sediments is occurring at places identified at places identified as "hotspots of Nd release".
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Figure 5. The distribution of concentration and isotope composition of dissolved Nd along the 87E transect in the Bay of Bengal. Reference: Satinder Pal Singh, Sunil Kumar Singh, Vineet Goswami, Ravi Bhushan, Vinai Kumar Rai (2012), Spatial distribution of dissolved neodymium and εNd in the Bay of Bengal: Role of particulate matter and mixing of water masses: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 94:38-56, DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2012.07.017. Hydrothermalism: A Significant Dissolved Iron Source For The Deep Waters? A north-south basin-scale full-depth section profile of dissolved Fe was realized in the Indian Ocean as part of the first GEOTRACES Japanese cruise (Nov. 2009-Jan. 2010). The data clearly show that hydrothermal Fe is distributed over 3000 km distance around a depth of ~ 3000 m, and that a large fraction of this Fe is truly dissolved. Several other sources supplying dissolved Fe to deep waters (e.g., terrestrial Fe input) with a persistent condition in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), were also evident.
3-75
Figure 6. Vertical section profiles of (a) dissolved Fe concentration, (b) phosphate, (c) salinity, (d) dissolved oxygen. White number and line (a) indicate isopycnal surface. Reference: Jun Nishioka, Hajime Obata, Daisuke Tsumune (2013), Evidence of an extensive spread of hydrothermal dissolved iron in the Indian Ocean: Earth and Planetary Science Letters 361:26-33, DOI: /10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.040 Basin-scale inputs of cobalt, iron, and manganese from the Benguela-Angola front to the South Atlantic Ocean The African coast appeared to be a major source of dissolved total dissolved cobalt, iron, manganese, and labile cobalt to the South Atlantic basin, with high cobalt concentrations in the oxygen minimum zone of the Angola Dome and extending 2500 km into the subtropical gyre. Linear relationships between cobalt, N2O, and O2, as well as low surface aluminum supported a coastal rather than atmospheric cobalt source. Point sources of the scale observed in this study likely serve as vital drivers of these tracer oceanic cycles. Reference: A.E. Noble, C.H. Lamborg, D.C. Ohnemus, P.J. Lam, T.J. Goepfert, C.I. Measures, C.H. Frame, K.L. Casciotti, G.R. DiTullio, J. Jennings, M.A. Saito (2012), Basin-scale inputs of cobalt, iron, and manganese from the Benguela-Angola front to the South Atlantic Ocean : Limnology and Oceanography 57 (4) p. 989-1010, DOI: 10.4319/lo.2012.57.4.0989
3-76 New beautiful results on marine particle speciation, a challenge for the GEOTRACES community Advanced Light Source x-ray spectromicroscopy (XANES) allows a fine description of the marine Fe pool chemical speciation and mineralogy. This work describes diverse arrays of iron particles (20- 700 nm), showing impressive variations in the oxidation state and composition of these iron particles between the coasts of South Africa and Antarctica. Moreover, different iron pools are occurring in different frontal zones. Because particle speciation is directly linked to the element solubilities, these differences may affect the production of bioavailable dissolved iron.
Figure 7. (A) Iron particle speciation plotted and defined accordingly to the particles’ spectral features. Pure Fe(III), pure Fe(II), and magnetite phases occupy discrete fields, the mixed-valence species are distinguished by their variations in the spectral intensity rations. (B) Generalized Fe Ledge XANES spectra of the five species identifies in the South Atlantic and Southern oceans; colors correspond to the fields in (A). The eV value is calculated as the energy difference between peaks i1 and i2; the intensity ratio value is given as absorption intensity i1/i2. Reference: B.P. von der Heyden, A.N. Roychoudhury, T.N. Mtshali1, T. Tyliszczak, S.C.B. Myneni. (2012). Chemically and Geographically Distinct Solid-Phase Iron Pools in the Southern Ocean: Science 338 (6111):1199-1201, DOI: 10.1126/science.1227504 Results from the GEOTRACES cruise section GIPY11 An interesting comparison of data of dissolved barium (Ba) and data of dissolved aluminium (Al) and silicate (Si) collected onboard the GEOTRACES cruise GIPY11 (ARK-XXII/2 Polarstern expedition) is presented in the article of Roeske and colleagues (Roeske et al., 2012). This comparison is used to distinguish between signals produced by the regeneration of sinking particles and signals derived from entrainment of shelf waters, adding to the analysis of Al and Si data of the same cruise by Middag et al. (2009). The two papers investigate whether the relationships between Ba, Si and Al differ between water masses and between the various deep Arctic Basins, and whether these differences can help us to infer deep water circulation and shelf water inputs.
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Figure 8. Distribution of Ba on section C, which reaches from the Kara Sea at 81.25°N to the Alpha Ridge at 84.5°N. Isolines are at 2 nM intervals. Source: Marine Chemistry. References: Middag, R., de Baar, H.J.W., Laan, P., Bakker, K., (2009). Dissolved aluminium and the silicon cycle in the Arctic Ocean. Marine Chemistry 115, 176-195 Roeske T., Rutgers vd Loeff M., Middag R, Bakker K. (2012), Deep water circulation and composition in the Arctic Ocean by dissolved barium, aluminium and silicate, Marine Chemistry 132-133, (56-67). 7.
Workshops and events
Russian GEOTRACES Workshop The first Russian GEOTRACES Workshop was held on 27-29 November 2012 in Moscow at the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences. About 90 persons participated, including Russian scientists from seven institutes, together with scientists leading the GEOTRACES program in Europe and the United States. During the workshop about 30 oral presentations were made (including 8 talks by young Russian scientists), along with 15 poster presentations. The workshop showed that research themes of Russian scientists in many respects correspond to the main GEOTRACES scientific goals. Particular Russian interests include estuarine chemistry (trace metals, radionuclides, and organic carbon compounds) of major rivers, biogeochemical processes (including trace metals and gases such as methane) on the Russian shelf, sedimentary and chemical fluxes between the shelf and open Arctic Ocean as well as the fluxes from atmosphere to the Arctic Seas. The Russian workshop established international contacts and identified priorities for research into the marine chemistry of the Arctic Ocean. Research cruises that would address the main GEOTRACES scientific goals have been identified during discussion at the workshop. Issues linked with correct clean sampling and analysis of trace metals were discussed, since one of the main Russian problems is lack of special equipment to collect uncontaminated seawater samples for analysis of heavy metals. An obvious necessity is participation of Russian scientists in
3-78 intercalibration of the sampling procedures followed by the trace metal analysis, as well as training of young Russian scientists in the leading GEOTRACES’ laboratories. All the participants supported a joint declaration (http://www.geotraces.org/images/stories/documents/workshops/Russian/Russian_GEOTRACES _Statement.pdf). Workshop participants suggested the rapid formation of a Russian GEOTRACES Committee to develop GEOTRACES activities and guide the scientific goals and implementation of the program in Russia. GEOTRACES Latin American Workshop To foster the involvement of Latin American (LA) scientists in the GEOTRACES program, the GEOTRACES SSC held a workshop in Rio de Janeiro (12-15 November 2012, Rio de Janeiro). About 40 scientists participated in the workshop, including representatives from 7 Latin American countries, scientists leading the GEOTRACES program in Europe and the United States, and 11 students. About 33 presentations were made during the workshop. The abstract collection is available on the following GEOTRACES web site: http://www.geotraces.org/images/stories/documents/workshops/LA/2012_LA_Workshop_Abstra cts_edited081112.pdf. The Workshop had the following objectives: (1) Define scientific questions of global interest that are geographically proximal to LA nations; (2) Define scientific questions of national or regional interest that are too large, or too complex, to be addressed by a single nation or by small projects, and which therefore would benefit from international collaboration; (3) Identify opportunities and strategies for collaboration within the scope of the GEOTRACES Program; (4) Identify opportunities for technology transfer and training that would increase the capacity of scientists in LA nations to undertake GEOTRACES-related research. Participants at the meeting agreed on a final statement outlining important GEOTRACES science in the LA region, and synergies between GEOTRACES Activities and other science in LA: http://www.geotraces.org/images/stories/documents/workshops/LA/GEOTRACES_LA_Stateme nt.pdf. GEOTRACES-COST Workshop –Stable isotopes of biologically important trace metals A successful workshop was held at the Department of Earth Science and Engineering of Imperial College London (13-14 September 2012) to bring together, for the first time, the community of people working on stable isotopes of biologically important trace metals. The focus of the workshop was on the stable isotopes of Zn, Cd, and Fe, but isotope systems of other micronutrient and contamination-prone elements (particularly Pb) were also considered. Almost 50 people from 12 countries attended the workshop to share novel data and discuss analytical issues related to sampling and the isotopic measurements in the context of the GEOTRACES program. The Report of the Workshop is available on the GEOTRACES Web site at http://www.geotraces.org/images/stories/documents/workshops/Stable_Isotopes/workshop_Stabl e_isotopes_report_final.pdf.
3-79 The workshop was supported by COST Action ES0801 and SCOR. For further information: http://www.geotraces.org/meetings/meetings-by-year/eventdetail/121/-/geotraces-cost-workshopstable-isotopes-of-biologically-important-trace-metals. GEOTRACES-COST Voltammetric Workshop This workshop was held in the frame of research activities at marine station Martinska, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Šibenik, Croatia on October 7-9. The meeting, which was very successful, gathering 40 participants from 14 countries, among them 14 PhD students and post-doctoral fellows. The event was co-organized by GEOTRACES, COST action ES801 and the Ruđer Bošković Institute. All the participants expressed their interest and will to organize a follow-on meeting in two years as a necessity to discuss the role and use of electrochemistry in analysis and study of biogeochemical processes in aquatic systems. The Report of the Workshop is available on the GEOTRACES Web site at http://www.geotraces.org/images/stories/documents/workshops/Voltammetry/VoltammetryWork shopReport_COSTActionES0801.pdf. For further information about this workshop, see http://www.geotraces.org/meetings/meetings-by-year/eventdetail/119/-/cost-geotracesvoltammetry-workshop. 8.
Special sessions at international conferences featuring GEOTRACES findings
Several special sessions with relevance to GEOTRACES were held at major international meetings including the following: American Geophysical Union Fall 2012, 3-7 December 2012, San Francisco, USA For further information: http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2012/ *OS013: Isotope Tracers in the 21st Century Ocean: New Results, Interesting Challenges, and Unique Opportunities Conveners: Steven L Goldstein (Columbia University), Alison E Hartman (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory), Howie D Scher (University of South Carolina) and Torben Stichel (University of Hawaii at Manoa) *OS036: Sources, Sinks, and Speciation of Marine Micronutrient Trace Elements Conveners: Jessica N Fitzsimmons (MIT) and Christopher T Hayes (Columbia University) ASLO 2013, Aquatic Sciences Meeting, 17-22 February 2013, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA For further information: http://www.aslo.org/meetings/neworleans2013/ *SS57: Trace Elements and Isotopes in the Ocean and Atmosphere: the International GEOTRACES Program Conveners: Peter Morton, Florida State University; Carl Lamborg, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
3-80 *SS08: Biogeochemistry of Metal-binding Organic Ligands in the Ocean: Sources, Composition and Impacts on Trace Metal Cycling Conveners: Maeve C. Lohan (University of Plymouth); Sylvia G. Sander (University of Otago); Kristen N. Buck (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences) 2013 Asia Oceania Geosciences Society Annual Meeting, 24-28 June 2013, Brisbane, Australia For further information: http://asiaoceania.org/aogs2013/public.asp?page=home.htm *Controls on the Biogeochemistry of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean and its Adjacent Marginal Seas Main Convener: Dr. Tung-Yuan Ho (Academia Sinica, China-Taipei) Co-conveners: Dr. Sohrin Yoshiki (Kyoto University, Japan), Prof. I-I Lin (National Taiwan University, China-Taipei) and Dr. George T F Wong (Academia Sinica, China-Taipei) Forthcoming: The 2013 Gordon Research Conference on Chemical Oceanography, 4-9 August 2013, Biddeford, Maine, USA For further information: http://www.grc.org/programs.aspx?year=2013&program=chemocean Goldschmidt 2013, 25-30 August 2013, Florence, Italy For further information: http://goldschmidt.info/2013/index *16h. Chemical Weathering in Marginal Environments Convenors: Bernhard Peucker-Ehrenbrink and Morgan Jones Keynote: Catherine Jeandel (LEGOS, Toulouse) *17a. The ins and outs of mud: chemical fluxes between sediments and seawater Convenors: Silke Severmann and Rachel Mills Keynote: Ronnie N. Glud (University of Southern Denmark) * 17b. Constraining rates of ocean processes Convenors: Laura Robinson and Matt Charette Keynote: Bill Jenkins (WHOI) *17d Isotope geochemistry of the modern oceans Convenors: Seth John , Julie Granger, Katharine Pahnke and Gregory F. de Souza Keynote: Curtis Deutsch (University of Washington) *17g Metal-biota interactions in seawater Convenors: Jay Cullen, Maeve Lohan and Martha Gledhill Keynote: Mak Saito (Woods Hole)
3-81 9.
Capacity building
At-Sea Training GEOTRACES gratefully acknowledges support from SCOR to enable one scientist per year from a developing nation to participate in a GEOTRACES cruise. These opportunities are vital to the development of technical expertise in sampling and sample handling for contamination-prone elements aboard “dirty” ships. Sampling Systems It is a goal of GEOTRACES that every nation carrying out oceanographic research should have access to a trace metal-clean sampling system. GEOTRACES offers guidance based on past experience in the design and construction of sampling systems as well as advice in operating these systems as shared facilities. A complementary goal is to establish a program whereby scientists who have accrued experience in operating these systems can share that knowledge with scientists from nations that are in the process of acquiring clean sampling systems. An updated status of trace metal-clean sampling systems to support GEOTRACES research is provided in the table below. Scientists interested in developing one of these systems for their own use are encouraged to contact the GEOTRACES IPO or any member of the SSC, who will arrange for contact with an appropriate person to provide technical information about the design, construction and cost of a system. Nation
Status Complete (2nd system planned)
System/ Carousel Powder coated aluminum, autonomous 1018 intelligent rosette system
Canada
Complete
Powder coated aluminum with titanium CTD housing, Seabird Rosette
24 X 12-L GOFlo
2300 m; conducting Vectran soon to be upgraded with 5000 m conducting Vectran 06/2013
China Beijing
Complete
Towed fish
NA
Surface
China - Taipei
Complete
Teflon coated rosette
Multi- size GOFlo
3000 m; Kevlar line
France
Complete
Powder coated aluminum with titanium pressure housing for CTD
12 X 12-L GOFlo
8000 m; conducting Kevlar
Germany
CTD and bottles purchased, winch planned
Powder coated aluminum with titanium pressure housings and fittings
27 x 12-L OTE GO-Flo
8000 m; conducting Kevlar
India
Complete
24 X 12-L Niskin-X
8000 m; conducting Kevlar
Italy
Complete
5 x 20-L GoFlos
Kevlar
Japan
Complete
Powder coated aluminum
12-L Niskin-X
Netherlands
Complete
Titanium frame
24 X 12-liter
Australia
Powder coated aluminum with titanium pressure housings and fittings Go-Flo bottles on Kevlar line
Bottles 12 x 10-L Teflon-lined Niskin-1010X
Depth 6000 m; 6 mm Dynex rope
10000 m; titanium armored cable 10000 m; conducting
3-82 Netherlands
Complete
Titanium frame
New Zealand
Complete
Powder coated aluminum
South Africa
Complete
UK
In testing phase
Powder coated aluminum, titanium housing/fittings Titanium frame, Ti pressure housings
USA - CLIVAR
Complete
Powder coated aluminum
USA GEOTRACES
Complete
USAUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks
Complete
USAOld Dominion University
Complete
USA – Polar Programs
Complete
Powder coated aluminum with titanium pressure housings and fittings Seabird Rosette. Powder coated aluminum with Ti parts and pressure housing. Fires at pre-programmable depths Seabird Rosette. SBE19plusV2 CTD unit. Powder coated aluminum with Ti parts and pressure housing. Fires at preprogrammable depths Powder coated aluminum with titanium pressure housings and fittings
GO-Flo 24 X 27-liter ultraclean PVDF 5-L Teflonlined Niskin-X 24 X 12-liter GO-Flo
Kevlar 10000 m; conducting Kevlar 2000 m; 8 mm Kevlar line 6500 m; Kevlar cable
12 X 12-L GOFlo
8000m conducting Kevlar 1500 m; conducting Kevlar
24 X 12-L GOFlo
8000 m; conducting Kevlar
12 X 5-L Teflon-lined Niskin-X
No Kevlar line available yet.
12 X 5-L Teflon-lined Niskin-X
2000 m 0.5-inch Kevlar wire
12 X12-L Niskin-X
3000 m; conducting Kevlar
24 10-L OTE
Acknowledgements We offer our special thanks to Ed Urban, who continues to provide tremendous support and valuable advice to the planning of the GEOTRACES programme. Written and compiled by: Ed Boyle (Co-Chair GEOTRACES SSC) Reiner Schlitzer (Co-Chair GEOTRACES SSC) Elena Masferrer (GEOTRACES IPO Executive Officer) July 2013
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Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) (joint with IGBP, WCRP, and CACGP)
Coustenis, Law
Terms of Reference: To develop the Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) Science Plan and an Implementation Strategy, in accordance with guidance of the sponsoring organisations. To oversee the development of SOLAS in accordance with its Science Plan/Implementation Strategy. To collaborate, as appropriate, with other related projects of IGBP, WCRP, SCOR and CACGP and related projects and programmes (e.g., IHDP, DIVERSITAS, IOC and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), etc.) To establish appropriate data management policies to ensure access to, sharing of, and preservation of SOLAS data, taking into account policies of the sponsors. To report regularly to SCOR, IGBP, WCRP and CACGP on the state of planning and accomplishments of SOLAS. The SOLAS SSC, its subsidiary groups and International Project Office shall operate in accordance with the operating procedures for IGBP Projects and as required by other co-sponsors. Chair: Eric Saltzman Department of Earth System Science University of California, Irvine Phone: +1-949-285-2111 [email protected] Members: Minhan Dai Anja Engel Diego Gairo Hui-wang Gao Christophe Garbe Michele Graco Christophe Heinze
CHINA-Beijing GERMANY ARGENTINA CHINA-Beijing GERMANY PERU NORWAY
Vice-Chair: Cecile Guieu LOV - - BP08 Quai de la Darse 06238 - Villefranche sur Mer FRANCE [email protected] Ilan Koren Lisa Miller Yukihiro Nojiri Patricia Quinn Rafel Simo Jacqueline Stefels Roland Von Glasow Brian Ward
Executive Committee Reporter: Athena Coustenis IGBP Liaison: Wendy Broadgate Executive Officer: Emily Breviere
ISRAEL CANADA JAPAN USA SPAIN NETHERLANDS UK IRELAND
3-84 Annual Report from SOLAS to SCOR Reporting period: June 2012- July 2013 Version of 12 July 2013 by Dr Emilie Brévière
SOLAS International Project Office, Kiel and Node Office, Norwich The SOLAS Node Office (NO) was located at the University of East Anglia (UEA), UK, the former location of the IPO. The office was staffed by the project officer Kath Mortimer, funded by the UK NERC until the end of Sept. 2012, and benefited from the assistance of a student, Georgia Bayliss-Brown (former project officer) from June 2011 to August 2012 (10 hours per week), funded by IGBP block grant 2010-11. UEA provided office space and the Natural Environment Research Council (UK NERC) supported office activities until March 2012. The node shut down in Sept. 2012. The SOLAS IPO is currently hosted at the GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel in Kiel, Germany. The office is staffed by the executive officer, Dr. Emilie Brévière, and the project officer, Stefan Kontradowitz. GEOMAR provided office space and funds for both staff salaries until January 2013. The IPO activities were supported until January 2013 by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The IPO in Kiel has benefited since August 2011 from the assistance of a student, Roberto Benavides (75 hours per month) funded by BMBF and from July 2012 to March 2013 from the assistance of another student, Jasmin Mögeltönder (75 hours per month), also funded by BMBF. Since February 2013 and until January 2016, GEOMAR is providing office space and the salary of the executive officer, Dr. Emilie Brévière. The salary of the project officer, Stefan Kontradowitz is covered by BMBF, via the SOPRAN Phase 3 funding. The IPO benefited until July 2013 from the assistance of Roberto Benavides (75 hours per month) funded by BMBF. SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee Since July 2011, Eric Saltzman (USA) has served as Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) Chair. Veronique Garcon (France) served as the SOLAS SSC Vice-Chair from July 2011 to Dec. 2012, and Cecile Guieu (France) has filled this role since May 2013. Ilan Koren from Israel joined the SSC in Jan. 2013. Since May 2013, SOLAS has had an Executive Committee composed of the Chair, Vice Chair, and SSC members Lisa Miller and Roland von Glasow. The 13th SOLAS SSC meeting was held in Tsukuba, Japan, on 27-30 May 2013. The current membership of the SSC is listed below:
Last name
First name
Country of employment
Gender
3-85
M
Dai
Min-Han
ChinaBeijing
Engel
Anja
Germany
Scientific expertise
Coastal carbon/acidification Microbial F biogeochemistry, sea surface microlayer
Gao
Huiwang
ChinaBeijing
M
Atmospheric deposition and ecological effect
Gaiero
Diego
Argentina
M
Aerosol chemical composition/deposition
Garbe
Christoph Germany
M
Air-sea physical interaction
von Glasow
Roland
UK
M
Atmospheric halogens/modelling
Graco
Michelle
Peru
Guieu
Cecile
France
Heinze
Christoph Norway
Koren
Ilan
Israel
M cloud physics
Miller
Lisa
Canada
F Sea-ice/CO2 exchanges
Nojiri
Yukihiro
Japan
M Ocean carbon
Quinn
Patricia
USA
F
Saltzman
Eric S.
USA
M Atmospheric chemistry
Simo
Rafel
Spain
M
Stefels
Jaqueline
Netherlands
F Sulfur cycle/sea ice
Ward
Brian
Ireland
M
Biogeochemical cycles in upwelling systems, OMZ Marine F ecosystems/nutrients Carbon cycle M modeling/paleooceano F
Aerosols/atmos chemistry Ocean biogeochemistry /trace gases
Air-sea physical interaction
SOLAS expertise
Term end in 31 Dec
Focus 3 SIOA
2014
MTS Marine Aerosols
2014
MTS Nut Deposition Task Team ADOES MTS Nut Deposition Focus 2 MTS EBUS Liaison ESA Task Team HitT- MTS Ship Plumes MTS EBUS MTS Nut Deposition Focus 3 Paleo Focus 1 Cloud Focus 3 MTS Sea Ice Focus 3 SIOA MTS Marine Aerosols
2014 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2013 2015 2014
Focus 1&2
2014
MTS Marine Aerosols
2014
MTS Sea Ice
2013
Focus 2Liaison WCRP
2013
3-86 In December 2013: - Roland von Glasow and Jacqueline Stefels will rotate off the SOLAS SSC after two terms. - Brian Ward, Christoph Garbe, Lisa Miller and Diego Gaiero will end their first terms on the SOLAS SSC. SOLAS National Networks Twenty-eight nations are part of the SOLAS network. Each has at least one representative: Australia: Sarah Lawson and Andrew Bowie Belgium: Christiane Lancelot Brazil: Amauri Pereira de Oliveira Canada: Maurice Levasseur Chile: Laura Farias China (Beijing): Minhan Dai China (Taipei): Gwo-Ching Gong Denmark: Lise Lotte Soerensen and Mikael Sejr France: Remi Losno Germany: Hermann Bange and Ulrich Platt India: Dileep Kumar Ireland: Brian Ward Italy: Chiara Santinelli Finland: Gerrit de Leeuw
Japan: Mitsuo Uematsu Korea: Kitack Lee Mexico: Jose Martin Hernandez Ayon Netherlands: Jacqueline Stefels New Zealand: Cliff Law Norway: Abdirahman Omar Peru: Michelle Graco Russia: Sergey Gulev Spain: Rafel Simo Southern Africa: Carl Palmer Sweden: Katarina Abrahamsson Turkey: Baris Saglihoglu and Mustafa Koçak UK: Phil Williamson USA: Bill Miller
Starting in Jan. 2009, the national representatives of the SOLAS nations have been asked to report annually about the SOLAS activities in their countries. To facilitate the reporting effort, a template form is provided. In January 2013, 19 reports were received and posted on the SOLAS website. Information contained in the reports is a great source of information for the IPO to report to sponsors, but also to facilitate coordination of research and to distribute the results and progress from some nations to the rest of the SOLAS community via the Newsletters and the website. All the reports received during the reporting period are available in an Addendum to this report (see http://www.scor-int.org/2013EC/SOLAS_National_Reports.pdf). Development of the SOLAS Mid-term Strategy (MTS) Since 2008, SOLAS has supported the development of the Mid-term strategy (MTS) themes, identified as areas where progress can be accelerated significantly with the support of an international programme such as SOLAS. An overview article at the MTS themes was published in the journal Environmental Chemistry in early 2013. Law C. et al. (2013) Evolving Research Directions in Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) Science. Environmental Chemistry. Available on our SOLAS website and at http://www.publish.csiro.au/view/journals/dsp_journals_pip_abstract_Scholar1.cfm?nid= 188&pip=EN12159
3-87 The SOLAS News Issue 15 (Summer 2013) contains scientific articles relating to many of the MTS themes. Each theme is at a different stage in its implementation, but there is a major amount of scientific activity ongoing and planned: • Sea-ice biogeochemistry and interactions with the atmosphere Recent activities of the MTS on sea-ice are intrinsically linked to SCOR WG 140, co-chaired by Jacqueline and Nadja Steiner. Their first unofficial meeting took place during the SOLAS OSC 2012 in the United States. The Full Members met officially for the first time virtually via Skype in Dec. 2012 and they had their first in-person meeting in March 2013 at the Gordon Research Conference on Polar Marine Science in Ventura, California, USA. They met in plenary and in task groups, TG1 on Methodologies and intercomparisons, led by Lisa Miller and Lynn Russell; TG2 on Data collection, led by Klaus Meiners and Martin Vancoppenolle; and TG3 on Modelling, led by Nadja Steiner and Clara Deal. TG1 has 3 primary goals: 1) The methodological survey is well underway, over 100 pages to be submitted to the e-journal Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene-Oceans by the end of summer: 2) for the intercomparison of methods, the idea is to bring ice cores back from the field, to set up the scene to have lab/ice-tank studies and ice camp: 3) either a biogeochemistry section of a guide of best practices is planned to be added to the next edition of Hajo Eicken’s sea-ice methods book or a type of ‘living’ on-line document will be produced. TG2 has 2 primary goals. For the first, the group started to produce data inventories. The first dataset on Chl-a from Antarctica has been published Meiners et al. GRL 39, 2012, doi:10.1029/2012GL053478; from the Arctic, Michel and Gosselin are collating the data. Other parameters such as POC/N, DOC/N, nutrients, temperature and bulk salinity will be added to the dataset at some point after a person is hired to do the task. For the second goal, the standardized data-collection protocol will be written into the review of the TG1 and/or the manual of best practices. TG3 has four primary goals. 1) A short paper/report will be written by modelers to help observationalists to better understand what kind of data and variables modelers need. 2) An overall review paper on the ‘Role of sea ice in global biogeochemical cycles: emerging views and challenges’ has been published in Quaternary Science by Vancoppenolle et al. (2013). Some more review papers on major biogeochemical processes are being discussed (DIC-system, Fe and nutrient distribution, light penetration, algal release from ice, ice-atmosphere coupling). 3) Four different 1D-intercomparison exercises were identified (L. Tedesco): general phytoplankton, DMS, physical ice-ocean, ice-atmosphere: long time-series data sets are being identified for this exercise. 4) Link to regional modeling and global Earth system models: there is a strong link with activities within the AOMIP/FAMOS program. WG 140 will meet two or three additional times; the next meeting is likely to take place in March 2014 in Hobart, Tasmania, in conjunction with the IGC sea-ice symposium. It was identified that small workshops would facilitate the progress of the MTS and in preparing for fieldwork. Linkages are in place with BEPSII and OASIS (http://oasishome.net/). OASIS will be endorsed by SOLAS in the coming months.
3-88 In a near future the leader of the MTS will approach the WCRP core project CliC (http://www.climate-cryosphere.org/) and look into the MOSAiC initiative (Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of the Arctic Climatehttp://www.mosaicobservatory.org/index.html). • Atmospheric control of nutrient cycling and production in the surface ocean In Dec. 2010, an EU COST Action 735-funded workshop took place in Istanbul, Turkey on “Atmospheric versus land based controls of nutrient cycling and production in the surface ocean: from fieldwork to modelling” (coord. C. Guieu and B. Salihoglu). After a set of rejections by Science, Nature Geosciences and PNAS, the authors of what is now more a research paper and includes new model runs envision to submit it to Global Biogeochemical Cycles (Guieu C., O. Aumont, A. Paytan, L. Bopp, C.S. Law, N. Mahowald, E. P. Achterberg, E. Marañón, 2013, Complex biological responses to atmospheric deposition in Low Nitrate Low Chlorophyll regions of the ocean). Another clear outcome of this long publishing process is the birth of a new community composed of modellers and observers. Another product related to this theme and supported by SOLAS was a review paper was published in Nature Geosciences, as an outcome of the IGBP/SCOR Fast Track Initiative ’Upper Ocean Nutrient limitation: processes, patterns and potential for change’. Moore et al., 2013, Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation, Nature Geoscience, doi:10.1038/ngeo1765. Finally, this MTS theme was largely covered in chapter 4 ‘Ocean-Atmosphere interactions of particles’ of ‘Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles’, which marked the end of COST Action-735. Lead Authors: G. de Leeuw and C. Guieu. Contributing authors (alphabetical): A. Arneth, N. Bellouin, L. Bopp, P. Boyd, H. Denier van der Gon, K. Desboeufs, F. Dulac, C. Facchini, B. Langmann, N. Mahowald, E. Maranon, C. O’Dowd, N. Olgun, E. Pulido-Villena, M. Rinaldi, E. Stephanou, T. Wagener. With regard to conferences, two session topics under the theme ‘ocean and Atmosphere’ of the Goldschmidt 2014, CA, USA, June 9-13 are relevant to the MTS: ‘Atmospheric nutrient supply to the surface ocean’ and ‘Ocean acidification, nutrient availability and impact on ecosystems’. Six national projects have been endorsed by SOLAS are related to this MTS. To achieve further progress, small thematic workshops on some hot topics, such as dust/ashes impacts, could be envisioned. The MTS leaders will get in contact with the bioGEOTRACES (http://www.geotraces.org/science/biogeotraces,) leaders (Phil Boyd, Carol Robinson and Maite Maldonado), especially on the dust/ash topic. • Air-sea gas fluxes at Eastern Boundary upwelling systems In the context of the EUR-OCEANS Flagship, Ivonne Montes started a post-doctoral fellowship in Sept. 2011 between Toulouse, Lima, and Kiel on this theme and will continue for an additional year at GEOMAR Kiel until September 2014. The ESA OceanFlux ‘upwelling’ project is progressing well (see later section). A series of field studies have been carried out: 1) the East South Pacific Cruises Meteor, German SFB754, Oct. 2012-March 2013. All cruises have been completed with great success; 2) a very successful SOPRAN Meteor cruise off Peru in Dec. 2012; 3) mesocosm experiments off Peru, between Feb. and Apr. 2015; 4) AMOP Mooring deployment carried out on Jan. 5, 2013. The mooring will be in place for 3 years; 5) Mooring site
3-89 visit by R/V Olaya or R/V Humboldt in summer 2013; 6) AMOP Cruise hopefully early 2014, R/V L’Atalante and Olaya together; 7) Training of Peruvian students: On the road course, ONTROC, IMARPE(?)-IGP-GEOMAR-LEGOS, 6 days between Feb. and Apr. 2014 in Lima, Peru. Activities are underway to set up a meteorology and oceanographic station at Hormigas Islands (OceanSITES). The station is located close to the AMOP mooring. There is already a lighthouse at the site. A successful workshop sponsored by SOLAS, IRD/LEGOS, SOPRAN and IGP took place at IGP in Nov. 2012 entitled “Towards an integrative regional coupling in the EBUS”. It was co-organised by Ken Takahashi, Veronique Garcon and Boris Dewitte. A wide range of physical and biogeochemical topics were covered and a one-day series of talks for Peruvian students took place on the 28th. A SCOR Working Group proposal has been submitted on microbial biogeochemistry of low oxygen waters (OMZ mainly EBUS and coastal hypoxia) led by Sean Crowe from the University of British Columbia. The proposal is highly interdisciplinary, gathering biogeochemists, microbial oceanographers, modellers and physical oceanographers. Regarding the future plans, there will be 1) a plenary lecture on deoxygenation at the EUR-OCEANS Hot topics Conference in Las Palmas, Spain, 6-8 Nov. 2013; 2) session during the IMBER Open Science Conference in Bergen, Norway, 23-27 June 2014; and 3) a theme on Ocean Deoxygenation “Losing breath in the Ocean: what is next?’ at the 46th Liege colloquium, 5-9 May 2014, Liege, Belgium. With regard to interaction between SOLAS, CLIVAR and IMBER, some discussions took place between Véronique Garçon and Ken Drinkwater from Bergen (CLIVAR SSG member and IMBER SSC member) to join forces on this MTS. Indeed, CLIVAR and IMBER have formed a group around a research opportunity on upwelling about a year ago and a report was written and presented by Drinkwater at the CLIVAR SSG meeting, early May 2013, Kiel, Germany. CLIVAR interest lies in the lack of resolution in the GCMs in upwelling areas that leads to biases in those GCMS and the role of large-scale circulation and its effects on upwelling variability. IMBER’s interest lies into the influence of upwelling on biogeochemistry and ecology in these regions. The leader was recently encouraged to contact GEOTRACES members and leaders of the PICES Working Group on North Pacific Climate Variability and Change (No. 27) chaired by Mike Foreman, Shoshiro Minobe and Emanuele Di Lorenzo. • Ship plumes: impacts on atmospheric chemistry, climate, and nutrient supply to the oceans A paper from Hasselloev et al. 2013 accepted in GRL informed that shipping contributes to ocean acidification, according to the global model study. Pre-2012 attempts to engage the ocean science community to focus on this topic were not so successful, although atmospheric scientists are interested. Recently, some projects on ship emissions, pollution and climate started, such as Clean North Sea Shipping and MeSMarT. A postdoc just started to work on impacts of ship emissions on the ocean at the Ocean University of China (Gao, Yao). • Ocean-derived aerosols: production, evolution and impacts A workshop took place in Raleigh, North Carolina on 4–6 June 2012 on “Status and prospects of sea spray aerosol research”. A summary paper from the workshop was accepted in Atmospheric Science Letters. Some recommendations were to ensure that the terminology is consistent among oceanographers, atmospheric scientists, etc., to create a size‐resolved sea salt aerosols (SSA)
3-90 observational database that includes composition, number concentration, etc. and to improve communication between interdisciplinary fields. A SOLAS workshop took place in Kiel, Germany, on 11–13 Dec. 2012 on ‘Marine polymer’, during which many questions were asked related to the “gel theory of marine aerosols”. The products of the meeting are not yet available. A SCOR WG 141 on Sea‐Surface Microlayers, started in 2013, will contribute to the SOLAS MTS on ocean‐derived aerosols. The group met at EGU in April 2013 but there is not yet a summary report from the meeting. Several field experiments have been planned and/or discussed: 1) WACS II, Western Atlantic Climate Study II, 17 days if ship time on RV Atlantis between Miami and Barbados with 30 scientists onboard in April-June 2014 with the goals to generate and characterize nascent SSA, simultaneously characterize the surface seawater properties and assess the relationships between SSA OC and ocean DOC and POC. 2) The PEGASO project (Plankton-derived Emission of Gases and Aerosols in the Southern Ocean) led by Rafel Simo has been funded. Its core activity is an oceanographic expedition to the Southern Ocean aimed at studying plankton production of aerosols and seeking evidence for biological influence in cloud waters. The cruise will be in Nov.-Dec. 2014 for 42 days. 3) The CORMORANT project (Cumulus Ocean Radiation Measurement Over a Natural Tropical Site), proposal was submitted to US DoE. The study area would be the Galapagos Islands, with field campaigns in Aug.-Sept. 2016 and March-Apr. 2017. The project scientific questions of relevance to SOLAS are the following: What is the relationship between boundary layer clouds, aerosols, air-sea fluxes and upper ocean properties around the relatively pristine region of the Galapagos? What are the effects of biological and organic sources of aerosols associated with ocean upwelling near the Galapagos on CCN and the evolution of clouds? How does the vertical structure of the boundary layer change with strong variations in the SST and air-sea fluxes about the Galapagos and what is the impact on cloud properties. 4) the SOCRATES project (Southern Ocean Cloud, Rain/Radiation, Aerosol Transport Experimental Study) between New Zealand and Antarctica is likely in Jan.-Feb. 2018. The scientific questions related to SOLAS are the following: Why do models systematically under-predict cloud cover over the Southern Ocean, particularly on the pole-ward side of the storm tracks? What processes determine the concentrations of cloud-forming aerosols, cloud droplets and ice crystals over the Southern Ocean? The project is seeking endorsement from SOLAS. SOLAS Open Science Conference 2015 Plans for the OSC15 are well underway. The OSC15 will take place in Kiel, Germany at the Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet zu Kiel during the week of 14-18 September 2015. Advantages are that Kiel is easy to access internationally though Hamburg airport and a good shuttle services to Kiel in 1h-1.5h, hotels can be found in different price categories (from 50 to 120 euro per night), and it is a maritime environment where GEOMAR is located. The conference venue would be the University of Kiel. The capacity of the rooms available ranges from 20 to 800 seats. The meeting rooms are fully equipped, with space for poster boards, registration, and catering in the same building. The venue is not far from the centre of Kiel and good bus connections are available. The local organising committee (LOC) has been formed and is composed of Hermann Bange (GEOMAR), Gernot Friedrich (Univ. Kiel), Christa Marandino (GEOMAR), Birgit Schneider (Univ. Kiel) and Emanuel Soeding (Future Ocean Cluster of Excellence Kiel).
3-91 The SOLAS OSC15 will be taking place in conjunction with two major events 1) the SOPRAN final meeting, to take place on the Monday, Sept. 14 (a day before the start of the OSC15) and 2) the OSC15 will be part of the Future Ocean Cluster of Excellence semester theme on “Processes at Ocean Interfaces: from science to society’. The OSC15 is one of the events of this summer theme; significant funding will then be dedicated to the OSC15. The Scientific Organising Committee will be composed of the SOLAS SSC and one member of the LOC. The first announcement was released in the SOLASnews Issue 15 in June 2013. International SOLAS Summer School 2013 (http://mel.xmu.edu.cn/solassummerschool/) The 6th SOLAS Summer School will take place for the first time in Xiamen, China, from 23 Aug. to 2 Sept. 2013, after five editions of the school being held in Cargese, Corsica, France. The 6th SOLAS Summer School (SSS) is continuing the format and styles of previous SSSs, with adaptation in terms of special sessions and practicals made to better suit the local facilities and settings. Things are on track for holding another successful SSS. This time again the Summer School benefits from the generous support from numerous Chinese and international sponsors, including SCOR. COST Action 735 In late 2006, SOLAS was awarded networking funds from the European Coordination in the field of Scientific and Technical Research office (COST) for a dedicated ‘Action’ 735 which seeks to develop global air-sea flux data sets of gases and aerosols. The SOLAS IPO administered the networking funds. The Action ended in October 2011 and to pull together its achievements, a final action event took place in November 2011 and a high-level textbook for publication in 2013 is currently underway. The book is entitled “Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles” and will be published by Springer. Information written on the Springer page: http://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/earth+system+sciences/book/978-3642-25642-4 Arguably the only book dealing with exchange of energy including heat, chemicals and biological organisms across the interface between ocean and atmosphere First synthesis of a set of disparate topics into a coherent treatment of the exchange of matter across the sea surface Deals with a very important topic required for an understanding of how the earth system operates The oceans and atmosphere interact in a myriad of ways, including the exchange of energy including heat, chemicals and biological organisms across the interface between the two media. In this book the leading experts in this field internationally provide a state of the art account of these exchanges, particularly concentrating on the exchange of chemicals. They examine how gases and particles formed in the oceans affect the chemistry and physics of the atmosphere when they move from ocean to atmosphere. They also demonstrate how material deposited into
3-92 the oceans from the atmosphere affects the biogeochemistry of the oceans. The mechanisms by which these exchanges occur is critically presented. One chapter is devoted to the role of oceans in the uptake of natural and manmade CO2 examining the ocean as a source of greenhouse gases CH4 and N2O to the atmosphere. The final chapter shows the role that atmosphere-ocean interactions play in earth systems science. Keywords Atmosphere ocean interaction - Biogeochemistry - COST 735 - Chemical Exchanges - SOLAS - Trace gases - air-sea interface Chapter 1: Short-lived trace gases in the surface ocean and the atmosphere Chapter 2: Transfer across the air-sea interface Chapter 3: Air-sea interactions of natural long-lived greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CH4) in a changing climate Chapter 4: Ocean-Atmosphere interactions of particles Chapter 5: Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS science. Cost of the book: 53.45 euro Fast-Track Initiatives In May 2009, IGBP launched two fast-track initiatives (FTIs) proposed by SOLAS and other IGBP core projects. Both FTIs were co-endorsed by SCOR and both came to an end in 2011. The FTI publications appeared in 2012/2013. Megacities and the Coastal Zone: air-sea interactions (2009-2011). Scientific coordinators: Roland von Glasow (UEA, UK) and Tim Jickells (UEA, UK). As the world’s population and urbanisation increase simultaneously, so does the number of cities with over 10 million inhabitants – megacities. Many megacities, such as Mumbai and Los Angeles, are located in coastal regions. This juxtaposition leads to particular environmental consequences that have a direct impact on the health and prosperity of people living in and around such cities. The environmental and ecological effects of the alteration of coastlines and input of sewage from cities have received much attention over the years. But the effect of urban atmospheric emissions on the adjacent coastal waters and that of emissions from coastal waters on urban air quality have received lesser attention. The results of the workshop held in Norwich, UK in April 2010 were presented via a poster at the IGBP Planet Under Pressure conference, in March 2012, London, UK; at the SOLAS OSC2012, in May 2012, Washington State, USA and via an oral presentation at the EGU, April 2012, Vienna, Austria. A paper from the workshop was recently published in AMBIO: von Glasow R et al. (2012) Megacities and Large Urban Agglomerations in the Coastal Zone: Interactions Between Atmosphere, Land, and Marine Ecosystems. /AMBIO/, doi: 10.1007/s13280-012-0343-9
3-93 Upper Ocean Nutrient Limitation: processes, patterns and potential for change (20092011). The scientific coordinators are Mark Moore (NOCS, UK) and Matt Mills (Stanford Univ., USA). A workshop took place in Southampton, UK on 3-5 Nov 2010 to address the FTI-specific goals. An outcome of this workshop is a review paper published in Nature Geoscience: Moore et al. (2013) Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation, Nature Geoscience. doi:10.1038/NGE01765 Task teams SOLAS/IGAC Task Team: Halogens in the Tropsphere (HitT) The primary objective of the SOLAS/IGAC Halogens in the Troposphere task team (HitT) is to determine and quantify the importance of reactive halogen compounds in tropospheric chemistry and climate forcing. The goal of HitT is to facilitate international collaboration between laboratory, field, and model activities regarding tropospheric halogen chemistry especially in the following domains: polar regions, salt lakes, marine boundary layer (both remote and coastal), volcanoes, free troposphere, and urban areas. The co-chairs are Roland von Glasow (University of East Anglia, UK) and Ulrich Platt (University of Heidelberg, Germany). Everyone interested by the activities of this task team can subscribe to the HitT mailing list at http://www.hitt-task.net/ Activities of the past year: During the SOLAS OSC12 conference in Washington State, a discussion session took place on the "Climate impact of seasalt-derived Cl atoms" that explicitly focused on the importance of the reaction of the Cl atom with the greenhouse gas methane. A brief report was published in the SOLAS newsletter issue 14 (http://www.solasint.org/publications/latest-newsletter.html). A session contributing to the HitT Task team took place at the AGU Fall meeting, 3-7 Dec 2012, San Francisco, CA, USA. Session: A075: Tropospheric Chemistry and Tropical Oceans, Conveners: Rainer Volkamer, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Mitsuo Uematsu, Roland von Glasow. A workshop on Climate impact of seasalt-derived Cl atoms took place on 17-19 December 2012 at GEOMAR in Kiel, Germany, led by Roland von Glasow and Eric Saltzman. The workshop was co-sponsored by IGAC. The report and meeting minutes are available on the SOLAS website at http://www.solas-int.org/activities/task-teams.html. A session AS3.2 'Halogens in the Troposphere' was organised at EGU General Assembly, 7-12 April 2013, Vienna, Austria. Conveners: R. von Glasow, R. Sander, R. Volkamer, J. Plane and A. Saiz-Lopez. http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2013/session/11585. Polar session at DACA 2013, 8-12 July 2013, Davos, Switzerland http://www.daca13.org/program/index_EN.
3-94 Endorsed projects Over the reporting period, SOLAS endorsed one project:
DONUT-Dependence of Dissolved Organic matter cycling on atmospheric NUTrient inputs in the surface oligotrophic ocean. French project.
Information about obtaining support letters and endorsement are accessible on the new website. The endorsement submission forms and update reports will be shortly available on the SOLAS website. The submission form of the newly endorsed project and update reports received during the reporting period are available in an Addendum to this report. SOLAS- IMBER Carbon Group Much of the science of SOLAS Focus 3 overlaps with IMBER and thus a joint SOLAS/IMBER Carbon Group (SIC) was formed during a meeting held in Colorado in Oct. 2005. This group is working in close collaboration with International Oceanic Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP). The SIC group is currently subdivided into three working groups:
WG1-Surface Ocean Systems. Chair: Andrew Lenton (Australia) WG2-Interior Ocean. Chair: Nicolas Gruber (Switzerland) WG3-Ocean Acidification. Chair: Jim Orr (France) since Nov 2012
WG1-Surface Ocean Systems To document SOCAT, two papers in Earth Syst. Sci. Data were published in 2013, ‘ A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)’ by Pfeil et al. and ‘Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) gridded data products’ by Sabine et al.. The SOCAT version 2 (1968-2011) was released on 4 June 2013 at the ICDC9. It includes 10.1 million fCO2 data points from 2,660 cruises. A paper is in preparation by Bakker et al. in ESSD. SOCAT has been a huge community effort since 2007; there are more than 100 contributors and data providers with multiple sources of funding, but unfortunately no long-term funding. Scientific results using the SOCAT database have begun to be published, for example, Rödenbeck et al. 2013, Ocean Science and Schuster et al. 2013, Biogeosciences. The activity of the Global Carbon Project RECCAP 1990-2009, Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes also contribute to this WG1. RECCAP aims to establish the mean carbon balance of large regions of the globe at the scale of continents and large ocean basins, including their component fluxes by comparing and reconciling multiple bottom-up estimates with the results of regional top-down atmospheric inversions, with attribution to main flux components. As part of this project the ocean community, with input from more than 20 countries from different modelling and observational communities, has produced 5 papers, of which SOLAS/IMBER WG1 members have authored or co-authored 4 of the 5 papers. Results such as in Lenton et al. (2013), showing a revised estimate of global ocean uptake based on new wind products and a convergence between approaches at the annual mean and basin scales, were presented at the ICDC9. However, at seasonal and interannual timescales there is little agreement between models and approaches, particularly at high latitudes; there is still work to do in this area. It is therefore difficult to say much about robust trends and longerterm changes in key areas such as the Southern Ocean. There is a critical need for ongoing observations. Plans for RECCAP2 were discussed at ICDC9. There will be a joint session between the WG1 and WG2 of SIC and IOCCP on ‘the ocean carbon cycle at a time of change:
3-95 Data syntheses, analyses and modelling’ at the IMBER Open Science Conference Future Oceans, 23-27 June 2014, Bergen, Norway. A small initial meeting sponsored by SOLAS took place as a side event at the ICDC9 in Beijing to start planning on the comparison of pCO2-based ocean CO2 flux estimates. The event was organized by C. Rödenbeck. Discussions are underway about a potential meeting or side-meeting (e.g., IMBER 2014) to discuss the Southern Ocean and the detection of change in the marine biogeochemistry and the carbon cycle to contribute to the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS). Regarding future plans, it was mentioned that the WG1 would like to meet in person in the next year, maybe at the 2014 Ocean Sciences meeting in Hawaii. Geoengineering is also increasingly discussed, with significant implications, analogous to volcanic eruptions, for which surface ocean feedbacks can be large. SIC WG1 may be able to contribute in a positive way to understanding this issue. WG1 plans on having a closer integration with WG3 given that many of expected changes with ocean acidification such as ecosystem structure, nutrient cycling and carbon uptake will be seen in the surface ocean. WG2-Interior Ocean The members of WG2 met in Salt Lake City in Feb. 2012 and their next meeting is scheduled to take place at Ocean Sciences 2014. The global synthesis of the repeat hydrography initiative is progressing since 2009, but slower than originally planned; participants have encountered some data quality control issues. The next steps of the group with regard to reaching the objective of the synthesis (to determine the global-scale oceanic accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 since the 1990s) are to create an ad-hoc steering committee to oversee and coordinate the synthesis (Tanhua, Ishii, Mathis and Gruber), to have a small workshop at the ICDC9 in Beijing in June, to propose sessions at Ocean Sciences 2014 and at IMBER OSC 2014, to organize a large workshop for Ocean Science 2014 and have the synthesis completed by mid-2014. Other activities of the group lie in Oxygen+ on Argo, which had a special session at Ocean Sciences meeting in Feb 2012. A SCOR working group on sensor calibration was accepted, led by Arne Körtzinger (Germany) and Ken Johnson (USA). WG3-Ocean Acidification The most recent annual meeting from the group was on 13 May 2013 in Villefranche sur mer and 14 May 2013 in Monaco, supported financially by SOLAS. The SIOA proposed a central office as key to communicate, promote, and facilitate international OA research. The International Coordination Centre for Ocean Acidification Research (OA-ICC) is funded via IAEA and has been running since Jan. 2013. The Scientific Coordinator is Jim Orr, the Project Officer is Lina Hansson, and the programme manager is Michel Warnau. The office has an initial duration of three years. Its tasks are to implement overarching activities to accelerate advances internationally and avoid unnecessary duplication. A communication assistant is to be hired and a data curator to be hired and located in China. www.oceanunderstress.com, www.iaea.org/nael/OA-ICC, oceanacidification.wordpress.com The activities of the center are to 1) Develop global observation network, leader Dick Feely; 2) Promote joint platforms and facilities, leader Ulf Riebesell;
3-96 3) Develop collaboration between natural and social sciences, leader Jelle Bijma; 4) Promote exchange of students and postdocs, leader Jelle Bijma; 5) Intercomparison exercises, leader Minhan Dai; 6) Joint ocean acidification experiments, leader Jim Barry; 7) Promote best practices in OA research, leader Jean-Pierre Gattuso; 8) Online bibliographic database, leader Jean-Pierre Gattuso; 9) Data management, leader Jean-Pierre Gattuso; 10) Capacity building, leaders Lisa Robbins and Nelson Lagos 11) Information sharing and communication, leaders Dan Laffoley and Carol Turley. A side event at 9th International Carbon Dioxide Conference, in Beijing, China on 3-7 June 2013 took place on ‘shaping tomorrow’s carbon cycle research: knowledge gaps, international collaboration, and funding priorities’. The side event was organized by the SOLAS-endorsed EU project CARBOCHANGE and the European Commission. The summary of the discussion and a brochure on EU carbon cycle projects produced by the European Commission are available at http://carbochange.b.uib.no/media-centre/public-outreach/ SOLAS Project Integration In mid-Feb. 2013, the SOLAS project Integration office in Norwich shut down. For the past 2 years the project integrator, Shital Rohekar, has worked with the aerosol community to assemble the available aerosol/rain data, which has been submitted to the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC). The database contains more than 1,200 data points and is available at http://www.bodc.ac.uk/solas_integration/implementation_products/group1/aerosol_rain/ OceanFlux three projects update: collaboration between ESA and SOLAS The European Space Agency (ESA) used funding from the project ‘support to science element (STSE) OceanFlux’ (STSE) to organise a topical conference entitled Earth Observation for Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions Science. ESA also led a special issue in Ocean Science/Biogeosciences Inter-Journal, closed in Jan 2013. ESA has 3 OceanFlux projects established in collaboration with SOLAS: 1) ‘Ocean-derived aerosols: production, evolution and impacts (OSSA)’ main leader Gerrit De Leeuw, ending 31 Oct 2013, http://oceanflux.fmi.fi; 2) ‘Air-sea flux of CO2 and other long-lived radiatively active gases’, main leader David Woolf ending 30 Nov 2013, http://www.oceanflux-ghg.org. The data processing system is online and will allow users to generate their own climatology using a huge selection of different model and EO datasets 3) ‘Air-sea gas fluxes at Eastern boundary upwelling and Oxygen Minimum Zone’, main leader Christoph Garbe, ending 31 Oct 2013, http://upwelling.eu/. The end of the OceanFlux projects coincides with topical workshops: Sea Spray aerosol workshop for the OSSA theme, 30 Sept. and 1 Oct. 2013 in Galway, Ireland and ‘air-sea Gas Flux Climatology, progress and future prospects’ for the themes on GHGs and upwelling, 24-27 Sept. 2013, in Brest, France. ESA is very interested in continuing the collaboration with SOLAS
3-97 though additional funding, depending on its budget. Possible future themes should be communicated to ESA in a near future. Long time series of multi-sensor, gridded, global satellite data sets are being put together, designed for climate scientists by an ESA activity named Climate Change Initiative. Early data sets are now available. An overview of the relevant data set is included in the SOLAS Newsletter issue 15 released in June 2013. Also, ESA is updating its science strategy document from 2006. Key science challenges in 5 Earth systems domains (one being ocean) that satellite data can contribute to solving have been identified. A writing team is currently updating the challenges; SOLAS feedback has been invited. The SOLAS MTS paper will be passed to the writing team for information. Input will be invited online (details to come in Sept.) and there will be a feedback session at the Living Planet Symposium (9-13 Sept. 2013 in Edinburgh). Christoph Garbe will represent SOLAS at the Symposium, supported by ESA/IGBP funds. Another new project (GlobCurrent) will start in the autumn on developing high-resolution ocean surface current information services for a wide variety of applications. Other SOLAS activities Additional activities involving an active IPO staff participation and/or use of SOLAS funding include the following: IGAC 2012 ‘Atmospheric Chemistry in the Anthropocene Conference’, Beijing, China on 1721 Sept. 2012. SOLAS partially sponsored two speakers. PICES 2012 Annual Meeting “Effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors in the North Pacific ecosystems: Scientific challenges and possible solutions”, Oct. 12-21, 2012, Hiroshima, Japan. SOLAS sponsored Lisa Miller and two invited speakers to the sessions 10 and 14. Workshop on ‘Towards an integrative regional coupling in the Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS)’ 26-28 Nov. 2012, Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), Lima, Peru Contribution to the SOLAS Mid-Term Strategy initiative on “Air-sea gas fluxes at Eastern boundary upwelling and Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) systems” Workshop on ‘Marine gels and their impact on atmospheric aerosol and cloud’, 11-13 Dec. 2012, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany. Co-sponsored by IGAC. Contribution to the SOLAS MidTerm Strategy initiative on “Ocean-derived aerosols: production, evolution and impacts” Workshop on HitT- Climate impact of seasalt-derived Cl atoms, 17-19 Dec 2012, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany. Co-sponsored by IGAC. Contribution to the SOLAS/IGAC Task Team HitT SOLAS communication SOLAS website: http://www.solas-int.org/ The new SOLAS website was launched in early November 2012. It is hosted in Germany and has a clearer navigation system. This website is mobile device-friendly and can host passwordprotected pages. All comments about it are welcomed by the IPO.
3-98 As a consequence of the staff shortage that occurred in 2012, it was decided at the SOLAS Executive Committee meeting in September 2012 that the project would issue only one newsletter per year from 2012 on instead of two. The issue 14 was published in September 2012 and focused on the SOLAS Summer School (SSS) 2011 and the Open Science Conference 2012; the scientific contributions were from former SSS students. Issue 15 was distributed in June 2013. It proposes a general update on various topics of SOLAS science and is organised by sections. The SOLASNews newsletter emailed to ~2000 scientists and airmailed to ~150 scientists mainly, from developing countries. Copies are held by the SOLAS IPO for distribution at SOLASrelevant conferences and meetings. The Newsletter is also available from the website. The SOLAS News is printed and airmailed from China courtesy of State Key Laboratory of Marine Environment Science, Xiamen University. Since issue 11, SOLAS also implemented an onscreen reader pdf version. Regarding publications, the COST 735 synthesis book is currently with the publisher Springer to formatted and released in 2013, and an article in Environmental Chemistry entitled ‘Evolving research directions in Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) science’ by Law et al. was published early in 2013 and describes the five SOLAS Mid-term Strategy themes. E-bulletins are sent to over 2000 SOLAS scientists roughly every 6 weeks and previous issues are archived on the website at http://www.solas-int.org/archive.html. The bulletins contain news from SOLAS, opportunities for meetings, abstract submission deadlines, recent publications, vacancies and news from relevant partner project and collaborators.
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4.0 OCEAN CARBON AND OTHER ACTIVITIES 4.1
IOC/SCOR International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, p. 4-1
Fennel
4.2
Symposia on The Ocean in a High-CO2 World, p. 4-13
Volkman
4.3
Other Activities 4.3.1 Data Publication Activity, p. 4-13 4.3.2 International Quiet Ocean Experiment, p. 4-14 4.4.3 IAPWS/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Committee on Seawater, p. 4-15
Costello Feeley Morozov
4-1 4.1
IOC/SCOR International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP)
Fennel
International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project Progress Report for SCOR, September 2013
The complexity of the marine carbon cycle and its numerous connections to carbon’s atmospheric and terrestrial pathways means that a wide range of approaches have to be used in order to establish carbon’s qualitative and quantitative role in the global climate system. The International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project coordinates this highly diverse set of activities and facilitates the development of globally acceptable strategies, methodologies, practices and standards, homogenizing efforts of the research community and scientific advisory groups, as well as integrating the ocean carbon science into globally integrated earth system observing networks. This report highlights the main activities of the IOCCP between September 2012 and August 2013.
Project Highlights The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) Project The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, http://www.socat.info/) was initiated by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, SOLAS and IMBER in April 2007 (IOCCP, 2007). SOCAT version 1 was made public in September 2011 and contains 6.3 million surface water fCO2 data from the global oceans and coastal seas originating from 1,851 cruises between 1968 and 2007. SOCAT version 2 was released on 4 June 2013 during a lunch-time side event at the 9th International Carbon Dioxide Conference in Beijing, China. SOCAT version 2 contains 10.1 million fCO2 data from 2,660 cruises and extends the data set to December 2011. New data in version 2 are mainly from the years 2006 to 2011. The data are available as recalculated fCO2 in individual cruise files and concatenated synthesis files, and as gridded fCO2 means. In addition to
4-2 the recalculated fCO2 data, the original CO2 data, as reported by the data provider, are available in the individual cruise files. All data products are citable using DOIs (digital object identifiers). Interactive, online data viewers (via a Live Access Server) enable easy interrogation and visualization of the SOCAT products. The SOCAT products can be downloaded in a variety of formats, including in Ocean Data View format. The SOCAT website provides access to all version 2 (as well as version 1) products and tools as downloadable files and interactive data viewers. The methods followed for creating version 2 closely follow those for version 1. Improvements include more consistent quality control and better documentation. The capabilities of the gridded data viewer have been expanded and include the SOCAT coastal mask. A manuscript, describing version 2, was recently submitted to Earth System Science Data (Bakker et al., 2013). The SOCAT Automation team continues to work with strong IOCCP support, on implementing an automated data submission and data quality control system. The aim is to reduce the effort required for data providers to submit data and more importantly for the SOCAT team to quality control and flag the data in order to make SOCAT sustainable. At present, much manual effort is needed to organize and reformat the data before it is even considered for quality control. The automated system will provide:
Automated data submission; Tools for initial quality control by data provider; An option to make original data public via CDIAC prior to SOCAT release.
Tools and functions in the automated system will include the following: Metadata entry and edit; Metadata checker (e.g. spelling); File upload with version tracking; Identification of columns; A range checker for data values; Computation of recommended fCO2; Preliminary WOCE flagging; Visualization and analysis; and Cross-over detection. The aim is to have the automated system ready by January 2014 and to have it fully operational for version 4. Initially large data providers will be invited to submit data via the automated system. The GLobal Ocean Data Analysis Product version 2 (GLODAPv2) The Global Ocean Data Analysis Product version 2 (GLODAPv2) is currently being assembled by some of the key members (~10) of the international marine CO2 community. With substantial help from IOCCP, the group met a couple of times over the past 12 months. This new global carbon data product aims at assembling all the existing interior ocean carbon data synthesis products into one harmonized data package. Specifically, the group is including the data from CARINA, GLODAP v1.1 and PACIFICA, and they will also add data from about one hundred "new" cruises to this collection. The key step in the approach is an extensive analysis of the quality and consistency of the available data. Among other things, this requires reassessing the adjustments derived for the GLODAPv1.1 product, primarily in order to harmonize conventions for bias correction of nutrients and oxygen,
4-3 but also performing more effective crossover identification following the development of the necessary software. In addition, consistency analysis of CFC data from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans included in GLODAPv1.1 was required. The majority of this work had been carried out during the two workshops. The time at the workshop was also dedicated to agreeing to or discarding suggested bias adjustments, settling on the final format of the product and planning the details of the GLODAPv2 schedule. GLODAPv2 will likely be ready late in 2013 and it's foreseen that it will evolve into a routine effort, with regular releases of updated versions in the future. Once released the GLODAPv2 will strongly improve data access for scientists interested in the ocean interior carbon variables. Potential applications include carbon budgets, studies of seasonal, inter-annual and decadal variations in ocean interior carbon variables and of the processes driving these. The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Panel (GO-SHIP) A global reoccupation of the GO-SHIP hydrographic sections was recently completed. The global reoccupation was completed in a 10-year timeframe beginning in the Atlantic Ocean in 2003 and finishing in 2013 with the completion of the high latitude Southern Ocean Indian sections (S04I and P14S). With that, the international community is now planning the next decade of global repeat surveys. The IOCCP SSG and the GO-SHIP panel agreed that IOCCP should stay involved in coordination of global repeat hydrography at a planning and negotiating level. The IOCCP and the GO-SHIP panel have jointly submitted a town-hall session proposal for the Ocean Sciences Meeting in 2014 to discuss the future of global repeat hydrography with the community. Also, with the completion of the global survey, the GO-SHIP committee is now working with CCHDO to undertake an audit of repeat sections completed and data availability at CCHDO. This is coordinated by Bernadette Sloyan (IOCCP) and Steve Diggs (CCHDO). The GO-SHIP committee held several teleconference meetings in 2012 and 2013, mainly organized by Maciej Telszewski. Much of these discussions centered on completion of the program plan and defining the role of and funding sources for a GO-SHIP-dedicated coordinator. Over the past 3 years, GO-SHIP has demonstrated that without global coordination for planning and implementation of sections, significant gaps and duplications arise, and most sections do not measure the full suite of core variables. A program coordinator is needed to provide international coordination and implementation. Working with an international scientific steering committee, the program coordinator would be responsible for facilitating data release and sharing, and data management; facilitating collaborations to ensure that the full suite of core variables are measured on each cruise; providing technical support for meetings of the scientific steering committee; working with the other observing system components to harmonize and integrate observations and data streams; and serving as a central communications and information forum for the hydrographic community. In parallel to the above discussions, Matthieu Belbeoch (JCOMMOPS) was actively pursuing the JCOMMOPS’s Ship Coordinator position. The GO-SHIP committee met in late 2012 to discuss
4-4 the option of the JCOMMOPS Ship Coordinator filling some GO-SHIP coordinator goals based on partial financial support for this position provided from the GO-SHIP community. This process was concluded with Martin Kramp taking up the position in the first quarter of 2013. The Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) The foundations for a worldwide initiative to collect, collate and interpret information on ocean acidification and its effects were established at the first Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) workshop held in June 2012 at the University of Washington, Seattle (described in last year’s report). The fundamental premise of GOA-ON is that management requires measurement: assessment of the biogeochemical, ecological and societal importance of ocean acidification needs field data on relevant chemical and biological variables at local, regional and global levels, with associated capacity building. To ensure data quality and comparability, a structured system based on common standards is required. An equally important need is for subsequent information synthesis, to assist policy-making through research products and modelbased projections of future potential impacts. The second international workshop of the GOA-ON (described in more detail in the Workshops and Meetings section) amongst other things aimed at drafting the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Plan and developing a governance structure to achieve the implementation of this plan. The IOCCP, due to its long experience in coordinating the global ocean carbon observations was asked to lead these two efforts. Five members of the IOCCP were heavily involved in the meeting and are active members of the network. The Observing Plan will be distributed in its draft form before the end of 2013. It will also include a governance structure based on discussions at two workshops held to date, as well as numerous electronic exchanges and virtual meetings amongst workshops’ organizers and participants. The Integrated Framework for Sustained Ocean Observing A key recommendation from the OceanObs’09 Conference held in Venice in September 2009 (www.oceanobs09.net) was for international integration and coordination of interdisciplinary ocean observations. The Conference was sponsored by many international and national ocean agencies, and attended by representatives of ocean observation programs worldwide. Based on impressive agreement among the many groups at the Conference and their strong desire to work collectively, the sponsors commissioned a Task Team to develop an Integrated Framework for Sustained Ocean Observing (hereafter referred to as the FOO). The FOO structure is such that the three Ocean Observing System Panels (Physics, Biology/Ecology and Carbon/Biogeochemistry) interact through virtual and in-person meetings to establish a set of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) which would then be promoted as fundamental measurements needed to address the current scientific and societal ocean/climate-related issues and enable funding of the interdisciplinary, integrated global ocean observing network (the improved, multidisciplinary GOOS). Each panel has a leader organization, which is tentatively tasked to consult the community and create a loose consortium of relevant and interested
4-5 organizations, helping to justify and negotiate the inclusion of certain parameters in the final list of EOVs. The IOCCP was asked by the Task Team to lead the Biogeochemistry Panel very early on in the Framework drafting process. The IOCCP SSG replied positively to this request but requested separate funding from GOOS/IOC for staff support and related activities. The seed money for limited staff support and activities ($13.5k and $16.5k respectively) in 2013 was received from GOOS in January 2013. Longer term and more substantial support is under negotiations. With that in mind the IOCCP SSG agreed to take on some coordination tasks for a wider range of biogeochemical parameters beyond inorganic carbon (coordination of designing and implementation of a large-scale observing network), in particular oxygen and nutrients, in order to play its role in the FOO. As a first step in this process, IOCCP decided to extend the SSG with two new members, each with an expertise in nutrient and oxygen observations, respectively. Michio Aoyama agreed to lead IOCCP’s efforts in nutrients coordination and joined the IOCCP SSG on 1 January 2013. IOCCP is still searching for an appropriate researcher to lead IOCCP’s oxygen efforts. Further to expanding the SSG, the IOCCP has been discussing (internally and externally) the details of its role in the FOO for the past two years. During the 8th Session, the first executive decisions on Framework implementation were finally taken. First, the panel approved the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the FOO’s Biogeochemistry Panel drafted during the Second Meeting of the GOOS Steering Committee (Tanhua and Telszewski attended) that took place on 25-27 March 2013 in Qingdao, China. IOCCP SSG members also agreed to join the FOO Panel. In the short term, the IOCCP SSG agreed to follow a 4-step work plan leading to the initial assessment of the existing observing network. The IOCCP will compile the available information on societal and scientific requirements regarding the marine biogeochemistry parameters necessary for inclusion into the FOO as EOVs. The IOCCP will then consult with programmatic and institutional partners on their requirements for the multidimensional feasibility assessment of the proposed parameters. It is important that observing, modeling and sensor/instrument developing communities are involved. The IOCCP will then lead the multidimensional feasibility assessment of the proposed parameters built on the FOO recommendations and summarize the results for inclusion into the Global Climate Observing System. Finally, the IOCCP will produce a summary publication of the multidimensional feasibility assessment of the marine biogeochemistry parameters necessary for inclusion into the FOO as EOVs.
4-6 Workshops and Meetings Coastal and Arctic Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) Quality Control Workshop, Seattle, USA, 2-4 October 2012. The need for a dedicated Coastal Group was recognized early in the formation of SOCAT, and a meeting was held in Kiel, Germany, in February 2009 (prior to the release of the LAS) to engage the coastal CO2 community. Results of that meeting are summarized in the report available from the SOCAT website. Since that time, coastal data QC was erratic, with some coastal sub-regions receiving more thorough attention than others. Select members of the SOCAT Coastal Regional Group met at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle, USA, 2-4 October 2012. The workshop was chaired by Maciej Telszewski (IOCCP) and Simone Alin (NOAA-PMEL) and attended by eighteen scientists from four countries. The Coastal group met with the developers of the Live-Access Server (LAS) tools to learn how LAS can be used in the quality control (QC) effort for SOCAT. The participants accessed the tools and software on the LAS via their own computers, downloaded data files for their regions, set up the shared QC environment, and worked through several exercises to demonstrate the system. The groups began working through the data sets for their region (flagging, determining which 2nd level QC tests may be applied, testing those, etc.). Significant progress was made in the QC of new submissions to the SOCAT database for the coastal region. Prior to the October 2012 meeting in Seattle, organizers identified nearly 900 cruises in the SOCAT database as at least partially coastal and in need of QC. This was attributed to the geographically scattered distribution of coastal carbon cycle scientists, and the SOCAT community felt that a meeting of the coastal working group, with active training in the SOCAT LAS and data QC procedures, would be a useful framework for engaging new participants with the SOCAT Coastal Group. The Seattle meeting was the first meeting of the Coastal Group since 2009, and the first since Simone Alin, Wei-Jun Cai, and Burke Hales were introduced as new coleaders of the SOCAT Coastal Group. Early plans for this meeting called for joint gathering of Arctic and Coastal groups; however, the small number of Arctic datasets and unavailability of SOCAT Arctic researchers at that particular time led organizers to focus on the Coastal Group. All new Arctic data sets (~20) were considered in the QC sessions. The meeting followed a pattern of plenary sessions interspersed with QC performed by meeting participants. The meeting was mainly intended to 1) familiarize the coastal QC group with the QC criteria; 2) provide hands-on training with the SOCAT LAS for contributors performing data QC; 3) define QC responsibilities; and 4) complete as much of the unfinished coastal data QC as possible during the meeting. In addition, the group discussed several possibilities for creating synthesis products, including simple bin-averaging of the coastal data, following the Chavez et al. (2007) effort for North American coastal waters. Hales presented results of the recent Hales et al. (2012) satellite
4-7 map/meta-model approach applied to North American Pacific coastal waters. Participants suggested that it made sense to proceed using the above approaches to estimating air-sea CO2 flux in coastal oceans first on a regional basis, to be followed by a subsequent global synthesis. There were informal agreements made to move forward with these efforts after the release of SOCAT v2, with the SOCAT Coastal Group leads (Hales, Alin, Cai) providing leadership in soliciting participation from scientists within sub-regions of the global coastal oceans and suggesting consistent spatial and temporal resolution to be applied across all regions to facilitate a later global synthesis. The NOAA-PMEL TMAP group agreed to provide support for this effort by testing different gridding approaches within the LAS system. The GLobal Ocean Data Analysis Product version 2 workshop, Bergen, Norway, 12-14 November 2012. The GLODAPv2 workshop took place at the Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway, 1214 November 2012. The workshop was sponsored by the IOCCP, the Fram – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment and the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen. Specific aims of the workshop and issues discussed were described earlier in this report, in the section dedicated to GLODAP version 2. Global Intercomparibility in a Changing Ocean: An International Time-Series Methods Workshop, St. George’s, Bermuda, 28-30 November 2012. With representation from 17 countries and 33 time series around the globe, the workshop brought together participants who had both an understanding of the scientific goals of their time series and ample hands-on experience with sample collection and analysis. The workshop opened with plenary talks that highlighted scientific insights derived from shipboard and fixed-point time series, as well as the logistical challenges of maintaining time series, particularly in developing countries. Participants then broke into nine smaller groups to discuss sampling and analytical protocols. Each working group comprised representatives from multiple time series and focused on a different set of biogeochemical parameters, including pigments; in-line (bow intake) measurements; conductivity, temperature, and depth parameters; inorganic macro- and micronutrients; biomass; carbonate system; primary and bacterial production rates; sediment trap fluxes; and organic matter. With a focus on sampling, standardization, nomenclature and data reporting, and quality assurance and control protocols, the working groups compared established methods and developed a consensus ranking of methods (optimal/good/acceptable) for each parameter. With the recognition that not all time series can easily adopt the optimal method for each parameter, working groups identified metadata (method details and descriptors) that would facilitate comparison of data derived from different methods. Working groups also discussed newly emerging technology that might improve data precision and accuracy in the future. In the interest of improving internal consistency within individual time series as well as data intercomparability across multiple time series, working groups highlighted ongoing community
4-8 intercomparison activities and devised simple, low-cost experiments to assess the efficacy of current sampling and analytical protocols. Suggested experiments and community intercomparison activities included seawater sample collection with repeat particulate sampling at regular time intervals to quantify the effects of particle settling and revisit sample extraction order if necessary, quantitative comparisons of chlorophyll extraction using different solvents, primary productivity incubation time (e.g., 12 versus 24 hours) comparisons, laser-based (flow cytometry) bacteria and phytoplankton cell count intercomparisons, nutrient intercomparison using both commercially available and secondary (internally calibrated) standards, and comparison of a suite of coulometric titration models being used for measuring dissolved inorganic carbon. More information (including the full workshop report) is available on the workshop Web portal (http://www.whoi.edu/ website/TS-workshop/), which will be gradually transformed into a Webbased global network of shipboard biogeochemical time series that will include detailed information about parameters being measured and methods being used for each time series. Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) side event: Release of Version 2 and Science Highlights, Beijing, China, 4 June 2013. The IOCCP organized a lunch-time side event at the 9th International Carbon Dioxide Conference (ICDC9) on 4 June 2013 to make SOCAT version 2 public. Around 60 participants joined the SOCAT team for this 2-hour session. Three SOCAT talks (SOCAT history, SOCAT version 2 release and SOCAT Future) were followed by three science talks on SOCAT applications. These concentrated mainly on global distribution of the ocean carbon sink and ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux. The session was concluded with an open discussion which concentrated on potential future additions to SOCAT. Sensor CO2 data, additional oceanic parameters, atmospheric parameters were of most interest to participants. SOCAT team will consider these suggestions in our future work. The Second International Workshop of the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network, St. Andrews, Scotland, 24-26 July 2013. The second international workshop of the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOAON) was convened in St. Andrews, Scotland, UK on 24-26 July 2013 with support from the IOCCP, the UK Ocean Acidification research programme (co-funded by NERC, Defra and DECC), the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre of the International Atomic Energy Agency, the UK Science & Innovation Network (co-funded by BIS and FCO), the UK Natural Environment Research Council, the US NOAA Ocean Acidification Program, the Global Ocean Observing System, the Integrated Ocean Observing System, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, the University of Washington and others. This international workshop continued to build and document an integrated global observing network for both carbon and ocean acidification that addresses the requirements of nations affected by this emerging environmental problem in response to societal needs. Participants from all over the world convened to discuss the vision and directions forward for the GOA-ON. Scientists from
4-9 the following countries participated: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Thailand, UK, and the USA. The workshop built upon progress made during the first international workshop to document the status and progress of ocean acidification in open-ocean and coastal environments, and to understand its drivers and impacts on marine ecosystems. A coordinated multidisciplinary multinational approach for observations and modeling is fundamental to establishing a successful research strategy for ocean acidification. This will hopefully facilitate the development of our capability to predict present-day and future responses of marine biota, ecosystem processes, biogeochemistry, and climate change feedbacks. Required research elements include regional and global networks of observations collected in concert with process studies, manipulative experiments, field studies, and modeling, to be carried out with close linkages to other global observing activities. Global and regional observation networks will provide the necessary data required to firmly establish impacts attributable to ocean acidification. The overarching goal of the meeting was to further refine the vision for the structure and evolution of the GOA-ON in shelf seas and coastal waters. The expected meeting outcomes included:
a more comprehensive vision of a global coastal and open ocean OA network, conceptualization of the ideal fixed observing node that contains chemical, physical and biologically relevant observations, ensuring that data from observing systems are relevant to modeling needs, creating a near-term priority list of geographic areas that are both “hot spots” for OA and are also under-observed, with an intention to create a plan to cover them, an international data sharing plan for OA observing data, development of a governance structure for GOA-ON, update of the draft Global OA Observing Plan developed as a result of the June 2012 Seattle workshop
The agenda covered such topics as the physical, chemical and biological variability of OA in different shelf seas and coastal waters (such as shelf seas, intertidal waters and estuaries, polar and tropical zones), and how to observe ocean acidification and its impacts in these very different zones. The meeting was a mixture of informational plenary talks to help frame the dialogue and breakout discussions designed to flesh out the specific details. The information shared in this workshop will be brought together with the report arising from the Seattle 2012 workshop, “Toward a Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network”, to provide a comprehensive Global OA Observing Plan, for wider sharing.
4-10 Project Office IOCCP Scientific Steering Group Meeting The Eighth IOCCP Scientific Steering Group meeting was held on 22-23 April 2013 at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK. Toste Tanhua (Chair, GEOMAR, Germany) was joined by members Are Olsen (UB, Norway), Alex Kozyr (CDIAC, USA), Richard Feely (NOAA, USA), Laura Lorenzoni (USF, USA), Ute Schuster (UEA, UK), Benjamin Pfeil (UB, Norway), and Michio Aoyama (JMA-MRI, Japan). Corinne Le Quere (Tyndall-UEA, UK) attended as a representative of the Global Carbon Project. Ed Urban (SCOR), Bernadette Sloyan (CSIRO, Australia), Masao Ishii (JMA-MRI, Japan), and Todd Martz (SIO, USA) were unable to attend. The full meeting report with specific action items stemming from presentations and discussions is available at http://www.ioccp.org/documents/meeting-reports. New IOCCP website Early in 2013, the IOCCP launched its new, completely re-designed website. In addition to updating the design, a complete technical change to incorporate the Content Management System (CMS) was implemented. This allows user-friendly administration of content by non-experts, including layout, volume and order of elements of the website. The CMS also allows for administrative access to analytical statistics allowing for assessment of usefulness of each element of the website. Aesthetic re-design of the IOCCP website brought it up to date with other research project’s websites. IOCCP’s outreach activities are not plentiful and the website should play an outreach role in the most effective way possible. Additional functionalities like a Jobs section, downloadable Calendar and a slider highlighting the most important events and actions should help IOCCP’s website become an information hub for international activities in marine biogeochemistry.
Future Directions IOCCP will execute specific actions (42 in total) developed during the Eighth Session of the Scientific Steering Group (22-23 April 2012, Norwich, UK, report available from IOCCP website: http://www.ioccp.org/documents/meeting-reports). In addition, more general actions will be taken to meet new challenges dictated by changing needs of marine biogeochemistry community. During the course of the next year IOCCP priorities will include the following. A Framework for Ocean Observing and the First Technical Workshop for Biology and Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry Panels, Townsville, Australia, 13-15 November 2013. The ocean observing community realized that quantifying the simultaneous impacts of multiple stressors on ocean ecosystems cannot be achieved without a truly multidisciplinary approach to observing. This requires re-thinking of many observing strategies and no doubt some compromises (within and across- disciplines) will have to be made in order to achieve a fit-for-purpose global ocean observing system. IOCCP with it’s mandate to coordinate ocean carbon and
4-11 biogeochemistry observations plans to play an active role in these discussions so that “our” future observing strategies are aligned with those proposed by colleagues concerned with physics and biology. Organized and funded by GOOS through its various funding pathways, the First Technical Workshop for Biology and Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry Panels, Townsville, Australia 13-15 November 2013 will aim at establishing an enhanced information base across the multidisciplinary (biology, biogeochemistry and physics) range of ocean system components, which is an essential contribution towards critical policy development and management decisions on ocean and coastal resource sustainability. During this workshop we will be seeking advice from technical experts to assist us with:
identification of major scientific and societal challenges that require sustained ocean biology and biochemistry variable observations; identification of candidate ecosystem and biogeochemical Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs); clarification of the role of GOOS, IOCCP, OOPC and the biology panel in developing consensus requirements, coordinating observing networks, and promoting development of a data management system; monitoring activities and projects to practically implement the biological and biogeochemistry recommendations in the GOOS Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO), the Panel for Integrated Coastal Observation (PICO) Plan and the upcoming update of the Global Climate Observing System’s Implementation Plan.
IOCCP Vision 2019 Four years after OceanObs’09 and six years before OceanObs’19, the IOCCP composed this Vision 2019 and plans to work on it throughout the next 12 months and beyond so that it becomes a more firm, long-term action plan halfway through the inter-sessional period of the OceanObs series. Vision 2019 is a result of a long brainstorming session lead by IOCCP Chair during the last SSG meeting. The session aimed at drafting a list of actions and activities that the community needs to take in order to progress with an overall goal of better understanding the recent and future changes in marine biogeochemistry. At the moment our Vision consists of a “laundry list of general and specific recommendations for action divided in three categories: (i) deliverables needed for more complete understanding of marine biogeochemistry, (ii) data-related issues and (iii) specific activities in 2013-2014 and beyond that could address (i) and (ii).
4-12 (i) IOCCP Vision 2019 deliverables
Decadal rate of change in ocean acidification (regional and global) Trends in nutrient supply to the surface waters Ocean interior oxygen distribution Rates of deoxygenation Regional and global rates of carbon storage and uptake Rate of shallowing of carbonate (e.g. aragonite) saturation state depth Regional and global fluxes of carbon and their changes N2O fluxes/concentration changes N-fixation (processes) Denitrification (processes) N/P ratio changes in deep water Particle flux/remineralization depths Improvement in the spatial resolution of observations Improvement in the temporal resolution of observations Improvement in the accuracy of measurements Better understanding of uncertainties Community debate on the use of proxy parameters
(ii) IOCCP Vision 2019 data needs
Further streamlining data flows (formats, protocols) Relational database Early submission of encrypted data for quality control by community-agreed tools rather than submission several years after data collection Development of a worldwide requirement for addition of uncertainty estimate in data and data products Development of quality-control procedures for sensor data Development of calibration procedures for autonomous sensors Creation of an international ocean interior data quality assessment group Regular updates to data synthesis products
(iii) IOCCP Vision 2019 implementation plans
2nd GOA-ON workshop in St. Andrews, Scotland Fall 2013 EOV/FOO/Vision’19 workshop in Townsville, Australia Sensors Workshop or Summer School in 2014 Town-hall on repeat hydrography data and observations at the Ocean Sciences Meeting (OSM) 2014 Town-hall on EOVs at the OSM 2014 Time Series session at the OSM 2014
4-13
SOCATv3 public release event in 2014 3rd GOA-ON workshop to be organized in 2014/2015 Follow-up on the Time Series workshop held in late 2012, with specific focus on instruments and sensors
4.2 Symposia on The Ocean in a High-CO2 World (SCOR/IOC/IGBP) Volkman From the Third Symposium, a special issue of Biogeosciences is underway. Three papers have been published so far (see http://www.biogeosciences.net/special_issue129.html), with another 22 papers in some stage of review (see http://www.biogeosciencesdiscuss.net/special_issue104.html). The International Geosphere – Biosphere Programme is leading development of a Summary for Policymakers by the International Planning Committee for the symposium, which should be completed later this year. The following paper was published in Oceanography magazine in early 2013 Urban, E.R. Jr., and R. Boscolo. 2013. Using scientific meetings to enhance the development of early career scientists. Oceanography, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.16. This paper suggests approaches that could be used in any scientific meeting to help early-career scientists. It is based on experiences from the symposium and from the 2011 Open Science Conference of the World Climate Research Programme. The SCOR Executive Committee will make a final decision at the SCOR Executive Committee meeting regarding SCOR’s potential role in a fourth symposium in 2016.
4.3
Other Activities
4.3.1 Data Publication Activity Costello What was to become the SCOR/IODE initiative on data publication started in December 2006 at the Second SCOR Summit of International Marine Research Projects (see http://www.scorint.org/Project_Summit_2/ProjCoord2.htm). The meeting brought together representatives of most large-scale international ocean research projects (e.g. SOLAS, GEOTRACES, IMBER, GLOBEC, etc.). The meeting considered what constituted the major barriers to data sharing and greater data submission to national and global databases, and identified a need to create better approaches to ensure that scientists get credit for releasing their data and increased credit for use of their data by others. To this aim, the meeting recommended that SCOR form a Panel on Ocean Data Publication and Incentives. SCOR and the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) formed an informal group to address this topic. The MBLWHOI Library, British Oceanographic Data Centre, the Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCODMO), and U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also participate in the group, whose members meet annually.
4-14 A series of workshop reports have been produced from the group’s annual meetings:
IOC Workshop Report No. 207: http://www.iode.org/wr207 IOC Workshop Report No. 230: http://www.scor-int.org/Publications/wr230.pdf IOC Workshop Report No. 244: http://www.scor-int.org/Publications/wr244.pdf IOC Workshop Report No. 252: http://www.scor-int.org/Publications/wr252.pdf
Two pilot projects have been developed: 1. Creating data publications from existing and future holdings at national data centers. 2. Linking data to traditional journal publications. The group continues to present updates of its work to meetings of oceanographers, data centers, and library specialists. The most recent article aimed at an oceanography audience was published in Eos around the time of last year’s SCOR annual meeting: Urban, E., A. Leadbetter, G. Moncoiffe, P. Pissierssens, L. Raymond, and L. Pikula. 2012. Pilot Projects for Publishing and Citing Ocean Data. Eos 93:425-426. In 2013, the group published a “Cookbook” that presents information about how the approaches used by the pilot projects could be implemented more broadly by other institutions: Leadbetter, A., Raymond, L., Chandler, C., Pikula, L., Pissierssens, P., Urban, E. (2013) Ocean Data Publication Cookbook. Paris: UNESCO, 41 pp. & annexes. (Manuals and Guides. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 64), (IOC/MG/64)
This document is intended to be updated as more experience is gained from implementing its recommendations. Future work of the group will focus on helping new data publication sites become established. 4.3.2 International Quiet Ocean Experiment Feeley The International Quiet Ocean Experiment (IQOE) workshop in October 2010 concluded that there was sufficient interest in this topic to hold an open science meeting (OSM) to gauge community interest. The OSM was held in late August/early September 2011 (see http://www.iqoe-2011.org/) and a related Web site has been developed as a portal to literature and other information about sound in the ocean (see http://aquaticacousticarchive.com/). A draft science plan has been developed and is in review. Scientists in several countries are developing activities to implement the science recommended in the IQOE Science Plan. IQOE is co-sponsoring a workshop on “Predicting Soundfields—Global Soundscape Modeling to Inform Management of Cetaceans and Anthropogenic Noise”, which will be held in The Netherlands in early 2014. The purpose of the workshop will be to
Exchange, evaluate, and analyse soundscape modelling methodologies with a view to optimizing techniques and their transferability in order to increase the accessibility of
4-15
these methodologies to a wider range of researchers, governments, industry, and organizations; Examine and assess priority regions and the important sound sources within those regions for soundscape characterization, including specifying the human use and sound source characterization data that are necessary to model anthropogenic noise. Develop scientific recommendations and a two-year work plan for consideration by the IWC, IQOE and others to continue to develop, improve and apply these sound mapping tools to more global locations.
SCOR and POGO will consider the IQOE Science Plan and reviews at their annual meetings to determine whether to accept IQOE as a SCOR- and/or POGO-sponsored project. 4.4.3 IAPWS/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Committee on Seawater Morozov SCOR and partners formed a Joint Subcommittee on Seawater with IAPSO and the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This group is a follow-on to the SCOR/IAPSO Working Group 127 on the Thermodynamic Properties of Seawater. The Joint Subcommittee is a subgroup of the IAPWS Working Group Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam. It was launched at the IAPWS annual meeting at the end of September 2012. SCOR and IAPSO have approved a three-person Executive for the group and SCOR has provided some support for members of the Executive to attend IAPWS meetings to serve as liaisons.
Report on activities at JCS workshops, Greenwich UK Sept 2-3, 2013 The IAPWS has been having discussions with the Bureau international des poids et mesures (BIPM; the “keepers” of the SI) about collaborating on standards. JCS (and IAPWS) member Rainer Feistel has in the past attended meetings of the Consultative Committees on Temperature (CCT) and Amount of Substance (CCQM, confusingly), which handle temperature and chemistry issues, respectively. In addition, a top-level meeting took place between several IAPWS and BIPM executives in 2012. At this time BIPM suggested some joint workshops. Since seawater issues seemed a good place to start, JCS took over the responsibility for organizing and coordinating these workshops, which took place during the 16th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam (ICPWS16) in Greenwich, UK. These combined workshops would be useful to JCS for several reasons, one of which is that we would like to make oceanographic standards traceable to the SI. Robert Weilgosz (executive director of CCQM) was invited to give a plenary talk at the conference. One interesting point is that environmental needs are now part of the BIPM's vision statement (rather than a focus on just industry and regulation). Following this plenary presentation, there were three workshops: one on pH, one on salinity/density issues, and one on relative humidity. Each workshop was co-chaired by two JCS members; one of whom was primarily a research oceanographer or atmospheric scientist (Dickson, Pawlowicz, Hellmuth), and the other of which was more metrology-oriented and a BIPM representative (Spitzer and Seitz for CCQM, and Lovell-Smith for CCT). In addition, Stephanie Bell (chair of CCT's Working Group 6 on relative humidity) and Marti Heinonen (CCT) also participated. All JCS members managed to travel to Greenwich (including both industry reps), with the exception of
4-16 McDougall and Barker, and there was much discussion about sections of the Metrologia1 draft paper (which is now more than 100 pages in length), especially in pH and relative humidity (RH) where many issues are still being resolved. Each workshop began with a series of short presentations, chosen by Pawlowicz, followed by open discussion with reference to the immediate aims of JCS in that area. A list of tasks were decided on, as well as someone in charge of these tasks; JCS will endeavour to make sure they are completed! pH Workshop About 30 people attended this workshop, including many members of the Euromet ENV05 metrology program that included pH and several IAPWS members from National Metrological Institutes. Tasks decided on were the following: (1) Define a plausible artificial seawater matrix (based on TEOS-10 Reference Composition) both with and without sulfate, for new measurements in a way that may relate more easily to Absolute Salinity. (Stoica) (2) Write a more cookbook-like document to detail the creation of TRIS buffers (needed for pH calibration in seawater), expanding on the recipe in SOP6a in the CO2 Best Practices document (see Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L. and Christian, J.R. (Eds.) 2007. Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements. PICES Special Publication 3, 191 pp.). More widespread use of such buffers will make pH measurements more available to the wider community (NB – Dickson is currently able to provide small amounts of TRIS buffers on request). (Dickson and Stoica) (3) Investigate the possibility of tracing uncertainties in Pitzer-like models (required for full analysis of uncertainty if such models will be part of a pH definition) (Stoica) NB: D. Stoica is a member of ENV05 working on pH, but not a member of JCS. Salinity/Density Workshop About 25 people attended this workshop. It was generally felt that different groups were having trouble replicating measurements of, for example, the density of Standard Seawater, and part of this was because the correct method of using a commercially available Anton Paar density meter for accuracies smaller than its specification was not obvious. Tasks decided on were the following: (1) Investigate the linearity of the Anton Paar (using heavy water or NaCl solutions). (Wolf) (2) Develop a best practices guide for high-precision density measurements (perhaps to go to L&O: Methods or JOAT) by pooling collective experience (Pawlowicz) (3) Although Standard Seawater is an amazingly successful Practical Salinity standard, its utility for other purposes is not as clear because of the way the chemical composition can change in the bottles. Collective experience should be pooled about the chemical composition of SSW and its changes with age (journal article?). (Pawlowicz) 1
Metrologia is “the leading international journal in pure and applied metrology, published by IOP Publishing on behalf of Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM).” See http://iopscience.iop.org/0026-1394.
4-17 (4) Perform some laboratory intercomparisons of density measurements. (Wolf) NB: Wolf is not a member of JCS, but will likely replace Spitzer after Spitzer's retirement next spring; Wolf is leading the effort to get funding for a follow-on project. Relative Humidity Workshop The RH workshop had only 13 participants, but discussion was lively and technical. The RH section of the Metrologia draft in particular had not been progressing well, but these verbal discussions went a long way towards resolving several issues. Tasks decided on were the following: (1) Hold further meeting on the subject at BIPM (2) Write a technical report on the physical basis of RH to circulate among the members of CCT WG-6 to stimulate discussion (Hellmuth) (3) Develop software or at least a comprehensive set of equations to convert between the many different currently used definitions of RH (timelines and work packages by end of 2013, to lead to work to be presented at an MMC conference in Solvenia, Sept. 2014) (Hellmuth) Future BIPM collaboration Finally, there was a brief “general” meeting of JCS members and others at the end of the last workshop session. The tasks listed above were reviewed. In addition, discussion was held about how to continue. It was felt that IAPWS members (or effectively JCS members with IAPWS affiliations) should attend BIPM working group workshops next year (CCQM in April, CCT in June), and funding should be sought to facilitate such travel. Weilgosz is also keen on having an environmental focus to a CCQ conference in Nov 2014, but details of this are as yet unclear. R. Pawlowicz JCS chair, Sept 5, 2013
5.0
CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES
5.1
SCOR Committee on Capacity Building, p. 5-1
Ittekkot
5.2
SCOR Visiting Scholars, p. 5-5
Ittekkot
5.3
POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations, p. 5-7
Urban
5.4
NSF Travel Support for Developing Country Scientists, p. 5-15
Urban
5-1 5.0
CAPACITY-BUILDING ACTIVITIES
5.1 SCOR Committee on Capacity Building Ittekkot The 2006 SCOR meeting approved terms of reference for a SCOR Committee on Capacity Building, whose primary purposes are to oversee all of SCOR’s capacity-building activities and to help the SCOR Secretariat manage these activities. The approved terms of reference follow:
Provide direction for all of SCOR’s existing capacity-building activities: participation of scientists from developing countries and countries with economies in transition in SCOR activities, POGO-SCOR Fellowship Program, travel grants, and provision of reports to libraries in developing countries. Guide and assist SCOR Executive Director in development of new capacity-building activities, particularly the Regional Graduate Schools of Oceanography activity. Assist SCOR-sponsored projects in developing their capacity-building activities. Help SCOR arrange funding for existing and new capacity-building activities. Assist SCOR in interacting with regional and international groups related to capacity building in ocean sciences, such as the ICSU regional centers, START, IOC regional programs, etc.
The membership of the committee is designed to create a tight linkage with the SCOR Executive Committee. Since several members of the Committee on Capacity Building have rotated off the SCOR Executive Committee, the SCOR Executive Committee will discuss changes in the composition of the committee at the annual meeting. Chair: Venu Ittekkot (Germany) Other Members: Sükrü Besiktepe (Turkey) John Compton (South Africa) Missy Feeley (USA and SCOR Executive Committee) Ilana Wainer (Brazil) Jing Zhang (China and IMBER) Hal Batchelder (PICES) A subgroup of the committee can now meet in conjunction with annual SCOR meetings at little extra cost to SCOR, making it possible for any committee recommendations to SCOR to be acted on immediately. The committee will meet on 24 November in Wellington, just prior to the SCOR annual meeting, to review all SCOR capacity building activities. Venu Ittekkot and Ed Urban participated in a meeting funded by the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) in Shanghai, China in March 2013 to finalize the report to APN from an August 2012 meeting and to work on an article for a peer-reviewed journal about the need for new capacity-building approaches for ocean science projects. The draft article has been
5-2 completed and editors at Marine Pollution Bulletin are reviewing whether the article would be appropriate for this publication. A small workshop was held on 5-6 November 2012 at Henties Bay, Namibia to discuss capacity building in southern Africa. Representatives from international organizations (SCOR, IOC, POGO) and from Namibia and South Africa attended to share information about current activities and potential new activities. The meeting was hosted by the University of Namibia, to which SCOR has sent Kurt Hanselmann as a SCOR Visiting Scholar twice. The full report from the meeting is available at http://scorint.org/Capacity_Building/Regional_Graduate_Network_of_Oceanography_for_Southern_Afric a.pdf. The Executive Summary of the report follows.
Executive Summary A group representing both international organizations, and national and regional organizations, from Namibia and South Africa was hosted by the University of Namibia to discuss the possibilities for cooperation within the southern Africa region for ocean science education. Meeting participants developed the following findings and recommendations, which are presented in greater detail later in the report: 1, Status of Marine Science in the Region a. Finding: There is a need for more outreach in the region to recruit students to marine science and technology careers (based on needs assessment). a. Recommendation: Governments should assess their need for more ocean scientists and increase jobs at universities and government agencies, as needed. National institutions should consider conducting more activities to recruit high school and early undergraduate students to marine science careers. b. Recommendation: National universities and agencies should work together to identify needs for technical staff and ways to fill these needs. Technical training might be best done on a regional basis since the need for staff in any single country is small. The idea of a regional marine instrumentation center should be explored, as a place to train, calibrate equipment, etc. 2. Regional Approach to Ocean Science Education and Facilities a. Finding: A regional approach to graduate and technical education could improve marine science in the region. Sharing of ocean science facilities in the region could benefit all participating institutions. a. Recommendation: (1) An assessment of training needs should be conducted for the region by institutions in the region (based on discussions at the regional meeting recommended below). (2) Interested institutions should meet to create a needs assessment (based in part on the IOC needs assessment for Africa) and to discuss a series of steps
5-3 and a timetable to implement an RGNO. Contacts should be made with additional institutions in the region, besides the ones represented at the meeting 3. Role of International Organizations in Regional CB&D a. Finding: CB&D activities of SCOR, POGO, IOC, and development agencies of several countries have been important in southern Africa. a. Recommendations: SCOR, POGO, and IOC should maintain funding for CB&D activities in southern Africa, and should consider whether more funding could be directed to this region for a limited period, for example, five years. . SCOR, POGO, and IOC should consider new funding proposals to help regional institutions implement their CB&D plan. b. Finding: UNESCO Chairs could be more effective in regional CB&D. b. Recommendation: IOC should consider working to increase the UNESCO Chair mandate for CB&D and/or nations in the region should request appointment of an additional UNESCO Chair within southern Africa. The local institutions in which the chair is located should consider providing additional support for the CB&D mission of the chair. c. Finding: International, multilateral, and bilateral research projects working with scientists in the region have the potential to contribute to capacity building. c. Recommendation: Future national research projects from outside the region should be more proactive about partnerships with scientists within the region and to contribute to the regional graduate network of oceanography. d. Finding: Opportunities for CB&D could be enhanced when research vessels from outside the region visit the area. International research vessels use harbors in the region on a regular basis, especially Walvis Bay and Cape Town, for refueling and/or crew changes. On most occasions of ship visits, information on these visits does not reach the scientific community in the region early enough to take advantage of the visits. Valuable CB&D opportunities to local and regional scientists and students are therefore lost. d. Recommendation: SCOR and POGO should encourage their members to take opportunities to provide ship-board training and on-shore lectures when ships are in the region. Information obtained about ship visits should be made available through the South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research (SANCOR). 4. Funding for Regional CB&D a. Finding: Increasing CB&D activities in the southern Africa region will require increased funding.
5-4 a. Recommendations: International, regional, and local organizations should seek new funding from local, regional, and international agencies and foundations. National aid agencies should be approached. Joint projects between EU and African countries are one option. 5. The Role of Visiting Scientists a. Finding: Sabbatical visits by scientists from within and outside the region are highly beneficial. a. Recommendation: SCOR and POGO should determine interest among institutes in the region (and within countries) to host sabbatical visits and provide a portal for access by potential visitors, and more proactive communication of this information. Return visits are considered to be especially beneficial as the visiting scientists are then familiar with the working conditions and needs of the African countries. 6. Components of a Regional Graduate Network for Oceanography a. Finding: Internships are valuable opportunities for undergraduates to explore career options, gain practical work experience, make contacts, etc. a. Recommendation: Institutions and agencies in the region should explore opportunities to expand internship programs. b. Finding: Libraries in the region need more hard copies of books and reports from international organizations. b. Recommendations: Distribute publications from international and regional organizations to libraries in the region. Libraries in the region should join IAMSLIC and work through ODINAFRICA. c. Finding: Electronic communications (bandwidth program) and reception of satellite data can be difficult in the region, both costly and inefficient. c. Recommendation: GEONETCAST satellite communication systems should be expanded in the region; institutions in the region should push for greater access. d. Finding: Short courses/summer schools/refresher courses/continuing education/research camps can provide experience complementary to graduate programs. d. Recommendation: Short courses/summer schools/refresher courses/continuing education/research camps should be made integral components of the regional graduate network for oceanography. National IODE focal points should be encouraged to disseminate information about the availability of courses. IODE should send information to SANCOR for posting on their Web site. e. Finding: CB&D activities would be more effective if more ship time were available for training. The research vessels belong to the national agencies and are maintained and run
5-5 from their national budgets. Budgetary constraints involved in running the vessels for non-line function work by the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources in Namibia has been a reason for unavailability of the vessels for some proposed research cruises that would potentially involve capacity building. Ship time requests cannot be made at the last minute because of various safety and health requirements that require some time to complete. e. Recommendation: The necessary ship time should be defined well in advance of the time needed and communicated to the ship managers. Institutions requesting ship time on a regular basis should appoint a designated person to handle the logistics of ship time requests and required certifications/exemptions. We hope that these ideas will be helpful in better using the existing capacity for ocean science in southern Africa and creating new cooperation among universities, government agencies, intergovernmental bodies, and non-profit organizations in the region. The opinions expressed in the report are the opinions of the individuals involved in the meeting and may not reflect the policies of their organizations.
Kurt Hanselmann is continuing to work with the University of Namibia, including helping to supply university laboratories with equipment gathered in Europe and sent south on German research vessels. An article was published about SCOR’s capacity-building activities in Africa in the University of Delaware’s Global Magazine (see http://scorint.org/Capacity_Building/Article%20from%20UD%20Global%20Magazine.pdf). Hanselmann was awarded funding from the Agouron Institute to develop and implement a four-year program of “research camps” at the University of Namibia’s Henties Bay facility. The funds from the Agouron Institute are being managed through SCOR.
5.2 SCOR Visiting Scholars Ittekkot SCOR began a program in 2009 to enlist the services of ocean scientists from the SCOR community, from both developed countries and developing countries, both recently retired and active, to teach short courses and to provide more extended on-site education and mentorship at developing country institutions. Some countries and/or individual institutions have requirements for their scientists to retire at a given age, sometimes as early as 60 years of age. Many retired ocean scientists are still interested in teaching and mentoring, and are supported by pensions after their retirement, so do not need salary support. Some active scientists can also use some of their already-supported work time to work in a developing country. Hosting visiting scientists, whether retired or active, can have many benefits to host institutions also, such as inspiring, motivating, and informing students and faculty, and leading to future collaborations between the visiting scientist and the host institution. The idea of this program is to regularly send ocean scientists interested in short-term visits to developing countries. The program is a partnership, with the host institution providing local accommodation and SCOR finding resources to pay for airfares and other local expenses, as
5-6 necessary. The participating scientists donate their time. The participating scientists might be onsite for as little as two weeks to as long as visa requirements would allow. Applicants may already have selected a host institution or SCOR will help identify hosts. Information about the program is available at http://www.scor-int.org/SCOR_Visiting_Scholars.pdf. The call for applications for 2014 Visiting Scholars will be issued around 1 October 2013. The SCOR Visiting Scholars who are making their visits in 2013 are shown below. Normally, three Visiting Scholarships are awarded each year, but six Visiting Scholars are being deployed in 2013, due to delays in the timing of some of the Scholars’ visits from previous years.
2013 SCOR Visiting Scholars Name
Home Country
Host Country
Dates
Purpose
Geoff Millward
UK
Thailand
21 Jan.-5 Feb. 2013
Development of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Marine and Coastal Resources and Environmental Sciences
Lisa Beal
USA
South Africa
6-24 March 2013
Teaching on physical oceanography
Alice Newton
Norway/ Portugal
Morocco
10-25 May 2013
Teaching on coastal lagoons
Jacob Larsen
Denmark
Namibia
April 2013
Teaching course on identifying harmful algae
Pauline Ross
Australia
Thailand
September 2013
Experimental design, analysis and communication in the context of the impacts of climate change on marine environments
Michelle Graco
Peru
Argentina
December 2013
Biogeochemical cycles and highly productive systems in the oceans
5-7 5.3
POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships for Oceanographic Observations
Urban
www.ocean-partners.org
Report on the 2013 POGO‐SCOR Fellowship Programme This year saw the thirteenth fellowship programme implemented using POGO funds with supplementary financial support from SCOR. The announcement was posted on 7 November 2012, with a closing date of 23 December 2012. This year saw a total of 42 applications, which was fewer than the previous year but more than the number of applicants in 2011. This was possibly a result of a shorter application period. Applications were received from 22 countries. Ten candidates were selected hail from around the world, namely Argentina, Brazil, China, Croatia, India, Nigeria and Tanzania. This year’s host institutions included GEOMAR (Germany), LOCEAN (France), Plymouth Marine Laboratory (UK), University of East Anglia (UK), University of Maryland (US) and University of South Florida (US). The applications were screened independently by a committee of four, with representation from SCOR and POGO. In making their selection, the committee considered the following factors:
quality of the application; relevance of the application to the priority areas identified in the fellowship announcement; evidence that the training will lead to improved sustained observations in the region, or improved applications of such data; evidence that the training would lead to capacity‐building with potential lasting impact on regional observations, and the need to maximise regional distribution of the awards.
One successful candidate from India subsequently received an offer of a permanent research position, therefore he was no longer able to accept the POGO‐SCOR visiting fellowship so soon into the new post. The POGO Executive decided that by the time that they were informed, it was too late by that stage to offer the fellowship to another candidate.
One candidate who was selected was from a country that since last year has moved on to the World Bank’s list of high‐income countries, therefore was unable to be supported by SCOR funds, however,
5-8 following discussions between POGO Executives and SCOR, it was decided that the fellowship would still be offered to the applicant, but would be only funded by POGO. POGO and SCOR commend the efforts from all the supervisors and colleagues at the various host institutions who agreed to devote time and energy required for the training. The programme would not have been viable without such efforts from prominent scientists and their teams. All the people involved in each fellowship (the fellowship holder, the supervisor at the parent institute and the supervisor at the host institute) were requested to submit short reports at the end of the training period. A number of fellowships are yet to be completed and their reports are expected to be received by the end of the year, but those received so far have been enthusiastic. They indicate that these exchanges should lead to effective capacity building at the host institute and facilitate longer term collaborations between the institutes concerned. All conclude that the programme serves a useful purpose. There is tremendous interest in the fellowship programme at all levels, both in the oceanographic institutions of the developing nations, as well as among leading scientists who are eager to contribute to this initiative. It is seen to be filling a niche in capacity building through specialised training that is not filled by intensive courses or by participation in scientific meetings. It helps improve the esprit de corps among oceanographic institutions around the world, and serves as a stepping stone to building collaborations. Furthermore, the POGO‐SCOR fellowship scheme is increasingly seen by other organisations as a model in capacity building, and similar schemes have been set up by other programmes based on the success of the POGO‐SCOR model (e.g. EU projects, the Europe‐Africa Marine Network, EAMNet; and the EUROMARINE consortium of European Networks of Excellence). The POGO Secretariat is often approached for help/advice on setting up similar fellowship schemes, or proposals to partner up with other organisations. Demography of Fellowships Parent Institutions of Successful Candidates: Argentina Insituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero Brazil Federal University of Rio Grande China Xiamen University Croatia Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries India Nansen Environmental Research Centre National Institute of Oceanography (cancelled) Space Applications Centre (SAC) of Indian Space Research Organisation Nigeria Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Russia Russian State Hydrometeorological University Tanzania University of Dar Es Salaam Host Institutions: France LOCEAN, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Germany GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel University of East Anglia UK
5-9 USA
Plymouth Marine Laboratory (four different supervisors) University of South Florida University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
Gender distribution: Female: 5, Male: 4 2013 Fellows
Smitha Ammamkuzhiyil – India Parent supervisor and institution: Prof. Ravindranatha Menon – Nansen Environmental Research Centre, India. Host supervisor and institution: Prof. Trevor Platt, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK. Fellowship period: October 2013 (1 month) Topic: Satellite data processing, interpretation and the modelling of primary production Smitha Ammamkuzhiyil is currently working in an EU FP7 programme entitled “Indo‐European Research Facilities for studies on marine ecosystem and climate in India (INDO‐MARECLIM)", within which she is involved in the work package "Marine Ecosystem studies including algal blooms". It comprises the synergistic utilization of ocean color and other EO data to study eddy induced algal blooms and elucidate changes in productivity in relation to climate change by way of ecosystem models. Smitha is part of a team working to design a suitable marine ecosystem model for the coastal and open ocean waters of Indian EEZ to study variations in the marine productivity. The work also includes the modelling of ocean primary production using satellite and in situ data. The candidate needs to learn the processing of satellite data that will be required as input to ecosystem models and be introduced to primary productivity modelling.
Olubunm Nubi – Nigeria Parent supervisor and institution: Dr Emmanuel Adegboyega Ajao – Nigerian Institute for Oceanography & Marine Research, Nigeria. Host supervisor and institution: Prof Martin Visbeck – GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Germany. Fellowship period: 8 April to 5 July 2013 (3 months) Topic: 1. Analysis and interpretation of Oceanic data (Temperature, Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Currents, Nutrients, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, etc.) for full description of Oceanic physical, chemical, and biological conditions, and their interconnectivity. 2. Modern / Advanced techniques for Ocean Observation / monitoring Olubunm’s present work focuses on the reassessment of the role of Equatorial UnderCurrent (EUC) in the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic upwelling systems using past and recent cruise data from various programs. He is also studying the influence of equatorial upwelling on nutrient variability and its implications on the biological productivity along 10W and 2E in the eastern equatorial Atlantic (EEA). The outline:
5-10
Study on nutrients and biological productivity in the EEA for years 2005, 2006, and 2007; (Onset and final phase situations) and Seasonal variability along 10W in June and December using EGEE data set. Study on nutrients distribution and biological productivity at different longitudes (10W and 2E); Inter‐annual variability along 10W with respect to the onset of the equatorial upwelling periods between 2005 and 2007. Comparison with past data from the region for observable trends linkable to climate change.
Olubunm received training in: MATLAB on handling NetCDF data: Since most oceanographic data are available in netCDF file, he was extensively taken through the use of MATLAB, ODV, and FERRET in handling netCDF data. Accessing ARGO data via CORIOLIS and other websites. Analyses and interpretation of ARGO data using MATLAB and OCEAN DATA VIEW (ODV)
The fellow also attended a week ISOS short course on “WRITING LAB” at Christian‐Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Germany. This gave him a better insight into writing and reviewing oceanographic reports/documents. He also attended seminars on SFB 754 projects (particularly on Oxygen Minimum Zone), and also accessed materials on proposals for the project. The fellow took up the opportunity to visit another laboratory within IFM‐GEOMAR where the disciplines of chemical oceanography and biogeochemistry are the focus, and with the help of various experts in different fields of oceanography, Olubunm was able to achieve the main goals of the training in line with POGO‐SCOR framework: Analysis and interpretation of Oceanic data and their interconnectivity and modern and advanced techniques in ocean observation / monitoring; and using his present research data, was able to produce a manuscript that has been sent out for reviews. Olubunm also gave a presentation titled “Investigating the hypothesis of surface enrichment due to zonal advection in the eastern equatorial Atlantic” using the application of his newly acquired skills and working data. Zhiyu Liu – China Parent supervisor and institution: Dr Hao Wei – Tianjin University of Science and Technology, China. Host supervisor and institution: Dr Marina Lévy ‐ LOCEAN, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France. Fellowship period: December 2013 to January 2014 (3 months) Topic: The Study of Internal Wave‐Submesocale Eddy Interactions Since 2004 when Zhiyu started his PhD project on internal waves and turbulent mixing in tidally energetic shelf seas, my research has been focusing on the study of oceanic internal waves. Recent studies suggest that the coupling between internal waves and mesoscale/submesoscale structures are vital to regional ocean dynamics as well as several biogeochemical processes. The South China Sea, where internal waves are among strongest of the world's oceans and mesoscale & submesoscale processes are very energetic, is apparently a perfect natural laboratory for studying the coupling of the two distinct types of processes. However, Zhiyu’s research expertise so far is mainly on internal waves, experience on the study of mesoscale and submesoscale processes is largely lacking. The applicant is
5-11 to learn the art of ocean dynamics study at submesoscale regime from Dr. Marina Lévy, a world‐leading scientist in the field. Gunjan Motwani – India Parent supervisor and institution: Ms Mini Raman – Space Applications Centre (SAC) of Indian Space Research Organisation, India. Host supervisor and institution: Dr Ruth Airs, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK. Fellowship period: 31 May to 29 August 2013 (3 months) Topic: Phytoplankton pigment analysis by HPLC and its application in the development of phytoplankton functional type (PFT) algorithms. As a research fellow of SAC‐Gujarat University collaborative project on measurement of inherent optical properties (IOP) of coastal‐offshore waters of the Arabian Sea for development of satellite based inversion algorithms, Gunjan’s main work involves:
1. Measurement of spectral absorption properties of particulate and dissolved organic matter of water samples obtained from various cruises using UV‐VIS spectrophotometer. 2. Measurement of Chlorophyll‐a concentration using standard protocols for ocean colour validation. 3. Collection, preservation and taxonomic identification of phytoplankton samples obtained from various cruises in the Arabian Sea. 4. Analysis of phytoplankton biodiversity, community structure and its spatial and temporal distribution in the Arabian Sea. Analysis of spectral absorption characteristics of phytoplankton and its relation to phytoplankton 5. composition and community structure in the Arabian Sea. The candidate requires training in HPLC techniques for separation and quantification of various phytoplankton pigments from sea water samples, calibration of standard pigments, various methods using HPLC for the analysis of pigments, their merits and disadvantages and maintenance and calibration of HPLC system.
5-12 Marina Azaneu - Brazil Parent supervisor and institution: Prof Rodrigo Kerr Duarte Pereira – Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil. Host supervisor and institution: Prof Karen Heywood, University of East Anglia, UK. Fellowship period: 23 July to 30 September (2 months) Topic: Using seagliders as an important tool for observing ocean shelf regions. In Marina’s master dissertation the applicant used a Southern Ocean in situ dataset to assess a reanalysis product in representing dense water masses. Part of the in situ data was obtained by the Brazilian Group of Oceanography of High Latitudes (GOAL). The applicant not only analysed the in situ data, but also contributed to obtaining and processing those data. The correct processing and management of hydrographic data is essential for the maintenance of datasets, and the seaglider is a new tool that will expand the GOAL data collection and improve the understanding of the Southern Ocean shelf areas. The study of Antarctic continental shelf regions is extremely important for better understanding of ocean processes, which is essential for the applicant's research. The training will consist of analysis, processing and the management of data from seagliders obtained in the northwestern Weddell Sea under the GENTOO (Gliders: Excellent New Tools for Observing the Ocean) project, aiming the investigation of physical oceanographic processes occurring in the region. Moreover, a cruise is planned to recover/deploy gliders in the North Atlantic, where the applicant will have the opportunity to be trained in the field how to deal with the equipment. The training will reinforce the ongoing FURG‐UEA collaboration, in which is planned to use seagliders to monitoring ocean process in the continental shelf and slope of Brazilian and Antarctic coast. Acquire knowledge of seaglider data processing and management will be an important key in the implementation of this new tool at FURG and highly complement the dataset and studies carried by the GOAL. The data that will be analysed during the training and the data that will be obtained using the training capabilities acquired will contribute to understanding the Southern Ocean process and will possibly contribute to the dataset that will be evaluated in the applicant’s PhD thesis. Žarko Kovač – Croatia Parent supervisor and institution: Dr Mira Morović – Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Croatia. Host supervisor and institution: Dr Shubha Sathyendranath, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK. Fellowship period: 4th of August – 4th of November (3 months) Topic: Modeling primary production of the Adriatic Sea. Zarko’s research topic is modeling of marine primary production. This is a part of the national research project: “Co‐oscillations of atmosphere and the sea important for the ecosystem of the Adriatic Sea“. The goal of the topic is formulating a dynamic biooptical model of primary production for the Adriatic Sea focusing on the primary production module. Phytoplankton interaction with light, nutrients and zooplankton will be considered, as they determine spatio‐ temporal dynamics of primary production. Spectral distribution of underwater solar radiation will be taken into account by the optical model and the link will be made to growth rates of phytoplankton. The topology of the ecosystem food web and its structure, which determines the resulting time dynamics of the system will also be studied. The idea is to use measured data of temperature, salinity, solar radiation,
5-13 underwater light field, nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and to incorporate them into the dynamic model. This will be performed through optimization of the model parameters on the measured data. Further goals are to establish a connection with the hydrodynamical model and to make a coupled hydrodynamic and ecological model. Ezequiel Cozzolino – Argentina Parent supervisor and institution: Dr Vivian Lutz – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrolllo Pesquero, Argentina. Host supervisor and institution: Prof Frank Müller‐Karger – University of South Florida, USA. Fellowship period: 1 October to 30 November (2 months) Topic: Advanced training in the processing of remote sensed oceanographic data (e.g., SST and chlorophyll concentration) for the Argentine Sea; for its use in oceanographic and fisheries studies. Ezequiel is receiving some training with the aim of being incorporated to the Remote Sensing Laboratory at INIDEP. In this period I have learned some basics about the theory of obtaining oceanographic information through remote sensing, and its applications in fisheries research. I collaborate in different projects at my institute which require satellite information to complement fisheries evaluations. I have put together a first report on the kind of ocean remote sensing information available on public internet sites (e.g., NASA, NOAA, ESA, CONAE), providing a tutorial on how to easily download this information for researchers not experts in the subject. At this point it will be extremely valuable to enhance my knowledge about all the detailed steps involved to process raw satellite data to obtain refined products (e.g., SST, Chlorophyll concentration, fluorescence peak height). The project/training should focus on acquiring the necessary knowledge to process full resolution (1.1 km) daily Level 1A data (sea surface temperature and reflectance) from MODISAqua, and if possible from VIIRS, sensors. Learning how to use SeaDAS software in the most efficient way, getting acquainted with the versions of the algorithms used for the different properties (chlorophyll, PAR, etc.), as well as the best decisions regarding quality control of the pixels taking into consideration possible contaminations (flags due to clouds, negative radiance, sunglint, etc.), to arrive to final products. I would be interested in learning also about the most efficient way to calculate, in order to be incorporated automatically in a web‐page, time series of these results. These will be useful to study climatologies and anomalies. These tools will be relevant for environmental studies for fisheries applications, as well as for the long‐term monitoring of possible plankton changes at the Antares centers.
Dubrava Kirievskaya – Russia Parent supervisor and institution: Prof Mikhail Shilin – Russian State Hydrometerological University, Russia. Host supervisor and institution: Dr Jacqueline Grebmeier – Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, USA. Fellowship period: 25 July to 26 October 2013 (3 months) Topic: The Chukchi Sea benthic data synthesis: contribute to the assessment of a potential vulnerability of the ecosystem.
5-14 Dubrava’s PhD thesis is devoted to the assessment of vulnerability of biogeocenosis of the Chukchi Sea. Biogeocenosis is the main indicator of the ecosystem conditions as well as its vulnerability to climate change and anthropogenic influence (Pogrebov et.al, 1994). For completion of this research the applicant is collecting data from the Chukchi Sea such as biological data (taxonomy of benthos, abundance, biomass) and oceanological data (ocean temperature, currents, granulometric and geochemical compositions of the bottom sediments). Synthesis of benthic data and data of physical characteristics of the environment, (especially the sediments) allows us to make the assessment of vulnerability of biogeocenosis (to oil contaminations, particularly). Assessment of the potential vulnerability of such systems is very important for the future sustainable development of the area (e.g., the construction of the oil wells, shipping activities). The proposed assessment is based on special algorithms identified from the literature (WWF, 2011) and specific software being created with a GIS specialist that will map the current status of biogeocenosis of the Chukchi Sea and information about potential vulnerability of biogeocenosis. The main constraint of this research is a deficiency in access of available data sets, especially for the US part of the Chukchi Sea. The proposed collaboration with Dr. Grebmeier in the USA will allow access to both publically‐available datasets in the US and ones being organized in her laboratory as part of a multi‐institutional synthesis activities she is leading in this complex ecosystem. Drs. Jackie Grebmeier and Lee Cooper at CBL/UMCES (the host institution) have three decades of experience working in the Pacific Arctic and Chukchi Sea, including multiple US‐Russian collaborative programs since the 1980s to the present. Interactions during my visit, both in the laboratory at CBL and on an Arctic cruise, will allow me to learn from their long‐term efforts in the Chukchi Sea, be training in their laboratory benthic sorting and sediment analysis activities, and exchange data sets for the overall goal of this project. Joeline Ezekiel – Tanzania Parent supervisor and institution: Dr Yohana Shaghude – Institute of Marine Sciences, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Host supervisor and institution: Dr Marie‐Fanny Racault, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK. Fellowship period: 29 April to 29 July 2013 (3 months) Topic: Seasonal and spatial variations of phytoplankton in Rufiji Delta, Southern Tanzania, based on ocean colour remote‐sensing and in‐situ data. Joeline is currently working on a dissertation under the title “Assessment of Seasonal and spatial variations of phytoplankton distribution and abundance off Rufiji Delta, southern coast of Tanzania by the use of satellite data”. Her objectives are to upgrade her skills with respect of remote sensing data analysis and interpretation and on ecological modelling which eventually will allow the extrapolation of the data in relation to productivity of the ocean. Joeline would also like to further analyse the data using advanced analysis methods so as to reveal in detail the dynamics of phytoplankton in the ocean. Joeline is interested in the study of phytoplankton productivity comparing in situ, remote sensing data and simulations. Phytoplankton play an important role to marine ecosystem in fixing atmospheric carbon and providing the primary food source for the zooplankton, together forming the base of the oceanic food chain. She would like to be trained in the following areas;
Creating a seasonal record of ocean color products for my region including Chl‐a and Total Suspended Matter (TSM).
5-15
Comparing data from different satellites e.g. MODIS/MERIS Comparing different algorithms for Chl‐a and Total Suspended Matter to choose an optimal product. Extracting information for comparison of in situ data
5.4 NSF Travel Support for Developing Country Scientists SCOR has received support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) since 1984 to provide funding for SCOR capacity building activities. Most of the funds are used for travel grants for scientific meetings, although a portion are used for SCOR’s contribution to the POGOSCOR Fellowship Program and the SCOR Visiting Scholars program. Travel grants are awarded to ocean scientists from developing countries and the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and other countries with economies in transition, to enable them to attend international scientific meetings. A current three-year grant runs from 15 July 2011 to 14 July 2014. The renewal proposal will be submitted in early 2014. The amount of the award from NSF is $75,000 per year. Recipients of SCOR travel awards are always chosen in consultation with the organizers of meetings that SCOR has agreed to cosponsor; direct applications from individuals are not accepted by the SCOR Secretariat. Priority is given to applicants who are presenting a paper or poster at the meeting or to those who have some special expertise or regional knowledge to bring to a workshop or working group. Preference is also given to younger scientists. In general, care is taken to ensure that the recipients of SCOR/NSF funds are active scientists, and that they have not received similar support from SCOR in the previous two years. All travel grant recipients are informed that their support comes from SCOR and that it is made possible through NSF funding. Requests come in throughout the year and the SCOR Committee on Capacity Building considers new requests between meetings. The following requests have been approved since the 2012 SCOR annual meeting: Activity Name
Dates
Location
From bloom to gloom - Primary production, food web processes and vertical flux in changing oceans
29 July - 7 August 2013
Hólar University College, Iceland
11th INTECOL Congress, Ecology: Into the next 100 years 2012 PICES Annual Meeting PICES Summer School on Ocean Observing Systems and Ecosystem Monitoring 2013 SOLAS Summer School on Ocean Observing Systems and Ecosystem Monitoring 11th International Conference on Paleoceanography
18 – 23 August 2013 11-20 October 2013 19-23 August 2013 23 August-2 Sept. 1-6 September 2013
London, UK Nanaimo, Canada Newport, Oregon Xiamen, China Barcelona, Spain
Amount granted
US$3000 US$3000
US$4900 US$5000 US$5000
US$3000
5-16 International workshop on ocean acidificationconsequences on coastal and polar biota 9th World Sponge Conference
Ramon Margalef Summer Colloquia IMBER IMBIZO IOCCG Summer Lecture Series POGO-SCOR Fellowships IMBER Open Science Conference Third World Conference on Marine Biodiversity SCOR Visiting Scholars
20-21 Sept. 2013 November 4 – 8 2013 1-13 July 2013 28-31 Jan. 2013 7-19 July 2014 2014 23-27 June 2014 12-16 Oct. 2014 various
Kolkata, India Fremantle, Australia Barcelona, Spain Goa, India TBD Various Bergen, Norway Qingdao, China various
US$3000 US$3000 US$5000 US$5000 US$5000 US$10000 US$7500 US$5000 US$7500
2013/2014 Requests for Travel Grants The SCOR Committee on Capacity Building will recommend amounts to devote to each of these meetings, based on amount requested (if specified), other grants to the same project/organization, the relevance of the project/organization to SCOR activities, and total amount available to disburse. Some of the requests listed below are for meetings in which SCOR is directly involved in planning, so there is no formal written request. The recommendations will be presented at the meeting. 1
eEOV Workshop
2
SOLAS
Mar-14
Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA
$7500 $10000
#1 Identifying Ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables for measuring changes in marine ecosystems SCOR and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) received funds from ICSU for a project on ‘Identifying Ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables for measuring changes in marine ecosystems”. ICSU approved funds in the amount of 30,000 euro for the activity. As part of the proposal, SCOR committed funds for travel of developing country scientists to the workshop. This will be devoted to scientists nominated by ICSU Regional Offices, which provided letters of support for the proposal.
5-17 #2
SOLAS Activities
Dr Ed Urban Executive Officer Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment Robinson Hall University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716 USA 12 July 2013
Dear Ed,
In 2014, the following three SOLAS-related events will take place. 6th International Symposium on biological and environmental chemistry of DMS(P) and related compounds, 19-23 May 2014, Barcelona, Spain A 2-day SOLAS/IGAC workshop on ocean-derived aerosols and climate impacts to be in conjunction with the 13th quadrennial iCACGP Symposium/ 13th IGAC Science Conference, 2226 Sept 2014, Natal, Brazil. The exact dates are unknown as per today. On the road course ‘ONTROC’, training for students of South America. Plans are underway but the exact locations are not yet fixed and it will take place between February and April 2014. More detailed information on each of these events will be available shortly. The first two are directly allowing progresses to be made on two major SOLAS scientific topics. The latter is a new initiative of capacity building in South America, capacity building being close to SOLAS’ heart since its inception. The SOLAS project wishes to engage scientists from developing countries and young scientists in these activities. With this in mind, SOLAS kindly requests support from SCOR for these events to cover the travel costs for scientists from nations with economies in transition and younger scientists. We expect that 10kUSD will contribute to support the participation of up to 6-8 participants. I thank SCOR for their continued support of SOLAS and for your consideration in this matter.
Yours sincerely
Dr. Emilie Brévière Executive Officer, SOLAS International Project Office
5-18 If these amounts were appropriated, it would leave approximately US$28,000 in funds to be used for travel support for other meetings in 2014, until the end of the grant.
6.0
RELATIONS WITH INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
6.1
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), p. 6-1
6.2
International Council for Exploration of the Seas, p. 6-6
6.3
Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), p. 6-9
6.4
North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), p. 6-11
D’Adamo, Burkill Fennel
Duce
Batchelder, Taguchi
6-1 6.0 RELATIONS WITH INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 6.1 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) D’Adamo, Burkill SCOR and IOC co-sponsor the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) project (see Tab 3.1) and the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) (see Tab 4.1). IOC co-sponsored the Third Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World (see Tab 4.2) and are co-sponsoring the 50th Anniversary Symposium on the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE). Peter Burkill and Ed Urban attended the IOC General Assembly in late June/early July 2013 to represent SCOR and ICSU. SCOR made one intervention during the meeting, in relation to the agenda item on the 50th anniversary celebration for the International Indian Ocean Expedition. Thank you Mr Chairman. SCOR, the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, welcomes the opportunity to cooperate with IOC on this important initiative in the Indian Ocean. SCOR and IOC share a long history of effective cooperation ever since both organisations were formed within a few years of each other in the middle of the last century. During the period 1959 to 1965, SCOR worked with IOC to bring about the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE). This expedition was the first time the countries of the world worked together to understand the natural dynamics and resources of this complex ocean. Although great progress was made in IIOE and in subsequent studies in understanding the Indian Ocean, many aspects of this ocean remain poorly understood. Today the Indian Ocean remains understudied while our technical capabilities have advanced considerably in fields such as remote sensing, shipboard observations and ocean modelling. SCOR would welcome working with IOC and with other organisations to improve our scientific understanding of this ocean and, in so doing, bring societal benefits to the large number of countries surrounding the Indian Ocean.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB) proposed recommendations, adopted by the IOC General Assembly, inviting “SCOR to co-sponsor the Scientific Steering Committee for Global HAB and encourages active joint participation in the development and implementation of the science agenda”. GlobalHAB is a project being proposed to follow GEOHAB. The SCOR Executive Committee will discuss this invitation at its November
6-2 meeting. Burkill and Urban met with the French SCOR Committee and with the ICSU Executive Director, Steven Wilson, during the IOC meeting. Urban met with the UK SCOR Committee (Burkill is a member) in London following the IOC meeting. IOC report for SCOR 2013 Ocean acidification
Efforts of IOC on ocean acidification include advocacy and communication, and promotion of research and oriented actions towards capacity building. Regarding advocacy and communication, one of IOC-UNESCO missions is to enhance the sensitivity for OA not only among scientist, but also to the public, the stakeholders and the decision makers. A few examples include: (i)
(ii)
(iii)
The IOC-SCOR-IGBP 3rd International Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World, (Monterey, September 2012), was attended by a total of 529 scientists from 34 countries. They presented new information about the ability and inability of organisms at different trophic levels to cope with decreasing pH levels. The conference clearly emphasized the need for combining the stressor CO2 with other factors such as temperature, nutrient availability and hypoxia. Preliminary studies revealed that rising temperature and CO2 levels can have positive effects (Arctic phytoplankton (diatoms)) or affect species antagonistically (seagrass). Mesocosm1 experiments obtained shifts in community composition, reduced diversity, as well as direct and indirect CO2 effects within the water column and sediments. An Ocean Acidification summary for policy makers, coordinated by the IGBP and the IOC, is under preparation following the IOC-SCOR-IGBP Symposium Ocean in a high CO2 World. The information in the summary will identify advances and significant findings in our understanding of ocean acidification. Further the IOC-UNESCO supports the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre, operated by the IAEA Marine Environmental Studies Laboratory in Monaco. The Centre will be overseen by an Advisory Board consisting of leading institutions, including the IOC of UNESCO.
With respect to the promotion of research and oriented actions towards capacity building, the IOC has developed the following activities in 2012-2013: (i)
(ii)
IOC is running since 2012 a project on Ocean Carbon Sources and Sinks, which includes biogeochemical time series, ocean carbon and blue carbon. Related to that, the IOC, and IOCCP are working on a new compilation of existing biogeochemical time series. In total, 125 biogeochemical time series have been compiled from around the world, which could be the embryo for a monitoring network for standardized ship based measurements of ocean acidification. The IOC has launched in 2012, together with NOAA and other organizations, the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON), which aspires to provide a central source of
1 Aquatic mesocosms are experimental water enclosures which are designed to provide a limited body of water with close to natural conditions, in which environmental factors can be realistically manipulated (mesocosm.eu).
6-3 information and data exchange for ocean scientists on research activities in this area and to effectively monitor OA in coastal waters and high seas. Last meeting was held in St Andrews (Scotland) in July 2013. Finally we also develop our own research on OA and biodiversity. In this regard IOC is leading the Trans-boundary Water Assessment, which will assess the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity using Pteropods (sea butterflies) as a case study. This research will demonstrate the potential of the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) database, now part of IOC, as a key tool for research, knowledge generation and capacity building.
(iii)
Nutrient’s coastal Impacts research
Together with UNEP, FAO, UN-Habitat and UNDP, the IOC-UNESCO has started a new GEF funded project on ‘Global Foundations for Reducing Nutrient Enrichment and Oxygen Depletion from Land-based Pollution in Support of Global Nutrient Cycle’. Through this partnership project we would like to help ensure Blue Oceans and Green Fields. The project will provide the foundations (including partnerships, information, tools and policy mechanisms) for governments and other stakeholders to initiate comprehensive, effective and sustained programs addressing nutrient over-enrichment and oxygen depletion from land based pollution of coastal waters The deliverables include: (i)
(ii)
Development and application of quantitative modeling approaches to estimate and map sources and contributions of different nutrient sources to coastal nutrient loading and their effects; to indicate when nutrient over-enrichment problem areas are likely to occur; and to estimate the magnitude of expected effects of further nutrient loading on coastal systems under a range of scenarios. Development of a “Policy Toolbox”, through which the decision-makers will have informed and interactive access, to cost effective, replicable tools and approaches to develop and implement nutrient reduction strategies
Execution of pilot projects in the Manila Bay watershed, Philippines and the Chilka Lake in India. Microplastics
Efforts of IOC on microplastics include advocacy and communication as well as promotion of research and scientific assessment. In terms of advocacy the IOC is working with several foundations and civil society organizations such as the MOAF (Multi One Attitude Foundation), FNOB (Fundacion Navegacion Oceanica Barcelona), TARA and film makers to create awareness on the impacts of plastics and microplastics in the ocean, its marine organisms and ecosystems. Side events are being held in parallel to, for example, the IOC Assembly and the UNESCO General Conference. Regarding the promotion of research and scientific assessment, the IOC is leading a the GESAMP WG40: Sources, fate and effects of micro-plastics in the marine environment – a global assessment, tasked to conduct a global assessment of the inputs, levels, distribution and fate of
6-4 micro-plastics in the ocean, and the potential role of micro-plastics as a pathway for persistent, bio-accumulating and toxic substances entering marine food-webs. Regular Process – WOA
The task of the first cycle of the Regular Process (2010 to 2014) will be to produce the first World Ocean Assessment. Following the adoption in 2012 of the Terms of Reference and Methods of Work for the Group of Experts as well as the Outline of the First Global Integrated Marine Assessment (World Ocean Assessment, WOA-I), a number of activities have taken place and are briefly described in this document. From September 2011 to February 2013, a number of regular process regional workshops have been organized under the auspice of the United Nations in Australia, Mozambique, USA, Belgium, China and Chile. The Regular Process through various meetings of this Ad Hoc Working Group has expressed the need to start building capacity of Member States for the conduct of integrated marine assessments as a key priority. Recommendations identified during the Regular Process Regional Workshops are extremely useful in identifying regional priorities where targeted capacity-development interventions should be implemented. IOC and UNEP stated that a practical approach for addressing capacities needs as identified through the regional workshops, would require the development of a tailored approach, such as the development and implementation of a specific Regular Process Training Module which would provide: (i) (ii) (iii)
common information content/common approaches towards assessment methodologies; defining approaches for scaling up assessments (national, regional, global); promote the use of standardized procedure to integrate the ecological and socioeconomic dimensions of assessments, with the aim of securing coherence, consistency and comparability across regions.
In the coming months, IOC, UNEP, DOALOS as Secretariat of the Regular Process, as well as the Bureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group will continue to discuss these options. TWAP
The Transboundary Waters Assessment (TWA) Programme Full Size Project by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) was approved in December 2012 and the time frame is 24 months, January 2013 – December 2014. UNEP’s Division of Environmental Policy and Implementation (DEPI) is the implementing agency of TWAP FSP. The partners are UNEP’s Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA) as the main executing agency coordinating the work of UNESCO-IHP, ILEC, UNEP-DHI and the IOC-UNESCO. The project is aimed to produce the first truly global assessment of all transboundary waters within the five recognized categories: transboundary aquifers and SIDS groundwater; transboundary lakes and reservoirs; transboundary rivers; Large Marine Ecosystems and the Open Ocean, and at
6-5 the same time formalize the network of partners to establish a firm institutional basis on which to base future periodic global assessments of transboundary waters. The project also aims to assist the GEF and other international organizations in improved priority setting for funding by providing a baseline and priorities for intervention. It is anticipated that this baseline will serve to assist international funding agencies in tracking the impacts of their interventions in terms of changes in state of the aquatic environments under consideration. The Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) and Open Ocean (OO) Components held a joint Inception Workshop at IOC/UNESCO Headquarters in Paris from 20 -22 March 2013. OBIS
As part of the legacy of CoML, OBIS was adopted and is now fully operational as part of UNESCO/IOC under its IODE programme. The new OBIS project manager, Mr Ward Appeltans, was recruited in May 2012 and is based at the IOC project office of IODE in Oostende (Belgium). Mr Appeltans was managing the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) database before moving to OBIS. OBIS is governed by a steering group composed of the OBIS node managers. Currently, the data providers network consists of 15 operational OBIS nodes, which are regularly harvested by the central OBIS node. The central database servers are based in Oostende. New data continue to flow to OBIS. It now provides 32.7 million distribution records of 118,937 valid marine species (approximately half of all currently described marine species), from 1,072 datasets. Being the largest global source of information on marine species distributions, OBIS serves new research and policy making at local and international level. Not less than 23 scientific publications that refer to OBIS are published between January-July 2012 (traced by Google Scholar). Fifteen of these also used OBIS data in their analyses. OBIS is explicitly mentioned in the list of recommended data sources in the decisions report of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 10) in Nagoya (October 2010). In response to this, OBIS is providing data for the scientific preparation in support of a series of regional workshops being convened by the CBD Secretariat for the identification of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) in open oceans and deep seas, which is one important step in the protection and preservation of marine biological diversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ).
6-6 6.2
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)
Fennel
SCOR Annual Meeting 2013
Revised on 6 August 2013
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Report to the 2013 SCOR Annual Meeting submitted by the ICES Secretariat The focus of activities in ICES 2013 lies on the development of a new (Strategic) Science Plan and on moving towards integrated ecosystem assessments. The new ICES Science Plan ICES currently develops a new Strategic Plan for the organization which will be supplemented by individual plans for science, the advisory service, the data centre and the secretariat. The new plan will be released in and run from 2014. There will be several overarching goals for all these “ICES pillars” with individual activities to be carried out to work towards these goals. Integrated ecosystem assessments and the ecosystem overviews ICES has a programme that is developing methods for integrated ecosystem assessments. These are regionally based -Baltic Sea, North Sea, NW Atlantic (USA & Canada), western European continental shelf and the Norwegian Sea. This allows for the consideration of regional priorities, but they combine every other year in a “benchmarking process” to review progress, look for commonalities and apply best international practice. The programme is primarily concerned with looking at tools to integrate ecosystem advice, test scenarios and evaluate management plans and explore the utility of indicators for management. The role of societal priorities’ is being considered by most groups with scoping for management objects and needs being acknowledged as part of an iterative and participatory process. All groups also advise on monitoring needs and have model development at their core. While the Integrated Ecosystem Assessment work is designed to bring forward methods and tools, there is a parallel initiative in ICES to provide operational advice “overviews” for each region. These “Ecosystem Overviews” are being designed to embed the current ICES advice in the context of a changing marine ecosystem that has multiple anthropogenic impacts. Parts of the overviews relate to what could be considered traditional ICES interest areas (e.g. ecosystem
6-7 change, impacts of fishing, trophic interactions) but to provide true ecosystem advice, ICES needs to consider other multiple drivers and anthropogenic pressures. For this ICES must work with partners with complementary expertise and experience. The proposed structure of the overviews will highlight what are thought to be the main drivers on the system, and list the primary activities and pressures and then describe the state of the system in relation to the descriptors of good environmental status. They are being produced using criteria to judge whether to include information and ensure prioritisation of impacts within the advice. The overviews will require the formal building of structures for the operational delivery of data. There are many partner organisations and/or members of the ICES community that are ready to provide oceanographic, chemical biological or human pressure information in a regular operational manner. All of this work on developing integrated ecosystem assessments and providing regional ecosystem overviews hangs on the concept of providing robust indications for the state of the ecosystem. ICES has much expertise and experience in the development, assessment and use of indicators for management of the marine exploited living resources which it is now applying to other evidence based policy areas. Science Symposia In 2013, ICES has co-sponsored the following science symposia: YEAR
DATE AND VENUE
2013
8–12 April 2013, Viña del Mar, Chile 5–8 May 2013, Algarve, Portugal
7th International Fisheries Observer and Monitoring Conference (7th IFOMC) Symposium on “Pollution Responses on Marine Organisms”
2013
6–8 May 2013, Bergen, Norway
2013
15–19 July 2013, Boston, USA 15–18 October 2013, St. Andrews, Canada
Conference on “Acidification of the Arctic Ocean and Northern Seas: Trends and Consequences” The World Conference on Stock Assessment Methods for Sustainable Fisheries Symposium on “Gadoid Fisheries: the Ecology and Management of Rebuilding”
2013
2013
SYMPOSIUM
CONVENERS Oscar Guzman (Chile)
Maria Bebianno, Lucia Guilhermino, Leonor Cancela (Portugal), and Matthew Gubbins (UK) Arctic Council’s Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) and ICES Steve Cadrin (USA), Mark Dickey-Collas (the Netherlands) and Rick Methot (USA) Edward Trippel (Canada) and Fritz Köster, Denmark
6-8 For 2014, ICES envisages to support five science symposia: YEAR DATE AND SYMPOSIUM
CONVENERS
VENUE
2014
3–6 March 2014, FAO Head-quarters, Rome, Italy
Symposium on “Making the Most of Fisheries Dependent Data: Science, Management, and Policy-making with the Active Participation of Stakeholders”
2014
16-19 June 2014, Tromsø, Norway
Symposium on “Effects of fishing on benthic fauna and habitat: Change in ecosystem composition and functioning in response to fishing intensity, gear type and discard”
2014
2-4 June 2014, Porvoo, Finland October 2014, Palma, Mallorca Island, Spain 7-9 October 2014, Bergen, Norway
ICES/PICES Symposium on “Ecological basis of risk analysis for marine ecosystems” 5th International Otolith Symposium 2014 (IOS2014)
Sakari Kuikka (Finland), Tony Smith (Australia) and Alexei Orlov (PICES) Beatriz Morales-Nin (Spain) and Audrey Geffen (Norway)
Johan Hjort Symposium on Recruitment Dynamics and Stock Variability
Svein Sundby (Norway), Olav Sigurd Kjesbu (Norway), and C. Tara Marshall (Scotland)
2014
2014
Norman Graham (Ireland) Gabriella Bianchi & Kwame Koranteng (FAO) William Karp & Kimberly Murray (USA) Hendrik Doerner & Jann Martinsohn (European Commission - Joint Research Centre) Aasmund Bjordal (Norway) Marco Frederiksen (Denmark) Steve Kennelly (Australia) Martin Pastoors (Netherlands) Lene Buhl-Mortensen, Carsten Hvingel and Børge Holte (Norway), Francis Neat (Scotland) and Mariano KoenAlonso (Canada)
The ICES Training Programme In 2013, ICES offers nine courses on various topics, including stock assessment and fisheries management, ecosystem surveys and modelling, VMS and logbook data, and geostatistics.
6-9 6.3 Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP)
Duce
Report on the Activities of GESAMP Working Group 38 SCOR, NSF, WMO, and IMO have supported GESAMP WG 38 (Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean) during the past year. In particular, during the 39th meeting of GESAMP at the United Nations in New York, additional terms of reference for continued work of GESAMP WG 38 were approved to address issues related to the impact of the atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen to the ocean. These additional tasks were added as follows: 1. Update the geographical estimates of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition to the global ocean made in the 2008 paper in Science (Duce, R.A., et al., “Impacts of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on the open ocean”, Science, 320, 893-897 (2008), which were based on data from 2005 or earlier. This would utilize newer and more geographically distributed data on anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen concentrations and deposition over the global ocean as well as improved models of these processes and impacts. 2. Considering issues related to Task 1 above, re-evaluate the impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on marine biogeochemistry, including re-estimating the amount of CO2 that could be drawn down from the atmosphere into the ocean as a result of the increased productivity in the ocean derived from the additional anthropogenic nutrient nitrogen deposited. This would allow an update on the impact of the atmospheric nitrogen deposition on atmospheric radiative properties outlined in the 2008 Science paper. 3. Provide a more reliable estimate of the impact of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen deposition on the production of additional nitrous oxide in the ocean and its subsequent emission to the atmosphere. This was one of the greatest uncertainties in the 2008 Science paper. 4. Evaluate the extent to which anthropogenic nitrogen delivered to the coastal zone via rivers, atmospheric deposition, etc. is transported to the open ocean, in which regions this may happen, and what its impact is there. In the 2008 Science paper it was assumed that all nitrogen delivered to the coastal zone was sequestered there and did not reach the open ocean, but this may not be true in all locations. 5. Make a more detailed estimate of the input and impact of anthropogenic nitrogen in the area of the Northern Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal) and the South China Sea - the areas that are expected to show the greatest increase of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition over the next few decades. To address these terms of reference a workshop on The Atmospheric Deposition of Nitrogen and Its Impact on Marine Biogeochemistry was held at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, United Kingdom, from 11 to 14 February 2013. The first day of the workshop was devoted to discussions of the five tasks identified above as the foci of the workshop. Two individuals were asked to summarize the issues in each of these task areas and to lead the discussions that
6-10 followed. On the basis of the task area discussions above, the workshop individuals broke up into sub-groups on the second through fourth days of the workshop. These sub-groups began the development of nine different scientific papers, covering the task areas above, which will be (or have been) submitted to peer-reviewed journals. Twenty-three scientists participated in the workshop, one participating by Skype. This was a highly successful workshop. The approximate titles of these nine papers are as follows: A) B) C) D) E) F) G)
Impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on the oceans Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the oceans: observations vs model-based estimates Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the South China Sea Modeling the ocean biogeochemical response to increasing nitrogen deposition Riverine delivery of nutrients and carbon to the oceans Marine nitrogen cycle - overview and update Future changes in N2O emissions from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: the role of increasing atmospheric and riverine inputs H) Sensitivity of the marine nitrogen inventory to regional nitrogen deposition I) Model grid resolution influence on the simulation of marine biogeochemistry These papers are now in the process of being developed (one has been submitted for publication) and most should be completed within the next several months, with all being submitted for publication from the fall of 2013 to the summer of 2014. As far as future activities of WG 38 in 2014 are concerned, we believe that the WG should simply focus on getting all of these papers completed and submitted, and hopefully published over the next year. Thus right now we are suggesting that there be no additional tasks undertaken, except for a special session at the EGU meeting in Vienna in the spring of 2014. We have proposed a session there entitled “Atmospheric Deposition to the Ocean: Impacts on Marine Biogeochemistry and Climate.” Results from many of the papers listed above will be presented at this session. We would also like to use the time over the next year to consider if there are any additional issues related to the input of chemicals to the ocean that WMO and other sponsors might be interested in the working group addressing.
6-11 6.4 North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) Report will be available after the annual PICES meeting in October.
Batchelder, Taguchi
7.0
RELATIONS WITH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
7.1
International Council for Science 7.1.1 International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP), p. 7-1 7.1.2 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), p. 7- 3 7.1.3 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), p. 7-13 7.1.4 Future Earth Initiative , p. 7-18
7.2
Affiliated Organizations 7.2.1 International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO), p. 7-18 Costello 7.2.2 International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS), p. 7-20 Coustenis 7.2.3 International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO), p. 7-22 Morozov
7.3
Affiliated Programs, p. 7-26 7.3.1 InterRidge - International, Interdisciplinary Ridge Studies, p. 7-28 7.3.2 International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG), p. 7-34 7.3.3 Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS), p. 7-38
7.4
Burkill Burkill Fennel Brussaard Greenslade
Other Organizations 7.4.1 Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO), p. 7-39 7.4.2 Marine Working Group of the International Arctic Science Committee, p. 7-39
Feeley Volkman
Feeley Fennel
7-1 7.1
International Council for Science (ICSU)
7.1.1
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)
Burkill
Wendy Broadgate, Deputy Director, Natural Sciences, IGBP IGBP and SCOR have strong collaboration, co-sponsoring two major international projects IMBER and SOLAS as well as jointly sponsoring several IGBP Fast Track Initiatives and a SCOR Working Group. IGBP, SCOR and IOC are together sponsoring the Third Oceans in a High-CO2 World symposium, in Monterey, California, 24-27 September 2012. The symposium is expected to attract 500 ocean acidification experts and will include discussions on the economics and management implications of ocean acidification. Below are some other short updates from IGBP. Planet Under Pressure The London conference (26-29 March), sponsored by the global-change programmes and the International Council for Science (ICSU), attracted 3000 scientists, decision makers, business representatives, journalists and others; well above the expected 2500. Over 400 articles in the mainstream media have been published worldwide in over 20 languages and the conference still reverberates in the media, online discussions and policy circles. A key outcome was the publication of the first State of the Planet Declaration. 150 science and technology centers for the public and schoolchildren worldwide held Planet Under Pressure related events reaching a further 12,000 people. The UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon addressed the conference via video: "I welcome the State of the Planet declaration issued today by the Co-chairs of this conference. Its timing, two months before the UN Conference on Sustainable Development, could not be better. Rio+20 is a major opportunity to advance the policy science interface." Planet Under Pressure marks a turning point in international Earth-system research towards a focus on global sustainability. The new Future Earth initiative, mentioned elsewhere in this bulletin, was discussed intensely during the conference. The conference also hosted the first major science-policy dialogue on the concept of new universal sustainable development goals. This World Cafe was one of many participatory sessions under the banner "Bridges to the Future".
7-2 Catch some of conference highlights: Presentations on you tube: http://www.youtube.com/user/PlanetUnderPressure?feature=watch www.planetunderpressure2012.net Future Earth Following successful dialogues at the Planet Under Pressure conference, the Future Earth initiative was officially launched at the UN's Rio+20 summit, 20-22 June. The initiative aims to bring together IGBP, DIVERSITAS and the International Human Dimensions Programme under one umbrella, Future Earth: research for global sustainability. Currently, it is planned that the World Climate Research Programme will have observer status in the new initiative. Plans are underway to have an interim Future Earth governing body in place by the beginning of 2013 and a secretariat by mid-2014. More information: http://www.icsu.org/future-earth/ Welcome to the Anthropocene: 700,000 hits As part of the Planet Under Pressure conference's outreach strategy IGBP and partners launched a beta version of the first educational website on the Anthropocene. www.anthropocene.info. The site also includes a three-minute data visualization of the Anthropocene that has gone viral with over 700,000 hits to date. More interactive content will be developed in the next 12 months. 3-minute film, Welcome to the Anthropocene: http://vimeo.com/39048998 Anthropocene: the geology of humanity The latest issue of Global Change is now out featuring articles on the Anthropocene (by new IGBP chair James Syvitski), urbanization and the re-insurance industry. http://www.igbp.net/news/features/features/anthropoceneanepochofourmaking.5.1081640c135c7 c04eb480001082.html PAGES perspectives newsletter The latest issue of the PAGES newsletter, co-edited by IGBP science editor Ninad Bondre, is a departure from the past (no pun intended). Each palaeo-centric article is complemented by an article with a current or future perspective. http://www.pages-igbp.org/news/523-latest-pages-newsletter/523-latest-pages-newsletter
7-3 7.1.2
World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
Fennel
The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP): an Update to SCOR-2013 General background The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) was established in 1980 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and International Council for Science (ICSU) to address two objectives: determine the predictability of climate and determine the effects of human activities on climate for use in an increasing range of practical applications of direct relevance, benefit and value to society. Since 1993 WCRP has also been cosponsored by the IOC of UNESCO. This report provides a summary of recent main WCRP ocean-related activities. More information is available from the WCRP, CliC, CLIVAR, and GEWEX websites (see http://www.wcrpclimate.org, http://www.climate-cryosphere.org/, http://www.clivar.org, and http://www.gewex.org, respectively). A WCRP accomplishment report published in March 2013 is available for download at: http://www.wcrpclimate.org/images/documents/reports_flyers/WCRP_report03_2012.pdf. Major events for the past biennium In 2011 WCRP organized a very successful Open Science Conference (OSC) entitled “Climate Research in Service to Society” (http://conference2011.wcrp-climate.org). It was held in Denver, Colorado, USA, in October 2011 and attracted over 1900 participants, many of them oceanographers, from 86 countries. More than 500 scientists from developing nations and regions and 250 young scholars were among the participants. A major emerging theme from the OSC is science behind high value climate information needed to support decision-making dependant on environmental conditions. In 2012 WCRP co-sponsored and contributed to planning and organization of the successful second 2nd PICES/ICES/IOC Symposium “Effects of climate change on the world’s oceans” (Yeosu, Republic of Korea, 15–19 May 2012, in conjunction with Ocean Expo-2012). WCRP also organized a wide range of regional scientific workshops, capacity development and training activities that are described in the subsequent section of this report. Recent sessions of WCRP working bodies An Extraordinary Session of WCRP Joint Scientific Committee (JSC) was held on 29 and 30 October 2011 in Boulder, just after the completion of the OSC. The 33rd session of JSC was convened on 16-20 July 2012 in Beijing, China, and the 34th session of JSC was held on 27-31 May 2013 in Brasilia, Brazil. In 2012-2013 the first meetings of the recently established WCRP Data Advisory and Modelling Advisory Councils (correspondingly, WDAC and WMAC) and of the WCRP Working Group on Regional Climate (WGRC) were held. The Councils were established to for further strengthening of coordination of data and modelling activities between the WCRP Core Projects and with sister Global Environmental Change Programs. The WGRC main role is to facilitate support for development of regional science-based climate information for decision makers through such initiatives as GFCS.
7-4 Targeting WCRP climate research to meet societal needs Following the independent review of the Program by its major sponsors (i.e. ICSU, IOC/UNESCO and WMO) in 2008-2009, WCRP began a series of consultations and deliberations with the international scientific community on its research plan and priorities for the ensuing decade. These efforts culminated in series of community-based scientific papers that were discussed at the OSC in 2011. Six major scientific grand challenges resulted from community consultation to serve as the foci for the development of targeted research efforts that meet the most important information needs of decision makers. These Grand Science Challenges are:
Provision of skilful future climate information on regional scales (e.g. decadal predictability); Regional sea-level variability and change; Cryosphere response to climate change (including aspects related to ice sheets, water resources, polar climate predictability, permafrost and carbon); Improved understanding of the interactions of clouds and radiation (including the role of aerosols and precipitation and contributions to climate sensitivity); Past and future changes in water availability (with connections to water security and water-resources management); and The science underpinning the prediction and attribution of extreme events.
Developments in WCRP Projects The Grand Science Challenges presented above stimulated significant discussion among the Core Projects and the JSC on how to organize the Projects’ activities for effective integration of research and delivery of the resulting knowledge. For example, the GEWEX (the new name of the Project is Global Energy and Water Exchanges) project is focussing the research on predicting global and regional energy and water variations, trends, and extremes (such as heat waves, floods, and droughts) through improved observations and modelling of land, atmosphere, and their interactions; thereby providing the scientific underpinnings of climate services. The CliC (Climate and Cryosphere) project main objectives are to address the role of cryosphere in the climate system, facilitate improved understanding of the predictability of the Arctic and Antarctic climate systems, terrestrial cryosphere, and past, current, and future contributions of glacier and ice sheet melt to sea-level variability and change. The updated research focus of SPARC (starting in 2014 the name of the project will be Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) is on climaterelevant aspects of atmospheric dynamics and chemistry. CLIVAR is focussing on the oceans and ocean-atmosphere interactions in order to better understand climate variability, predictability and change including such topics as regional sea level and extreme events. Strengthened coordination of activities among the four Core Projects, in the context of a holistic approach to Earth’s climate system observation, research, modelling and prediction, will facilitate interdisciplinary research towards fundamental understanding of the Earth’s complex climate system and will help to deliver scientific knowledge resulting from these efforts to decision making (also through such newly established initiatives as GFCS and Future Earth).
7-5 Expanding and enabling climate research for regional decision makers Major WCRP experiments provide the framework for advancing research on modelling of climate change and variability and for improving climate projections and predictions. These experiments create the basis for assessing climate variability and change in support of science-based environmental assessments such as the IPCC Fifth Assessment (AR5), Quadrennial Ozone Assessment, newly established Biodiversity Assessment, etc. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5) represents the most ambitious multi-model inter-comparison and analysis project ever attempted. 24 modelling groups from around the world are participating in it. The scope of CMIP5 is much broader than that of the previous intercomparison project (CMIP3) and includes analysis of four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) to support developing mitigation options and adaptation scenarios, as well as the emission-driven Earth System Model (ESM) experiments. This experiment includes both climate projections on the time scale of a century and predictions of decadal climate variability. WCRP is also continuing its multi-model, multi-institutional set of experiments on seasonal prediction – the Climate system Historical Forecast Project (CHFP). In an attempt to build a joint weather and climate (“seamless”) prediction system, WCRP combined efforts with the World Weather Research Programme and started a joint sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction project (S2S). In order to support the provision of improved regional climate information, WCRP developed an international framework for the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX). The framework is facilitating the evaluation and, where possible, the improvement of regional climate downscaling techniques to support the vulnerability, impact and adaptation analyses and assessments. Many CORDEX regions are developing matrices of regional climate change projections. In some regions, one example being Africa, access to reliable regional climatechange information was particularly limited. The international community therefore targeted Africa as a focus for initial efforts, and at present new regional information on African climate is already available to support the AR5 and decision-makers involved in climate risk management and adaptation planning. Unprecedented volumes of data containing climate historical simulations, climate predictions and projections, and observational datasets and their-reanalyses are being made available openly to scientists and other users through the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) archive. These data include the results from CMIP5, CHFP, CORDEX, the four major international re-analysis products from USA, Japan and Europe, and observation-based data sets prepared by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for inter-comparison with some of the CMIP5 model results. The ESGF is a highly distributed system with nodes in several continents to ensure ease of access to the large scale data sets, on one hand, and consistency of protocols, formats, projection maps, documentation, etc., on the other hand, to enable more effective analysis and intercomparison among them. WCRP is promoting a pilot effort to improve the connection between data experts and scientists involved in climate model development and evaluation, which
7-6 is called Obs4MIPs (http://obs4mips.llnl.gov:8080/wiki). It aims to greatly improve intercomparisons of models and observational datasets. Ocean model development The CLIVAR Working Group on Ocean Model Development (WGOMD) met for its tenth session in Venice, Italy, in January 2012, and for its eleventh session in Hobart, Australia, in February 2013. WGOMD, which is the leading coordinating body for ocean modelling, continues to develop the Coordinated Ocean - ice Reference Experiments (CORE) based on the CORE II protocol. A special online issue of the Ocean Modelling journal is in preparation. It will document the stateof-the-science in global ocean-sea ice modelling available through the CORE-II protocol. Sea level variability and change Analysis, assessment and prediction of sea-level variability and change, especially at the regional level, are a key focus for WCRP and an area of active development. A dedicated WCRP Workshop hosted by UNESCO-IOC in Paris in February 2011 reviewed the state-of-the-knowledge in sealevel observations, research and modelling. In February 2013 these discussions were continued at another WCRP workshop jointly organized by the CLIVAR and CliC Projects in Hobart, Australia. The main foci of this workshop were ocean dynamics and sea level change, ocean - ice shelf interactions, and dynamics of ice sheets. Based on their outcomes of the two WCRP workshops on sea level, progress is being made in improving the observing networks and developing models capable of capturing essential dynamics of ice-sheets, sea-ice, and glaciers. Another recent observation-based finding discussed at these workshops is the enhanced net mass loss from the major ice sheets, which, if it continues at recently detected rates, will mean that the contribution of the ice sheets to 21st century sea-level rise will be larger than from any other contributing factor (such as the mass loss of glaciers and ocean water thermal expansion). To manage the potential risks of sea-level changes and develop adaptive measures, it is imperative to know not only the global mean sea-level value but also its regional and temporal variations. WCRP is supporting research on understanding the underlying physical and dynamical processes that contribute to the patterns and magnitude of sea-level variability and change on regional scales. These studies have revealed some patterns of such variability, showing clearly that while sea level is rising on the global average, it may be rising more in some regions of the world and even falling in others, owing to the specifics of ocean dynamics and other geophysical processes. Regional sealevel rise increases the risk of coastal flooding, which also depends on local tides, storm-surges, precipitation, and local hydrological conditions. Progress in ocean observations and synthesis Ocean observations continue to be an important focus for WCRP. Together with GOOS and GCOS, WCRP sponsors the Ocean Observations Panel for Climate (OOPC) and contributes to development of the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO). The WCRP CLIVAR Project, at its recent 20th Scientific Steering Group meeting in Kiel in May 2013, agreed to identify appropriate contacts and to provide for the OOPC the necessary input with respect to development of observations of Essential Ocean Variables and Essential Climate Variables.
7-7 The utility of ocean measurements is continuously being enhanced through the efforts of the WCRP CLIVAR Global Synthesis and Observations Panel (GSOP). GSOP coordinates its contribution to implementation of FOO with OOPC. The main objective of GSOP is to create the best possible syntheses of in situ ocean observations, satellite measurements and model outputs. Such ocean synthesis products are needed to understand sea-level changes in the context of climate change and variability and to measure changes in the meridional overturning circulation that could lead to rapid climate change. They also form the basis for assimilation of ocean observations into climate prediction systems, and, in particular, those to be used for decadal prediction. Synthesis products that include information about carbon help to understand and monitor the role of the ocean as a carbon sink. The ocean data synthesis, coordinated by WCRP, involves representatives from all the major modelling centres around the world and provides key information about the state of the ocean to a wide range of users. Significant discussion is ongoing as well on the issue of accumulation of the excess heat in the oceans and its apportion between the upper 700 m and the deeper layers, which are still accessible to Argo. New measuring techniques such as gliders and integrated physical and biogeochemical sensors are continuously being tested and refined in WCRP international field programmes. For instance, the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent and its variation has been a major gap in ENSO diagnosis and the link between extra-tropics and tropics. CLIVAR is now addressing this gap in observations through the use of ocean gliders. These autonomous instruments provide a relatively inexpensive means to produce time series measurements. Ultimately it is expected that this sort of instrument will become part of a sustained ocean climate observing system. Observing and modeling ocean – atmosphere fluxes Ocean – atmosphere interact through fluxes of energy, matter, and momentum at their interface. Progress in quantitative understanding of surface fluxes is the necessary condition for proper modelling of ocean circulation and for all climate predictions. In January 2012 WCRP published an Action Plan for WCRP Research Activities on Surface Fluxes, which contains recommendations on flux measurement and data processing to create validated datasets for evaluation of model-based fluxes. Integration of physical, biogeochemical and ecosystem research in the ocean More and more, experiments in the domain of physical oceanography are merged with ecosystem and biogeochemical research, largely coordinated by the IMBER (Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research) project of SCOR and IGBP. The CLIVAR Scientific Steering Group (SSG) at its 19th session in La Paz (Mexico, June 2012) and the IMBER Scientific Steering Committee held a joint session and agreed to form a task team with a mandate to formulate a strategic approach to future joint work. Research on marine biophysical interactions and dynamics of upwelling systems is now included in the list of science priorities for CLIVAR. By the end of 2013 CLIVAR will develop a white paper on upwelling research opportunities. WCRP maintains its sponsorship of the very active IGBP/SCOR/WCRP/iCACGP Surface Ocean
7-8 – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS, http://www.solas-int.org), which will report to SCOR-2013 individually. Regional ocean observing systems, field experiments, and process studies WCRP and its Core Projects provide scientific support to regional ocean observations and help to coordinate them. For example, the 9th Session of the CLIVAR - IOC/GOOS Indian Ocean Panel was held in October 2012 in Cape Town, South Africa, in conjunction with the 9th Session of the Indian Ocean Global Ocean Observing System (IOGOOS), the 3rd SIBER (Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research) SSG meeting, and the 3rd IndOOS Resource Forum. An international field program CINDY2011 (Cooperative Indian Ocean experiment on intraseasonal variability in the Year 2011), with U.S. participation through the program DYNAMO, and several other projects took place in the central equatorial Indian Ocean in late 2011 - early 2012 to collect in situ observations in order to advance understanding of the Madden – Julian Oscillation (MJO) initiation and improve MJO prediction. Subsequently, a symposium on MJO prediction was held 10 January 2013. Further, in July 2013 the second ‘International Symposium on Boundary Current dynamics’ was held in Li Jiang, Yun Nan, China, and was followed by a joint session of CLIVAR Pacific and Indian Ocean panels. Joint sessions and activities of scientists studying the Indian and Pacific Oceans are warranted by strong interactions of the oceans, as was confirmed, for example, by a very successful CLIVAR/WCRP Workshop on Decadal and Multi-decadal Variability in Pacific and Indian Ocean held in Qingdao, China, in September 2012. The SSG encourages the Pacific panel’s planned connectivity with the WESTPAC. In the Pacific Ocean, improvements of observing, indexing, modelling and prediction of ENSO remain the focus. The third Workshop on the Evaluation of ENSO Processes in Climate Models was held in Hobart, Australia in January 2013. A vast array of observing experiments is continuing in this basin, including the large-scale Southwest Pacific Ocean and Climate Circulation Experiment (SPICE) and its sub-experiments, field work on the origins of Kuroshio and Mindanao currents, and continuing development and maintenance of the TAO/TRITON ENSO observing system that includes the eastern part of the Indian Ocean. The 7th Session of the CLIVAR Pacific Panel took place in Noumea, New Caledonia, in April 2012. A significant number of coordinated research, field experiments, and sustained observations are going on in the Atlantic Ocean. They are coordinated by the CLIVAR Atlantic Panel, which held its 12th meeting in September 2012 in Kiel, Germany, including a joint session with the 17th Meeting of the PIRATA SSG. The scope of oceanographic research in the Atlantic Ocean is large and includes subregional activities in the tropical, eastern, southern, northern basins that have differing foci such as the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. At present, this region exhibits the highest potential in terms of possible decadal climate predictability. The 8th Session of the CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR Southern Ocean Panel took place in February 2013 in Hobart, Australia. This regional community is actively developing the Southern Ocean Observing System, a new international initiative, which was inaugurated in August 2011, to coordinate and
7-9 expand efforts to collect and disseminate sustained observations. The research foci in the Southern ocean include ice sheet – ice shelf – ocean interaction, eddies in Southern Ocean, coordinated development of biogeochemical observations and modelling, variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current System, and Antarctic Bottom Water Mass formation. The Southern Ocean upwelling system may become a focus of the CLIVAR grand challenge on upwelling. As reported in the recent 2013 update of the SCAR Antarctic Climate Change and Environment Report, this region keeps posing difficult questions to climate science. For example, one of the most rapidly warming regions in the world is around the Siple Region of West Antarctica and, at the same time, the Southern Ocean sea-ice extent has reached its observed maximum in 2012 with an overall positive multidecadal trend of approximately 1.3% per decade. This issue is the main area of research by the Antarctic Sea-Ice Processes and Climate (ASPeCt), a group sponsored by CliC and SCAR, which had its most recent meeting in July 2012, in Portland, USA, and is preparing a review paper on Antarctic sea ice. With diminishing multi-year sea-ice in the Arctic Ocean, WCRP has been engaged in the research on the reason(s) for significant underestimation of the rate of sea-ice reduction in the CMIP3 experiments, which were used in the analysis of the IPCC AR4 in 2007. These efforts are aimed at improved representation of sea-ice processes in climate models and their exploitation in ensemble climate projections of CMIP5 experiments to be analyzed in AR5. This work will continue in the future through the WCRP Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) project, which will support the development of the WCRP Polar Climate Predictability Initiative and the Grand Science Challenge “Cryosphere in a changing climate”. The CliC project is embarking on a series of activities focused on the Polar Regions including a series of seminars and workshops on the role of sea ice to be conducted with the sponsorship of the Norwegian Research Council. This series of workshops builds on the efforts of the CliC Arctic Sea-Ice Working Group, which had its recent meeting in Boulder, USA, on 31 October – 1 November 2011. A very successful topical workshop entitled “Earth Observation and Cryosphere Science” was organized in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA), and the European Geosciences Union (EGU) in Frascati, Italy, in November 2012. A paper describing the way forward for cryospheric observations from space, based on the outcomes of this workshop, was prepared and published in the open access online journal “The Cryosphere”. Support to decision-making, adaptation, planning, and climate risk management Climate research enabled by WCRP is intended to provide science-based information for decisionmakers. Towards this objective, WCRP coordinated the development of the Research, Modelling, and Prediction Annex to the Implementation Plan of the Global Framework for Climate Services. This Annex describes the research objectives and planned activities in support of the GFCS nearterm priorities of fresh water reserves management, health, agriculture and food security, and disaster risk reduction. WCRP, in partnership with other Global Environmental Change programs, regularly informs the intergovernmental process, particularly the Conferences of Parties (CoP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Subsidiary Body on Scientific and
7-10 Technological Advice (SBSTA). The recent briefings at the CoP-18 in November 2012 in Doha, Qatar, were on the role of cryosphere in climate and provision of climate services. A report for the research dialogue with policymakers was also prepared for the upcoming SBSTA – 36 (June 2013) in Bonn, Germany. WCRP is also developing cooperation with the emerging Programme of Research on Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation (PROVIA). WCRP has been supporting the development of several recent publications on extreme climate events. Research on their attribution and prediction is a major focus of the WCRP and its Grand Science Challenge. The Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI), jointly sponsored by CLIVAR, GEWEX, WMO and JCOMM, provides international coordination for objective measurement and characterization of climate variability and change in form of indices that can be used by practitioners and decision makers. ETCCDI will contribute to implementation of the activities under the Grand Science Challenge of climate extremes and is engaged in facilitating data sharing with appropriate national and international agencies. CLIVAR has also decided to form a limited lifetime working group under the CLIVAR GSOP Panel that would initiate development of sub-surface ocean indices. This work will be conducted in cooperation with WGOMD and ETCCDI. Capacity development Capacity development is a high priority focus for WCRP. In 2012, WCRP developed its strategy for capacity development, education, training, and outreach to facilitate growth of the diverse future workforce needed to meet the increasingly complex scientific challenges in the future. To implement the priorities identified in its strategy, WCRP is sponsoring active engagement of many early career scientists in all of its sponsored activities, with particular emphasis on scientists from least-developed and developing countries. Through strategic partnerships with WCRP sponsors (WMO, IOC, and ICSU) and sister organizations such as the START (Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training), APN (Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research), and IAI (Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research), WCRP is currently undertaking a wide range of education, training and capacity development activities. About 300 students and early career scientists were supported by WCRP to attend its meetings in 2011/12, and in 2012 more than 30 early career scientists participated in 13 regional WCRP workshops. For example, in March 2012 WCRP sponsored a meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia, aimed at developing an effective monitoring programme for the Indonesian Throughflow. The workshop brought together scientists from around the world with Indonesian oceanographers from different institutions to develop a joint plan to monitor and improve our understanding of this critical link between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Recognizing the pressing need to narrow the large gap that currently exists between decisionmakers and climate researchers, WCRP is organizing a series of regional projects, conferences, capacity development and training activities focussing on the role of science in climate services and risk management. The first one, on 15-18 October 2013, in Arusha, Tanzania, will be on the State of the African Climate System. It will be followed by a similar forum in Latin America in March 2014 in Montevideo, Uruguay. Likewise, a joint WCRP-IPCC-EU International
7-11 Conference on Regional Climate will be held 4-7 November 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. This event aims to discuss the main outcomes of IPCC AR5 WGI, report the key scientific results for the first phase of CORDEX, and identify the future research priorities. A major conference “Climate Research and Earth Observations from Space: Climate Information for Decision Making” is being planned in partnership with the European Meteorological Satellite (EUMETSAT), European Commission (EC), major international and national space agencies, and observations coordination programmes in Darmstadt, Germany, in October 2014. Contributing to the Transboundary Water Assessment WCRP is a partner in the Transboundary Water Assessment Project whose overall objective is to develop methodologies to help the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) in setting priorities for their activities and to catalyze a partnership for conducting such a global assessment on a regular basis. WCRP's role is to facilitate access to data sets of future projections of various global marine variables that will be merged with socio-economic data to produce indices of stress and vulnerability of human and natural systems. The ultimate goal is to produce a metric- and mappingbased assessment transforming existing scientific data and projections for the open ocean into stakeholder-relevant information for several themes of relevance such as sea-level rise, coral bleaching, and ocean acidification. Joint activity with SCOR In 2009-2012 SCOR, WCRP, and the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO of IUGG) sponsored a Working Group on “Climatic Importance of the Greater Agulhas System” (Working Group 136). This successful Working Group held three meetings and published a major paper in Nature. Plans for immediate future The WCRP Programme Implementation Plan (WCRP 2009, WMO/TD-No. 1503) outlines the main lines of WCRP activities in 2010-2015. WCRP activities are developed with a view to providing a strong contribution to the strategic initiatives of the Programme’s Sponsors such as the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), the Future Earth initiative, and the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO). Implementation plans for WCRP Projects are available at their websites. Some of them are being updated. The community-based papers that were prepared for and presented at the WCRP OSC in October 2011 in Denver, USA, were further revised based on the deliberations at the OSC, and subsequently peer reviewed prior to publication as a monograph entitled “Climate Science for Serving Society: Research, Modeling and Prediction Priorities” (Springer, SPM publishers, 2013). This monograph is intended to serve as the science strategy for WCRP for the next decade. In addition to pan-WCRP conferences in Arusha (October 2013), Brussels (November 2013), Montevideo (March 2014), and Darmstadt (October 2014), which are focussing on capacity development, regional information and the architecture of climate observations from space, WCRP core projects are also organizing a series of meetings focussing on important aspects of fundamental climate research. A CliC workshop “Cryosphere in a Changing Climate” will be held
7-12 in Tromsø, Norway, in October 2013. A General Assembly of SPARC will be held in Queenstown, New Zealand, on 12-17 January 2014. A major joint meeting of CLIVAR and GEWEX and a GEWEX Conference will be held in The Hague World Forum Convention Center, The Netherlands, in July 2014. Working groups and Councils of WCRP are also planning several major activities associated with the WCRP Grand Science Challenges. A significant number of papers resulting from CMIP5 are appearing in the science literature while preparations for CMIP6 are getting underway. Relevant outcomes of some of these important events and initiatives will be shared with SCOR at its next meeting.
7.1.3
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)
Brussaard
Ocean Acidification: SCAR Future Plans 1. Background The carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration of the Southern Ocean is rising. The dominant source of this increase is in response to partial equilibration with the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, following worldwide fossil fuel combustion and land use changes. Subsequent shifts in chemical equilibria result in a change to the marine carbonate system and a lowering of seawater pH. This process is termed “ocean acidification” (OA). From a limited number of studies to date, it is already clear that OA is causing rapid changes in ocean chemistry. There is concern over the future of polar marine organisms that are uniquely adapted to their extreme and cold surroundings. In an environment where development is ten times slower than that in warmer regions of the world, the ability of these (mostly benthic) organisms to adapt to these changing conditions is questionable, especially over the next 50 to 100 years. Studies investigating the impacts of ocean acidification on polar marine calcifying organisms are extremely limited. The major challenges for understanding Southern Ocean acidification are advancing the observational network and better constraining our understanding of the underlining natural variability and the mechanisms that drive it, both of which are still poor. The socioeconomic and cultural effects of Southern Ocean OA are unknown. 2. Future Plans There is a growing international effort to observe and monitor the marine carbonate system with the emphasis moving to an integrated observing system approach based on ecosystem-carbonclimate coupling. Additionally, modeling efforts are becoming much more unified and assimilated through a multi-model approach, with regional models becoming much more utilised – often informed at the boundaries through coupling to global earth system models. SCAR has appointed an international ocean acidification Action Group, led by Dr. Richard Bellerby (Norway), to document the scientific understanding of ocean acidification. The Action Group consists of an international cross-disciplinary team of ocean acidification experts representing the fields of marine carbonate chemistry, global and regional modelling, marine
7-13 ecology, ecotoxicology/physiology and paleoceanography. Dr Bellerby led an equivalent effort in the Arctic. The OA Action Group will: • • • • •
define our present understanding of the contemporary rates and future scenarios of Southern Ocean acidification; document ecosystem and organism responses from experimental perturbations and geological records; identify present and planned observational and experimental strategies; identify gaps in our understanding of the rates and regionality of ocean acidification and; define strategies for future Southern ocean acidification research.
The above workplan will be performed in consultation with existing global ocean acidification efforts (e.g. SOLAS/IMBER Sub Group 3, US Ocean Carbon Biogeochemistry, the SCAR cosponsored ICED programme and the SCAR/SCOR Southern Ocean Observing System). A draft outline of the report is as follows: 1. Report overview: Background to Ocean Acidification and the Southern Ocean (Bellerby) 2. Recent and present ocean acidification and carbon biogeochemical system change 2.1 From observations (Lo Monaco, Hoppema) -Anthropogenic carbon uptake -Other biogeochemical processes affected by ocean acidification (nutrients, trace elements, biogases+++) -Observational and monitoring programmes 2.2. From models (Lovenduski, McNeil, Lenton) -Large scale changes from ESMs -Regional OA -Surface to benthos OA -Geological history of OA and future long term change (from PETM to 2500) 3. Biological Systems: 3.1.Phytoplankton (tbd - Bellerby responsible) 3.2. Zooplankton and mesopelagic (Kurihara) 3.3. Benthic (Suckling) 4. Conclusions, Knowledge gaps and Future Research (Bellerby, All) The final report will be launched at the SCAR Open Science Conference in August 2014 (www.scar2014.com) and be the subject of a plenary keynote by Dr Bellerby.
7-14
ANNUAL REPORT TO SCOR 2013 BACKGROUND The Southern Ocean influences climate, sea level, biogeochemical cycles and biological productivity on a global scale. Many of the most difficult and pressing issues faced by society— how to mitigate and adapt to climate change and sea-level rise, how to manage the effects of ocean acidification, and how best to conserve marine resources and biodiversity—cannot be addressed effectively without improved understanding of Southern Ocean processes and feedbacks and their sensitivity to change. The most urgent research challenges in the Southern Ocean often span traditionally separate scientific disciplines. The Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) provides the sustained, integrated, multi-disciplinary observations required to meet these challenges. The Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) is a joint initiative of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and endorsed by the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) and the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) and Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) projects of the World Climate Research Programme.
ACTIVITIES 1) Communication and Outreach: - SOOS has published 7 articles, 3 of which were in peer-reviewed literature. All are available for download from the SOOS website product database (www.soos.aq/index.php/products/soos-products). The most recent publication, The vision of the Southern Ocean Observing System (COSUST, Meredith et al., 2013), provides an overview of the 20-year vision for SOOS and the steps required to achieve this vision.
7-15 -
SOOS was presented at over 50 international meetings and workshops by the Executive Officer (EO), members of the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) and representatives of SCAR/SCOR.
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SOOS ran a Town Hall meeting alongside the 2012 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, with the objective of bringing together U.S. researchers, and informing them of SOOS activities and objectives.
2) Scientific and Collaborative Initiatives: - SOOS held a workshop that aimed to develop an international strategy for Under Ice observations (Hobart, Oct 2012). A strategic plan will be released by end-2013. -
SCOR and SCAR were successful in their proposal to ICSU for funding of a workshop on “Identification of Ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables for the Global Ocean”, led by Andrew Constable. The workshop will take place early 2014, and will be complementary to current activities by the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) steering committee on this issue. The workshop will contribute directly to SOOS goals and the SOOS EO will support this group.
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SOOS held the 1st SOOS Asian Workshop, in Shanghai, China (23-24 May 2013). This workshop was sponsored by PRIC, SOA, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS), SCOR, and Climate and the Cryosphere (CliC). Presentations were given by Chinese, Korean, Russian, Indian and Japanese researchers. Two publications are currently in preparation, a workshop report highlighting specifics of the presentations (Jiping et al., in prep), and a publication that outlines the potential for enhanced collaborative efforts (Swart et al., in prep). Advances in Polar Sciences has offered to publish both these reports free of charge, by the end of 2013.
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The SOOS/COMNAP workshop was held in July 2013 (Seoul, Korea). The objective of this workshop was to coordinate and maximise operations support that COMNAP can provide towards SOOS objectives. A key outcome of this meeting was the development of a SOOS-COMNAP Collaborative Project, which will be tasked with a number of specific activities. These activities will be put to the COMNAP EXCOM for approval at their September 2013 meeting.
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A SOOS/POGO workshop will be held alongside the POGO Annual Meeting in Hobart, Australia (23 Jan 2014). The prospectus of this workshop is still being developed but it is expected that discussions will revolve around identifying ways that POGO can facilitate SOOS objectives, in a similar vein to the COMNAP SOOS Collaborative Project.
3) Data Management: - The operational prototype of the SOOS Data Portal was launched on 1 February 2013, hosted by the Australian Ocean Data Network (AODN). A number of issues arose during
7-16 the course of 2013, specifically, changes to the funding of the AODN and a resulting decrease in support available for maintenance and management of the infrastructure. It was therefore agreed that SOOS would work with NASA to develop a SOOS Metadata Portal through the GCMD. This is currently being developed. The previous portal will be taken offline. -
The 2nd SOOS DMSC meeting was held on 23-24 May 2013 in Shanghai, China. Key discussions included the incorporation of Chinese, Korean and Japanese national databases into the SOOS Data Portal, leveraging of resources (human and infrastructure) for ensuring full functionality of the Data Portal, and development of a workplan and timeline for the next 2 years, in parallel with the development of the Thematic workplans of the SSC. This workshop was sponsored by the Australian Ocean Data Centre Joint Facility.
SOOS Governance and Management: - The SOOS Scientific Steering Committee held its second meeting in Shanghai, China (20-22 May 2013). The meeting was sponsored by SCAR and SCOR, the Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC), and the State Oceanic Administration of China (SOA). Scientific discussions included development of the SOOS 20-year plan, and identification and priority rating of the key gaps in Southern Ocean observations, towards a structured implementation plan for filling these gaps. The minutes from this meeting are available on the SOOS website (www.soos.aq/index.php/about-us/ssc/meeting-minutes). - Following on from the SSC meeting, the IPO is currently preparing the SOOS Implementation Plan. This plan will build on the strategies outlined in the SOOS Initial Science and Implementation Strategy (Rintoul et al., 2012), and will clearly defined the mechanisms for implementation, and steps towards achieving the SOOS vision. - The IPO has hired a part-time science communications expert to update the SOOS website, and take care of other communication activities. The new website format will provide a lot more information on implementation activities and ways to become involved or contribute. Sponsorship and Funding - The Australian Antarctic Division has renewed its sponsorship of the SOOS IPO for the 2013-2014 financial year. The Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), which hosts the SOOS IPO, has included sponsorship of the office in its proposed 2014 budget and is awaiting approval from the University of Tasmania. Discussions for continuation of support by Antarctica New Zealand and the New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute will take place towards the end of 2013. The IPO is currently in discussion with representatives from Korea regarding potential for Korean sponsorship of the Office. - SOOS is in the process of developing a Sponsorship Package to increase institutional and organisational sponsorship of the SOOS IPO and related activities. It is envisioned that this package will be sent to relevant research institutes and organisations by the end of 2013.
7-17 SOOS greatly appreciates the support provided by SCOR for the annual Scientific Steering Committee meeting, and requests that this support is continued for 2014. Continuation of the support for the SSC meeting will ensure participation by all SSC members, which is imperative for planning and implementation of SOOS objectives. SCAR also provides support for the annual SOOS SSC meeting and continuation of this support for 2014 has been approved. SOOS has accepted the Norwegian Polar Institute’s offer to host the 2014 SSC meeting, which will take place in Tromso during the week starting 16 June. 7.1.4 Future Earth Initiative See next page. 7.2
Affiliated Organizations
7.2.1
International Association for Biological Oceanography (IABO)
Greenslade
Costello
Future Earth is a 10-year international research programme that will provide critical knowledge required for societies to face the challenges posed by global environmental change and to identify opportunities for a transition to global sustainability. The need for a coordinated scientific and societal response to global environmental change was highlighted at the 2012 Planet under Pressure conference. The conference declaration called for a new approach to research that is more integrative, international and solutions oriented, reaches across existing research programmes and disciplines, and has input from governments, civil society, local knowledge, research funders and the private sector. This call was echoed in the Rio+20 declaration and the United Nations Secretary General’s Global Sustainability Panel report with the latter calling for a major global scientific initiative to strengthen the interface between policy and science. Future Earth is that major global scientific initiative. Future Earth will answer fundamental questions about how and why the global environment is changing, what are likely future changes, what the implications are for human development and the diversity of life on earth, and what the opportunities are to reduce risks and vulnerabilities, enhance resilience, and implement transformations to prosperous and equitable futures. Future Earth will deliver science of the highest quality, integrating, as necessary, different disciplines from the natural, social (including economic and behavioural), engineering and human sciences. It will be co-designed and co-produced by academics, governments, business and civil society, encompass bottom-up ideas from the wide scientific community, be solution-oriented, and inclusive of existing international Global Environmental Change projects and related research activities. The conceptual framework for Future Earth recognises that humanity is an integral part of the dynamics and interactions of the Earth System and that this has important implications for global sustainability. The main organisational units for Future Earth research will be a set of three broad and integrated research themes: (i) Dynamic Planet – understanding how planet Earth is changing due to natural phenomena and human activities, with a particular focus on interactions between social and environmental changes across scales; (ii) Global Development – providing the knowledge for addressing the most pressing needs of humanity: sustainable, secure and fair stewardship of food, water, biodiversity, energy, materials and other ecosystem functions and services; (iii) Transformations towards Sustainability – understanding transformation processes and options, assessing how these relate to human values and behaviour, emerging technologies, and economic development pathways, and evaluating strategies for managing the global environment across sectors and scales. Future Earth will also support and deliver scoping and synthesis activities, communication and engagement, capacity development and education, and effective interactions at the science-policy interface. For more information, go to www.futureearth.info or follow @futureearth on Twitter.
7-19 7.2.2
International Association for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS)
Coustenis
International Association of Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 2012 Report (www.IAMAS.org) IAMAS is one of the eight associations dealing with the Earth system and its environs that make up the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). The scope of IAMAS includes the atmospheres of the Earth and other planets. IAMAS is made up of ten International Commissions (IC) and one Committee (C..) that play a major role in carrying though IAMAS activities. The ten ICs cover (alphabetically) Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (ICACGP), Atmospheric Electricity (ICAE), Climate (ICCL), Clouds and Precipitation (ICCP), Dynamical Meteorology (ICDM), the Middle Atmosphere (ICMA), stratospheric Ozone (IOC), Planetary Atmospheres and their Evolution (ICPAE), Polar Meteorology (ICPM), and atmospheric Radiation (IRC). The Committee on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols (CNAA) brings together scientists covering the following subject areas: Nucleation Theory & Experiment ; Tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols ; Cloud Drop and Ice Nucleation and Aerosol-Climate Interactions. Many of these commissions play international leadership roles in their specialty areas [see www.iamas.org/Commissions.html]. This set of commissions provides an important supplement and extension to the leadership and research role of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), which is the governmental entity with a comparable scientific scope to IAMAS; for example, the IOC entered into a letter of agreement with WMO for the establishment of an ad hoc expert team that will assess ozone absorption cross sections used in atmospheric observations. a) The IAMAS Bureau and members have actively prepared the DACA-13 (Davos Atmosphere and Cryosphere Assembly 2013) meeting, where many interesting (over 40) symposia were held.
7-20 To face today’s key challenges of global environmental change it is essential to cooperate at the interface between atmospheric and cryospheric sciences, and to pay attention to the complex interactions between these two vulnerable components. The International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences IAMAS and the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences IACS therefore welcomed scientists from both fields to the Davos Atmosphere and Cryosphere Assembly DACA-13 in Switzerland from 8-12 July 2013. The conference brought together some 1200 scientists from both fields who presented and discussed the latest research in separate or joint sessions. A large variety of topics was covered, from ice-sheet modeling to extreme climate events, from solar UV radiation to avalanche formation and permafrost. IAMAS scientists and all interested parties are encouraged to view the outcome of this highly successful meeting via the official website http://www.daca-13.org/ . b) The IAMAS Business meeting was held in Davos, during the DACA-13 on two different occasions (Sunday and Thursday of that week). Among other, several resolutions and statements were composed and adopted. The IAMAS resolution regarding Future Earth, see : http://www.iamas.org/Pdfs/IAMASResolution_FutureEarth-2013.pdf and the Statement on the Radiation Management Climate Engineering at : http://www.iamas.org/Pdfs/IAMAS-Statement-RadiationManagement.pdf . The EC also approved the proposal for holding the 2017 meeting in South Africa. c) IUGG Union Commission on Climatic and Environmental Changes In the past year, IAMAS has proposed a new commission and has been fully involved in the preparation of the commission CCEC. Considering the proposal from the initiative group led by IUGG Past President Tom Beer, and taking importance of the scientific topics into account, the IUGG Executive Committee decided to establish the Union Commission on Climatic and Environmental Change (CCEC) in order (i) to promote the advancement of the scientific understanding of climatic and environmental change, (ii) to boost research in reducing uncertainties in climate and environmental models, (iii) to define criteria for collaborative trans-disciplinary research on climate and environmental change, (iv) to fulfill the objectives of IUGG and its associations, (v) to provide an all-Union perspective on climatic and environmental change, and (vi) to make available the knowledge and insights developed through scientific research to the benefit of society and planet Earth, including considerations of the science of global change, related vulnerability and impacts, and potential responses. The IUGG Executive Committee appointed 14 experts to compose the Executive Committee of CCEC with Tom Beer (Australia) as Chair of the Commission, Jianping Li (China, also ICCL
7-21 Executive Secretary) as Vice Chair, Keith Alverson (USA, also former ICCL president) as Secretary-Treasurer, and 10 members of the committee representing Union Associations. IAMAS will be happy to continue to be involved in this commission. d) • • • • • • •
IAMAS commissions’ activities IOC, Quadrennial, Ozone Symposium, Toronto, ~ 330 part. IRC, Quadrennial Radiation Symposium, Berlin, ~ 500 part. ICCP, Cloud and precipitation, Leipzig, ~ 550 part. ICDM, Dynamic & Meteorology, Kunming, 170 part. IAMAS Bureau meeting, Paris, 15-16 Nov. 2012 Newsletter : information to the members more regular since mid-2011 Sponsorship of some symposia and publications
All the information related to IAMAS is now forwarded to its members through an information letter prepared and distributed by the Bureau and in care of Assistant Secretary General Jenny Lin. Submitted by Athena Coustenis, IUGG/IAMAS representative to SCOR [23 July 2013, updated 25 Sept. 2013] 7.2.3
International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO)
Morozov
IAPSO Report to SCOR in 2013 Introduction IAPSO has the prime goal of "promoting the study of scientific problems relating to the oceans and the interactions taking places at the sea floor, coastal, and atmospheric boundaries insofar as such research is conducted by the use of mathematics, physics, and chemistry." IAPSO works mainly through 1) biennial scientific assemblies; 2) working groups; 3) commissions; 4) services and 5) website information. Of special importance to IAPSO is to involve scientists and students from developing countries in the oceanographic activities. IAPSO maintains formal liaison with other scientific commissions and committees. These include the ICSU's Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), and UNESCO's Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). For more information see http://iapso.iugg.org/. Administration The IAPSO office has been situated at Gothenburg University, Sweden since July 2007, and the day-to-day business has been managed by the Secretary General (SG) Johan Rodhe, Sweden. The Bureau of IAPSO comprises of the President, Eugene Morozov, Russia, the Past President, Lawrence Mysak, Canada, the SG, Johan Rodhe, and the Treasurer, Fred Camfield, USA. The SG has been responsible for the IAPSO website. In 2013, there were three IAPSO business meetings and meeting of the EC during the Assembly in
7-22 Gothenburg. The other IAPSO discussions were maintained by means of e-mail communication. Activities Three of IUGG’s constituent Associations, IAHS, IAPSO and IASPEI, met for a Joint Scientific Assembly in Gothenburg, Sweden, during the week 22 – 26 July 2013. The title of the Assembly, “Knowledge for the Future”, was chosen in order to highlight the importance of improved knowledge in hydrology, oceanography and seismology in addressing the challenges posed by climate change and the risks of natural disaster events. The Assembly attracted 1087 participants from 66 different countries. More than 300 registered as IAPSO scientists. The Assembly’s opening day was marked by a joint plenary session with a lecture from each Association: •
•
•
James Mori (Japan), the plenary lecturer for IASPEI described the ambitious JFAST expedition, which aimed to study the causes of the major earthquake that caused the 2011 tsunami. The expedition set new records, drilling over 800 metres into the seafloor at a water depth of 8000 metres. Kathryn Kelly (United States), the plenary lecturer for IAPSO, focused on meridional heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean, a key component of the global climate system. She combined different data sources to review the heat budget and anomalies in the heat transport, indicating a southern source for the anomalies. Kuniyoshi Takeuchi (Japan), the plenary lecturer for IAHS, emphasized the key role for geosciences in a proactive approach to disaster risk reduction. He warned that disasters occur when we ignore nature and the lessons of the past, leading to the take-home message “there is no such thing as a natural disaster”.
Each Association offered a broad programme of lectures and posters, with up to 11 parallel sessions at any one time. The lecture programme was organized into 48 Association symposia (11 IAPSO), together with 9 joint symposia focusing on areas such as land-ocean interactions, advanced applied statistics, and tsunamis. 2 of the joint symposia were organized by IAPSO and the rest were cosponsored by IAPSO. This programme was complemented by two afternoon poster sessions. Some highlights from the Association’s programmes: • IASPEI’s Milne lecture on the history of British seismology was delivered by Roger Musson (United Kingdom). This was followed by a documentary film on the life of John Milne, the English scientist who played a leading role development of seismology as a scientific discipline. Dr. Robin Adams was awarded the first IASPEI Medal, for sustaining IASPEI goals and activities and for scientific merits. • The highlight of the IAPSO programme was the presentation of the Albert I Medal. The medal was presented to Albert L. Gordon (United States), who then delivered the Albert I Memorial Lecture describing his research on the Indonesian Throughflow, the link between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. • Deltas were a significant focus of the IAHS programme, including a plenary lecture by
7-23 Efi Foufoula-Georgiou (United States) where she described an international initiative to develop and deliver the knowledge base for understanding and protecting these vulnerable coastal systems. Several prizes and medals were awarded during the week. Working groups Information about SCOR activity and WGs is at the IAPSO webpage. The following SCORIAPSO working groups (WGs), which have received funding from IAPSO, have been active during the last years and have published important books and/or special journal issues: SCOR/IAPSO WG 127 “The Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater” (Chaired by T.J. McDougall) was reorganized into a special IACS-IAPSO Commission on Seawater. SCOR/WCRP/IAPSO WG 136 (Co-chaired by L. Beal and A. Biastock): “The Climatic Implications of the Greater Agulhas System” continued their activity. IAPSO Commissions and Services: Commission on Mean Sea Level and Tides (CMSLT), President: Gary T. Mitchum. Website: www.psmsl.org/ Tsunami Commission (Joint with IASPEI and IVACEI). Chair: Dr. Vasily V. Titov. Website: www.iaspei.org/commissions/JCT.html GeoRisk Commission (Joint with IAMAS, IAHS, IASPEI and IAVCEI). Website: www.iugg-georisk.org/ Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level, hosted by Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory, UK. Contact: Dr. Lesley Richard. Website: www. www.psmsl.org/ IAPSO Standard Seawater Service, hosted by OSIL, Havant, Hampshire, UK. Director: Paul, Ridout; Website: www.osil.co.uk The working groups, commissions and services report to IAPSO. These reports are posted on the IAPSO website http://iapso.iugg.org/working-groups Prince Albert I Medal IAPSO and Monaco Royal Family established the Prince Albert I Medal for excellence in physical and/or chemical oceanography. The winner is selected every two years and the ceremony is held during the Assemblies. Professor Arnold L. Gordon from Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, USA was selected in 2013 as the winner of the Prize for “his outstanding work on ocean dynamics". During the Assembly in Gothenburg he was awarded with the medal and presented a memorial lecture on the currents in the Indonesian straits (Indonesia throughflow). Eugene LaFond Medal This Medal, created in honour of Eugene LaFond who was a former SG of IAPSO, is awarded to a scientist from a developing world country for an oral or poster presented at an IAPSO Assembly. IAPSO forms a special commission to select the winner. In 2013, the medal was
7-24 awarded to Issufo Halo, a student of the Cape Town University, originally from Mozambique. Members of IAPSO Executive Committee (EC) for 2011-2015: President: Dr. Eugene Morozov (Russia) Secretary General: Prof. Johan Rodhe (Sweden) Past President: Prof. Lawrence Mysak (Canada) Treasurer: Dr. Fred Camfield (USA) Vice President: Dr. Isabelle Ansorge (South Africa) Dr. Denise Smythe-Wright (UK) EC Members: M.Sc. Silvia Blanc (Argentina) Prof. Toshiyuki Hibiya (Japan) Dr. Chris Meinen (USA) M.App.Sc. Ken Ridgway (Australia) Dr. Satheesh Shenoi (India) Dr. Stefania Sparnocchia (Italy)
Eugene Morozov, IAPSO President October 2013
7.3
Johan Rodhe, IAPSO Secretary General
Affiliated Programs SCOR-Affiliated Projects and Programs
SCOR sponsors many, but not all, of the major international ocean research projects and programs. Some projects not co-sponsored by SCOR can gain benefits from association with SCOR, such as (1) increased visibility; (2) participation in SCOR activities, such as project coordination meetings and annual SCOR meetings; (3) opportunities to provide comments on working group proposals and membership; (4) access to national SCOR contacts; and (5) opportunities to apply for SCOR funding for travel of scientists from developing countries and countries with economies in transition to their workshops and symposia. In 1995, SCOR developed the option of formal affiliation of relevant projects/programs with SCOR. Unlike projects sponsored by SCOR, affiliated projects and programs receive funding from organizations besides SCOR and do not need staff support from SCOR. SCOR's role in relation to affiliated projects and programs is one of advice and regular review. SCOR gives advice about appropriate balances on the projects’ steering committees and adequate rotations of these committees to renew the committees’ memberships regularly. SCOR's national contacts can be used to find new members in regions where there is a need, or to entrain new countries into projects. SCOR can also provide an independent mechanism for the review of planning documents such as science or implementation plans.
7-25 Application for SCOR Affiliation Application to SCOR for program affiliation should be initiated with a proposal of 2 to 5 pages, sent to SCOR at least three months before an annual SCOR meeting. The proposal should include an outline of the program's science plan, the terms of reference, current membership of the steering committee, and rotation procedures and schedule. The proposal for SCOR affiliation should also address the following criteria, accepted at the 1995 SCOR Executive Committee meeting (see 1995 SCOR Proceedings). The Executive Committee agreed that in order to become a SCOR-affiliated project/program, an activity must
be truly international, with a committee membership that rotates on a regular basis; show evidence of existing financial and/or organizational support; demonstrate a benefit from SCOR affiliation; have a scientifically well-integrated theme; show that it is in SCOR's interests to establish this affiliation; be of broad scale and global importance; show, as appropriate, that any scheme of membership dues includes some nominal level so as to encourage the widest possible international participation by all countries; and be willing to adhere to the SCOR Publication Policy.
After a program is affiliated with SCOR, annual reports are required, and scientific presentations may be requested at any annual SCOR meeting, as a basis for the decision on continuing the relationship between SCOR and each project/program. The Chair of each affiliated project/program serves as an ex-officio member of SCOR as a Scientific Rapporteur (see SCOR Constitution, paragraph 4). Continued affiliation with SCOR depends on the project meeting the guidelines specified above, and maintaining high scientific quality and adequate rotations of committee members and chairs. Reports to SCOR Annual reports to SCOR should answer the following questions and present any additional information that the project/program would like to transmit to SCOR:
What scientific accomplishments have been achieved by the project/program in the past year? How has the project’s steering committee membership changed in the past year? What is the financial status of the project? What is the status of the project’s secretariat? What are the plans for the scientific development and implementation of the project over the next two to three years? How is the project interacting with and contributing to other SCOR activities?
In addition, projects/programs should communicate regularly with their SCOR Executive Committee Reporter regarding their activities and progress.
7-26 7.3.1 InterRidge - International Ridge Studies (affiliated in 1996)
Feeley
Terms of reference: To build and maintain an interactive international ridge-research community To identify, through InterRidge working groups and the workshops and conferences they organize, the most compelling questions in ridge research and develop program plans to address these questions To continue to develop scientific, technical and logistical co-operation among nations and to strengthen international foundations for innovative research. To provide current information about research activities through the InterRidge website and IR News. To encourage participation of smaller oceanographic countries and individual scientists from non-seagoing countries. Through education and outreach, to communicate the importance and excitement of ridge research to the general public and decision makers worldwide. To act as a representative body for international ridge scientists in policy discussions. Chair: Bramley Murton National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UNITED KINGDOM Phone: +44-23-8059-6543 E-mail: [email protected] Members: Fernando Barriga Donna Blackman John Chen Paul R. Dando Colin Devey Nicole Dubilier Jérôme Dyment
PORTUGAL USA CHINA-Beijing UK GERMANY FRANCE USA
Coordinator: Executive Committee Reporter: Missy Feeley
Co-chair: Jon Copley School of Ocean & Earth Science University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH UNITED KINGDOM Phone: +44-23-8059-6621 E-mail [email protected] Françoise Gaill Timothy Henstock Sung-Hyun Park Rosario Lunar Rolf Pedersen K.A. Kamesh Raju Nobukazu Seama Steve Scott
FRANCE UK KOREA SPAIN NORWAY INDIA JAPAN CANADA
7-27 2013 InterRidge Update for SCOR The InterRidge (IR) programme office is in its first year at Peking University, Beijing, China. It is led by a multidisciplinary team: John Chen (IR Chair, marine geophysics, geodynamics) and Jiabiao Li (IR Co-Chair, marine geophysics and geology). The Office Coordinator is Zengxi Ge, whose background is in Geophysics. InterRidge (http://www.interridge.org) promotes interdisciplinary, international studies of oceanic spreading centres by creating a global research community, planning and coordinating new science programmes that no single nation can achieve alone, exchanging scientific information, and sharing new technologies and facilities. InterRidge is also dedicated to reaching out to the public, scientists and governments, and to providing a unified voice for ocean ridge researchers worldwide. An increasing role for InterRidge is our involvement in compiling information and advice for policy makers. This includes meetings and workshops where protocols for codes of scientific conduct for studying chemosynthetic environments, and identifying sites of special scientific interest, are proposed and discussed. InterRidge also has formal links with the United Nations Environment Programme and informal links with the Integrated Ocean Drilling program and the International Seabed Authority. InterRidge: Third Decadal Plan: 2014-2023 InterRidge developed its Third Decadal Plan statement. It identified six major areas for focus in the coming years: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Mid-Ocean Ridge Tectonic and Magmatic Processes Seafloor and Sub-Seafloor Resources Mantle Controls Ridge-Ocean Interactions and Fluxes Off-axis Processes Past, present and future of hydrothermal vent ecosystems
InterRidge Working Groups Working Groups are the principal mechanism for achieving the InterRidge programme, their main function being to identify new areas of high-priority scientific research. Each Working Group has clear goals and a timescale in which to achieve them (approximately 5 years). InterRidge supports those scientific projects which would benefit from IR coordination by convening group meetings, community-wide workshops, symposia, and theoretical institutes. The resulting reports represent a synthesis of international and interdisciplinary efforts to define scientific questions and a methodology of addressing them. There are currently seven active IR Working Groups in 2013.
7-28 Arc-Backarc Systems (Chair: Maria Seton) Objective: Convergent margins, where oceanic lithosphere is subducted into the mantle, form the key interface for large-scale chemical and thermal recycling amongst the ocean, crust, mantle, and atmosphere. Intra-oceanic convergent margins typically produce a forearc-island arc-backarc sequence within an extensional stress regime and contain a disproportionate number of hydrothermal vents per unit area. The working group hopes to foster a holistic approach to address fundamental questions about intra-oceanic arc and backarc basin processes by examining the long-term and short-term evolutionary cycles using geochemical, hydrothermal, biological, tectonic, and subduction dynamics approaches. In addition, they aim to bridge the gap between geologists who study onshore, accreted island-arc and back-arc systems and marine geoscientists who study in-situ backarc systems. The working group seeks to bring together experts from both the observational and modeling communities to facilitate the linkage between surface processes and the deep earth. Circum-Antarctic Ridges (Co-Chairs: Anne Briais, Jian Lin, Sung-Hyun Park) The scientific objectives of the CAR working group are to improve our knowledge on the following issues: 1. How heterogeneous is the mantle? What is the role of mantle heterogeneities in the variability at the axis, compared to that of mantle temperature? Where and how should we collect samples to improve our understanding of mantle heterogeneities? 2. How do the three large mantle domains (Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific) interact as they meet under the Circum-Antarctic Ridges? 3. How do ridge processes vary with time? A few off-axis observations reveal significant evolutions in time, but off-axis surveys and sampling are still too rare. 4. How uniform are chemosynthetic ecosystems along the CAR? Do they constitute a unique biogeographic province? 5. What is the role of Fe released at hydrothermal vents on the global budget? Oceanic Detachments Faults (Co-Chairs: Pablo Canales, Javier Escartin) Objective: Since their identification in the early 1990s, extension along oceanic detachment faults has been recognized as a fundamentally distinct mode of seafloor spreading that does not result in a classical Penrose model of oceanic crustal structure. This type of spreading is characterized by formation of oceanic core complexes; tectonized and heterogeneous lithosphere; extensive exposure of gabbro and serpentinized mantle at the seafloor; some of the largest hydrogen-rich, deep-sea hydrothermal systems and mineral deposits; and large diversity in the deep-sea and subsurface biosphere.
7-29 South Mid-Atlantic Ridge Targeted Exploration (SMART) (Chair: Colin Devey, Germany) The aims of the SMART Working Group are: 1. Collate and combine information already available from recent and older cruises to establish a thorough "State of the art" of Southern MAR studies. For this work active participation of scientists from many countries working toward this common goal is essential - a core strength of InterRidge. 2. Provide focus for the international coordination of further South Atlantic exploration, specifically aiming to identify and then fill gaps in our knowledge of this relatively unexplored region. The group will convene a workshop to produce a project plan of how to explore the SMAR thoroughly in the next 5-10 years, defining and prioritizing goals, identifying cruises needed. 3. In a larger framework, the South Atlantic Basin as a whole is an important yet relatively little-explored ocean region. We expect the SMART WG to provide a seed to establish basin-scale studies within the framework of bodies such as SCOR. This could spearhead international efforts to use the Atlantic Basin as a test-bed for collection and synthesis of, for example, the phylogeographic history of chemosynthetic faunas (vent and seep) from the Arctic to the Antarctic and to study gene flow. These efforts, in collaboration with mapping, physical oceanographic studies, studies of reproductive biology and larval distributions, and modeling efforts would make important contributions to science and to management of resources associated with chemosynthetic ecosystems. Hydrothermal Energy and Ocean Carbon Cycles (Chair: Nadine Le Bris, Christopher R. German) Objective: The importance of hydrothermal energy transfer to the biosphere through chemosynthetic primary production has long been recognized. Initially, this was only considered to occur at discrete, isolated, hydrothermally active hotspots around the global ridge crest and to have minor impact on the global ocean carbon cycles. But recent results suggest that this assumption may not be correct. We now know that hydrothermal venting can be widespread throughout all oceans, along the entire thermohaline conveyor, and that both the local fixation of carbon and the export of bio-limiting nutrients to the broader ocean may be much greater than previously recognized. For too long, fragmentation of our understanding of biogeochemical interactions in hydrothermal systems has prevented any quantitative estimation of hydrothermally driven primary production. Now, however, recent advances in molecular methods as well as in situ and in vivo experimentation provide us with new opportunities for a coordinated, integrating effort in which interdisciplinary approaches and modelling can be brought to bear. Consequently, we believe that it is very timely to plan a revised consideration of the diverse pathways of biomass generation driven by hydrothermal processes and the potential contribution that they may make to the global ocean carbon cycle. 2013 is the last year of this working group and it is in the stage of finalization.
7-30 Seafloor Mineralization (Chair: Maurice Tivey) Objective: Hydrothermal vent systems host seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits that are typically rich in copper, zinc, gold, and silver. The primary scientific objective of a Working Group on Seafloor Mineralization would be to examine SMS deposit distribution, maturation and evolution and to investigate the processes (biological, chemical, geological) that are responsible for their formation and preservation. A sound scientific base of knowledge would both advance science but also inform the commercial and political world of the importance of these multifaceted resources and encourage responsible development. Vent Ecology (Chair: Stephane Hourdez and Yoshihiro Fujiwara) Objective: The understanding of vent ecology requires contributions from and interactions among a wide range of biological disciplines as well as chemists, geologists, and physical oceanographers. The current composition of the hydrothermal vent community at a given vent site is the result of very complex interplay among the evolutionary history of the taxa, the present-day interactions among species (symbiosis, predation, competition etc.), and the physiological adaptations of each of the species to the challenging environmental conditions encountered at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. A primary goal of the Vent Ecology WG will be to foster cutting edge collaborations and other studies that will contribute to our understanding of the ecology of hydrothermal vents. The WG will also work to encourage and facilitate international collaborations and sharing of samples to maximize the scientific return from the resources available to our community and minimize our collective impact on vent communities. Since some of the working group are in their final stage, InterRidge is calling for proposals for new working groups, such as subduction zone processes. Other InterRidge Office Activities in 2013 In 2013, InterRidge continues the annual funding of three early-career scientists from developing countries. InterRidge also awarded three Fellowships from InterRidge funds. All Fellowships are designed to encourage international collaboration on any aspect of ridge-crest science. InterRidge has overseen the establishment of its Cruise Travel Bursary scheme. This has enabled eight early-career scientists to make new collaborations with established scientists, with InterRidge paying their travel and hotel costs. Details at: http://www.interridge.org/cruisebursary. Two best students’ presentation (one oral and one poster) are awarded by InterRidge in the CEB5 meeting in Victoria, Canada. We plan to award two more best student presentation in the 2013 AGU fall meeting, in San Francisco in December. For more information about IR’s activities and national updates, please visit the IR Web site (http://www.interridge.org) and recent newsletters (http://www.interridge.org/IRNewsletter), or
7-31 contact the IR Office ([email protected]) for a hard copy of the 2013 InterRidge News, which will be published in Nov. 2013.
7.3.2
International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG) (Affiliated in 1997)
Volkman
IOCCG Report to SCOR The International Ocean-Colour Co-ordinating Group (IOCCG) is an Affiliated Program of SCOR, and was established in 1996 to promote communication and co-operation between the space agencies that provide ocean-colour data, and the user community. The IOCCG has a wide-ranging mandate addressing technological and scientific issues through its working groups, conducting training courses in both developing and developed countries, and helping to ensure continuity of the ocean-colour data stream though the CEOS Ocean Colour Radiometry-Virtual Constellation (OCR-VC). The group is currently chaired by David Antoine (LOV, Villefrance, France). The IOCCG Project Office is located at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Canada, staffed by Project Scientist, Venetia Stuart. 1. IOCCG Scientific Working Groups These relatively short-lived IOCCG scientific working groups investigate various aspects of ocean-colour radiometry and its applications and publish reports on the topic (13 reports published to date). Two reports listed below were published by the IOCCG this past year.
IOCCG Report 12 (2012): Ocean-Colour Observations from a Geostationary Orbit, edited by David Antoine (LOV, France). This report reviews science questions that can be addressed via ocean-colour observations from a geostationary orbit (significantly improved temporal, spatial and spectral sampling which enhances monitoring and assessing the dynamics of the coastal ocean). IOCCG Report 13 (2012): Mission Requirements for Future Ocean-Colour Sensors, edited by Charles McClain and Gerhard Meister (NASA GSFC). The group developed consensus on the minimum basic radiometric and sensor requirements for detailing global observations of the ocean’s chemistry and biology from space.
i.
ii.
On-going IOCCG working groups: Six active IOCCG scientific working groups are currently in various stages of deliberation, as outlined below. In-flight Calibration of Satellite Ocean-Colour Sensors (Chair: Robert Frouin, Scripps Institution Oceanography, USA). This WG is reviewing techniques for radiometric calibration of ocean‐colour sensors in orbit, and will provide recommendations on how to meet calibration requirements for science applications during mission lifetime. Joint GEOHAB/IOCCG WG on Harmful Algal Blooms (Chair: Stewart Bernard, CSIR, South Africa). This is a joint working group between the IOCCG and GEOHAB (IOCSCOR), the main goal of which is to provide a resource to improve communication
7-32 iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
between the satellite ocean colour community and the in situ HAB scientific community. The two primary deliverables of the WG are an IOCCG report, followed by a special issue in a peer reviewed journal. A complete draft monograph is expected by the end of 2013. Ocean Colour Remote sensing in Polar Seas: (Chairs: Marcel Babin, Univ. Laval, Canada; Kevin Arrigo, Stanford University, USA; Simon Bélanger, Univ. Québec, Canada). This WG is examining ocean colour remote sensing in polar seas, highlighting some of the difficulties encountered in such areas. A draft report was submitted to the IOCCG Committee for review before the IOCCG-18 meeting. The group also plans to publish a synthesis in the Oceanography magazine. Phytoplankton Functional Types (PFTs): (Chair: Shubha Sathyendranath, PML, UK). The WG is reviewing existing techniques and algorithms used to detect PFTs from marine reflectance and will compare the results of the various algorithms on selected case studies. A complete draft of the full report is expected by the end of this year. Uncertainties in Ocean Colour Remote Sensing: (Chair: Roland Doerffer, GKSS, Germany). This WG will address all the different sources of uncertainty in ocean-colour applications (e.g. calibration, sun glint, white caps, cloud cover). A Wiki has been set up for exchange of information and contributions for the IOCCG report. It is anticipated that a first draft version of the report will be ready for review by October 2013. Intercomparison of Retrieval Algorithms for Coastal Waters: (Chair: Kevin Ruddick, RBINS, Belgium). The main objective is to understand how algorithm performance relates to algorithm design and calibration of specific IOPs. They aim to have a first draft of the report by November 2013. The WG also intends to setup algorithm comparisons via a highly automated web site, which could be kept running after completion of the WG. 2. IOCCG Task Forces
These task forces are established to address matters that require an ongoing capability and/or expertise and are expected to continue until that need no longer exists.
Task Force on ECV Assessment (Chairs: James Yoder, Woods Hole, USA; Nicolas Hoepffner, JRC, Italy): The IOCCG formed this task force to carry out a critical comparison of essential climate variables (ECVs) produced by different space agencies, and to provide guidance on the generation of better, long-term OCR climate data records. The group has met opportunistically (Glasgow, 2012 and Darmstadt, 2013) and could potentially evolve to start carrying out comparisons, but this would require agency support to complete these projects. Proposal for a Task Force on Satellite Sensor Calibration: A proposal from Ewa Kwiatkowska (EUMETSAT) aims to establish an IOCCG Task Force to facilitate collaboration among experts from various space agencies to maximize the accuracy and stability of ocean colour radiometry records from individual missions. The Task Force will not produce an IOCCG report, but will meet to discuss sensor calibration issues. The establishment of this task force is still under discussion.
7-33 3. Capacity Building Initiatives IOCCG sponsored a number of students from Africa to attend the training course on “Methods and Applications of Remote Sensing in African Coastal and Regional Seas” organized by the JRC (516 November 2012, Morocco). In addition, the IOCCG also conducted the highly successful Summer Lecture Series (Villefranche-sur Mer, 2-14 July 2012), dedicated to high-level training in ocean optics, bio-optics and ocean colour, and focussing specifically on current critical issues of concern. A total of 17 students were selected from an overwhelming 106 applications, all of an extremely high standard. A number of prominent scientists delivered a comprehensive program including lectures, discussion sessions and hand-on tutorials. Because of the high demand for the course, all lectures were video recorded and made available on the IOCCG website as a teaching resource. Due to the overwhelming interest in the course and the excellent feedback, the IOCCG plans to conduct the next Summer Lecture Series in July 2014. Request to SCOR for Support for 2014 Summer Lecture Series: The IOCCG would like to request support from SCOR for 2 to 3 students from developing countries to attend the 2014 IOCCG Summer Lecture Series. Ideally this support would include return airfare, plus food and accommodation expenses for 2 weeks (~$6 to $7K in total). The course will be financially supported by the IOCCG with additional support from a French consortium including the Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), which has offered to house the students in dormitories for the duration of the training. A report from the 2012 Summer Lecture Series can be viewed at: http://www.ioccg.org/training/Report_Summer_Lecture_Series.pdf 4. International Ocean Colour Science Meeting The IOCCG held a highly successful International Ocean Colour Science (IOCS) meeting in Darmstadt, Germany (6-8 May 2013) to maintain consultation and interaction with the broader ocean colour community (important because of the limited membership on the IOCCG Committee). The meeting was co-sponsored by NASA (through a ROSES grant managed by SCOR), EUMETSAT, CNES and ESA. The primary focus of the IOCS meeting was to build and strengthen the international ocean colour community by providing a structure and mechanisms to collectively address common issues and goals (through 12 splinter sessions and open plenary discussions). The meeting attracted more than 240 ocean colour scientists from 36 different countries, thus helping to bring together users and providers of ocean colour data. Presentations and a full report of the meeting will be posted on the meeting website at: http://iocs.ioccg.org/ 5. Project Management and Coordination The IOCCG Committee meets once a year to coordinate the activities of the group as a whole, and to review the progress of the various working groups and discuss plans for the year ahead. The IOCCG-18 Committee meeting took place from 5-7 February 2013 in Quebec City, Canada (see
7-34 http://www.ioccg.org/reports/Minutes-18.pdf for the minutes of the meeting) and the 19th IOCCG Committee meeting is planned for 28-30 January 2014 in Cape Town, South Africa. 6. Current IOCCG Membership The IOCCG Committee consists of members drawn from space agencies as well as the scientific ocean-colour community. Rotation of members is being implemented according to a roster: five members marked with an asterisk (*) were appointed after the last Committee meeting. IOCCG Committee Members (2012/2013) Antoine, David (Chairman) Bernard, Stewart Bontempi, Paula Chauhan, Prakash Crevier, Yves Dierssen, Heidi * DiGiacomo, Paul Doerffer, Roland Dowell, Mark Dutkiewicz, Stephanie Feldman, Gene Hardman-Mountford, Nick Hirata, Taka * Kampel, Milton Kwiatkowska, Ewa Lambin, Juliette Mao, Zhihua Murakami, Hiroshi Park, Young-Je * Regner, Peter Ryu, Joo-Hyung * Tyler, Andrew * Yoder, James (Past-Chair) Zibordi, Giuseppe
-
Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Marines, France University of Cape Town, South Africa NASA HQ, USA ISRO, India Canadian Space Agency, Canada University of Connecticut Avery Point, USA NOAA, USA GKSS, Germany JRC, Italy MIT, USA NASA HQ, USA CSIRO, Australia Hokkaido University, Japan INPE, Brazil EUMETSAT, European Union CNES, France Second Institute of Oceanography, China JAXA EORC, Japan Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST) ESA/ESRIN, Italy Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST) University of Stirling, UK Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA JRC, Italy 7. IOCCG Sponsors
Activities of the IOCCG are supported by contributions from various national space agencies and other organisations (see http://www.ioccg.org/about/sponsor.html) and upon infrastructure support from SCOR. Representatives from these funding agencies are members of the Executive Committee. This year, new sponsorship was received from EUMETSAT (for the IOCS meeting). CSIRO have also indicated that they will sponsor the IOCCG. The Bedford Institute of
7-35 Oceanography (DFO, Canada) provides in-kind support (office space, informatics) while SCOR provides logistic support and manages the NASA funds.
7.3.3
Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS)
Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) – report of activities. Graham Hosie Chair of the Board of Governance [email protected] GACS was initiated in September 2011 with the primary goal of understanding changes in plankton biodiversity at ocean basin scales through a global alliance of CPR surveys. By “understand” we mean characterise, analyse and interpret. GACS has a number of initial specific aims which include:
development of a global CPR database to set up and maintain a website for publicity and data access production of a regular Ecological Status Report for global plankton biodiversity ensuring common standards and methodologies are maintained to facilitate new surveys and develop capacity building procedures to facilitate secondments of CPR scientists between GACS institutions providing an interface for plankton biodiversity with other global ocean observation programmes
A Board of Governance was established with Dr Graham Hosie (Australia, SCAR Southern Ocean CPR Survey) as Chair and Dr Sonia Batten (Canada, SAHFOS North Pacific CPR Survey) as vice-Chair. The current membership is listed in the appendix. Two working groups were also formed to help address the above objectives, these being Standards and Methodology (WGSM) and Database (DWG). The WGSM, chaired by Dr Hans Verheye (South Africa, Benguela Current CPR), has the task of ensuring the methods and standards are agreed and properly documented for all CPR operations, from setting up the machines through to the analysis of data. In order to ensure these are maintained, WGSM is also tasked with developing training programmes within and between CPR laboratories, as well as considering capacity building. The DWG, chaired by Dr Batten, has the job of coordinating the creation and development of the global CPR Database. This includes agreeing on a common schema for data input and ease of access, and what should be stored in the database in addition to the obvious taxonomic and ecological plankton data. The database, when fully developed will be held at the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS).
7-36 The Board of Governance (BoG) has held two annual meetings to date, the first at UNESCO Paris, hosted by IOC-GOOS in September 2012, the second at SAHFOS Plymouth in September 2013. These meetings were open to observers/representatives from IOC, POGO, SCAR, SCOR, and OBIS, as well as representatives from developing CPR Surveys. The rest of this report deals with activities over the last 12 months relative to each objective. Database The various regional CPR datasets have been brought together into a single global database as scheduled. The global CPR database is the heart of the GACS initiative. This has been achieved by the excellent effort of the GACS Data Manager Mike Flavell, working with the IT team at SAHFOS and the regional CPR data owners. Unfortunately, we here now lost Mike's services as he has taken up a new position at UNESCO-IOC as Data Manager for OBIS. However, this provides us with a stronger link with OBIS, and GACS is applying to become a node (Associate Data Unit – ADU) of OBIS. Mr Flavell remains an important member of GACS' Database Working Group. SAHFOS hosts the GACS database and provides considerable support in maintaining it. The database holds approximately 350,000 records from the North Sea, North Atlantic, Norwegian/Greenland/Barents seas, Gulf of Mexico, western Mediterranean, North Pacific, Southern Ocean/Antarctic, South Africa waters, Gulf of Guinea, Australian and New Zealand waters, see figure below.
Coverage of current CPR data held in the GACS Global Database. With the establishment of the new global database the data are now being analysed collectively to look for regional and global differences, similarities and changes in plankton biogeographic and temporal patterns. These results will be included in the next annual GACS Global Marine
7-37 Ecological Status Report. We are also working on making various data products visible through the GACS website. These include static maps showing areas of GACS coverage, intensity of sampling, gridded mean abundances of plankton and estimates of Average Copepod Community Size (ACCS) which is a metric indicating changes in dominance between small or large species. Metadata descriptions of the global CPR data will be made publicly available through the GACS website. Website The GACS website (www.globalcpr.org) officially went on line on 8 February 2012. Further developments to the website will include the addition of various data products mentioned above. These are being tested on the GACS member website and will be transferred to the GACS public website by the end of 2013. Status Report The first Global Marine Ecological Status Report has now been distributed and is available online at http://www.sahfos.ac.uk/research/publications/ecological-status-report.aspx. The second report is scheduled for March 2014 and will include results of the ACCS analyses mentioned above as well as changes observed in other data such as mean abundances. Common standards and methods The CPR is unique in being a standardised instrument that has changed very little since Sir Alister Hardy's design in 1931. In association, the CPR has recognised standards in usage, sample processing and a growing list of analytical methods for studying changes in plankton biodiversity, abundance and development in relation to time and geography. The Working Group on Standards and Methodology has been active during GACS meetings and electronically documenting and promoting a common set of standards and methods. This has involved working with the Database WG to develop an agreed set of data protocols and collating a set of frequently asked questions to develop a “Start up kit” for those wanting to start a new survey. New surveys, capacity building and secondments During the last year new surveys were initiated or tested, others are about to start and some of the existing surveys have expanded. France commenced its new Marion Dufresne CPR (MDPR) Survey in February 2013 of the austral summer around the Kerguelen and Crozet archipelagos in the southern Indian Ocean. This is a region important area of elevated phytoplankton production supporting high concentrations of seabirds, marine mammals and fish. South Africa conducted five tows in the Antarctic region during the 2012 austral winter, providing much valuable information on the winter composition of plankton. Little is known about Southern Ocean plankton during winter, primarily because of the lack of ships operating in the region at that time. South Africa then conducted a further 14 tows during the 2012/13 austral season from September to May. South Africa is also now a member in the Southern Ocean CPR Survey. In October 2012, New Zealand completed the longest CPR run with 10 tows across the South Pacific between Wellington and Valparaiso. Australia completed a pilot tow between Brisbane and Fiji
7-38 to support the Pacific Islands Global Ocean Observing System (PI-GOOS). The South Pacific is another region not previously surveyed by CPR. During the recent September 2013 meeting, Dr Ramaiah Nagappa of the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, and Ms Rana Abu Alhaija of the Cyprus Institute were invited as observers to attend the GACS Board meeting. Both gave presentations on their proposed new surveys. Cyprus plans to conduct regular CPR tows in the eastern Mediterranean starting in October 2013. India’s first CPR tow is scheduled for January 2014 with a run from Goa on the west coast of India to Chennai on the east coast. India has a particular interest in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Our CPR Ambassador Prof. Burkill played a key role in helping make contact with and encouraging the team in India. We expect that Cyprus and India will join GACS in the near future. Dr Nagappa’s travel to GACS was supported by SCOR. Through SOOS, Dr Hosie has been working with a representative from the Indian Antarctic programme (National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research), also based in Goa, who are interested in towing CPRs in the Southern Ocean. Similarly, the Korea Polar Research Institute has a CPR which they plan to use from their new polar research vessel Araon. In order to facilitate the new surveys, various capacity building procedures have been implemented, such as developing an exchange programme of staff between CPR laboratories, holding training workshops and developing the “Start-up Kit”. The latter will provide the basic information (FAQs) required for those wanting to develop a new survey, information on how the CPR works, designing and establishing CPR routes, at sea methodology, laboratory procedures, taxonomic tools, data storage and analysis. A number of training and standardisation workshops were conducted over the last year at SAHFOS Plymouth and at the Southern Ocean CPR laboratories of the Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, aimed at both novices wanting to acquire the correct skills and experienced personnel seeking to maintain their standards. For example, representatives from the new Cyprus survey have already received training at SAHFOS in CPR preparation, maintenance and at sea methodology in preparation for the start of that survey. French, Brazilian and Korean scientists received similar training at the AAD in October 2012 for surveys in the southern Indian Ocean, Drake Passage and Pacific sector of the Antarctic region. In association with the GACS September 2013 meeting, a workshop was conducted for CPR analysts, aimed at providing instruction on identification and recording of micro-plastics, which are becoming more prevalent in CPR samples, identification of Ceratium and coccolithophores, and assessment of the phytoplankton colour index (PCI). The workshop and GACS meeting both gave Ms Alhaijah and Dr Nagappa the opportunity to discuss their future training and CPR development requirements with GACS and key SAHFOS personnel. Future training workshops at SAHFOS are scheduled on phytoplankton taxonomy in 2014 and zooplankton in 2015. In addition, Dr Hosie will be visiting the South African team in Cape Town in early 2014 to provide training on Southern Ocean methods and taxonomy to support the extended operations in the Southern Ocean. This is supported by an award from SCAR.
7-39 Interfacing with other programmes GACS maintains active contact with and where possible attends meetings of a number of agencies/stakeholders, e.g. PICES, SCAR, OBIS, IOC-GOOS, POGO, CCAMLR. GACS has become affiliated programme of SCOR and also the SCOR-SCAR sponsored SOOS programme. GACS is currently involved in an exercise to provide data and advice on changes in zooplankton abundance and copepod composition (ACCS values) for the zooplankton component of the GEFTransboundary Water Assessment Programme. Future activities GACS will focus over the next year in analysing the combined dataset for identifying trends and changes key plankton groups, e.g. copepods and calcifying organisms, enhancing the data products and making them available through the public website, improving data exchange between the regional CPR surveys and the central database, conducting capacity building workshops and training sessions, encouraging new surveys and publication of the next status report. GACS’ initial funding contract will end in June 2014. This will mark the end of the establishment period of GACS. At the September 2014 GACS meeting, the specific objectives will be reviewed and if require revised and/or new objectives will be developed. We will be seeking the involvement of SCOR and other stakeholders in the review/development of the objectives in order that we address stakeholder requirements. Benefits of affiliation with SCOR There has been direct benefits for GACS through travel support for representatives from developing nations to attend the initial GACS establishment workshop and the recent 2013 GACS meeting (Dr Nagappa). Dr Verheye has been successful in being granted a POGO Visiting Professorship award to bring Dr Declan Schroeder (PML) to Cape Town to run a training programme entitled “MoM-CPR: Molecular Mining of the Continuous Plankton Recorder and other archived datasets”. The programme will be conducted from 28 November to 4 December 2013. GACS has welcomed the advice received from the Executive Director and from other SCOR Committee members, four of whom are members of the GACS Board. Indirectly, new developing surveys have been able to justify the establishment of their programmes, and some existing surveys their expansion, because the resulting research through GACS will contribute to SCOR’s objectives. Funding agencies and CPR host institutes recognise the importance of international organisations such as SCOR. This has led to enhanced ratings on their proposals, gaining travel support to attend meetings or gaining the financial support to purchase CPR units.
7-40 Appendix Members of the GACS Board of Governance Name Dr Graham Hosie (Chair) Dr Sonia Batten (Vice Chair) Prof. Nicholas Owens Dr Sanae Chiba Prof. Martin Edwards
Survey SCAR Southern Ocean CPR Survey North East Pacific
Country Antarctica, Australia Canada
North Atlantic Arctic North West Pacific North Atlantic Arctic
UK Japan UK Japan
Dr Julie Hall
Japanese Antarctic Program New Zealand
Dr Chris Melrose Prof. Erik Muxagata Dr Anthony Richardson Dr Hans Verheye
US East Coast Developing IMOS Australia CPR Benguela LME
Dr Sun Song Prof. Philippe Koubbi
China Marion Dufresne CPR
Prof. Mitsuo Fukuchi
New Zealand USA Brazil Australia South Africa China France
Affiliation SCAR, AAD SAHFOS SAHFOS (Director) JAMSTEC SAHFOS (Chief Scientist) NIPR NIWA NOAA FURG CSIRO DEA, BCC IO-CAS UPMC, IPEV
AAD: Australian Antarctic Division BCC: Benguela Current Commission CSIRO: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization DEA: Department of Environmental Affairs FURG: Federal University of Rio Grande IMOS: Integrated Marine Observing System IO-CAS: Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science IPEV: Institut polaire français Paul Emile Victor JAMSTEC: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology NIPR: National Institute of Polar Research NIWA: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration SAHFOS: Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science SCAR: Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research UPMC: Université Pierre et Marie Curie
7-41 7.4
Other Organizations
7.4.1
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO)
Feeley
See July 2013 POGO Newsletter at end of tab. 7.4.2
Marine Working Group of the International Arctic Science Committee
Fennel
The following is information from the Marine Working Group’s Web site (see http://www.iasc.info/home/groups/working-groups/marineaosb).
SCIENTIFIC FOCI Arctic Ocean System: Predicting and Understanding Rapid Changes in the Arctic There is widespread agreement that the Arctic Ocean is now in a state of rapid transition with potentially tremendous economic, social and environmental consequences. This transition is best exemplified by the marked reduction in sea-ice cover witnessed in instrumental records over the last 30 years. Scientific knowledge of the present status of the Arctic Ocean and process-based understanding of the mechanisms of change are required to make useful predictions of future conditions throughout the Arctic region. These predictions are also urgently needed to plan for the consequences of climate change. For example, understanding the feedbacks between physical and biogeochemical components of the Arctic Ocean are extremely important not only for the Arctic environment but for the global community as well. The Marine WG intends to play a leading role to further our understanding of this complex system. Sea ice, its structure, dynamics and role in the Arctic system The IPY has provided a wealth of extensive and intensive observations of the Arctic Ocean, of its hydrography, circulation and interaction with other parts of the Earth climate system. At the same time, nature exhibited a most drastic example of Arctic change by creating the smallest summer ice extent observed to date - an event that defied the model projections, and whose occurrence and consequences have been analyzed and debated, without conclusive answers being found. Building on knowledge gained during the IPY and on new observational technologies the Marine WG will endeavor to better understand sea ice structure, its growth and decay and its dependence and dynamical interactions with the radiation balance, the atmosphere and the ocean within the Arctic system. It will also include evaluation on the impacts of these changes on the associated sea ice biota.
7-42 Ecosystem responses to changing physical parameters in the Arctic Although recent major changes in the physical domain of the Arctic are well documented, such as extreme retreats of summer sea ice in 2007, large uncertainties remain regarding potential responses in the biological domain. Reduction in sea ice extent in the Arctic has been seasonally asymmetric, with minimal changes until the end of June and delayed sea ice formation in late autumn. The effect of this seasonal asymmetry in sea ice loss on ocean primary production is equivocal, with satellite images showing variable chlorophyll concentrations with no secular shifts for the region as a whole. However, clear changes have occurred at higher trophic levels, including shifts in species ranges for zooplankton, benthos, and fish, and loss of sea ice as habitat and platform for marine mammal species. The Marine WG intends to play a role in increasing our understanding of potential ecosystem changes under further loss of sea ice. Understanding Geochemical process in the Arctic Ocean and Sub-Arctic Seas The changes in the sea ice coverage of the Arctic Ocean, present and predicted for the future, will likely have major impacts on the fluxes of chemical constituents as well as the ventilation of deep waters. The Arctic Ocean system is moving from a state where the biological productivity mainly has been confined to the shelf areas to a situation with potentially higher activity over the deep central basins. Such a change could increase the export production that would result in a change of the biogeochemistry of the deep and bottom waters. The Marine WG will promote in-depth studies of relevant properties of the full water column of the central Arctic Ocean. Facilitating Deep Sea drilling in the Arctic Ocean The Arctic appears to be changing faster than any other region. To understand the potential extent of high latitude climate change, it is necessary to sample the history stored in the sediments filling the basins and covering the ridges of the Arctic Ocean. The Marine WG intends to support the collection of a long-term geological record of the Arctic Ocean in order to supplement current and long time series observations which are vital to improve our understanding of Arctic processes. Cross-cutting The following three general themes were identified by the Marine WG as important cross-cutting issues which should be addressed by most, if not all, the IASC Working Groups: » How will the diminishing ice cover affect the carbon cycle in the Arctic and what are the impacts? » How does the variability of different components of the Arctic system impact the heat and momentum exchanges between ocean, ice, atmosphere and space in a changing climate?
7-43 » How will changes in the hydrological cycle impact various components of the Arctic system? MEMBERS
Chair: Bert Rudels (Finland) Vice Chair: Rolf Gradinger (USA) Vice Chair: Jinping Zhao (China) Past Chair: Savithri Narayanan (Canada) Stefano Aliani (Italy) Leif Anderson (Sweden) Sheldon Bacon (UK) Miquel Canals (Spain) Hein J.W. de Baar (The Netherlands) Oleg Ditrich (Czech Republic) Francisco Gordillo (Spain) Morten Hotegaard Nielsen (Denmark) Randi Ingvaldsen (Norway) Sung-Ho Kang (Korea) Heidi Kassens (Germany) Baek Min Kim (Korea) K.P. Krishnan (India)
Gudrun Marteinsdottir (Iceland) Naja Mikkelsen (Denmark) Marit Reigstad (Norway) Koji Shimada (Japan) Jónsson Steingrímur (Iceland) Kari Strand (Finland) Mary-Louise Timmermans (USA) Michiel Rutgers van der Loeff (Germany) Jan M. Weslawski (Poland) Hajime Yamaguchi (Japan) Waldemar Walczkowski (Poland) Jeremy Wilkinson (UK)
ACTIVITIES Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) – Building a Process-level Understanding of the New Arctic COMPLETED Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO) Data Workshop When: February/March 2013 I Where: Seattle, USA The dramatic seasonal retreat and thinning of sea ice, record-setting seawater temperatures and multiple observations of biological changes in the Pacific Arctic sector has highlighted the need for understanding ecosystem response to climate forcing. The “Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO)” was developed by the international Pacific Arctic Group (PAG) as a change detection array along a latitudinal gradient extending from the northern Bering Sea to the Barrow Arc in the Amerasian Arctic. A DBO data workshop was held at the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) in Seattle on 27 February-1 March 2013. The meeting brought together scientists and
7-44 associated project data sets collected during the 2010-2012 DBO pilot effort. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the results, share data sets, develop an international data policy for this observing effort, and organize collaborative publications. The MWG has endorsed the DBO project, and supports development of similar activities in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic. Workshop: Collaboration with ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) When: 17-21 September 2012 Where: Bergen, Norway In 2011, ICES and IASC signed a Letter of Agreement to cooperate. ICES held its annual workshop on September 17-21 in Bergen, Norway and AOSB/MWG was invited to co-host two of the sessions, both dealing with the Arctic. The first session, co-chaired by Dr. Loeng and Dr. Bogi Hansen, focused on the Arctic and North Atlantic from a climate change perspective as they play an important role in the global climate system. The second session, co-chaired by ICES/PICES/ESSAS and AOSB/MWG examined the influence of subarctic inflows on the physical conditions and biology in the Arctic basin and shelves, as well as the role of fluxes of water from the Arctic basin onto the surrounding shallow shelves and into the subarctic. Papers covered multiple trophic levels or investigate biophysical coupling. Arctic in Rapid Transition I ART The Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) Initiative is an integrative, international, interdisciplinary, pan‐Arctic network to study the spatial and temporal changes in sea ice cover, ocean circulation and associated physical drivers over multiple timescales to better understand and forecast the impact of these changes on the ecosystems and biogeochemistry of the Arctic Ocean. The ART Initiative was initiated by early career scientists in October 2008 and subsequently endorsed by the Marine Working Group of IASC. ART will be implemented via a three‐phase approach: Phase I: The development of an active international and multidisciplinary network of scientists sharing a common interest in improving our understanding of the implications of sea ice transitions in the Arctic Ocean. Phase II: The coordination of dedicated, multicountry, interdisciplinary field campaigns and data collection activities that would provide input into an integrated modelling effort. Phase III: The synthesis of knowledge including the development of robust scenarios regarding the future state of Arctic marine ecosystems and their role in global processes. Mentoring and educational programs will be integral to all three phases to help maintain the organic identity of ART as a network led by early‐career scientists. The ART Science Plan was approved by the Marine WG in 2010 and the Implementation Plan in 2011. For more information go to: www.iarc.uaf.edu/en/ART.
7-45 ART Zopot Workshop The ART Science Plan was approved by the Marine WG in 2010 and the Implementation Plan in 2011. The ART Executive Committee planned its first science symposium from 22 - 26 October 2012 in Sopot, Poland. Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) Cruise Planning When: June 25-26, 2012 I Copenhagen An Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) meeting with the European members of the ART Executive Committee Meeting was held June 25-26, 2012 at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland in Copenhagen (GEUS). ART-Polarstern Drafting Meeting An Arctic in Rapid Transition (ART) meeting which was held February 29 – March 1, 2012 at AWI in Bremerhaven, Germany, focused mainly on the design of a collaboration for a full expedition proposal for the German RV “Polarstern” in 2015 dedicated to “Transitions in the Seasonal Sea Ice Zone (TRANSSIZ)” in the European Arctic Ocean within the framework of ART. The draft proposal suggested three legs focusing on ecological and biogeochemical studies on seasonal transitions (winter-spring, fall-winter) in the Eurasian Arctic Ocean. The main objectives are to complement summer data sets and advance biological/ biogeochemical process studies and modeling, calibrate algorithms used in remote sensing and proxies used to interpret sea ice and ocean circulation changes in the geologic past. The North-American members of the ART Executive Committee planned a complementary US-led expedition in the North-American Arctic (Beaufort, Chukchi and towards the basin). "Overcoming Barriers to Arctic Ocean Scientific Drilling: The Site Survey Challenge" A Workshop to address Arctic Ocean Scientific Drilling was held 1-3 November 2011 in Copenhagen, Denmark. The workshop was co-chaired by N. Mikkelsen, R. Stein, and B. Coakley.
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Newsletter
Issue 14 Oct 2013
POGO Capacity Building News International Scholars will attend the New Nippon Foundation-POGO Centre of Excellence in Observational Oceanography at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research for 2013 Ten scholars will receive multidisplinary training at the NF-POGO CofE at AWI
This December will see the arrival of the ten successful candidates, selected from a pool of 84 applicants, at the new NF-POGO CofE at AWI. The ten scholars will attend an inauguration event in Berlin and will then receive 10 months of training at AWI’s well-equipped training and teaching facilities in marine and oceanographic science. The first half of the training will take place on the island of Helgoland focussing on the study of open-ocean sciences, and the second part of the training will take place on the UNESCO reserve Waddensea island of Sylt, where shelf/basin interactions will be the topic of study. Essowe Panassa
Natalia Signorelli
Shaazia Mohammed
Togo
Lobsang Tsering Tibet
Brazil
Trinidad and Tobago
Joeline Ezekiel
Mathew KA
Tanzania
India
Pedro Enrique Montoro Gonzalez
Subrata Sarker Bangladesh
Sutaporn Bunyajetpong Thailand
Widya Ratmaya Indonesia
Cuba
Austral Summer Institute (ASI XIV) The Austral Summer Institutes (ASI) are run annually at the University of Concepción in Chile and are co-sponsored by POGO. The Institute takes approximately 30 students for a series of lectures on specific topics relating to a different theme each year. The Department of Oceanography and the COPAS Sur-Austral Program of the University of Concepción, Chile, have announced that the next Austral Summer Institute XIV (ASI XIV) will be held in January 2014 at the Main Campus in Concepción and at the Experimental Laboratory of Marine Biology in Dichato. ASI XIV is devoted to Coastal and Open Ocean Studies through Multiple Approaches. The course topics will include: • • • •
Multidisciplinary satellite oceanography: platforms, data and applications Changing biogeochemical cycles in the coastal ocean Ecology and diversity of marine microorganisms Fluvial and glacial sediments impacting coastal ocean processes: An interdisciplinary perspective
Information on the courses, lecturers, program and application process is available at www.udec.cl/oceanoudec/asi-14/ eng/index.html
Upcoming POGO Capacity Building Programmes for 2014 Following the high demand for this year’s POGO-supported capacity building programmes, POGO will soon be announcing opportunities for: - POGO Visiting Professorship 2014 - POGO-SCOR Visiting Fellowships 2014 Further details and instructions for applications will be posted on the POGO website at: http://ocean-partners.org/index.php/training-and-education The NF-POGO CofE at AWI will be offering a Regional Training Programme “Detection of HABs in Southeast Asia by Remote Sensing: Operational Warning and Regional Monitoring Protocols”. This will be hosted by the Bolinao Marine Laboratory (BML), Marine Science Institute, University of Philippines, Bolinao, Pangasinan from February 24 to March 15, 2014. Application material and more info are available at https://sites.google.com/site/habseatraining/.
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Newsletter
Oct 2013
POGO Capacity Building Updates (cont’d) POGO-PAP-GreenSeas Fellowship 2013
Reports from the Fellows who have completed studies from the Porcupline Abyssal Plain Cruise Following the success of the POGO-AMT fellowship programme, this year saw the inaugural POGO-Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP)-GreenSeas Fellowship Programme. The PAP observatory is situated in the Northeast Atlantic away from the continental slope and mid Atlantic ridge. The site is an open ocean timeseries representing processes in the North Atlantic Drift Region and accessible from many EU ports. Thanks to collaborative support from the PAP Observatory and the UE Project GreenSeas, POGO was able to offer two fellowships this year. The two candidates successfully completed their fellowships, which included approximately one month spent with their host supervisors, before spending three weeks on board RRS James Cook during May and June, followed by a further month at the host institution processing and interpreting the data collated from the cruise.
Bellineth Valencia
Fellow: Veli Çağlar Yumruktepe From: Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Hosted by: Dr Adrian Martin and Prof Richard Lampitt, National Oceanography Centre, UK. Project Title: Model-Data Integration of Key Nitrogen Cycle Processes
Fellow: Bellineth Valencia From: University of Valle, Cali, Colombia Hosted by: Dr Marja Koski, Aquatic Science and Technology, Technical University of Denmark. Project Title: Copepods grazing and pellet production: there are changes in particle production according to the sexual condition and vertical distribution?
Çağlar reported “After the expertise I gained from this fellowship, we now have the conceptual experimental knowledge on how to build incubations on deck, sample at sea and conduct necessary laboratory work. Our institute has the access to three different seas with three unique ecosystems: the Mediterranean, the Marmara and the Black Sea. The techniques followed at the PAP site will be carried on to these three seas and unique estimations of vital rates will be made. We are also planning to train new students, so that the technique can be sustained in time, and hoping that this study will be used in our time series stations at different regions. Çağlar Yumruktepe
Bellineth reported “For me, to have the opportunity to participate in this fellowship programme was an enriching experience. I learned a lot during the time that I spent at DTU Aqua laboratories, not only because of the facilities that they have to work with live zooplankton, but also because I had the opportunity to share with masters and Ph.D. students, and highly experienced researchers. Likewise, the experience during the cruise was very good. It was the first time that I participated in such a complete cruise. I consider that this is a very good opportunity for researchers working in developing countries to learn from highly experienced researchers, to work in well-equipped laboratories, to try to agree future collaborations between institutions (host and parent institutions), and in this way strengthen the research capabilities at the parent institutions.
Scientists in our institute are also running physical and ecosystem models in all of the seas mentioned. The modelling expertise will be transferred, and I hope to improve the modelling skills of my colleagues and their individual models. From this programme, I had the chance to work in a highly professional environment, and met many experts of my field. I will carry on working with them and hopefully collaborate on future scientific works. Also, the chance for me to attend a different and highly advanced vessel, and observe the stateof-the-art work scientists are carrying out was remarkable. I witnessed a well-planned, and successful cruise, with all the scientific works linking with each other for a better, bigger picture. I will try hard to achieve such a thing in our cruises back home. I also thank all the POGO members, that made it possible for me have such an experience.”
In a long term, the aim will be to explore the possibility to conduct a project of carbon flux in the Colombian Pacific in collaboration with DTU and/or PAP researchers, and to explore the possibility to do a zooplankton course with Colombian professors that are working with zooplankton and DTU and other international researchers.” Dr Marja Koski commented “ We have been extremely happy to host Bellineth, and are impressed both by her skills and her interest on the topic of her study. Irrespective of little previous experience with experimental work, Bellineth was able to perform demanding ship-board experiments, to the amount and quality which is sufficient for a research article. During her stay she has worked extremely hard, and has used every opportunity to improve her skills and knowledge on the plankton ecology. She has proven to be skilful in both planning and conducting experiments, and in analysing the results against the existing knowledge on the topic. I am therefore confident that the stay in Denmark has helped her in her future work, and that she will without doubt succeed in her upcoming PhD project.”
Dr Martin wrote “Çağlar had been developing 1d models as part of his PhD with the intention of reproducing the biogeochemistry observed at key open ocean time series sites which includes the PAP sustained observatory. By coming to NOC Çağlar was able to discuss this modelling work with a range of scientists who have been instrumental in making observations at and studying PAP as well as a number of experienced modellers. Çağlar spent a fruitful period obtaining data, discussing key processes and analysing trial model runs with a wide range of scientists. Caglar’s visit will only strengthen our desire to remain working with IMS. The fellowship programme provided an excellent opportunity for training that would have been very difficult by any other means. Furthermore, Caglar was an excellent example of what it can allow a fellow to achieve.” 2
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Newsletter
Oct 2013
News from the POGO members RV Mtafiti - Flemish research vessel donated to Kenya
A new collaboration between Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) and KMFRI is agreed in the field of marine sciences On 31 August 2013 the former Flemish research vessel RV Zeeleeuw, renamed RV Mtafiti, departed from the harbour of Ostend for its journey to Mombasa, Kenya. There the ship will be used by the Kenyan Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) to carry out marine studies of benefit to the local population and to several regional tasks in the West Indian Ocean. Earlier this year, following the launch of the brand-new vessel RV Simon Stevin, it became apparent that the RV Zeeleeuw (a pilot vessel 1977) transformed to a research vessel (2000) would not be sold but instead donated to Kenya. This donation is the result of the cooperation between the Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) and the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI). The ship has been renamed RV Mtafiti, which means “researcher” in Kiswahili. RV Mtatiti on her journey to Mombasa, Kenya. Photo Credit: Eliud Keter, VLIZ
On 31 August, the vessel departed from its previous home port Ostend. With 29 crew members of the Kenyan navy on board the ship sailed a total distance of 7 000 km to arrive to its new home port, the Kenyan harbour city of Mombasa.
With the arrival of the oceanographic research vessel, Kenya will be able to investigate its entire Exclusive Economic Zone in the Western Indian Ocean. This will allow Kenya to reach its goals for 2030 specified in ‘Kenya Vision 2030’. This policy vision explicitly refers to the fishing research, a healthy environment and the role that science, technology and information can play in this. The operation of RV Mtafiti will allow KMFRI to pursue the objectives of the National Oceans and Fisheries Policy. Additionally, it will facilitate scientific research for the sustainable management of Kenya’s natural marine resources. In this way the donation of RV Mtafiti is important for the stimulation of the national strategy for food safety, poverty reduction and job creation. In collaboration with WIOMSA (Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association), KMFRI will support and coordinate the operation of the RV Mtafiti for the research of the large marine ecosystems of the East African coast. In this regard it will contribute to priority themes, identified by African Member States of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, including coastal erosion, pollution, sustainable use of living resources, management of key habitats and ecosystems and tourism. This article was provided by Karen Rappé, Communication & Information, Flanders Marine Institute.
New Harmful Algal Bloom forecast service wins award Forecast system to help aquaculture industry
A forecasting system to warn of impending harmful algal blooms has won this year’s most beneficial Earth-monitoring service for European citizens. The Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Forecast is the first system of its kind and is designed to combine information from in-situ monitoring, satellite data and biological and physical oceanic models. The service provides a weekly alert warning of likely toxic or harmful events in the Atlantic Europe area in the following week. Early warning of severe blooms will give fish and shellfish farmers time to adapt their culture and harvesting practices to help reduce potential losses. HAB Forecast has been developed by the European-funded ASIMUTH project. Professor Keith Davidson, ASIMUTH’s lead scientist at SAMS, said the team was really pleased to receive the award.
Aerial view of a “red tide” algal bloom. Photo Credit: ASIMUTH
“We’ve been working with the end users and hope very much this forecast system will benefit the aquaculture industry. In 2014, subject to funding, the system will be fully operationally tested in Shetland, which has this year suffered months of closure.” ASIMUTH is led by Dr Julie Maguire from Daithi O’Murchu Marine Research Station in Ireland. The project brings together 11 institutes and SMEs from five European countries on Europe’s Atlantic coast. The group includes experts in aquaculture, modelling, earth observation, HAB monitoring programmes, and biological and physical oceanography. Each of the partner countries experience HAB problems with prolonged closures of aquaculture areas and, in some cases, large losses of farmed fish. HAB Forecast won the award for Best Service Challenge from Copernicus Masters, a European Earth monitoring competition that annually awards prizes to innovative solutions for business and society based on Earth observation data. The team will receive EUR 40,000 in satellite data, made available with financial support by the European Commission. The HAB Forecast bulletin is available from www.asimuth.eu. This article was provided by Cathy Winterton, Communications Officer, Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)
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Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Oct 2013
News from the POGO members (cont’d) New Research Project to unravel how wind drives Antarctic Bottom Water Change Dynamics of the Orkney Passage Outflow (DynOPO)
DynOPO is a project funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council that will assess the dynamics of the outflow of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW, a water mass formed near Antarctica that integrates the deepest layers of the global ocean’s overturning circulation) at one of its key sites of export from the subpolar Southern Ocean: the Orkney Passage. During the last three decades, AABW has exhibited a striking warming and contraction in volume over much of the global ocean abyss, particularly in the Atlantic basin. The causes of these changes are unknown. Possible explanations in terms of a climate-scale perturbation to the properties of the AABW precursor water masses near the Antarctic margins have been tentatively put forward by a number of authors, yet endorsement of these ideas by time series of water Autosubs take measurements in mass characteristics near the AABW sources is at best equivocal. In the Atlantic the Orkney Passage. Photo Credit: National Oceanography Centre sector, observations strongly suggest a tantalizing alternative (or complementary) explanation: that climatic variations in the basin-scale properties of AABW downstream of its source region are primarily controlled by wind-forced changes in export, via a mechanism involving the modulation of small-scale turbulent mixing in the Orkney Passage. DynOPO will test this emerging hypothesis by (i) measuring the circulation, water mass transformations and their underpinning physical processes in the passage for the first time, using a combination of ship-deployed instrumentation and an autonomous underwater vehicle (Autosub); and (ii) assessing the climatic significance of those processes with a mooring array.
Project Timeline: Early 2015 – Deployment of DynOPO moorings Early 2017 – DynOPO process cruise and mooring recovery 2017 – 2020 – Analysis of DynOPO data set
This article was provided by A.C. Naveira Garabato, E. Frajka-Williams, M.P. Meredith, E.P. Abrahamsen and K.W. Nicholls and featured on the SOOS website.
Red Sea Research Vessel Arrives at KAUST
Saudi Arabia’s first research vessl is acquired by KAUST King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) has recently acquired Saudi Arabia’s first research vessel, the R/V Thuwal. “This vessel will help bolster innovative research and knowledge of this largely unexplored resource at our doorstep,” shared President Jean-Lou Chameau. “Our scientists and students are now equipped to explore the Red Sea aboard the R/V Thuwal with greater flexibility and access. This new tool will accelerate discoveries in marine science research, enhance teaching opportunities, and strengthen partnerships with industry, governments, and academia.” Professor Xabier Irigoien, the Director of KAUST’s Red Sea Research Center, RV Thuwal, Saudi Arabia’s first research explained that this acquisition also reflects the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s wider vessel. Photo Credit: KAUST commitment to independent research efforts into its sea resources. “The Red Sea represents a large oasis at hand. The sea has a yet untapped potential to produce water, food, and income at the levels required in the future” Prof. Irigoien said. He further highlighted the “big plan for aquaculture development along the coast of the Red Sea.” Those plans include the development of large fish farms near the coral reefs. The successful management of the ecosystem requires the ability to regularly acquire and measure information. The 35 meter-long R/V Thuwal, which was previously used as a survey boat, was purchased from an Australian boat builder. Dr. Abdulaziz Al-Suwailem, Manager of the Coastal and Marine Research Core Lab (CMOR) at KAUST added, “The addition of this vessel to the scope of research facilities at KAUST reaffirms the university’s commitment to strengthening marine science research and education in the Kingdom. R/V Thuwal will certainly cater to strategic needs for unhampered and increased marine research and explorations in the Red Sea. Hopefully, it will also open new opportunities for more multidisciplinary scientific collaborations.” KAUST scientists are aiming to venture on their maiden expedition later this fall. “Our first projects will include biodiversity and impact studies. We are collaborating with Saudi Aramco on setting up fixed instruments to measure and collect samples at intervals along the Red Sea,” said Prof. Irigoien. In addition to the planned project with Saudi Aramco to perform impact studies for environmental protection, KAUST plans to develop partnerships with other universities and surrounding countries. This article was provided by Samia Falimban, Communications, KAUST.
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Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Newsletter
Oct 2013
News from the POGO members (cont’d) Long-term data reveals: The deep Greenland Sea is warming faster than the World Ocean Recent warming of the Greenland Sea Deep Water is about ten times higher than warming rates estimated for the global ocean Since 1993, oceanographers from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), have carried out regular expeditions to the Greenland Sea on board the research vessel Polarstern to investigate changes in this region including extensive temperature and salinity measurements. For the present study, the AWI scientists have combined these long term data sets with historical observations dating back to the year 1950. The results of their analysis: In the last thirty years, the water temperature between 2000 metres depth and the sea floor has risen by 0.3 degrees centigrade. ‘This sounds like a small number, but we need to see this in relation to the large mass of water that has been warmed’ says the AWI scientist and lead author of the study, Dr. Raquel Somavilla Cabrillo. ‘The amount of heat accumulated within the lowest 1.5 kilometres in the abyssal Greenland Sea would warm the atmosphere above Europe by 4 degrees centigrade. The Greenland Sea is just a small part of the global ocean. However, the observed increase of 0.3 degrees in the deep Greenland Sea is ten times higher than the temperature increase in the global ocean on average.”
A member of the Polarstern crew lowers the CTD probe into the depths. Photo: Thomas Steuer, Alfred-Wegener-Institut
The cause of the warming is a change in the subtle interplay of two processes in the Greenland Sea: the cooling by deep convection of very cold surface waters in winter and the warming by the import of relatively warm deep waters from the interior Arctic Ocean. “Until the early 1980s, the central Greenland Sea has been mixed from the top to the bottom by winter cooling at the surface making waters dense enough to reach the sea floor” explains Somavilla. “This transfer of cold water from the top to the bottom has not occurred in the last 30 years. However, relatively warm water continues to flow from the deep Arctic Ocean into the Greenland Sea. Cooling from above and warming through inflow are no longer balanced, and thus the Greenland Sea is progressively becoming warmer and warmer.” To understand how the world’s oceans react to climate change, scientists need to investigate the Arctic Ocean in more detail. “Due to its large volume and its thermal inertia the deep ocean is a powerful heat buffer for climate warming. The polar oceans are scarcely studied. If we want to understand the role of the deep ocean in the climate system, we need to expand the measurements to remote regions like the Arctic,” AWI-scientist Ursula Schauer says. For that, she has already planned further Polarstern expeditions. In 2015, Ursula and her group will return to the Arctic. The publication in Geophysical Research Letters can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50775/ abstract This article was provided by Sina Löschke, Department of Communications and Media Relations, Alfred Wegener Institute.
Report from ‘Workshop on the effects of climate change on ocean productivity and marine fisheries’ Trans-Atlantic workshop on climate change hosted by IMR and NOAA
In September 2013, the Institute of Marine Research (IMR) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) jointly hosted a workshop of 23 researchers from the US and Europe in Iceland to discuss ‘Climate change and the effects on ocean productivity’. A strong motivation for organizing this workshop was that understanding consequences of climate change requires a multidisciplinary approach from large-scale physics to small-scale biology. This trans-Atlantic workshop brought together ecologists, climate modelers, and fisheries experts to discuss key research questions related to how global climate change may affect biological production in Arctic and sub-Arctic ecosystems.
Attendees of the Workshop on the effects of climate change on ocean productivity and marine fisheries
One goal of the workshop was to discuss how climate change may affect the physics and biology of marine ecosystems with a particular focus on the flow of energy from phytoplankton to zooplankton to fish. The workshop participants not only discussed consequences of climate change on biological production, but also focused on the mechanisms responsible for the expected changes. Identifying the mechanisms and processes that govern energy transfer between trophic levels is necessary for predicting consequences of climate change on biological production. Discussions also focused on research developments that will need to be implemented before we are able to accurately predict changes to higher trophic level species such as fish. The discussions and presentations from this workshop will be published as a synthesis paper in the near future.
This article was provided by Erlend Moksness, Institute of Marine Research, Norway
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Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Oct 2013
News from the POGO members (cont’d) Early Ocean Observing for the State of Texas
GERG at Texas A&M University assist in oil spill operations In 1994, due to concerns of oil pollution events off the coast of Texas, the Texas General Land Office (TGLO) implemented plans for an operational system of instrumented buoys off the Texas coast, to be known as the Texas Automated Buoy System (TABS), to protect Texas coastal waters by providing timely, accurate observations of winds and currents for use in spill response operations. The Geochemical and Environmental Research Group (GERG) at Texas A&M University was selected to design, build, and operate a system of moored, telemetering current meter buoys using off-the-shelf technology. GERG, working with Woods Hole Group (WHG) of East Falmouth, MA, designed buoys to measure surface current velocity using an electromagnetic current sensor and transmit the data to shore on a regular schedule via the existing offshore cellular telephone network. In early 1995, less than nine months after receiving the contract, GERG deployed the first five buoys using this technology. Today the buoys use acoustic current sensors and low-earth orbit satellite data communications.
Position of the TABS buoys off the Texas coast. Image Credit: GERG
The primary mission of TABS is to provide near–real-time data when a spill occurs. However, the TGLO recognized from the inception of the project that three factors would form TABS into an effective public resource as well. Thus, the TGLO supports research to improve the reliability, operational range, and versatility of the TABS buoys; it insists that all TABS data be immediately disseminated through a user-friendly Internet website; and it encourages other scientific research projects to build on the TABS resources. To that end, the buoys have been continuously improved since the original design to incorporate new technology, lessons learned in the field, and expanding mission goals. From its inception in 1995, when the Internet was just beginning to emerge, the buoy observations have been made available to the TGLO and the general public on the Internet. Also in 2003 real-time analysis of the daily observations was implemented to provide quality- controlled oceanographic, meteorological, and engineering products. Today the TABS buoy network consists of nine actively monitored sites, seven along the coast and two near Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. The seven coastal sites are funded by the TGLO. The two Flower Garden Banks sites are funded separately by an oil industry consortium and operated as part of the TABS program. Today GERG operates all aspect of the program, from buoy design, construction, deployment, maintenance, data management and public dissemination of the data. GERG is now expanding its observing capabilities with a number of gliders and AUV’s (http://gerg.tamu.edu). This article was provided by Tony Knap & Norman Guinasso, GERG, Texas A&M University
Plymouth Marine Laboratory deploys the buoys
Plymouth Marine Laboratory joins forces with the Met Office Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) has recently launched a new autonomous data buoy, built in collaboration with the UK Met Office, to take high frequency measurements at one of the monitoring stations 20 miles south of Plymouth UK. In-situ measurements are undertaken weekly at two coastal stations near Plymouth in the Western English Channel, as part of a long-term oceanographic time-series and marine biodiversity study known as the Western Channel Observatory (WCO). The WCO has some of the longest time-series in the world for zooplankton and phytoplankton.
New buoy for the Western Channel Observatory Photo Credit: PML
The two scientific buoys operated and developed by PML are positioned offshore at stations known as ‘L4’ and ‘E1’. The new autonomous data buoy has now been deployed at the E1 station, which has a historical hydrographic series dating from 1903. The measurements from these buoys are collected using the research vessels of PML and the Marine Biological Association in the UK, assessing several key parameters important to the functioning of the marine ecosystem such as light, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll, turbidity, and nutrients.
The buoys capture events otherwise missed when data is taken in the traditional way, i.e. in-situ sampling, with hourly assessments of meteorological conditions, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity. Once collected the information is then sent via satellite communication back to PML in real time, in order to immediately display the data on the web. When developing the buoys it was essential that they were built to withstand the harsh conditions at sea, not just above the water but also below. A particular underwater threat to the efficiency of the databuoys is ‘biofouling’: the accumulation of excessive organic growth on equipment deployed in marine environments. Biofouling creates engineering and environmental challenges with significant maintenance and health & safety costs. PML Applications Ltd, PML’s trading subsidiary, does a great deal of work in the study of biofouling, helping clients to reduce its effects and achieve increased efficiency, as well as health & safety performance. The data gathered by the databuoys on the underwater environment and ecosystems is crucial to providing PML with data for ecosystem modelling and remote sensing. The UK Met Office also utilizes the information to drive weather forecasting, waves and sea states. This article was provided by Helen Murray, Communications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory 6
Newsletter
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Oct 2013
News from the POGO members (cont’d) POGO at the Science and Technology for Society (STS) forum, Kyoto, Japan Approximately one thousand global leaders in science and technology, policy, business and media from around one hundred countries, regions and international organizations attended the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Science and Technology for Society (STS) forum held in Kyoto, Japan on 6 – 8 October, 2013. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan addressed the inaugural session. The goal of the meeting was to reflect on how to expand the “lights” and control the “shadows” of science and technology, in the context of the two main themes of the meeting: innovation and sustainability. The parallel session on “Oceans” was chaired by Prof. Jane Lubchenco (former Administrator of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, currently professor Yoshihisa Shirayama at the STS forum at Oregon State University), and Dr. Yoshihisa Shirayama (Executive Director of Photo Credit: JAMSTEC Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology and Member of POGO Executive Committee). Speakers in the session included Dr. Mamoru Mohri (Astronaut and Executive Director of National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation), Dr. Hang Soon Choi (Vice President of Policy, The Korean Academy of Science and Technology) and Dr. Shubha Sathyendranath (POGO Secretariat, Plymouth Marine Laboratory). Other participants, predominantly executives of influential organizations, attended the session and joined the discussion for two hours. Their names are withheld for compliance with the Chatham House Rules that the meeting followed. The discussions that followed were broad, and touched upon conservation, issues facing fisheries and aquaculture, threats to marine life from ocean acidification, the Arctic, the need for an integrated approach to studying the oceans and the entire Earth System, user engagement and commitment, the interconnected nature of oceans, the need for capacity building, the importance of international coordination and collaboration, sustainability of resource exploitation and communication strategies. Dr. Philip Campbell (Editor-in-Chief, Nature) reported to the plenary from the breakout session. The statement from the meeting contained a special reference to the oceans: “The oceans and seas are a major and essential part of the Earth’s environment, with significant impacts on climate and food, and are being affected by human activity. Neither policymakers nor the public know enough about the oceans. Both research and dissemination for awareness need to be greatly reinforced.” This article was provided by Shubha Sathyendranath (POGO Secretariat, Plymouth Marine Laboratory), Yoshihisa Shirayama and Aska Vanroosebeke (JAMSTEC)
Two New Research Vessels Closer to Joining U.S. Academic Fleet The United States continues to invest in oceanographic research vessels critical for ocean observing infrastructure and seagoing scientific research. The U.S. academic research fleet provides the mobility and flexibility needed to conduct observing capability worldwide. The U.S. Navy is contributing to the framework for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the nation’s Earth observation enterprise through the development of two new Ocean Class research vessels that will be operated for the U.S. Office of Naval Research and are currently under construction.
New Research Ships in contstruction (L) RV Neil Armstrong; (R) RV Sally Ride Photo Credits: WHOI & Scripps
The new ships will possess novel features that will enable advanced capabilities at sea. With berthing for scientific parties of 24, the ships’ features include spacious main, wet, and computer labs, and 5,000+cubic feet of science storage plus extensive cranes and hands free over-the-side handling systems. The ships will be maneuvered by controllable pitch propellers with variable speed motors along with bow and stern thrusters for improved efficiency over varying modes of operation. Both ships will have a range up to 10,800 nm at optimal transit speeds, with maximized ability to work in sea state 5 and higher. The first vessel to be completed will be R/V Neil Armstrong (AGOR 27), which will be operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. As of June 2013, approximately 50 percent of overall construction is complete and many large components have been installed such as main engines, transformers, and air conditioning compressors. The research ship is on schedule for tentative launch in February 2014. Directly following by a few months is R/V Sally Ride (AGOR 28), which will be operated by Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego. “The construction of these research vessels marks an important milestone in the renewal of our oceanographic research fleet. Scientists and students rely on capable research infrastructure to study and observe our planet. Both R/V Sally Ride and R/V Neil Armstrong will enhance the oceanographic community’s ability to conduct high-quality, ship-based scientific research globally,” said Bruce Appelgate, Scripps Associate Director for Ship Operations and Marine Technical Support. This article was provided jointly by Cindy Clark, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, and Stephanie Murphy, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 7
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Newsletter
Oct 2013
News from the POGO members (cont’d) Plymouth Marine Laboratory supports $2 million XPRIZE seeking new sensors to study ocean acidification Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) has been named official supporter of the Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPRIZE foundation, following the exciting announcement last month that XPRIZE will be offering a $2-million prize challenge to an innovator who can build cheaper and better pH sensors in the quest for a global solution to ocean acidification. While ocean acidification is well documented in a few temperate ocean waters, little is known in high latitudes, coastal areas and the deep sea, and most current pH sensor technologies are too costly, imprecise, or unstable to allow for sufficient knowledge on the state of ocean acidification. Sensors for the detection of Ocean Adification Photo Credit: Dreamtime © Willyam Bradberry
The 22-month competition will award two $1-million prizes, one to the best low-cost sensor and one to the most accurate. The competition’s organizers decided to award two prizes because the two goals present different engineering challenges. Registration opens on 1 January 2014.
This is the second collaboration between the XPrize Foundation of California and Wendy Schmidt, who co-founded the Schmidt Ocean Institute with her husband Eric Schmidt, Google’s executive chairman. In 2011, the Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge awarded $1.4 million to projects cleaning up oil spills. Whilst ocean acidification research is still in its infancy, PML has been at the forefront of this developing area, earning an internationally recognised reputation for research and advice to policy makers. More knowledge is still required about how ocean acidification will impact upon the oceans environmentally, socially and economically, and PML is leading part of the UK Ocean Acidification Research Programme (http://www.oceanacidification.org.uk/) to investigate the impacts of ocean acidification, including co-ordinating how the knowledge gained will be made available to stakeholders, policy makers, scientists and the public. This article was provided by Helen Murray, Communications, Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Royal Research Ship Discovery named by HRH The Princess Royal A new, state-of-the-art research ship for UK marine science - RRS Discovery - was named by Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal at the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton. Around 200 guests, including the Science Minister David Willetts, local MPs, civic guests and senior figures from the UK’s marine science community were present to see a bottle of champagne smashed in the traditional manner on the vessel’s bow. The Honorary Assistant Bishop of Winchester, the Right Reverend John Dennis, blessed Discovery. Following the ceremony, Her Royal Highness toured the ship, meeting officers and crew, representatives of the Freire shipbuilders and members of the Discovery replacement team who were praised by the Minister for delivering the project on time and on budget. The Princess was shown some of the equipment used by scientists to carry out research in the deep ocean. She also met researchers inside the centre where she learned about science impacts funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), or delivered by its centres.
RRS Discovery is named by HRH The Princess Royal Photo Credit: NOC
Mr Willetts also toured the vessel and in a speech spoke of the UK’s world-leading role in marine science. RRS Discovery is a state-of-the-art platform for world-leading oceanographic research and represents a £75 million investment in frontier science by the Department for Business Innovation & Skills. Commissioned by NERC and operated on NERC’s behalf by the National Oceanography Centre (NOC) for the United Kingdom’s marine science community, Discovery’s wide capability will allow deep-ocean research in the remotest and least hospitable parts of our planet, from tropical seas to polar waters. Discovery joins RRS James Cook as one of a brace of vessels with deep ocean capability that will deliver NERC’s science priorities for decades to come. Her Royal Highness also named James Cook in 2007. At almost 100-metres in length, and with a displacement of 6,075 tonnes, Discovery will carry a marine crew of 24 and has accommodation for 28 scientists and technicians. The ship is fitted with a comprehensive suite of laboratories, handling systems and sensors that will enable her to carry out research spanning a wide range of ocean issues that impact on society. This article was provided by Jacky Wood, National Oceanography Centre 8
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Newsletter
Oct 2013
News from the POGO members (cont’d) Australia-Japan Marine Science Workshop
A joint Australia-Japan marine science workshop took place in Tokyo, Japan on 11 and 12 July 2013. This workshop was hosted by the Department of Industry, Innovation, Climate Change, Science, Research and Tertiary Education (DIICCSRTE) of Australia and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, based on an agreement from the 14th Australia-Japan Joint Science and Technology Committee meeting held in Tokyo on 23 August 2012. John Gunn, Chief Executive Officer of the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and Yoshihisa Shirayama, Executive Director of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) co-chaired this workshop. Recognising “Understanding Global Change Impacts and Opportunities in Tropical and Subtropical Marine Ecosystems” is a common priority theme for both countries, experts from Australia and Japan discussed the following three key questions: a) What are the biogeochemical processes that influence ocean acidification and the impacts of acidification on biodiversity? b) What do we understand about the limits to the adaptability of tropical and sub-tropical marine ecosystems to climate change? c) What new technologies are required to better explore and routinely observe tropical and subtropical marine systems? As a result of the workshop it was agreed that both countries would develop a work program to guide future collaborative research into tropical and sub-tropical marine science between Australia and Japan. The workshop was followed by the Australia-Japan Marine Forum: Coral Reefs and Global Change, which was co-hosted by AIMS and JAMSTEC in Tokyo on 13 July 2013, in collaboration with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR), the Australian Embassy, Tokyo, the Australian Academy of Science, MEXT and the Oceanographic Society of Japan. Marine Science Experts from Australia and Japan (Mita Conference Hall, Tokyo, Japan) Photo Credit: JAMSTEC
This public forum provided the audience with an opportunity to learn about an outline of the bilateral expert workshop and to recognise the importance of Australia-Japan cooperation in marine science and technology. This article was provided by Mizue Iijima, International Affairs Division, JAMSTEC
Scripps Oceanography Welcomes Director Margaret Leinen Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego recently welcomed Margaret Leinen as its new director. A highly distinguished, award-winning oceanographer and an accomplished executive with extensive national and international experience in ocean science, global climate, and environmental issues, Dr. Leinen is a name familiar to many members of the POGO community. She is a geological oceanographer whose research specialized in paleoceanography, paleoclimatology, and the present-day processes that are responsible for the formation of the sedimentary record. Her early educational interests in geology quickly expanded to include the oceans and she has had far-reaching research experience with the Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP), known today as the International Ocean Discovery Program. A seagoing researcher who participated in three cruises with DSDP, she also led two ALVIN diving expeditions to the Juan de Fuca Ridge and Mariana back-arc environments, studying the sedimentation from hydrothermal vents and a variety of other oceanographic cruises. Dr. Leinen served for seven years at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) as Assistant Director for Geosciences and Coordinator of Environmental Research and Education and led government-wide planning for climate and ocean research. While at NSF, she directly influenced some of the most consequential programs in marine, atmospheric, and earth science.
Margaret Leinin new Director of Scripps Instituation of Oceanography Photo Credit: Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Dr. Leinen has set her vision on defining Scripps Oceanography as a national and international leader in the great challenges and opportunities facing ocean, atmospheric, and earth sciences. “I am excited by the combination of Scripps’s 110 years of research and educational excellence and UC San Diego’s culture of interdisciplinary innovation,” said Dr. Leinen. With annual expenditures approaching $200 million and a fleet of four research vessels and research platform FLIP, Scripps encompasses physical, chemical, biological, geological, and geophysical studies of the oceans, Earth, and atmosphere. Scripps offers graduate and undergraduate educational programs in marine biology, oceanography, and Earth sciences. This article was provided by Cindy Clark, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego. 9
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Newsletter
Oct 2013
News from the POGO members (cont’d) NPOCE observation breakthrough in the western Pacific Ocean by China Endorsed as an international joint program by CLIVAR/WCRP in 2010, NPOCE (Northwestern Pacific Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment) is designed to observe, simulate, and understand the dynamics of the NWP ocean circulation, joined by 19 institutions from 8 countries, and steered by its Scientific Steering Committee (SSC). On December 21, 2012, the R/V Science-1 of IOCAS fulfilled its third cruise to the western Pacific since its inauguration in 2010. During the cruise three subsurface moorings measuring WBCs at 8ºN and 18ºN (see figure) were retrieved and redeployed. In addition one more was deployed in Maluku Strait in November 2012 Two year current observation data were obtained from the mooring off Mindanao, which revealed a number of new features of the MUC, much deeper and stronger than the geostrophical velocity in the past.
Mooring observations in NPOCE domain (2010-2012): 3 moorings (red stars) Image Credit: Institute of Oceanology, CAS
A CAS program on Tropical Northwestern Pacific Ocean System and Consequences (2013-2017) has been newly funded, the key of which is designed to set up 29 subsurface moorings in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in order to understand the interaction between the WBCs and equatorial currents and hence its climatic effects. The program is a tremendous support for NPOCE. This article was provided by Yixin Ma, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Launch of the Caribbean Netherlands Science Institute Since the constitutional reform of the Kingdom, the Netherlands are directly responsible for a number of Caribbean islands and the marine system surrounding them. The Netherlands Ministry for Education, Culture and Science (OCW) has taken this opportunity to set up a research institute at St Eustatius, the Caribbean Netherlands Science Institute (CNSI) and to fund a multidisciplinary research programme aiming at stimulating excellent research on themes of scientific and societal relevance regarding the Caribbean region. OCW asked the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) to organise both initiatives.
The new CNSI at St Eustatius Photo Credit: NIOZ
NWO has asked NIOZ to study the feasibility of setting up CNSI and to propose an organisation structure that addresses the interests of the island of St Eustatius and the Caribbean Netherlands, OCW and NWO, and the multidisciplinary scientific communities. The NIOZ feasibility study resulted in a positive advice, after which NIOZ was asked to take formal responsibility for the implementation of CNSI.
CNSI’s mission is to realise a permanent scientific presence in the Caribbean Netherlands with research facilities (e.g. laboratories, research boat, ICT), outreach facilities (e.g. exposition space, seminar room, information centre) and accommodation for visitors. CNSI will support basic, strategic, applied, societal and policy relevant research and education in the fields of the natural sciences, life sciences, social sciences and humanities. Its mission is based on the vision that the Caribbean and European Netherlands share mutual responsibility for the sustainable development of the Caribbean Netherlands islands and their marine territories. Working toward this goal requires an understanding of each other’s institutional organizations, historical and cultural backgrounds, management and development priorities and natural and societal resources. It also requires a commitment to multidisciplinary knowledge development and human and institutional capacity building. It is clear that the sustainability of these small island economies cannot be regarded in isolation and should be addressed within the scientific, political and socioeconomic context of the greater Caribbean region. CNSI fosters the ambition to develop the institute as an authoritative expert and facility centre acknowledged in the wider Caribbean region, positioned at the intersection of science, research, education, management and governance. CNSI welcomes and supports relevant activities of users from around the globe. For its activities, CNSI anticipates on research projects financed through the Caribbean research call of NWO that will use CNSI’s facilities as home base for its research. This article was provided by Nienke Bloksma, Communications, NIOZ
10
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Newsletter
Oct 2013
POGO Activities Jesse Ausubel in the Oceanauts “Hall of Fame” Jesse Ausubel, one of the founding fathers of POGO, has recently been honoured by having his portrait included in the art exhibition Oceanauts: Living the Dream of the Sea, at the Aquarium of the Pacific in California, USA. The exhibition comprises 24 mixed-media portraits by artist Zofia Kostyrko, of the world’s most famous and notable “ocean explorers”, including historical figures such as James Cook and Charles Darwin, as well as some more recent leaders in the field, such as Robert Ballard, Jacques Cousteau, John Delaney, Sylvia Earle, Harry Hess, Walter Munk, and Jacques Piccard, to name a few. Of particular relevance to POGO, John Delaney has been an advocate for launching next-generation ocean science and educational capabilities, particularly using distributed robot-sensor networks, such as the NEPTUNE cabled observatory. The work of all these “Oceanauts” has contributed in fundamental ways to our current understanding of the oceans, and in many cases has made the oceans more accessible and inspiring to the general public. This exhibition recognises Jesse’s outstanding contributions to both ocean science and public engagement, in particular through his leading role in the Census of Marine Life. “The portraits, whose subjects span sea floor to sea surface, life to rock, and satellites to submarines, convey the scope and excitement of ocean exploration”, commented Jesse. Jesse Ausubel’s Portrait by Zofia Kostyrko
The portraits can be viewed on-line, at http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/exhibits/ocean_ exploration/art_exhibit.
The SeaKeeper Award 2013 is presented to The Sargasso Sea Alliance Throughout its existence SeaKeepers has made it a practice to honour and promote those key decision makers and influencers who have made extraordinary commitments to preserving our planet’s oceans. Each year the prestigious SeaKeeper Award is presented at the Bal de la Mer, typically held in Monaco. This year the 2013 SeaKeeper Award was presented to The Sargasso Sea Alliance (SAA), of which one of Executive Committee Members is Prof. Howard Roe, co-founder and past chairman of the POGO. This year, the event took place in San Francisco during the America’s Cup. The award ceremony took place on September 9th, with nearly two hundred guests gathered at the St. Francis Yacht Club in San Francisco. Michael T. Moore, Chairman of the Board of SeaKeepers; Skip Zimbalist, Event Chair; and Patty Elkus, Honorary Committee Chair, welcomed the SSA into the ranks of past receipients of the award include Sylvia Earle, H.S.H. Prince Albert II and Kelly Slater for their extraordinary commitment to ocean conservation. The SeaKeepers Award 2013
The Sargasso Sea Alliance are presented with the SeaKeeper Award 2013 Photo Credit: The International SeaKeepers Society
David Shaw, SSA Founding Chair, along with Executive Committee members Howard Roe, Richard Rockefeller, Kristina Gjerde, Derrick Binns and David Freestone accepted the SeaKeeper Award on behalf of the SSA. Formed in 2010, the SSA strives to preserve the ecologically significant yet highly vulnerable Sargasso Sea through improved management regimes and novel legal protection strategies.
GACS Business Meetings September 2013 The second annual business meetings of the Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) were hosted by the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) in the last week of September. The two GACS working groups dealing with the development of the global CPR database, and maintaining common standards and methods met on Tuesday 24th. The Board of Governance comprising the heads of regional CPR Surveys then met over the next two days. The meetings were attended by representatives from Antarctic (Southern Ocean), Australian, USA, Canada (North Pacific), Japanese, South African, Brazilian and SAHFOS CPR surveys, plus a number of SAHFOS staff, and observers from developing surveys in Cyprus and India, and representatives from stakeholder agencies, SCOR, OBIS and Dr Sophie Seeyave representing POGO. Continued.... 11
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Newsletter
Oct 2013
POGO Activities (cont’d)
GACS Business Meetings September 2013 (cont’d from previous page) The meetings highlighted the success to date in meeting GACS initial objectives: • the global database of CPR data has been established, • a website has been established, • assistance has been provided to developing surveys (France, Brazil, Korea, Cyprus, India) which has included training workshops at SAHFOS and the Australian Antarctic Division; FAQs have been developed to provide advice for new surveys, • the first Global Marine Ecological Status Report has been published; the second report is scheduled for March 2014, • documenting and promoting a common set of standards and methods. The establishment of the global CPR database now allows us to conduct a global assessment of plankton patterns and changes. This includes providing data and advice on changes in zooplankton abundance and copepod composition for the GEF-Transboundary Water Assessment Programme. Other data products have been prepared and tested, and will be transferred to the GACS public website by the end of 2013. During the Board meeting, Dr Ramaiah Nagappa of the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, and Ms Rana Abu Alhaija of the Cyprus Institute gave presentations on their new surveys. Cyprus plans to conduct regular tows in the eastern Mediterranean starting in October 2013. India’s first CPR tow is scheduled for January 2014, with a particular interest in the Arabian Sea. As part of GACS capacity building and knowledge sharing, a workshop was conducted for CPR analyst after the GACS meeting, aimed at providing instruction on identification and recording of micro-plastics, which are becoming more prevalent in CPR samples, identification of Ceratium and coccolithophores, and assessment of the phytoplankton colour index (PCI). This article was provided by Graham Hosie, Chair of GACS
The International Research Cruise The priorities for the project in the future are to: Information Database and web-site: A joint POGO-CoML-NOAA initiative • Continue requesting The POGO Cruise Information Database (www.pogooceancruises.org) was launched in May 2007 and is maintained by the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC). It is a joint initiative by POGO, the Census of Marine Life (CoML), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The objective of the project was to develop, update and maintain an international cruise information database to facilitate resource sharing and information exchange related to past and planned research cruises. Benefits of the project include helping scientists from different countries coordinate future funded research through information about research vessels of opportunity; aiding in the retrospective ability to find data in regions of interest; making it possible for projects to conduct joint work and to fill empty berths; creating capacitybuilding and training opportunities; aiding in the tracking and distribution of data; allowing cost sharing among institutions, projects, and nations; making possible intercomparisons, intercalibrations, and validation among different data types (e.g. CTD vs. Argo, in situ vs. remote sensing). The website focuses on vessels greater than 60m in length and incorporates three major databases: (i) The Cruise Programme Database – this continues to be operational and contains approximately 2700 cruise programmes, covering 60 research vessels from 20 countries. The web portal was developed and is maintained by MARIS, Netherlands. (ii) The Research Vessels Database – this contains facts and figures of approximately 170 Research Vessels. Vessel operators have access to the database and are able to update details of their own vessels. It has been developed by EurOcean with support from MARIS. (iii) The Cruise Summary Report (CSR) database - this is operational for the input of new CSRs and the searching of existing ones. This database has been developed by BSH/DOD, Germany the based on the Cruise Summary Report and its predecessors originally conceived by the IOC’s International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) programme. In addition, a forum for users comprising general information of upcoming cruises is being planned. 12
cruise programmes and update the database, including information on 2013 and 2014 (and beyond) cruise programmes • Continue to work with operators to improve timeliness and content of NOAA Research Ship Nancy Foster. cruise programme Photo Credit: National Oceanic and i n f o r m a t i o n Atmospheric Administration • Develop links with POGO members not currently supplying information, through POGO contacts and also ship operators (e.g. International Research Ship Operators (IRSO), European Research Vessels Operators (ERVO)) • Utilise spreadsheet input for preliminary Cruise Programme input from CCHDO, IOCCP and GO-SHIP and other sources • Improve links with other projects and programmes including Argo, OceanSITES, IMBER, SOLAS, GEOTRACES and EURO-BASIN • Advertise to other organisations and request links on their web-sites (e.g. IOC/IODE, IRSO, ERVO, Global Observing Systems Information Center (GOSIC), national ship operator sites, UNOLS, Rolling Deck to Repository (R2R), SeaDataNet) • Develop links with JCOMMOPS (in particular the Ship Logistics Coordinator) possibly leading to exchange of information through Web Map Services (WMS) • Routine maintenance of the system and web-site – including ensuring the research vessels database is kept up to date • Synergy from working with EU EUROFLEETS-2 project In addition to ongoing database maintenance, recent outreach activities have included describing the POGO research cruise information system at the final EUROFLEETS annual meeting at SeaDataNet plenary meetings and International Marine Data and Information Systems (IMDIS) conferences. This article was provided by Lesley Rickards, The British Oceanographic Data Centre
Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans
Newsletter
Oct 2013
POGO Activities (cont’d)
POGO Executive Committee Meeting On August 13th, a meeting of the POGO Executive Committee was hosted by Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML). A full day’s agenda of discussion items included the review of POGO activities and follow-up on the Action Items from the last annual meeting, POGO-14, in Cape Town. As proposed by the members, the agenda for the POGO-15 meeting, scheduled for January 2014 in Hobart, will include a number of parallel workshops, a Partners-only meeting and a review of the membership dues. Other topics of discussion by the Executive Committee included the projected budget for 2014, the incoming Chairman for 2016, the proposed host for the POGO-16 meeting in 2015, and the “Oceans and Society: Blue Planet” Task and its inclusion in the upcoming GEO Ministerial Summit. POGO Executive Meeting attendees Photo Credit: POGO
The POGO Secretariat thanks the Chairman and all of the Executive Committee Members for travelling to Plymouth, and to PML for hosting what was a productive and very useful meeting.
Conference on Ocean Literacy in Europe The European Marine Science Educators’ Association (EMSEA) is an association dedicated to facilitating the exchange of success stories and good practices in marine education, to providing a networking directory for marine educators and to co-organizing annual conferences for educators throughout Europe. This was the second conference on Ocean Literacy in Europe organised by EMSEA, the first one having been held in Bruges in 2012. Both conferences were attended by Sophie Seeyave on behalf of POGO. Public outreach is part of POGO’s mandate, and school children are an important target audience, since they will grow up to become either scientists, policy makers or any other type of stakeholder of the ocean. They are also able to pass on knowledge to, and exert pressure on, their parents and extended families. “Ocean literacy” is a growing movement in Europe and worldwide, and the community of marine educators is increasingly aware that international coordination is valuable to exchange ideas and expertise, as well as to avoid duplication of efforts. There could be a role for POGO to play in coordinating these efforts. There were many interesting presentations on various aspects of marine education, ranging from educational programmes of museums and aquaria, to activities aimed at exposing students to field work and hands-on research projects. Several projects had on-line materials that have been added to the POGO web page (http://ocean-partners.org/outreach). There was also an initiative called “Ocean Explorer”, which is using Skype in the Classroom to deliver lectures by marine scientists to school classes. This initiative has been over-subscribed by interested schools, and as a result the organisers were looking for additional speakers. As part of this programme, POGO has been organising a series of lessons covering different aspects of ocean observations, with guest speakers from Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) and the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) who will teach students about ocean colour remote sensing and the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR). An ad hoc meeting of the POGO News and Information Group was held during one lunch break, attended by Vikki Cheung, Jan Seys, Anuschka Miller, Clare Buckland and Sophie Seeyave. This was very useful to discuss progress on the Action Items from the last meeting (Jan 2013), and in particular plans for a 500th Anniversary celebration of the first circumnavigation of the globe by Magellan.
POGO-15 Meeting
22-24 January 2014, Hobart, Australia - Hosted by CSIRO and IMAS The agenda for the POGO-15 Meeting will soon be finalised and will be placed on the POGO website at http://www.ocean-partners.org/meetings-and-workshops/meetings-and-workshops/pogo-15. Members are advised to make their travel and accommodation bookings well in advance since it will be the peak holiday season in Australia at the time of the meeting. Attendees should register for the meeting using the online form at https://docs.google.com/forms/ d/1MsAkY4_Cprib6O2SSBNe9jbslVb7Y2Lrtox_dAtm7z4/viewform
Tel. +44 (0)1752 633424
POGO Secretariat Plymouth Marine Laboratory Prospect Place Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK E-mail [email protected] 13
http://ocean-partners.org
8.0
ORGANIZATION AND FINANCE
8.1
Membership 8.1.1 National Committees, p. 8-1 Report on Membership Changes Since 2012 General Meeting, p. 8-1 Member Nations and Nominated Members, p. 8-2 Membership in the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), p. 8-3
Urban
8.2
Publications Arising from SCOR Activities, p. 8-5
Urban
8.3
Finances, p. 8-6
Finance Committee, Urban
8-1 8.1
Membership
8.1.1
National Committees
Report on Membership Changes Since 2012 SCOR General Meeting CHILE
Miguel Vasquez was replaced by Carlos A. Zuniga
CHINA-TAIPEI
Prof. Shu-Kun Hsu ([email protected]) is the new chairman and Profs. Ben Chao and C.-F. Dai are the other two new nominated members
FRANCE
Catherine Beltran replaced Laurent Labeyrie
PAKISTAN
Mohammad Moazaam Rabbani and Tariq-ur-Rehman were replaced by Ali Rashid Tabrez and Asif Inam
SWEDEN
Lena Kautsky was replaced by Agneta Andersson
USA
Robert Duce and Dawn Wright replaced Jay Pearlman and Jorge Corredor
Map generated from http://www.world66.com/myworld66/visitedCountries.
8-2 Member Nations and Nominated Members
Nation Australia Belgium Brazil Canada Chile
Nominated Members to SCOR Peter Doherty Trevor McDougall John Volkman J.C.J. Nihoul François Ronday José Maria Landim Dominguez Mauricio M. Mata Ilana Wainer Robie Macdonald Bjørn Sundby Paul Myers Patricio Carrasco Carmen Morales Carlos A. Zuniga
China - Beijing China - Taipei Denmark Ecuador Finland France Germany India Israel Italy Japan Korea Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Peru Poland Russia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States
Hong Huasheng Ben Chao Birger Larsen Edwin Pinto Riitta Autio Catherine Beltran Uli Bathmann M. Dileep Kumar Yossi Loya Giuseppe Manzella Toshitaka Gamo Jung- Keuk Kang Elva Escobar Corina Brussaard Julie Hall Dag Aksnes Asif Inam Carlos Bocanegra Garcia Czeshaw Druet Victor A. Akulichev John Compton Marta Estrada Ingemar Cato Daniel Ariztegui Temel Oguz Peter Burkill Robert Duce
Sun Song C.-F. Dai Torkel Gissel Nielsen Nikita Gabor Kimmo Kahma Sabine Schmidt Colin Devey Manish Tiwari Annalisa Griffa Motoyoshi Ikeda Kuh Kim Mario Martinez Garcia Bert Hoeksema Keith A. Hunter Peter Haugan Samina Kidwai Enedia Vieyra Peña Piotr Szefer Sergey Dobrolubov Ashley Johnson Alicia Lavín Agneta Andersson Karl Föllmi Bilge Tutak Karen Heywood Mary Feeley
Zhu Mingyuan Shu-Kun Hsu M. Pilar Cornejo R. de Grunauer Jorma Kuparinen Marie-Alexandrine Sicre Wolfgang Fennel Satheesh C. Shenoi
Satoru Taguchi Sinjae Yoo Clara Morán
Ali Rashid Tabrez Luis Icochea Salas Jan M. Weslawski Sergey Shapovalov Lynne Shannon Pere Masqué Johan Rodhe Kurt Hanselmann Nicholas Owens Dawn Wright
8-3 Membership in the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) (available in English, Spanish, and French at http://www.scor-int.org/memnats.htm)
The Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) was founded in 1957 and is a component of the International Council for Science (ICSU). SCOR is the primary nongovernmental organization for planning, promoting, and implementing international cooperative activities in oceanography. The international aspects of large ocean science programs such as the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) project, the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), and the study of Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) all had their origins in SCOR-sponsored groups. WOCE and TOGA became incorporated into the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), and JGOFS and GLOBEC have been completed. On-going projects include the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) project, the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) project, the Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), and the GEOTRACES project on marine trace elements and isotopes. For the past 29 years, SCOR has provided travel grants to scientific meetings for scientists from developing nations and nations with economies in transition. Hundreds of scientists have received full or partial travel support through this program, with support from the U.S. National Science Foundation. Several SCOR activities relate to scientific and environmental issues that are of special relevance to developing nations, such as harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, fisheries, etc. Presently, 32 nations are members of SCOR, belonging to one of five membership categories. The only difference among the membership categories is the level of dues paid, with Category I nations paying US$2,230 in 2013 and Category V nations (Japan, Russia, and the United States) paying US$38,650. A nation’s membership category is roughly based on its gross domestic product, and is also related to a nation’s level of activity in ocean sciences. However, each nation determines its membership category and SCOR encourages nations to move to higher categories over time as they experience the benefits of membership. Benefits Membership in SCOR benefits nations in several ways. The advantages of membership in SCOR include the opportunity to comment on proposals for scientific activities as they develop, to assist in the formulation of international scientific priorities, and to encourage the involvement of a nation’s scientists in these international efforts. The most tangible benefit is the increased exposure of a nation’s scientists to international ocean science activities and the increased likelihood of participation in working groups and other SCOR activities. This is particularly important for nations that are still developing their ocean science capabilities and infrastructure. SCOR officers and co-opted members of the SCOR Executive Committee are elected from
8-4 national SCOR committees. The alternating annual General Meeting and Executive Committee meetings of SCOR are generally hosted by national SCOR committees. These meetings provide opportunities for host nations to present the science being conducted locally. SCOR working groups provide another means of exposure for scientists from member nations to the worldwide oceanographic community. Nominations for working groups are sought from all national members and SCOR makes a significant effort to include members of working groups from developing nations. The SCOR budget for these activities includes travel funds for scientists selected to participate in them, so this should not be a burden on the nation that nominates working group members. Member nations receive background material for all annual SCOR meetings and have an opportunity to provide comments in person or in writing regarding working group proposals, the composition of SCOR working groups and the scientific steering committees of major oceanographic programs, and other SCOR actions. Support for travel of a nation’s Nominated Members to SCOR’s annual meetings are the responsibility of the nation. Obligations The main requirement to apply for SCOR membership is the demonstration that some national mechanism exists, or could be created, to serve as a National Committee for SCOR. The National Committee should include representation from the various marine science disciplines and from the various types of institutions in a nation’s marine science community. The National Committee should nominate three individual scientists to represent the nation’s SCOR Committee as Nominated Members of SCOR. The national Nominated Members are responsible to serve as a liaison and channel of information between SCOR and the nation’s ocean science community. A formal application for membership can be presented and accepted at SCOR’s annual meetings or between meetings. Requests should be sent to the SCOR Secretariat. Any request for membership should include a very brief overview of the status of oceanographic research in the applying nation, including a short description of the major institutions, scientific interest, and other relevant information.
8-5 8.2 Publications Arising from SCOR Activities The following publications resulted from SCOR-sponsored activities (working groups and other activities) since the 2012 General Meeting. Please see project reports in Section 3 for more detailed lists. Each project maintains lists of their publications on their Web sites. Bouwman, A.F., A H.W. Beusen, C.C. Overbeek, D.P. Bureau, M. Pawlowski and P.M. Glibert. 2013. Hindcasts and Future Projections of Global Inland and Coastal Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads Due to Finfish Aquaculture. Reviews in Fisheries Science 21:112-156. – From SCOR/LOICZ WG 132 on Land-based Nutrient Pollution and the Relationship to Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Marine Systems Boyd, P.W., D.C.E. Bakker, and C. Chandler. 2012. A new database to explore the findings from large-scale ocean iron enrichment experiments. Oceanography 25(4):64–71 http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2012.104. – From SCOR WG 131 on The Legacy of in situ Iron Enrichment: Data Compilation and Modeling Feistel, R., R. Tailleux, and T. McDougall. Thermophysical properties of seawater. Ocean Science http://www.ocean-sci.net/special_issue14.html - Special Issue from SCOR/IAPSO WG 127 on Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater Leadbetter, A., L. Raymond, C. Chandler, L. Pikula, P. Pissierssens, and E. Urban. 2013. Ocean Data Publication Cookbook. IOC Manuals and guides No. 64, IOC, Paris, France. McDougall, T.J., D.R. Jackett, F.J. Millero, R. Pawlowicz, and P.M. Barker. 2012. A global algorithm for estimating Absolute Salinity. Ocean Science 8:1123-1134. – From SCOR/IAPSO WG 127 on Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater Moore, C.M., M.M. Mills, K.R. Arrigo, I. Berman-Frank, L. Bopp, P.W. Boyd, E.D. Galbraith, R.J. Geider, C. Guieu, S L. Jaccard, T.D. Jickells J. La Roche, T.M. Lenton, N.M. Mahowald, E. Marañón, I. Marinov, J K. Moore, T. Nakatsuka, A. Oschlies, M.A. Saito, T.F. Thingstad, A. Tsuda, and O. Ulloa. 2013. Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation. Nature Geoscience doi:10.1038/ngeo1765 – From IGBP/SCOR Fast-Track Initiative on Upper-Ocean Nutrient Limitation Pawlowicz, R., and R. Feistel. 2012. Limnological Applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10), Limnology and Oceanography:Methods 10:853-867. – From SCOR/IAPSO WG 127 on Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater Urban, E., A. Leadbetter, G. Moncoiffe, P. Pissierssens, L. Raymond, and L. Pikula. 2012. Pilot Projects for Publishing and Citing Ocean Data. Eos 93:425-426. Urban, E.R. Jr., and R. Boscolo. 2013. Using scientific meetings to enhance the development of early career scientists. Oceanography, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.16. - From SCOR capability building activities and The Third Symposium on the Ocean in a HighCO2 World von Glasow, R. et al. 2013. Megacities and Large Urban Agglomerations in the Coastal Zone: Interactions Between Atmosphere, Land, and Marine Ecosystems”, AMBIO 42:13–28 DOI 10.1007/s13280-012-0343-9. - From IGBP/SCOR Fast-Track Initiative on Megacities and the coastal zone: air-sea interactions
8-6 8.3 Finances Reports on SCOR finances will be provided at the meeting.
9.0 SCOR-RELATED MEETINGS 9.1
SCOR Annual Meetings 9.1.1 2013 Executive Committee Meeting: New Zealand, p. 9-1 9.1.2 2014 General Meeting: Bremen, Germany, p. 9-1 9.1.3 2015 Executive Committee Meeting: Goa, India, p. 9-1 9.1.4 2016 General Meeting: Sopot, Poland, p. 9-1
Burkill Fennel Naqvi Burkill
9.2
Locations of Past SCOR Annual Meetings, p. 9-2
9.3
SCOR-Related Meetings Since the 201 SCOR Executive Committee Meeting and Planned for the Future, p. 9-3
9-1 9.0 SCOR-RELATED MEETINGS 9.1
SCOR Annual Meetings
9.1.1 2013 Executive Committee meeting – New Zealand Burkill SCOR appreciates the hospitality of the New Zealand SCOR Committee and Royal Society for hosting the Executive Committee meeting. Special thanks are due to Julie Hall, who led logistical arrangements, assisted by Mark Costello and Keith Hunter, the other two Nominated Members from New Zealand. 9.1.2 2014 General Meeting – Bremen, Germany Fennel The SCOR Executive Committee has accepted an invitation to hold the 2014 SCOR General Meeting in Bremen, Germany. 9.1.3 2015 Executive Committee Meeting – Goa, India Naqvi The SCOR Executive Committee has accepted an invitation from the Indian SCOR Committee to hold the 2015 SCOR Executive Committee Meeting in India. The meeting will be held in conjunction with the 50th Anniversary of the completion of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. 9.1.4 2016 Executive Committee Meeting – Sopot, Poland Burkill The SCOR Executive Committee has accepted an invitation from the Polish SCOR Committee to hold the 2015 SCOR Executive Committee Meeting in Poland, at the Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
9-2 9.2 Locations of Past SCOR Annual Meetings (bold = future meetings) Member Nations Argentina Australia Belgium Brazil Canada Chile China-Beijing China-Taipei Denmark Ecuador Finland France Germany India Israel Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Poland Russia South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey UK USA
Place and Date Mar del Plata, 2001 Canberra, 1974; Hobart, 1986; Cairns, 2005 Rio de Janeiro, 1997; Sao Paulo, 1978 Halifax, 1963, 1982, 2012; Victoria, 1977, 1994 Concepción, 2006 Qingdao, 1993; Beijing, 2009 Copenhagen, 1960, 1972 Guayaquil, 1974 Helsinki, 1960, 2011 Brest, 1978; Marseilles, 1965; Paris, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1969, 1983; Roscoff, 1984; Toulouse, 2010 Hamburg, 1964; Kiel, 1980; Warnemunde, 1967, 1990; Bremen, 2014 Goa, 1999; 2015 Jerusalem, 1967 Rome, 1965, 1966; Venice, 2004 Sapporo, 2002; Tokyo, 1970 Acapulco, 1988; Mexico City, 1969 Amsterdam, 1998; Texel, 1973 Hamilton, 1991; Wellington, 2013 Bergen, 2007 Sopot, 2016 Moscow, 2003 Stellenbosch, 1975; Cape Town, 1995 Madrid, 1971 Fiskebackskil, 1981; Goteberg, 1969, 1992 Zurich, 1987 Edinburgh, 1976; London, 1962, 1970; Oban (Scotland), 1972; Southampton, 1996 La Jolla, 1968; New York, 1959; Seattle, 1965, 1985; Tallahassee, 1989; Washington, D.C., 2000; Woods Hole, 1957, 1980, 2008
9-3 9.3
SCOR-Related Meetings Since the 2012 SCOR General Meeting and Planned for the Future 2012
21-24 October
SCOR General Meeting and Related Events
29 GEOTRACES Data Management Committee and October-2 Scientific Steering Committee November
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Goa, India
2013 28-31 January
IMBER IMBIZO III
Goa, India
16 February
SCOR WG 139 on Organic Ligands – A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean
New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
16 March
WG 140 on Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces
Ventura, California, USA
11 April
WG 141 on Sea-Surface Microlayers
Vienna, Austria
22-23 April International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project Scientific Steering Group
Norwich, UK
25-27 April GEOHAB Open Science Meeting
Paris, France
20-24 May
SOOS Scientific Steering Committee and Asian Workshop
Shanghai, China
27-31 May
SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee
Tsukuba, Japan
17-19 June IMBER Scientific Steering Committee
Canary Islands, Spain
19-22 June WG 138: Two Parallel Workshops on Planktonic Foraminifera
Prague, Czech Republic
1-5 SCOR/IAPSO/IAPWS Joint Committee on the September Properties of Seawater
London, UK
30 GEOTRACES Scientific Steering Committee, Data September- Management Committee, and Standards and 4 October Intercalibration Committee
Bremerhaven, Germany
9-4 2-4 November
WG 137 on Patterns of Phytoplankton Dynamics in Coastal Ecosystems: Comparative Analysis of Time Series Observation
San Diego, California, USA
25-28 November
SCOR Executive Committee Meeting
Wellington, New Zealand
3-5 December
GEOHAB Scientific Steering Committee
Barcelona, Spain
2014
22 February
WG 139 on Organic Ligands: A Key Control on Trace Metal Biogeochemistry in the Ocean
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
16 March
WG 140 on Biogeochemical Exchange Processes at the Sea-Ice Interfaces
Hobart, Tasmania
16-20 June SOLAS Scientific Steering Committee Meeting
Israel
June
Tromsø, Norway
SOOS Scientific Steering Committee
23-27 June IMBER Open Science Meeting
Bergen, Norway
SCOR General Meeting
Bremerhaven, Germany
2015 15-18 SOLAS Open Science Conference September
Kiel, Germany
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