AP BIOLOGY- Summer Assignments Please get all of the materials you will need for next year ready for the first day of school, as we will be starting right away. Here is what will be needed to be successful in my AP Biology class: (Please let me know as soon as possible via email or in private if you need assistance obtaining any of these or any of the course supplies throughout the year.) You will need regular access to the internet for this course. • Two 2–3” binders just for AP Bio • Dividers with Tabs labeled o Notes o Homework & Worksheets o Review Sheets o Tests & Quizzes • 2 extra sets of dividers (10 total tabs) • 2 or more different colored high lighters • Colored pencils • Sticky notes of various sizes and/or colors • 2 composition notebooks o One for labs- must be graph ruled o One for a reflection journal STRONGLY RECOMMENDED: Exam Prep Book 2013 or newer
Summer Assignments (make sure you know the due dates) Assignment #1-Please cut and paste the following questions and write your responses to them, email them to me by August 1st at
[email protected] or turn it in on Edmodo Subject Line: AP Biology 18-19, Your Name Body: Your full name (& nickname that you go by if you have one) & stuff about you! • Who was your last science teacher? What class? • What other science classes have you taken? Are planning to take next year? • What do you like to do (hobbies, sports, music, interests, etc.)? • Was there anything that you liked or disliked about your earlier biology class? • What are you looking forward to the most in AP Biology? • What are you most anxious about in AP Biology? • Why are you taking AP Biology? What do you hope to accomplish/gain?
***************************************************************************** Assignment #2-Independent Reading Assignment (journal due the first day of school) I would like you to read an independent non-fiction book over the summer and keep a reflection journal as you go. Please use a composition notebook dedicated as your independent reading reflection journal and follow the reflection entries ideas below. One of the short answer essays for our first exam will be from this reading. Note: Please remember there are other AP Biology students so don’t wait until the last week & try to check it out from a local library. If you prefer, used copies are available online and Amazon offers a kindle version of this book as well. The book is titled Killer Germs.
This book is everything readers ever wanted to know about deadly viruses, killer parasites, flesh-eating microbes, and other life threatening beasties but were afraid to ask. Authors: Barry E. Zimmerman, David J. Zimmerman ISBN: 007140926
Some ideas to help you when writing the reflection entries: Below is some guidance on how you could structure your entries Thoughts about things you have read.
(Prompts: Did you agree with the author? Why? Why not? How did what you read relate to other things that you have read? How did what you read fit in with what you already know? Did it confirm it or challenge it? Have you changed your mind about anything as a result of reading this? What and why?) What did you read that is new information to you? What do you now wonder about? Does what you read make you look at things a little differently?
***************************************************************************** Assignment #3-Pick 2 topics from your previous biology course that you didn’t quite understand or that you struggled with. Go to youtube.com and search: bozemanbiology. He has very good explanations of all biology topics; this will be a useful resource for you during the year. Bookmark his YouTube video’s so you can access them during the school year. Find two videos of the biology material you struggled with last year and watch them. o Which video did you watch? o Did this help you understand the topic better? o Write a one paragraph explanation about the topic you watched.
Both paragraphs are due on the first day of school. ******************************************************************* Assignment #4Print and complete the Chemistry Worksheet. As an AP Biology student the expectation is that if you don’t know it, find it out!! Use all of your resources!!! • Because vocabulary in this course can be a stumbling block, you need to take some time to review the scientific Latin/Greek roots that form many of our scientific terms. Print and complete the Biology Prefixes and Suffixes. These should have been learned in Honors Biology so this should just be review! It will make life in AP Biology much easier if you KNOW these roots. • Be prepared for a quiz during the first couple of days!!! This quiz will be on Chemistry and some common biology terms (made from the prefixes and suffixes). I will not collect these, as you need them to study for the quiz but I will look at them and make sure they are complete. If you see me before school is out for the summer, I do have copies of the chemistry and biology sheets made already so you won’t have to print them off. **************************************************************************************************
Assignment #5- due mid- October Natural History Collection This assignment will send you out of doors to do field work, “old--‐fashioned” Biology. You are to find an example of each organism listed in the following pages and photograph it in its natural habitat. You will then present those photographs through the use of PowerPoint to assemble a natural history collection of the specimens you collect. The collection will include photographs of the organism, its common and scientific
names, its classification (from Kingdom through genus and species), and information that describes where and time and date on which it was collected. This part of the assignment will not be due until one week prior to the end of the first quarter (probably late October). Part I: The first part of the collection is general in nature and includes: • Four insects (two can be arachnids instead) • Three wildflowers (avoid the very common ones like dandelions/daisy) • Two non-‐‐flowering plants • Two fungi • Five animal artifacts (Be creative! Capture a spider web; find a track; find an egg casting, shell, or nest...etc. Be sure to ID the specimen from the artifact.) • Three songbirds • Three birds of prey or waterfowl • Three herpetiles -‐‐ sometimes spelled herpitiles (amphibians and reptiles) Part II: The second part of the collection is specific in nature and centers on some of the common trees of Michigan and five invasive or toxic plants. Trees must have at least three photos per organism:
entire tree, top and bottom of leaf, bark/trunk. • You must identify five trees native to Michigan • You must identify at least one invasive or toxic plant (ex. poison ivy, purple loosestrife, Russian olive, stinging nettle, tree of heaven) • You must also find an example of phragmities and typha and provide a slide explaining the relationship of these two organisms Extra Credit: You may earn extra credit for each additional organism you identify up to 10 additional organisms. Do’s and Don’ts • Do take a camera and small notebook with you as you collect. Remember to record the original colors and markings immediately as they may not photograph as well as you had hoped. When photographing trees, take one shot of the entire tree, one of its bark, and another of the leaves. • Do avoid plain brown moths (very hard to identify with our resources) and caterpillars. • Do be sure to have organisms that are different in type in the general collection -‐ ex. Only one kind of grasshopper, one shelf--‐fungus. Each artifact type should be different in nature (only one footprint and one shell) • Do observe rules of the State Parks and private property. There is no need to do any damage or harm to anything in this assignment. Take nothing but a picture; leave nothing but your footprint. • Don’t wait too long -‐‐ things begin to die in the fall! You can still do your collecting in the first couple of weeks in September, but you will be doing it in addition to your regular class work. • Do collect more than you need -‐‐ sometimes you have something that is really difficult to identify; backup samples are good. • Do remember to record the sort of habitat (side of the road, in a marsh, a shaded woods, GPS location, etc.) where your samples were found -‐ this is part of your information to include in the field‐ book and will help you in using the classification guides. • Don’t handle bird nests; they can be full of parasites and many birds return to their nest each year. • Do have pictures clear enough so that identification is easily made. • Do take your own pictures. No swapping of shots or taking them from a book or the
Internet; include a time and date stamp if possible, otherwise type it on your slide.
*********************************************************************** Assignment #6- Due October Do the attached vocabulary and focus questions for the Ecosystem Unit, directions are at the top of the packet- read them carefully. Normally vocab. And focus questions are due before each unit begins, the rest of the units are available on Edmodo.
Helpful Resources Email -‐
[email protected] Cell # 248-408-4516 Log on to Edmodo.com
Group code is ___________________
Google classroom-
AP biology 2018 ____________________
Have a great summer but please don’t procrastinate getting these assignments done. Mrs. Hook
AP Biology Essential Chemistry This is a review of basic chemistry – we will not spend any class time on these concepts as they should have been learned in chemistry. Please make sure that you know them and if not, be sure to study through them. Please put this all in your AP Biology three ring (1 ½ or 2 in.) binder! 1. Contrast the term element with compound.
2. Know the symbols of the following elements and their charge: a. Carbon b. Hydrogen c. Oxygen d. Nitrogen e. Phosphorus f.
Sulfur
3. Label the diagram below and define the terms that you label.
4. Contrast the terms atomic mass and atomic number. 5. What is the difference between the terms atomic mass and atomic weight? 6. What is an isotope and what is “special” about radioactive isotopes? 7. What determines interactions between atoms? Why are valence electrons important? 8. Define the following terms:
a. Chemical bond b. Covalent bond c. Single bond d. Double bond e. Electronegativity f.
Nonpolar covalent bond
g. Polar covalent bond 9.
What is the difference between a structural and molecular formula?
10. Know both the molecular and structural formula for the following compounds. a. Oxygen gas b. Carbon dioxide c. Glucose d. Phosphate e. Ammonia f.
Water (you would be surprised at how many people missed this!!!)
11. How do ionic bonds compare with covalent bonds?
12. Compare and contrast hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions.
13. Define a dynamic chemical equilibrium in terms of quantities of reactants and products. This is a critical concept!
14. Why is water considered a polar molecule?
15. For each of the below listed properties of water – briefly define the property and then explain how water’s polar nature and polar covalent bonds contribute to the water special property. a. Cohesion
b. Adhesion c. Surface tension d. High specific heat e. Heat of vaporization f.
Evaporative cooling
16. What is special about water and density?
17. Explain how these properties of water are related to the phenomena described in the statements below. More than one property may be used to explain a given phenomenon. a. During the winter, air temperatures in the northern United States can remain below 0°C for months; however, the fish and other animals living in the lakes survive. b. Many substances—for example, salt (NaCl) and sucrose—dissolve quickly in water. c. When you pour water into a 25-ml graduated cylinder, a meniscus forms at the top of the water column. d. Sweating and the evaporation of sweat from the body surface help reduce a human’s body temperature. e. Water drops that fall on a surface tend to form rounded drops or beads. f. Water drops that fall on your car tend to bead or round up more after you polish (or wax) the car than before you polished it. g. If you touch the edge of a paper towel to a drop of colored water, the water will move up into (or be absorbed by) the towel.
18. Define the following terms: a. Solute b. Solvent c. Aqueous solution d. Hydrophilic e. Hydrophobic f.
Molarity
19. MOLARITY A. Concentration – a. Concentrated – b. Dilute –
B. Molarity –
a. Symbol – b. Equation – in reference table C. Example Problems 1. What is the molarity of a solution formed by mixing 10.0 g of H2SO4 with enough water to make 0.100 L of solution?
2. To prepare 10.5 L of a 2.50 M solution of KOH, how many grams of potassium hydroxide must be used?
3. How many moles of LiBr must be added to .650 L of water to make a 2.0 M solution?
4. What is the molarity of the solution produced when 145 g of NaCl is dissolved in sufficient water to prepare 2.75 L of solution?
5. How many grams of KCl are needed to prepare 0.750 L of a 1.50 M solution?
6. What is the molarity of the solution produced when .594 mol of HCl is dissolved in 0.385 L of water?
7. To produce 3.00 L of a 1.90 M solution of sodium hydroxide, how many grams of NaOH must be dissolved?
8. If 8.77 g of KI are dissolved in enough water to make 4.75 L of solution, what is the molarity of the solution?
20. Label the diagram below to demonstrate the dissociation of the water molecule and then relate this diagram to the term pH.
21. What defines an acid and a base?
22. Why are small changes in pH so important in biology?
23. What is a buffer? Give an example on how they would work in a living organism.
24. What is acid precipitation and why is it important to living organisms?
25. Why is organic chemistry so important in the study of biology? 26. What is special about carbon that makes it the central atom in the chemistry of life? 27. Describe and contrast the three types of isomers. Draw a sketch of each
a. Structural –
b. Geometric –
c. Enantiomers –
28. Be familiar with each of the following functional groups – know it’s chemical compound and the functional properties a. Hydroxyl
b. Carbonyl c. Carboxyl
d. Amino e. Sulfhydryl
f.
Phosphate
Biology Prefixes and Suffixes-The Language of Science The main reason students find it difficult to understand science is because of all the hard to write, spell and read words. Actually, scientific vocabulary is a mix of small words that are linked together to have different meanings. If you learn the meanings of the little words, you'll find scientific vocabulary much easier to understand. Find the mean to the following Greek/Latin root words. Word
Meaning
Word
a / an
hemo
meso
hyper
leuco
hypo
aero
intra
anti
-itis
amphi
lateral
aqua / hydro
-logy
arthro
-lysis
auto
-meter
bi / di
mono
bio
morph
cephal
micro
chloro
macro
chromo
multi / poly
cide
pod
cyto
-phobia
derm
-philia
haplo
proto
Meaning
ecto (exo)
photo
endo
psuedo
epi
synthesis
gastro
sub
genesis
troph
herba
therm
hetero
tri
homo
zoo, zoa
ov
-tropism
kary
-taxis
neuro
-stasis
soma
zyg / zygous
saccharo
phago
primi / archea
path / pathy
phyll
sym / syn
Once you have completed the above table, use it to develop a definition, in your own words, for each of the following terms. 1. Hydrology _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Cytolysis _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Protozoa______________________________________________________________ _____ 4. Epidermis _____________________________________________________________________
5. Spermatogenesis _____________________________________________________________________ 6. exoskeleton ______________________________________________________________________ 7. Abiotic ______________________________________________________________________ 8. Pathogen _____________________________________________________________________ 9. psuedopod _____________________________________________________________________ 10. Hemophilia _____________________________________________________________________ 11. Endocystosis _____________________________________________________________________ 12. herbicide ______________________________________________________________________ 13. Anaerobic ______________________________________________________________________ 14. Bilateral ______________________________________________________________________ 15. autotroph _____________________________________________________________________ 16. Monosaccharide ______________________________________________________________________ 17. Arthropod ______________________________________________________________________ 18. polymorphic _____________________________________________________________________ 19. Hypothermia _____________________________________________________________________ 20. Biogenesis ______________________________________________________________________
Focus Questions Animal Form and Function Chapters 40-51 AP Biology Chapter 40 • Explain the different ways animals exchange materials with their environment. (40.1) • Describe the four types of tissues and provide examples of each. (40.1) • Describe the types of signaling in animal systems. (40.1) • Explain and provide examples of the different types of feedback mechanisms involved in homeostasis. (40.2) • What are specific ways homeostasis can be altered over the course of an organism’s life? Explain at least two. (40.2) • How are biological systems impacted by disruptions to homeostasis? (40.2) • Describe several ways animals respond to external changes in the temperature to maintain homeostasis. (40.3) • Describe how temperature regulation demonstrates both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation. (40.3) • Describe how energy flows through an organism. (40.4) • What can impact metabolic rates in animals? Explain. (40.4) Chapter 43 • Compare and contrast innate immunity in invertebrates and vertebrates. (43.1) • Describe several methods of adaptive immunity in animals. (43.2) • Describe the function of Helper T Cells, Cytotoxic T Cells, and B Cells and Antibodies. (43.3) • Explain the biological basis of allergic responses and autoimmune diseases. (43.4) Chapter 45 • Describe the five different types of intercellular communication. (45.1) • Describe the different pathways for water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones. (45.1) • Using epinephrine as an example, explain how one hormone can have many different effects. (45.1) • Describe and provide an example of both a simple endocrine pathway and a simple neuroendocrine pathway. (45.2) • Explain feedback regulation in blood glucose control. (45.2) • Explain how diabetes mellitus impacts blood glucose regulation. (45.2) Chapter 47 • Describe how polyspermy is avoided in fertilization. (47.1) • Explain how cleavage leads to the formation of the blastula. (47.1) • Explain the process of gastrulation describing the three germ layers. (47.2) • Describe the process of limb formation in vertebrates. (47.3) Chapter 48 • Explain how information processing occurs in animals. (48.1) • Explain how the forms of the three different types of neurons relates to their functions. (48.1) • How is the resting potential formed in a nerve cell? (48.2) • Explain how an action potential is conducted through a neuron. (48.3) • Describe Figure 48.17. (48.4) • Describe and provide examples of the different types of neurotransmitters. (48.4) Chapter 49 • Compare and contrast the CNS and the PNS. (49.1) • Explain the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems as well as provide examples of the actions of each. (49.1) • Explain how the arousal and sleep controlled. (49.2) • Explain how biological clocks are regulated. (49.2) • Explain how emotional responses are regulated. (49.2) Chapter 51 • Describe and provide and example of a fixed action pattern. (51.1) • Explain what triggers and guides animals in migration. (51.1) • Explain courtship behavior in fruit flies and honeybee dance language. (51.1) • Provide several examples of how pheromones are used in animals. (51.1) • Create a chart describing the different types of learning (imprinting, spacial learning, cognitive maps, associative, cognition, problem solving, and social learning) and provides examples of each. (51.2)
• • • • •
Explain how foraging behavior evolved and relate that to the optimal foraging model. (51.3) Describe the different types of mating behaviors and mate choice and explain how they evolved. (51.3) Explain how both voles show the genetic basis of behavior and describe the evolutionary benefits of their behaviors. (51.4) Explain the evolutionary benefit of altruism. (51.4) Explain Hamilton’s Rule and what it can tell us. (51.4)
Chapter 40
acclimatization adipose tissue basal metabolic rate (BMR) bioenergetics circadian rhythm conformer connective tissue
countercurrent exchange ectothermic endothermic epithelial tissue hibernation homeostasis metabolic rate
Chapter 43
adaptive immunity active immunity AIDS allergens antibody antigen autoimmune disease B lymphocyte (B cell)
cell-mediated immune response cytokine cytotoxic T cell helper T cell histamine HIV immune system immunization
Chapter 45
autocrine calcitonin diabetes mellitus endocrine gland endocrine system endorphin
epinephrine glucagon growth hormone (GH) hormone insulin local regulators
melatonin neurohormones neurotransmitters norepinephrine oxytocin paracrine
pheromones prolactin (PRL) signal transduction testosterone tropic hormone
Chapter 47
acrosomal reaction animal pole apoptosis blastocoel blastocyst blastomere blastula
cleavage determination differentiation ectoderm endoderm fate map gastrula
gastrulation germ layers mesoderm morphogenesis neural crest neural tube notochord
organogenesis pattern formation positional information totipotent vegetal pole
Chapter 48
acetylcholine action potential axon cell body central nervous system dendrite
depolarization dopamine endorphin hyperpolarization ligandgated ion channel membrane potential
motor neuron neuron neurotransmitter norepinephrine oligodendrocyte peripheral nervous system
resting potential serotonin synapse threshold
Chapter 49
Alzheimer’s disease amygdala autonomic nervous system biological clock brainstem cerebellum
cerebral cortex cerebral hemisphere cerebrospinal fluid cerebrum forebrain hypothalamus
long-term memory medulla oblongata midbrain parasympathetic division Parkinson’s disease reflex
schizophrenia shortterm memory sympathetic division
Chapter 51
negative feedback osteoblast positive feedback regulator response set point standard metabolic rate (SMR)
inflammatory response innate immunity interferon lymphocyte lysozyme macrophage natural killer (NK) cell neutrophil
stimulus thermoregulation tissue torpor
passive immunity phagocytosis primary immune response secondary immune response T lymphocyte (T cell) vaccination
agonistic behavior altruism associative learning behavior behavioral ecology classical conditioning cognition cognitive map communication
fixed action pattern (FAP) foraging game theory habituation Hamilton’s rule imprinting inclusive fitness innate behavior kin selection
kinesis learning mate choice copying migration monogamous operant conditioning optimal foraging theory pheromone polyandry
polygamous polygyny problem solving promiscuous reciprocal altruism sensitive period social learning spatial learning taxis
Focus Questions and Vocabulary must be word processed and numbered, title should be each chapter. Focus Questions Ecology
Chapters 52-56(41) AP Biology Chapter 52 • How are climatic patterns impacted by global air circulation, seasonality, bodies of water, and mountains? What consequences do these factors have for the regions they impact? (51.1) • How are terrestrial biomes classified? (52.2) • Describe examples of disturbances, both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic, and how they impact biomes. (52.2) • How are aquatic biomes classified? (52.3) • Describe in words or with a labeled figure the process of turnover. (52.3) • Describe and provide examples of how the following factors impact the distribution of species: dispersal, behavior, biotic factors, abiotic factors. (52.4) Chapter 53 • Describe how the Mark-Recapture Method allows scientists to determine population sizes. What are the benefits and limitations of this technique? (53.1) • What factors influence how populations are dispersed? What types of patterns are often seen? (53.1) • What type of information can be gathered by constructing a life table for a cohort? (53.1) • Describe the three types of survivorship curves. What generalizations can be made about the organisms that fit each idealized curve? (53.1) • What types of populations can an exponential curve accurately describe? What limitations can it have? (53.2) • Why is a logistic growth model often seen as more realistic for populations? Provide copious examples of factors that could cause the shape indicative of a logistic curve. (53.3) • Describe the difference between species that exhibit semelparity and iteroparity? (53.4) • Describe the positive and negative trade-offs of K-selection and r-selection. (53.4) • Provide examples of density independent and density dependent factors and explain how they can impact a population. (53.5) • Explain the case with the snowshoe hare and lynx. How was the experiment performed and what did it show? (53.5) • Describe the generalized trend of human population grown and what biological factors have allowed for this trend, (53.6) • Why is human carrying capacity so difficult to determine? (53.6) Chapter 54 • What different types of interspecific interactions are present in a community? Provide examples of each. (54.1) • How do organisms adapt to competition (provide examples). (54.1) • How does natural selection act on predators and prey? (54.1) • How is species diversity determined? How can it be calculated? (54.2) • Describe how energy flows through a community. Describe the factors that impact food webs and food chains. (54.2) • Compare and contrast dominant species and keystone species and provide examples. (54.2) • How are disturbances both biologically harmful and beneficial? (54.3) • Explain the process of ecological succession (Be sure to explain the difference between primary and secondary.). (54.3) • Describe the impact biogeography has on the diversity of a community. (54.4) • Provide examples of how pathogens impact community structure. (54.5) Chapter 55 • Describe how energy flows through all levels of an ecosystem. Your explanation must include how conservation of energy and conservation of mass relate to this energy flow. (55.1) • What limiting factors in an ecosystem impact primary production? Provide specific examples. (55.2) • Describe the process of eutrophication. (55.2) • What accounts for the tropic level energy efficiency being less than 10%? (55.3) • Describe how energy is partitioned within one link of the food chain. (55.3) • Explain how Figure 55.12 (b) is possible. (55.3) • Describe the forces that impact biogeochemical cycles. (55.4) • Describe the Hubbard Brook Experiment. What has it told us? (55.4) • Describe how bioremediation and biological augmentation can be used. (55.5) Chapter 56 • Provide specific examples of how humans have impacted all three levels of biodiversity. (56.1) • Describe the benefits of each of the three levels of biodiversity. (56.1) • Briefly describe the major threats to biodiversity. (56.1) • Describe how the following human actions have impacted the biological components of the Earth: nutrient enrichment, toxins, greenhouse gases, ozone depletion. (56.4)
Vocabulary(108) Chapter 52-(32) abiotic aphotic zone benthic zone biome biosphere biotic canopy climate climograph community detritus Chapter 53
-(21) age structure carrying capacity demographic transition density dependent density independent dispersion ecological footprint Chapter 54
-(30) aposematic coloration Batesian mimicry biomass coevolution commensalism competitive exclusion cryptic coloration dominant species ecological niche ecological succession Chapter 55
-(17) actual evapotranspiration biogeochemical cycle biological magnification bioremediation decomposer detritivore
Dispersal Disturbance ecology ecosystem Ecotone Estuary eutrophic lake intertidal zone landscape limnetic zone littoral zone
Macroclimate microclimate oligotrophic lake pelagic zone permafrost photic zone population thermocline tropics turnover wetland
emigration exponential growth immigration infant mortality iteroparity K-selection logistic population
population dynamics reproductive table r-selection semelparity survivorship curve territoriality zero population growth (ZPG)
food chain food web herbivory interspecific competition invasive species keystone species Müllerian mimicry mutualism parasitism pathogen
predation primary succession relative abundance resource partitioning secondary succession species diversity species richness symbiosis trophic structure
eutrophication greenhouse effect gross primary production(GPP) limiting nutrient net primary production (NPP) primary consumer
primary producer secondary consumer secondary production tertiary consumer turnover time
greenhouse effect introduced species minimum viable population(MVP)
population viability analysis (PVA) threatened species
Chapter 56
-(8) biodiversity hot spot endangered species extinction vortex
Unit 6: Plant Form and Function- Chapters 35 -39 (140) Chapter 35(42) apical dominance lateral meristem root apical meristem lateral root root cap axillary bud leaf root hair bark leaf primordia secondary growth blade meristem sieve-tube elements cork cambium meristem identity gene stele cortex mesophyll stem cuticle morphogenesis stomata dermal tissue system node taproot determinate growth pattern formation terminal bud endodermis petiole tissue epidermis phloem vascular cambium guard cells pith vein indeterminate growth primary growth xylem ***************************************************************************************************************************** ******* Chapter 36(20) abscisic acid (ABA) mycorrhizae transpiration apoplast phloem sap turgid aquaporin plasmolysis turgor pressure Casparian strip pressure potential water potential circadian rhythm solute potential wilting cohesion-tension hypothesis sugar sink xylem sap flaccid sugar source ***************************************************************************************************************************** ********** Chapter 37(22) cation exchange hydroponic culture nodule crop rotation macronutrient phytoremediation ectomycorrhizae micronutrient rhizosphere endomycorrhizae mycorrhizae soil horizons epiphyte nitrogen cycle sustainable agriculture essential element nitrogen fixation topsoil fertilization nitrogen-fixing bacteria humus no-till agriculture ***************************************************************************************************************************** ********** Chapter 38(30) accessory fruit fruit pollination aggregate fruit megaspore seed coat anther microspore self-incompatibility asexual reproduction multiple fruit sepal biofuels ovary simple fruit carpel ovule stamen coevolution petal stigma dormancy pistil style double fertilization pollen grain transgenic endosperm pollen tube vegetative reproduction ***************************************************************************************************************************** ********** Chapter 39(26) abiotic gene-for-gene recognition salicylic acid action potential gibberellins senescence action spectrum gravitropism short-day plant apoptosis heat-shock protein systemic acquired resistance auxin hormone (SAR) avirulent hypersensitive response (HR) tropism biotic long-day plant virulent cytokinins photomorphogenesis day-neutral plant photoperiodism ethylene phototropism
Unit 7: Animal Form and Function- Chapters 40-51 (452) Chapter 40 (42) adipose tissue homeostasis response anatomy hypothalamus set point basal metabolic rate (BMR) integumentary system simple epithelium cardiac muscle interstitial fluid skeletal muscle (striated muscle) cartilage ligament smooth muscle columnar macrophage squamous connective tissue metabolic rate standard metabolic rate (SMR) countercurrent exchange negative feedback stimulus cuboidal neuron stratified epithelium ectothermic organ striated muscle endothermic organ system tendon epithelial tissue osteoblast thermoregulation glial cells physiology tissue hibernation positive feedback torpor ***************************************************************************************************************************** **************** Chapter 41 (40) absorption filter feeder overnourishment alimentary canal fluid feeder pancreas amylase gastric juice pepsin appendix hepatic portal vein peristalsis bile herbivore protease bulk feeder large intestine salivary glands carnivore liver small intestine colon malnourished sphincter digestion microvillus stomach enzymatic hydrolysis mineral substrate feeder essential amino acid mucus suspension feeder essential fatty acids nutrition undernourishment essential nutrient omnivore vitamin ********************************************************************************************************** *********************************** Chapter 42 (48) alveolus electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) lymph artery erythrocyte lymph node atherosclerosis gas exchange lymphatic system atrioventricular valve gill open circulatory system atrium heart pacemaker blood pressure heart attack plasma bronchiole heart murmur platelet capillary heart rate pulse cardiac cycle hemoglobin stem cell cardiac output hemolymph stroke cardiovascular system hemophilia systole closed circulatory system high-density lipoprotein (HDL) trachea countercurrent exchange hypertension vasoconstriction diaphragm leukocyte vasodilation diastole low-density lipoprotein (LDL) vein double circulation lung ventricle ********************************************************************************************************************************************* Chapter 43 (31) adaptive immunity helper T cell macrophage active immunity histamine memory cell acquired immunodeficiency syndrome human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) natural killer (NK) cell -(AIDS) humoral immune response neutrophil allergens immune system passive immunity antibody immunization phagocytosis antigen inflammatory response primary immune response antigen receptor innate immunity secondary immune response autoimmune disease interferon T lymphocyte (T cell) B lymphocyte (B cell) lymphocyte vaccination cytotoxic T cell lysozyme
Chapter 44 (30) aldosterone filtration renal medulla ammonia glomerulus renal pelvis antidiuretic hormone (ADH) kidneys secretion atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) loop of Henle transport epithelium Bowman’s capsule nephron urea collecting duct osmolarity ureter cortical nephrons osmoregulation urethra distal tubule proximal tubule uric acid excretion reabsorption urinary bladder filtrate renal cortex vasa recta ***************************************************************************************************************************** **************** Chapter 45 (33) adrenal gland hormone oxytocin autocrine hypothalamus pancreas diabetes mellitus insulin paracrine endocrine gland insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pheromones endocrine system islets of Langerhans pituitary gland endorphin local regulators progesterone epinephrine melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) signal transduction estrogen melatonin testosterone glucagon neurohormones thyroid gland growth factor neurotransmitters thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH) norepinephrine tropic hormone ***************************************************************************************************************************** **************** Chapter 46 (46) asexual reproduction gametogenesis ovulation budding gestation parthenogenesis cleavage gonads placenta cloaca hermaphroditism pregnancy conception in vitro fertilization primary oocyte contraception internal fertilization secondary oocyte corpus luteum labor sexual reproduction ectopic lactation sperm egg mammary glands spermatogenesis endometrium menopause trimester endometriosis menstruation urethra estrous cycle natural family planning uterus external fertilization oocyte vasectomy fertilization oogenesis zygote fetus organogenesis gamete ovary ***************************************************************************************************************************** **************** Chapter 47 (32) amniote differentiation neural crest animal pole ectoderm neural tube apoptosis endoderm notochord blastocoel fast block to polyspermy organogenesis blastocyst gastrula pattern formation blastomere gastrulation positional information blastopore germ layers slow block to polyspermy blastula inner cell mass totipotent cadherins mesoderm vegetal pole cleavage model organisms yolk determination morphogenesis
Chapter 48 (35) action potential glia nodes of Ranvier axon hyperpolarization norepinephrine brain inhibitory postsynaptic potential -(IPSP) oligodendrocyte cell body interneuron peripheral nervous system (PNS) central nervous system (CNS) ion channels resting potential dendrite ligand-gated ion channel Schwann cell depolarization membrane potential sensory neuron dopamine motor neuron serotonin endorphin myelin sheath synapse equilibrium potential nerve threshold excitatory postsynaptic potential neuron voltage-gated ion channel ganglion neurotransmitter ****************************************************************************************************************************************** Chapter 49 (30) Alzheimer’s disease amygdala corpus callosum parasympathetic division autonomic nervous system forebrain Parkinson’s disease biological clock gray matter pons bipolar disorder hindbrain reflex blood-brain barrier hypothalamus schizophrenia brainstem long-term memory short-term memory cerebellum medulla oblongata sympathetic division cerebral cortex midbrain thalamus cerebrospinal fluid nerve net white matter cerebrum neural plasticity ***************************************************************************************************************************** **************** Chapter 50 (41) amplification motor unit sensory adaptation cardiac muscle myoglobin sensory reception chemoreceptor olfaction sensory transduction compound eye outer ear single-lens eye cone pain receptor skeletal muscle (striated muscle) endoskeleton perception slow-twitch fibers exoskeleton peristalsis smooth muscle fast-twitch fibers photoreceptor striated muscle I band pupil taste buds intercalated disk receptor potential tetanus iris retina thermoreceptor lens rhodopsin tympanic membrane mechanoreceptor rod Z lines middle ear sarcomere ***************************************************************************************************************************** **************** Chapter 51 (44) agonistic behavior habituation polygamous altruism Hamilton’s rule polygyny associative learning imprinting promiscuous behavior inclusive fitness proximate question behavioral ecology innate behavior reciprocal altruism classical conditioning kin selection sensitive period coefficient of relatedness kinesis sign stimulus cognition learning signal cognitive map mate choice copying social learning communication migration sociobiology cross-fostering study monogamous spatial learning culture operant conditioning taxis fixed action pattern (FAP) optimal foraging theory twin study foraging pheromone ultimate question game theory polyandry
Focus Questions Plant Form and Function Chapters 35-39 (36) AP Biology Chapter 35 (4) • What part of the root absorbs most of the water? (35.1) • Roots and stems grow indeterminately, but leaves do not. How might this benefit the plant? (35.2) • Contrast primary growth in roots and shoots. (35.3) • Stomata and lenticles are both involved in the exchanging of CO2 and O2. Why do stomat need to be able to close, but lenticels do not? (35.4) Chapter 36 (5) • Explain the evolutionary significance of mycorrhiza. (36.1) • Summarize water transport in plants as outlined in Figure 36.9. (36.2) • Explain how water and minerals are transported in xylem. What direction do these move? (36.3) • How are stomata involved in transpiration. Explain the process. (36.4) • Explain how sugars are transported in plants. What direction do these move? (36.5) Chapter 37 (3) • Expalin how “too much of a good thing” can relate to watering and fertilizing plants.(37.1) • Are some essential elements more important than others? (37.2) • How do soil bacteria and mycorrhizae contribute to plant nutrition? (37.3) Chapter 38 (9) • Describe or diagram a generalized angiosperm lifecycle. (38.1) • Describe or diagram the development of the male and female gametophytes in an angiosperm. (38.1) • Explain five specific symbiotic pollination relationships. (38.1) • Explain the process of coevolution in pollination. (38.1) • Explain the process of double fertilization. (38.1) • How does germination differ in monocots and eudicots? (38.1) • Explain what dormancy is and why plants would have evolved this mechanism. (38.1) • What is the purpose of a fruit and describe the differences between the types of fruits. (38.1) • Explain different techniques humans use in agriculture for asexual reproduction of plants. (38.2) Chapter 39 (15) • Explain the three steps of signal transduction using etiolation and de-etiolation as an example. (39.1) • Explain post-translational modifications and transcriptional regulations. (39.1) • Explain how plant hormones were discovered. (39.2) • Explain Frits Went’s experiment. (39.2) • What does the plant hormone auxin do in terms of cell elongation and plant development and in what ways can it be used commercially? (39.2) • What is apical dominance and how to cytokinins control it? (39.2) • How do gibberellins impact stem elongation, fruit growth, and germination? (39.2) • Explain the factors that abscisic acid controls. (39.2) • Explain the role of ethylene as a plant hormone. (39.2) • Explain the U.S. Department of Agriculture experiment related to red and far-red illumination and what conclusions they were able to draw from it. Also, explain how it relates to phytochromes. (39.3) • Explain circadian rhythms in plants. (39.3) • Explain how flowering is controlled in plants. (39.3) • Explain the mechanisms plants use to combat environmental stresses. (39.4) • Explain the ways plants defend themselves from herbivores. (39.5) • Explain the ways plants defend themselves from pathogens. (39.5)
Focus Questions Animal form and Function Chapters 40-51 (73) Chapter 40 (10) Explain the different ways animals exchange materials with their environment. (40.1) Describe the four types of tissues and provide examples of each. (40.1) Describe the types of signaling in animal systems. (40.1) Explain and provide examples of the different types of feedback mechanisms involved in homeostasis. (40.2) What are specific ways homeostasis can be altered over the course of an organism’s life? Explain at least two. (40.2) How are biological systems impacted by disruptions to homeostasis? (40.2) Describe several ways animals respond to external changes in the temperature to maintain homeostasis. (40.3) Describe how temperature regulation demonstrates both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation. (40.3) Describe how energy flows through an organism. (40.4) What can impact metabolic rates in animals? Explain. (40.4) Chapter 41 (5)
What three things must an animals diet supply? (41.1) Name and describe the 4 main food processing stages. (41.2) Name and explain the organs specialized for food processing in the mammalian body. (41.3) What evolutionary adaptations have occurred in the mammalian digestive system? (41.4) Feedback circuits in the body help to regulate what three things related to digestion in mammalians. (41.5)
Chapter 42 (7) How is the flow of hemolymph through an open circulatory system similar to the flow of water through an outdoor fountain? (42.1) Why is it important that the AV node delay the electrical impulse moving from the SA node and the atria to the ventricles? (42.2) What short term changes in cardiovascular function might best enable skeletal muscles to help an animal escape from a dangerous situation? (42.3) Clots in arteries can cause heart attacks and strokes. Why then does it make sense to treat hemophiliacs by introducing clotting factors into their blood? (42.4) After a heavy rain, earthworms come to the surface. How would you explain this behavior in terms of an earthworm’s requirements for gas exchange? (42.5) A drop in blood pH causes an increase in heart rate. What is the function of this control mechanism? (42.6) How does the Bohr shift help deliver O2 to very active cells? (42.7) Chapter 43 (4) Compare and contrast innate immunity in invertebrates and vertebrates. (43.1) Describe several methods of adaptive immunity in animals. (43.2) Describe the function of Helper T Cells, Cytotoxic T Cells, and B Cells and Antibodies. (43.3) Explain the biological basis of allergic responses and autoimmune diseases. (43.4)
Chapter 44 (5) What process balances the movement of water and solutes? (44.1) What advantage does uric acid offer as a nitrogenous waste in arid environments? (44.2) Compare and contrast the different ways that metabolic waste products enter the excretory systems of flatworms, earthworms and insects. (44.3) Many medications make the epithelium of the collecting duct less permeable to water. How would taking such a drug affect kidney output? (44.4) Would it be dangerous to drink a large amount of water in a short time? Explain. (44.5) Chapter 45 (6) Describe the five different types of intercellular communication. (45.1) Describe the different pathways for water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones. (45.1) Using epinephrine as an example, explain how one hormone can have many different effects. (45.1) Describe and provide an example of both a simple endocrine pathway and a simple neuroendocrine pathway. (45.2) Explain feedback regulation in blood glucose control. (45.2) Explain how diabetes mellitus impacts blood glucose regulation. (45.2) Chapter 46 (5)
Parthenogenesis is the most common form of asexual reproduction in animals that at other times reproduce sexually. What characteristics of parthenogenesis might explain this observation. (46.1) How does internal fertilization facilitate life on land? (46.2) Oogenesis is often described as the production of a haploid egg by meiosis; but in some animals, including humans, this is not an entirely accurate description. Explain. (46.3) How does an estrous cycle differ from a menstrual cycle, and in what animals are the two types of cycles found? (46.4) If a spermatid nucleus is used for ICSI, what steps of gametogenesis and conception are bypassed? (46.5)
Chapter 47 (4) Describe how polyspermy is avoided in fertilization. (47.1) Explain how cleavage leads to the formation of the blastula. (47.1) Explain the process of gastrulation describing the three germ layers. (47.2) Describe the process of limb formation in vertebrates. (47.3) Chapter 48 (6)
Explain how information processing occurs in animals. (48.1) Explain how the forms of the three different types of neurons relates to their functions. (48.1) How is the resting potential formed in a nerve cell? (48.2) Explain how an action potential is conducted through a neuron. (48.3) Describe Figure 48.17. (48.4) Describe and provide examples of the different types of neurotransmitters. (48.4)
Chapter 49 (5) Compare and contrast the CNS and the PNS. (49.1) Explain the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems as well as provide examples of the actions of each. (49.1) Explain how the arousal and sleep controlled. (49.2) Explain how biological clocks are regulated. (49.2) Explain how emotional responses are regulated. (49.2)
Chapter 50 (6) Why can eating hot peppers cause a person to sweat? (50.1) How are statocysts adaptive for animals that burrow underground or live deep in the ocean? (50.2) Contrast the light-detecting organs of planarians and flies. How is each organ adaptive for the lifestyles of the animal? (50.3) Pathways involving G proteins provide an opportunity for an increase in signal strength during signal transduction, a change referred to as amplification. How might this be beneficial in olfaction? (50.4) Contrast the role of Ca2 in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber and a smooth muscle cell. (50.5) In what way are septa an important feature of the earthworm skeleton? (50.6) Chapter 51 (10) Describe and provide an example of a fixed action pattern. (51.1) Explain what triggers and guides animals in migration. (51.1) Explain courtship behavior in fruit flies and honeybee dance language. (51.1) Provide several examples of how pheromones are used in animals. (51.1) Create a chart describing the different types of learning (imprinting, spacial learning, cognitive maps, associative, cognition, problem solving, and social learning) and provides examples of each. (51.2) Explain how foraging behavior evolved and relate that to the optimal foraging model. (51.3) Describe the different types of mating behaviors and mate choice and explain how they evolved. (51.3) Explain how both voles show the genetic basis of behavior and describe the evolutionary benefits of their behaviors. (51.4) Explain the evolutionary benefit of altruism. (51.4) Explain Hamilton’s Rule and what it can tell us. (51.4)
Focus Questions Cellular Form and Function Chapters 612 AP Biology Focus Questions (54) Chapter 6 • Compare the structure and function of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Provide examples of each. (6.2) • Explain the relationship between surface area and volume in cells. What condition is seen as ideal? Why? What problems can be created when this is out of balance? (6.2) • Explain the importance of internal membranes in eukaryotic cells. (6.2) • Describe specific functions of the nuclear envelope and explain how its form dictates its function. (6.3) • Describe the flow of materials through the endomembrane system and explain what happens at each step. (6.4) • Describe the origin of the mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. (6.5) • What are the major roles of the cytoskeleton? (6.6) • What are the major components of the extracellular matrix and what functions do they perform? (6.7) • Compare and contrast cellular junctions in plant and animal cells. (6.7) Chapter 7 • Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure and explain how it was determined this is most likely the correct model. (7.1) • What makes membranes more or less fluid? (7.1) • Describe the major functions of membrane proteins. (7.1) • Describe the different types of passive transport across membranes and explain how this transport is regulated. (7.3) • Describe how water is regulated in animal cells and plant cells. (7.3) • Describe how sodium and potassium are transported across a membrane. (7.4) • What is bulk transport? What types of items are transported this way? Explain how it is so drastically different from passive and active transport. (7.5) Chapter 8 • Explain the difference between anabolic and catabolic processes and provide examples of each. (8.1) • Describe the first and second laws of thermodynamics and how they relate to biological systems. (8.1) • Describe the free energy equation. (8.2) • Explain how cellular respiration is an open system. (8.2) • Explain how ATP works in terms of free energy. (8.3) • Draw energy diagrams representing exergonic and endergonic reactions including a representation of how an enzyme would impact those reactions. (8.4) • Explain how an enzymes structure dictates its function. (8.4) • Explain how environmental factors, cofactors, and inhibitors impact enzyme function. (8.4) • Describe the methods of enzyme regulation. (8.5)
Chapter 9 • Explain how cellular respiration is a redox reaction. (9.1) • Explain the role of electron carriers in biological systems. (9.1) • Describe the process of glycolysis paying special attention to reactants, products, ATP, and electron carriers. (9.2) • Describe the process of the oxidation of pyruvate paying special attention to reactants, products, ATP, and electron carriers. (9.3) • Describe the process of the Citric Acid Cycle paying special attention to reactants, products, ATP, and electron carriers. (9.3) • Describe the processes of the Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis paying special attention to reactants, products, ATP, and electron carriers. (9.4) • Describe the two types of fermentation and explain when they happen in biological systems. (9.5) • Describe how biological molecules besides glucose can be metabolized. (9.6) Chapter 10 • Describe what happens to the reactants of photosynthesis and into what products are they converted. (10.1) • Explain how chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and caroteniods behave differently in the presence of light and what benefit this provides. (10.2) • Describe what happens in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Be sure to outline what happens in PSII and PSI as well as what molecules serve as reactants in the process and what are products. (10.2) • Describe what happens in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. Be sure to include information about the reactants and products. (10.3) • Describe how C4 plants and CAM plants handle photosynthesis differently and what factors cause this. (10.4) fibers pull chromosomes intracellular Chapter 11 apart? (12.2) receptors. What • Describe how must be true of • Describe the process of yeast cells cell division in bacteria. the ligand communicate (12.2) (hormone) for with each other • Describe the this to happen? for mating experiments that (11.2) purposes. illustrate there are • Describe the (11.1) cytoplasmic signals that generalized • What are the regulate the cell cycle. model of a signal different local (12.3) transduction and long • Describe how cyclins pathway. (11.3) distance and cyclin-dependent • What are second signaling kinases regulate the cell messengers? tactics of cells? cycle. (12.3) Provide (11.1) • Describe the action of examples. (11.3) • Describe a platelet-derived growth • What is the generalized factor (PDGF). (12.3) ultimate signal • Explain cancer destination of the transduction development in terms of signal model. (11.1) cell cycle controls. transduction (12.3) pathway? In • Briefly general, what is describe the the response? differences (11.4) between G • Explain the conditions that Proteincan lead to Coupled apoptosis. (11.5) Receptors, Receptor Chapter 12 Tyrosine • Briefly describe what happens in Kinases, and each stage of Ion Channel the cell cycle Receptors. including all phases of (11.2) mitosis. (12.2) • Describe • How do spindle
Key Terms (182) Chapter 6 (38) cell wall central vacuole centriole chloroplast chromatin chromosome cilia contractile vacuole cytoplasm cytoplasmic streaming cytoskeleton cytosol endomembrane -system endosymbiont theory eukaryotic cell extracellular matrix (ECM) flagellum food vacuole ********************************* Chapter 7 (32) active transport amphipathic aquaporin concentration gradient co-transport diffusion endocytosis exocytosis facilitated diffusion flaccid fluid mosaic model gated channel hypertonic hypotonic integral protein ion channel *********************************
Golgi apparatus lysosome mitochondrion motor protein nuclear envelope nucleoid nucleolus nucleus organelle peroxisome plasma membrane plasmodesmata prokaryotic cell ribosome rough ER smooth ER stroma tight junction transport vesicle vacuole ********************************* isotonic ligand membrane potential osmoregulation osmosis passive transport peripheral protein phagocytosis pinocytosis plasmolysis receptor-mediated endocytosis selective permeability sodium-potassium pump tonicity transport protein turgid *********************************
Chapter 8 (28) activation energy active site allosteric regulation anabolic pathway catabolic pathway catalyst coenzyme cofactor competitive inhibitor endergonic reaction energy entropy enzyme enzyme-substrate complex exergonic reaction feedback inhibition first law of thermodynamics free energy induced fit metabolic pathway metabolism noncompetitive inhibitor phosphorylated second law of thermodynamics spontaneous process substrate thermal energy thermodynamics
Chapter 9 (17) aerobic alcohol fermentation anaerobic ATP synthase cellular respiration chemiosmosis electron transport chain facultative anaerobe fermentation ******************************** Chapter 10 (25) absorption spectrum autotroph bundle-sheath cell C3 plant C4 plant CAM plant carbon fixation carotenoid chlorophyll cyclic electron flow electromagnetic spectrum heterotroph ******************************** Chapter 11 (15) apoptosis G-protein-linked receptor hormone ligand ligand-gated ion channel local regulator protein ******************************** Chapter 12 (27) anchorage dependence benign tumor binary fission cell cycle cell division cell plate checkpoint chromatin chromosome cleavage
glycolysis lactic acid fermentation obligate anaerobes oxidation oxidative phosphorylation redox reaction reduction substrate-level phosphorylation ***************************** light-harvesting complex mesophyll photon photophosphorylation photosynthesis photosystem primary electron acceptor reaction center complex stomata stroma thylakoid visible light wavelength ******************************** kinase reception receptor tyrosine kinase response scaffolding protein second messenger signal transduction pathway transduction ******************************** cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) cytokinesis density-dependent inhibition gamete genome growth factor interphase kinetochore malignant tumor
metastasis mitosis mitotic spindle origin of replication sister chromatids somatic cell transformation
Focus Questions Evolution Chapters 22-27 (45) AP Biology Chapter 22 –(7) • Describe some of the observations Darwin made during his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle. (22.2) • What were Darwin’s two key observations and two key inferences? Explain them. (22.2) • Differentiate between natural and artificial selection and provide examples of each. (22.2) • What are two ways evolution can be observed directly? (22.3) • How does homology support the ideas of evolution? (22.3) • What information does an evolutionary tree provide? (22.3) • How can the fossil record support the ideas of evolution? (22.3) Chapter 23-(13) • What is genetic variation? Explain how this variation can be present within a population. Explain how this variation can be p resent between populations. (23.1) • Explain the four main sources of genetic variation. (23.1) • List and describe the conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. (23.2) • Describe the three ways populations will no longer be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (ways allele frequencies can be altered). (23.3) • Identify and explain the different types of genetic drift. (23.3) • Explain the issue with genetic drift in the Greater Prairie Chicken. (23.3) • Describe the effect of genetic drift. (23.3) • What is gene flow and provide an example. (23.3) • Explain why “survival of the fittest” is a misleading phrase. (23.4) • Describe the three modes of selection. (23.4) • Explain the different types of sexual selection. (23.4) • Explain heterozygote advantage using sickle-cell disease as an example. (23.4) • Explain why natural selection will not result in a “perfect organism.” (23.4) Chapter 24-(6) • What is reproductive isolation? What can cause it? (24.1) • List and explain the different types of prezygotic and postzygotic barriors and provide examples of each. (24.1) • What are the four different definitions of a species? How do they differ? (24.1) • Explain the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation. Provide examples of each. (24.2) • Explain the three different possible outcomes of hybrid zones. (24.3) • Explain the difference between punctuated equilibrium and gradualism. (24.4) Chapter 25-(9) • Explain the processes involved leading up to the appearance of the cell in order. (What was the step-by-step progression that lead to cells.) (25.1) • Explain how the fossil record is used to document the history of life including how items are dated. (25.2) • What were the first single-celled organisms? How did these organisms impact their environment? (25.3) • Explain how eukaryotic organisms evolved from prokaryotic organisms. (25.3) • What were the first multicellular eukaryotes? What was the Cambrian Explosion? (25.3) • What factors were necessary for organisms to begin to colonize land? (25.3) • What were the “Big Five” mass extinction events? When did they occur? Why do many believe we are currently in the midst of a mass extinction event? (25.4) • What are the positive and negative consequences of mass extinctions? How does this relate to adaptive radiation? (25.4) • How can changes in body form arise? Be sure to discuss heterochrony, paedomorphosis, homeotic genes, changes in genes, and changes in gene regulation. (25.5) Chapter 26-(7) • How are species formally (scientifically) named and classified? (26.1) • What can we learn and what can we not learn from a phylogenetic tree? (26.1) • How is molecular data used to evaluate a phylogenetic tree? (26.2) • What information must be obtained to develop a phylogenetic tree? (26.3) • How do maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood relate to the development and testing of phylogenetic trees? (26.3) • Why is a phylogenetic tree considered a hypothesis? (26.3) • How has new information provided us a new outlook the tree of life? Provide specific examples. (26.6) Chapter 27-(3) • What adaptations have prokaryotic organisms gone through that have made them so successful for so long? (27.1) • Explain the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. How are they differentiated in a lab? (27.1) • How is genetic variation increased in prokaryotes? (27.2)
Key Terms (126) Chapter 22 (17) adaptations analogous artificial selection biogeography catastrophism convergent evolution
Chapter 23-(23) average heterozygosity balancing selection bottleneck effect directional selection disruptive selection fitness founder effect gene flow
endemic evolution evolutionary tree homologous structures homology natural selection
paleontology Pangaea strata uniformitarianism vestigial structure
gene pool genetic drift genetic variation geographic variation Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium heterozygote advantage intersexual selection intrasexual selection
microevolution neutral variation population relative fitness sexual dimorphism sexual selection stabilizing selection
macroevolution microevolution morphological species concept paleontological species concept phylogenetic species concept polyploidy postzygotic barrier
prezygotic barrier punctuated equilibrium reinforcement reproductive isolation speciation sympatric speciation
half-life homeotic genes mass extinction plate tectonics
protocells radiometric dating serial endosymbiosis stromatolites
kingdom molecular clock molecular systematics monophyletic outgroup paraphyletic phylogenetic tree phylogeny
polyphyletic shared ancestral character shared derived character systematics taxon taxonomy
extremophile facultative anaerobe gram-negative gram-positive host methanogen mutualism nitrogen fixation obligate aerobe obligate anaerobe parasitism
pathogen peptidoglycan photoautotroph photoheterotroph pilus plasmid symbiosis taxis transduction transformation
Chapter 24 –(20) allopatric speciation allopolyploid autopolyploid biological species concept ecological species concept hybrid zone hybrids
Chapter 25 –(12) adaptive radiation Cambrian explosion endosymbiont theory geologic record
Chapter 26 -(22) analogy branch points clade cladistics cladogram domain horizontal gene transfer ingroup
Chapter 27 –(32) anaerobic respiration biofilm chemoautotroph chemoheterotroph commensalism conjugation decomposer endotoxin exotoxin extreme halophile extreme thermophile
Plants and Animals 28-34 (302) Chapter 28(34) alternation of generations food vacuole plasmodium amoeba foraminiferan (foram) protist apicomplexan golden alga pseudopodium blade green alga radiolarian brown alga heteromorphic red alga cellular slime mold holdfast secondary endosymbiosis ciliate isomorphic sporozoite conjugation kinetoplastid stipe diatom mixotroph test dinoflagellate oomycete thallus diplomonad parabasalid euglenid plasmodial slime mold ************************************************************************************************** Chapter 29(53) angiosperm lignin complex antheridium liverwort seed apical meristem lycophyte seedless vascular plants archegonium megaphyll seta bryophyte megaspore sorus calyptra microphyll sporangium capsule microspore spore cuticle moss sporocyte embryophyte peat sporophyll foot peristome sporophyte gametangia phloem sporopollenin gametophore phragmoplast stoma gametophyte placental transfer cell strobili gymnosperm protonema tracheid heterosporous pterophyte vascular plant homosporous rhizoid vascular tissue hornwort root xylem leaf rosette cellulose-synthesizing ************************************************************************************************** Chapter 30(31) anther basal angiosperm carpel conifer cotyledon cross-pollination dicot double fertilization embryo sac endosperm eudicot
filament flower fruit integument magnoliid micropyle monocot ovary ovule pericarp petal
pollen grain pollination progymnosperm receptacle seed sepal stamen stigma style
Chapter 31(37) arbuscular mycorrhizae dikaryotic mycorrhizae ascocarp ectomycorrhizal fungi mycosis ascomycete endomycorrhizal fungi opisthokont ascus exoenzyme pheromone basidiocarp glomeromycete plasmogamy basidiomycete haustorium sac fungus basidium heterokaryon septum chitin hypha soredia chytrid imperfect fungi yeast club fungus karyogamy zoospore coenocytic lichen zygosporangium conidium mold deuteromycete mycelium ******************************************************************************************* Chapter 32(45) acoelomate anterior archenteron bilateral symmetry bilaterian blastopore blastula body cavity body plan Cambrian explosion cephalization cleavage coelom coelomate determinate cleavage
deuterostome development diploblastic dorsal ecdysozoan ectoderm Ediacaran fauna endoderm enterocoelous eumetazoan gastrula gastrulation germ layers grade indeterminate cleavage larva
lophophore lophotrochozoan mesoderm metamorphosis parazoan posterior protostome development pseudocoelomate radial cleavage radial symmetry schizocoelous spiral cleavage triploblastic trochophore larva ventral
Chapter 33(50) alimentary canal ectoproct nematocyst ammonite eurypterid open circulatory system amoebocyte exoskeleton osculum arthropod foot parthenogenesis book lung gastrovascular cavity phoronid brachiopod hermaphrodite planarian chelicera hexapod polyp cheliceriform incomplete metamorphosis radula choanocyte invertebrate spongocoel closed circulatory system isopod suspension feeder cnidocyte mandible torsion complete metamorphosis mantle trilobite copepod mantle cavity trochophore crustacean medusa tube foot cuticle mesohly visceral mass decapod molting water vascular system echinoderm myriapod ****************************************************************************************** Chapter 34(52) amniote amphibian anthropoid archosaur chondrichthyan chordate cloaca conodont craniate diapsid dinosaur ectothermic endothermic eutherian extraembryonic membranes gnathostome hominid
hominoid lancelet lateral line system lepidosaur lobe-fin mammal marsupial monotreme mosaic evolution neural crest notochord operculum opposable thumb osteichthyan oviparous ovoviviparous paleoanthropology parareptile pharyngeal clefts
pharyngeal slits placenta placoderm pterosaur ratite ray-finned fish reptile somites spiral valve swim bladder synapsid tetrapod theropod tunicate vertebrate viviparous
Chapters 13 through 15 Cell Cycle and Division (13) Chapter 13 (4)
Where do offspring obtain their traits?(13.1) Why must meiosis differ in process compared to mitosis?(13.2) Why must cells be reduced in chromosome number for spermatogenesis and oogenesis?(13.3) How does sexual reproduction help evolution? (13.4)
Chapter 14 (4)
Name and define two laws of inheritance. (14.1) Mendelian inheritance is bases on what concept? (14.2) What other concepts or factors must be considered when discussing genetics, besides Independent Assortment and Segregation? Name two. (14.3) Name and describe two human traits that follow either the law of segregation or the law of independent assortment. (14.4)
Chapter 15 (5)
Explain how chromosome behavior results in physical results. (15.1) Explain how sex linked genes are unique to inheritance concepts (15.2) Explain the idea of linked genes. (15.3) Describe three possible reasons for genetic disorders. Be chromosome specific in detail. (15.4) Discuss how some inheritance patterns are exceptions to Mendelian genetics. (15.5)
Chapters 2 through 5 Chemistry (23) Chapter 2 • Explain the difference between essential elements and trace elements and provide examples of each. (2.1) • What are examples of biological uses for radioactive isotopes? (2.2) • Explain the differences between covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals interactions. Provide examples of each. (2.3) Chapter 3 • Explain how the structure of the water molecule allows for water’s unique properties. (3.1) • Explain how cohesion and adhesion work together to transport water in plants. (3.2) • Explain the significance of water’s high specific heat, and how it allows for evaporative cooling. (3.2) • Explain why solid water floats on liquid water, and why this is so significant for life. (3.2) • Explain why water is described as the solvent of life. (3.2) • Describe how the pH scale works and the purpose of buffers in biological systems. (3.3) • Explain how acidification occurs and what consequences could result. (3.3) Chapter 4 • Explain the Miller-Urey experiment and what is was able to prove. (4.1) • Explain how carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen form bonds with each other. (4.2) • Explain the different ways carbon skeletons can vary. (4.2) • Describe the different types of isomers and provide examples of each. (4.2) • Draw the seven types of functional groups and give examples of the types of molecules in which they can be found. (4.3) Chapter 5 • Draw and example of a dehydration reaction and a hydrolysis reaction. (5.1) • Explain the difference between a storage and structural polysaccharides and give examples of each in both animals and plants. Also explain how they are structurally different. (5.2) • Compare and contrast the three different classes of lipids in terms of their structure and function. (5.3) • Explain how proteins are built. (5.4) • Describe the different types of protein functions. (5.4) • Describe the four levels of protein structure and explain what determines the structure of a protein. (5.4) • Describe the functions of nucleic acids. (5.5) • Describe the structure of nucleic acids both on the monomer and polymer levels. (5.5)
Key Terms(123) Chapter 2 (32) anion atom atomic mass atomic nucleus atomic number cation chemical bond chemical equilibrium chemical reaction compound
covalent bond electron electronegativity element energy essential elements hydrogen bond ion ionic bond ionic compound isotope
mass number molecule neutron nonpolar covalent bond polar covalent bond potential energy proton radioactive isotope trace element valence shell van der Waals interactions
*************************************************************************** Chapter 3 (24) evaporative cooling pH acid heat polar molecule adhesion hydrogen ion solute aqueous solution hydronium ion solution base hydrophilic solvent buffer hydrophobic specific heat calorie (cal) hydroxide ion surface tension cohesion kinetic energy colloid ocean acidification ****************************************************************************************************************************************************** Chapter 4 (15) enantiomer organic chemistry adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functional group phosphate group amino group hydrocarbon structural isomer carbonyl group hydroxyl group sulfhydryl group carboxyl group isomer cis-trans isomers methyl group ****************************************************************************************************************************************************** Chapter 5 (52) alpha (a) helix amino acid antiparallel beta (b) pleated sheet carbohydrate catalyst cellulose chaperonin chitin cholesterol dehydration reaction denaturation deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) disaccharide disulfide bridge double helix! enzyme fat fatty acid
gene
glycogen glycosidic linkage hydrolysis lipid macromolecule monomer monosaccharide nucleic acid nucleotide peptide bond phospholipid polymer polynucleotide polypeptide polysaccharide primary structure protein purine pyrimidine
quaternary structure ribonucleic acid (RNA) ribose
saturated fatty acid secondary structure sickle-cell disease starch steroid tertiary structure trans fats triacylglycerol unsaturated fatty acid X-ray crystallography
Key Terms Genetics AP Biology Chapter 13 alternation of generations genetics sex chromosome asexual reproduction haploid cell sexual reproduction autosome heredity somatic cell chiasma homologous chromosomes spore clone karyotype sporophyte crossing over life cycle synapsis diploid cell locus tetrad fertilization meiosis variation gamete meiosis I zygote gametophyte meiosis II gene recombinant chromosome ****************************************************************************************************************** Chapter 14 allele F2 generation P generation amniocentesis genotype pedigree carrier heterozygous phenotype character homozygous pleiotropy chorionic villus sampling Huntington’s disease polygenic inheritance (CVS) hybridization Punnett square codominance incomplete dominance quantitative character complete dominance law of independent recessive allele cystic fibrosis assortment sickle-cell disease dihybrid law of segregation Tay-Sachs disease dominant allele monohybrid testcross epistasis multifactorial trait F1 generation norm of reaction true-breeding ********************************************************************************************************************* Chapter 15 aneuploidy Barr body chromosome theory of inheritance crossing over cytogenetic map deletion Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy duplication genetic map genetic recombination genomic imprinting hemophilia inversion
linkage map linked genes map unit monosomic nondisjunction parental type polyploidy recombinant sex-linked gene translocation trisomic wild type